What is the term in Russian examples. Scientific style of speech

UDC 001.4:81"33

TERM: DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT AND ITS ESSENTIAL FEATURES N. N. Lantyukhova, O. V. Zagorovskaya, T. A. Litvinova

The place of terms in the lexical system of the language and the relationship between the term and the commonly used word are determined. Linguistic features of terminological vocabulary are revealed.

Key words: term, language, definition, terminology.

The concepts of term and terminology are key in science; the term provides accuracy, clarity and understanding of scientific thought. However, despite the most important place of these concepts in the system scientific knowledge and a large number of studies, there is still no consensus on a number of fundamental questions terminology: for example, there is no generally accepted definition of the term, there are discussions about the requirements for the term, its grammatical expression, the question of the place of terminology in the composition of the language has not been resolved, etc.

In this paper, we will consider the existing opinions about the place of the term in the composition of the language, define its most important features and, based on this, try to give a definition of this concept.

Terminology is part special vocabulary, which includes words and phrases that name objects and concepts various areas professional activity of a person and are not commonly used. A comprehensive study of special vocabulary as the main component of a language for special purposes begins in the 20th century. Terminology like essential part special vocabulary has been actively researched since the beginning of the 20th century. It becomes obvious that this is a special area of vocabulary, a system organized according to its own laws and requiring its own methods and methods of study.

Despite the large number of studies devoted to terms (see the works of G. O. Vinokur, A. A. Reformatsky, D. S. Lotte, B. N. Golovin, V. M. Leichik, V. P. Danilenko, O. V. Zagorovskaya, T. L. Kandelaki, A. A. Superanskaya, S. V. Grineva, L. A. Kapanadze, A. S. Gerda, S. D. Shelova

Lantyukhova Natalia Nikolaevna, post-graduate student, Voronezh Institute State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, e-mail: [email protected]

Zagorovskaya Olga Vladimirovna, Dr. Philol. Sciences, prof., Voronezh State Pedagogical University, email: [email protected] Litvinova Tatyana Aleksandrovna, Ph.D. philol. Sciences, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]

and many others), one of the main problems of understanding and studying the term as a linguistic category in modern Russian linguistics is its definition. During the study of the features of the term and terminology, a significant number of definitions of the concept of "term" have accumulated. A. V. Superanskaya explains the existence of various interpretations of the concept of "term" primarily by the fact that "... for representatives of different disciplines, it is associated with their own special concepts and ideas, has an unequal amount of content and is defined in its own way" .

However, in all logical definitions of the term, its connection with the concept is put forward in the first place. Compare: “Terms are special words, limited by their special purpose; words that tend to be unambiguous as an exact expression of concepts and naming things"; A term is a word (or phrase) language sign which is correlated (associated) with the corresponding concept in the system of concepts of a given field of science and technology "; “term - a word or phrase of a special (scientific, technical, etc.) language, created (accepted, borrowed, etc.) to accurately express special concepts and designate special objects”; “a term is a word (or phrase) that is a unity of a sound sign and a corresponding concept correlated (associated) with it in the system of concepts of a given field of science and technology” .

Thus, on the basis of the foregoing, the ability of a term to designate a certain scientific concept, we consider it to be its most important feature: “for a term, the named concept is at the same time the named object, i.e., the “name-concept” connection dominates. Behind the term there is always an object of thought, but not thought in general, but a special thought limited to a certain field.

Numerous disputes are also caused by the problem of determining the place of terminology in the composition of the language. There are two main points of view on this issue: supporters of the normative approach (D. S. Lotte, L. A. Kapanadze, N. Z. Kotelova, E. N. Tolikina, A. V. Kosov, etc.), deriving terminology from composition of the general national language, come-

lead to the conclusion about the artificiality of the term as a special unit and consider terminology as a system of artificially created signs, such requirements are imposed on the term as a fixed content (definiteness), accuracy, unambiguity, lack of synonyms, brevity, etc., other scientists are supporters of the descriptive approach ( N. P. Kuzkin, A. I. Moiseev, R. A. Budagov, R. Yu. Kobrin, V. P. Danilenko, B. N. Golovin and others) - recognize terminology as an integral part of the vocabulary of the literary language, they essentially refuse to limit the term to any formal requirements, emphasizing the need to study the real processes of the terminology functioning. According to G. O. Vinokur, “terms are not special words, but only words in a special function ... Any word can act as a term, no matter how trivial it is.” As V.P. Danilenko notes, “terminology is regarded as a subsystem of the general literary language, that is, the terminology is within the boundaries of the general literary language, but as an independent “sector”. Such an “administrative-territorial” position of terminology determines, on the one hand, the general trends in the development of the general literary language, on the other hand, a certain freedom, independence in the development of terminology and even the possibility of its influence on the development of the general literary language.

At present, the descriptive approach is the most recognized theory in special studies. However, the shortcomings inherent in this theory (for example, the lack of a generally accepted definition of the term), controversial and undeveloped aspects (the normative nature of the terminology, its specificity in relation to the common language) gave rise to other theories. This is, for example, the concept of "language substratum" proposed by

V. M. Leychik, according to which the term is “a complex three-layer formation, including a) a natural language substrate - a material (sound or graphic) component of the term structure, as well as an ideal (semantic) component of this structure, determined by the term’s belonging to lexical system of one or another natural language; b) a logical superstratum, that is, meaningful features that allow the term to denote a general - abstract or specific concept in a system of concepts; c) terminological essence, that is, meaningful and functional features that allow the term to perform the functions of an element of a theory describing a certain special area human knowledge or activity." Also among alternative theories we can call the point of view of A. V. Superanskaya and her followers: taking a position in understanding the essence of the term, in some respects similar to the point of view

occurrence of polysemy, synonyms and antonyms, multicomponent terms, expressiveness of terms different parts speech, etc.), she believes that "terminology forms an autonomous section of the vocabulary of the national language, which has little in common with the literary language, an independent zone with its own laws, sometimes not consistent with the norms of the literary language", and the meaning of a separate term is revealed only in the system concepts.

In addition to the correlation of the term with the concept, in modern terminology there are a number of other important requirements that the term must meet: unambiguity, accuracy, compliance with the norms of the literary language, brevity, lack of emotionality and expressiveness, motivation, consistency, etc. These conditions are the requirements for the term in ideally, however, in practice, terms are found that do not correspond to them, but successfully serve conceptual goals. Thus, the question of the obligatory nature of certain requirements remains currently highly debatable.

For example, the requirement of unambiguity is refuted when studying specific term systems, where polysemy is a very common phenomenon (see, for example,). Today, the prevailing opinion is that the unambiguity of a term is not a prerequisite, but only a trend, a state to which any term system aspires; in practice, the unambiguity of the term is achieved "due to the restrictions that the conditions of each terminological field impose on it" . However, it should be noted that in many cases, even within the same terminological field, a term may have not one, but several lexical meanings, since the meaning of a term is determined, on the one hand, by the objective content of the corresponding concept, and, on the other hand, by a certain subjective beginning that is introduced by the researcher. in order to clarify the boundaries of the content of a special concept denoted by the term.

The requirement for accuracy is also controversial. In our opinion, the most legitimate is the point of view of scientists who believe that the accuracy of the term is achieved primarily by the accuracy of terminology. Obviously, inaccuracy, vagueness of meaning is typical for terms in the period of formation or rethinking.

Among the requirements for the term, they also name the correspondence of the term to the norms of the literary language, orthoepic, lexical, derivational, grammatical, spelling. However, it should be noted that any professional language in the process of its functioning, it can acquire some grammatical, stylistic and other features, which often leads to the emergence of professionalism in a special area of communication. So about-

together, in our opinion, it is necessary to delimit lexical units, representing a professional version of the norm, from words that do not meet the rules of the literary language or go beyond it.

The requirement of brevity also cannot be considered mandatory. Moreover, the requirement for brevity may conflict with the requirements for accuracy and consistency. As A. V. Superanskaya rightly points out, “a term is not an everyday word, and accuracy in it is more important than brevity. In this regard, the verbosity of the term cannot be considered as its disadvantage. If a concept is indicated by a phrase consisting of a group of words that are in good agreement with each other, this ensures the consistency of the term and shows the connection this concept with others" .

The requirement of motivation, that is, “semantic transparency, which allows you to get an idea of the concept called by the term”, is also ambiguous. As a rule, as the most important expression of the motivation of the term, its systematicity is noted, i.e., the possibility of reflecting in the structure of the term the connection of the called concept with other concepts and the place of this concept in a given conceptual system. However, most researchers agree that this criterion does not play a decisive role, since the term still has a definition and occupies a certain place in the system. “In different languages, the motivation of a word referring to the same subject may be different. For example, the Russian word "linen" is motivated by color (white), English. linen - raw material (flax), German Wäsche - the main feature (erasable). The associations that served as the primary motivation can persist in the future, they can change, and completely disappear in the process of functioning in speech. So, Russian expression"colored linen" ... testifies to the complete loss of this word of its original motivation ".

Such a criterion of the term as implementation means preference for more widely used terms when compiling terminological recommendations.

Another issue that provokes large-scale discussions in modern linguistics, is the question of the grammatical expression of terms. According to a number of researchers (G. O. Vinokur, N. A. Shcheglova, A. A. Reformatsky, O. S. Akhmanova and others), the term can only be expressed by a noun or a phrase based on a noun. Regulation on sub-

Bibliographic list

1. Akhmanova, O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language / O. S. Akhmanova. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1986. - 448 p.

2. Vinokur, G. O. On some phenomena of word formation in Russian technical terminology / G. O. Vi-

The underlined nominativity of the term was refuted by many scientists (S. D. Shelov, I. G. Kozhevnikova, Yu. B. Zhidkova, V. P. Danilenko, A. V. Superanskaya, etc.). Currently, it is believed that terms can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and other parts of speech. Terms expressed by adjectives, adverbs and participles, as a rule, pass into the category of term elements - constituent parts phrases, however, this does not exclude their use as terms in the texts of specialized literature and in professional communication.

S. D. Shelov claims that “in terminological dictionary conceptually oriented semantic system given area of knowledge, there is no need to have nominal forms “at the input” at all costs ... it is enough to define only that form of terminological expression that requires its definition in a given subject area. Therefore, in some terminological dictionaries, the input form of a term is the part of speech that is directly encountered in the definitional context. Thus the thesis

that a term is always either a noun or a substantive phrase can hardly be taken to establish the linguistic specificity of the term.

Thus, summarizing what has been said and sharing the point of view of a number of other scientists, we mean by a term a word or phrase that is correlated with a special concept, phenomenon or subject in the system of any field of knowledge. The most important features terminological language units, we consider, first of all, correlation with a certain scientific concept, accuracy and consistency. The requirements of unambiguity and brevity, in our opinion, cannot be considered as obligatory for modern term units, since many terminological nominations often turn out to be polysemantic and multicomponent.

We consider terminology to be an integral part of the vocabulary of the literary language, independent, but not isolated, which implies the subordination of terminology to the general trends in the development of the literary language on the one hand, but also some independence on the other. We see the function of a scientist to a greater extent in the study and description of the state of terminological systems than in their rigid artificial regulation; normative restrictions imposed on terms, in our opinion, rather slow down, limit the development of term systems than help them.

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TERM: DEFINITION AND ITS ESSENTIAL FEATURES

N. N. Lantyukhova

PhD student, Voronezh Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia, e-mail: [email protected] O. V. Zagorovskaya

D. Sc. in Philology, Prof., Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]^ A Litvinova

PhD in Philology, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]

A place of terms in a lexical system of language and correlation of a term and a word in general use were determined. Linguistic features of terminological lexicon were revealed.

Keywords: term, language, definition, terminology.

Judgments that make up the syllogism: subjects and predicates of its conclusion and premises. Subject of the conclusion called smaller T., his - large T., and T., parcels - middle T.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editors: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

TERM

(Greek ὅρος, lat. terminus - border, limit, end) - 1) In the widest modern. the use of T. - words (and me n and, see Name), but with a touch of special (scientific) meaning; in other words, T. are words or combinations of words (complex, or descriptive, T., for example, "the least multiple"), the meanings of which are determined in the context of the corresponding scientific. theory (discipline) or in general in k.-l. branches of knowledge. In this sense, the frequently occurring clarifications of T. presuppose them, the elimination of homonyms, and the obligatory fixation of the universe of reasoning (see Universe). 2) In the philosophy of the Greek. ὅρος and lat. terminus were used in the sense of defining the essence, i.e. as something that fixes the stable and imperishable - the general, or the idea, as opposed to the fluid and continuously changing sensual being (cf. Aristotle, Met. I 6 987 b 6; Russian translation, M.–L., 1934). T. in this sense, i.e. as general definitions, or concepts, were considered as the basis of rational (true) Cognition. 3) In the logic of Aristotle, T. are elements. "The terms of the premise - her and the predicate - are the boundaries of the premise, its beginning and end. Such is the word ὅρος, and we must be careful not to identify this logical word with such psychological and metaphysical words as "", "representation", "concept" ..." (Lukasevich Ya., Aristotelevsky from the point of view of modern formal logic, translated from English, M., 1959, pp. 36–37). In the meaning of the simplest (basic) elements of logico-mathematics. expressions the word "T." widely used in modern literature For example, in the languages of applied logico-mathematics. Calculus T. is an analogue of the subject or complement of natural (spoken) languages, i.e. (word) denoting (often "describing") k.-l. universe. (In Russian literature, in this case, instead of the word "T." they usually write, i.e. . terme or English term are used without pen-water.) See also Art. Syllogism, Term.

Lit.: Mill D.S., The system of syllogistic and inductive logic, trans. from English, M., 1914, p. 15–32; Chelpanov G. I., Textbook of logic, [M.], 1946, ch. 2; Aristotle, Analysts first and second, M., 1952, p. ten.

M. Novoselov. Moscow.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .

TERM

TERM (lat. terminus - border, limit, end) - 1) in a narrow, logical sense, a term is an element of a simple categorical judgment, its subject (subject, subjectum) or its predicate (predicate, piaedicatum). These elements of the judgment (its beginning and end) are named so, apparently, because the subject and predicate of the judgment denote the limits (tennini) of the assertion or negation expressed by the judgment. Since the time of the logic of Por-Royay, each term is associated with its volume. As a result, the falsity of judgments is visually expressed by the ratio of volumes between terms. Since the study of these relations forms the subject of syllogistic, it is often called the "logic of terms." True, in those traditional courses that place logic in the context of psychological acts of thinking, the word “term” is usually replaced by the word “concept”. But, while offering modern interpretations of syllogistic, it is still desirable to follow the original, introduced by Aristotle (see: Aristotle. Analystiki. M.-L., 1952, p. 10), the custom and keep the subject and predicate of the judgment “term”: “We should be careful not to identify this logical word with such psychological and metaphysical words as “idea”, “representation”, “concept”...” (Lukasevich Ya. Aristotelian syllogistics from the point of view of modern formal logic. M., 1959, p. 36-37).

The word "term" in contemporary literature it is also used in the sense of a zero-level object (an individual or a functional expression); in particular, in the language of the logic of relations and in the formal languages of applied logico-mathematical calculus - as a name for the possible values of object variables (in this case, the variables are included in the class of terms). In these cases, usually instead of the word “term” they write (in Russian) the word “term”, i.e. the French tenue and the English term are used without translation; 2) in a broad sense, a term is a linguistic expression (a word or a combination of words) that names a specific or abstract object (or group of objects) of some special industry knowledge. Therefore, the main term in this sense is sign. The objects denoted (denoted) by the term are called its objective meaning, and the concept of these objects is called the semantic meaning of the term. The semantic meanings of a term are usually established by definition and rarely coincide with their meanings. dictionary meaning, if any. According to the established logic, a certain classification of terms is accepted. According to their objective meaning, they are divided into empty (with zero denotation; for example, “round square”), individual (applicable to only one object) and general (applicable to many objects), and according to semantic meaning- into positive and negative (“beautiful” - “ugly”, “kind” - “unkind”), collective (“crew” like a light wagon) and separative (“crew” like a ship’s crew) - in general, in real statements one and the same the term can act both in a collective and in a dividing role. Finally, according to the same semantic meaning, terms are divided into abstract and concrete, although it is very difficult to justify the dichotomy “abstract - concrete” not only in relation to terms, but also to abstract objects themselves. Lit .: ChelpachovG. I. Textbook of logic. M., 1946.

M. M. Novoselov

New Philosophical Encyclopedia: In 4 vols. M.: Thought. Edited by V. S. Stepin. 2001 .

Synonyms:

See what "TERM" is in other dictionaries:

- (lat. terminus). 1) an accepted conditional expression, a name characteristic of any science, craft. 2) term. 3) among the Romans: the god of borders, to whom the festival of terminalia was established. 4) border post, column. 5) in logic: the name of the concept, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (Terminus). Roman deity of borders, originally the god of the boundary and boundary stone. A temple was built for him by King Numa, and the feast of Terminalia was celebrated in his honor. (Source: " Concise Dictionary mythology and antiquities. M. Korsh. St. Petersburg,… … Encyclopedia of mythology

TERM, term, husband. (lat. terminus limit, border). 1. In formal logic, a concept expressed by a word (philosophical). Three terms of the syllogism. 2. A word that is the name of a strictly defined concept. Precise, imprecise term. Successful, unsuccessful ... ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

Term- TERM is a word that has a special, strictly certain value. Used in science and technology. In connection with common history science and technology, the most magnificent development of which is associated with the 19th and 20th centuries, the terms, by their origin, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

See the word ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. term name, word; differentiation, numerator, antilogarithm, continuum, quotient, determinant, extremum, factorial, ... ... Synonym dictionary

- (from Latin terminus border limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art. In modern logic, the word term is often used as common name nouns of the language of logico ... ...

- (from the Latin terminus border, limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (lat. terminus limit border), in Roman mythology, the god keeper of boundary marks, was revered among the peasants. His feast of the terminalia was celebrated on February 23... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (lat. terminus limit, border) a word or phrase denoting empirical or abstract objects, the meaning of which is specified within the framework of scientific theory. Depending on the presence or absence of a denotation (referent) T. in the determined ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

Greek ????, lat. terminus - border, limit, end) - 1) In the widest modern. the use of T. is a synonym for the word (and me n and, see Name), but with a touch of special (scientific) meaning; in other words, T. are words or combinations of words (complex, or descriptive, T., for example, "common least multiple"), the meanings of which are determined in the context of the corresponding scientific. theory (discipline) or in general in k.-l. branches of knowledge. In this sense, the problem of refining the term that often arises presupposes their definition, the elimination of homonyms, and the obligatory fixation of the universe of reasoning (see Universum). 2) In the philosophy of the Greek. ???? and lat. terminus were used in the sense of defining the essence, i.e. as something that fixes the stable and imperishable - the general, the one or the idea, as opposed to the fluid and continuously changing sensual being (cf. Aristotle, Met. I 6 987 b 6; Russian translation, M.-L., 1934). T. in this sense, i.e. as general definitions, or concepts, were considered as the basis of rational (true) Cognition. 3) In the logic of Aristotle, T. are the elements of the premise. "The terms of the premise - its subject and predicate - are the boundaries of the premise, its beginning and end. This is the meaning of the word ????, and we must be careful not to identify this logical word with such psychological and metaphysical words as "idea", " representation", "concept"..." (Lukasevich Ya., Aristotelian syllogistics from the point of view of modern formal logic, translated from English, M., 1959, pp. 36–37). In the meaning of the simplest (basic) elements of logico-mathematics. expressions the word "T." widely used in modern literature For example, in the languages of applied logico-mathematics. Calculus T. is an analogue of the subject or complement of natural (spoken) languages, i.e. an expression (word) denoting (often "describing") k.-l. subject of the universe. (In Russian literature, in this case, instead of the word "T." they usually write term, i.e. French terme or English term are used without pen-water.) See also Art. Syllogism, Term. Lit.: Mill D.S., The system of syllogistic and inductive logic, trans. from English, M., 1914, p. 15–32; Chelpanov G. I., Textbook of logic, [M.], 1946, ch. 2; Aristotle, Analysts first and second, M., 1952, p. ten. M. Novoselov. Moscow.

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Terms serve as specializing, restrictive designations characteristic of this sphere of objects, phenomena, their properties and relationships. In contrast to the words of the general vocabulary, which are often polysemantic and carry an emotional coloring, the terms within the scope of application are unambiguous and lack expression.

Terms exist within a certain terminology, that is, they are included in a specific lexical system language, but only through a specific terminological system. Unlike words common language, the terms are not related to the context. Within the framework of this system of concepts, the term should ideally be unambiguous, systematic, stylistically neutral (for example, “phoneme”, “sine”, “surplus value”).

Terms and non-terms (words are common mother tongue) can transform into each other. The terms are subject to the word-formation, grammatical and phonetic rules of the given language, are created by terminology of the words of the national language, borrowing or tracing foreign terminological elements. In some cases, with such an occurrence of a word in terminology, various subject areas homonymy arises: for example, the word "ligature" borrowed from Latin (lat. ligatura) in metallurgy, it means “alloys for alloying”, in surgery - “thread used in dressing blood vessels”, in music theory - a grapheme in which several simple “different-height” musical signs were recorded together as a single sign.

AT modern science there is a desire for semantic unification of the systems of terms of the same science in different languages (one-to-one correspondence between the terms different languages) and to the use of internationalisms in terminology.

In logic, the same as a term - an element of a formalized language, corresponding to the subject or object in the usual grammatical sense, and the subject of judgment in traditional logic. The most common understanding: the element of sending judgments (statements) included in the so-called categorical syllogism. Distinguish b about the larger term, which serves as a predicate ("logical predicate") of the judgment, which is the conclusion of the given syllogism, the smaller term is the subject ("logical subject") of the conclusion, and the middle term, which is not at all included in the conclusion of the syllogism (but is included in its judgment-premisses).

Notes

Links

Slozhenikina Yu. V. Term: as alive as life (why a term can and should have variants) // Electronic journal"Knowledge. Understanding. Skill ». - 2010. - No. 5 - Philology.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

See what "Term" is in other dictionaries:

term- a, m. terme m., German Termin, pol. termin, lat. terminus. 1. mat. From the first decade of the 18th century. The term is progression, proportion. Exchange. 168. In a single geometric progression, if it happened to be the edge of 4 and 8748, in those the proportion is 3, and knowingly there is, how many ... ... Historical dictionary gallicisms of the Russian language

- (from lat. terminus border, limit, end), 1) name with a touch of special. (scientific) of its meaning, specified in the context of c.l. theories or branches of knowledge. 2) In antiquity. philosophy, a concept that fixes stable and enduring aspects ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (Terminus). Roman deity of borders, originally the god of the boundary and boundary stone. A temple was built for him by King Numa, and the feast of Terminalia was celebrated in his honor. (Source: "A Concise Dictionary of Mythology and Antiquities." M. Korsh. St. Petersburg, ... ... Encyclopedia of mythology

Term- TERM is a word that has a special, strictly defined meaning. Used in science and technology. In connection with the general history of science and technology, the most magnificent development of which is associated with the 19th and 20th centuries, the terms, by their origin, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

- (from Latin terminus border limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art. In modern logic, the word term is often used as a common name for nouns in the language of logico ... ...

Term- this is a word or phrase of a special sphere of use, which is the name of a concept. The term names a special concept and, together with other terms of this system, is a component of the scientific theory of a certain field of knowledge ... Official terminology

- (from the Latin terminus border, limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art ... Modern Encyclopedia

Books

101 terms of tax law. Brief legislative and doctrinal interpretation, Reut Anna Vladimirovna, Paul Alexei Georgievich, Solovieva Natalia Alexandrovna, Pastushkova Lyubov Nikolaevna. The scientific and practical publication is a summary of tax, legal and economic views on 101 terms of tax law, including both terms enshrined in ...

This article is devoted to the question of what terms are in Russian. Some concepts from the list will also be analyzed for those students who are preparing to take the unified state exam.

The terms from it must be learned by heart in order to understand such a complex issue as the means of stylistic expressiveness in the Russian language. The reader will learn a lot of new and useful information, in particular, about the authors of some words, without the existence of which modern man can't imagine his life.

Definition

First of all, you need to figure out which words are terms in the Russian language and which are not. It is worth mentioning that, unlike all other concepts, scientific definitions have features that make them stand out from all others.

Firstly, they have a clear interpretation, which, as a rule, is included in professional and other dictionaries.

Secondly, in ideal scientific terms in Russian should not have synonyms. Also, they cannot have other meanings than the main one.

Thus, the question of what terms are in the Russian language can be answered: it is glory, which have an extremely clear definition and are used mainly in professional industries.

Exceptions to the rules

However, there are words whose meaning may change depending on the area in which they are currently used. Further, as an example, the case will be given when in Russian the term has two meanings. So the word "economy" has the following definitions. Firstly, it is a branch of the existence of the state, and secondly, this is the name of the activity of a specialist in finance. But, ideally, a scientific definition should not have more than one definition, right? Yes it is. However, the words used in the professional lexicon are so accustomed to everyday speech workers of certain industries that begin to exist and "behave" the way it happens with ordinary vocabulary units.

So, we can state the fact that nothing that is characteristic of ordinary words is alien to terms. They, like all their "relatives", acquire other meanings, change their original meaning, acquire a number of synonyms, and so on and so forth.

Next, a few more examples of what terms are in Russian will be given, examples of definitions that ideally meet the requirements for specific words will also be named. Those that deviate from these norms will also be considered.

Examples

If we take the word “magnesium” known to every chemist, then we can confidently say that this concept denotes the corresponding element in the periodic table. This word has no other definitions. And accordingly, this example of a term in Russian can be called ideal. That is, this word has no synonyms and other meanings, except for the main one.

If you look at the dictionary linguistic terms Russian language, then you can also find many similar words in it.

For example, if we consider the definition of the concept of "hyperbole", then in dictionary entry you can read something like this: "The figure of stylistic expressiveness, which consists in the deliberate exaggeration of a particular phenomenon." Another example can be given: an epithet is a poetic definition that highlights a sign of a particular object or phenomenon.

Speaking about these linguistic terms of the Russian language, we can also call them ideal, since they have no synonyms and other meanings, with the exception of the main ones.

word formation rules

Discussing the question of what terms are in the Russian language, one should also mention that such words often have their own way of word formation, characteristic of their field of knowledge in which they are used.

For example, in astronomy, to designate different layers of space, it is customary to use names formed by adding the morpheme "-sphere" to any root. So, the term "atmosphere" is used to refer to oxygen, which is located in near-Earth space. Above it, as you know, is the stratosphere, mesosphere, and so on. Therefore, having heard an unfamiliar word, which includes this element, we can confidently assert that the meaning of this concept is close to already familiar words, which include the same morpheme.

However, it should be borne in mind that in different fields of science, the same prefixes and suffixes can be used to denote different phenomena. Thus, geologists use to form the names they discover rocks, suffix "-it". Examples are the names of stones such as jadeite, malachite, jade, and so on. In medicine, this affix is also used, but already as part of the word used to form the names of diseases.

Words such as tonsillitis, peritonitis and others belong to this cohort.

Similarly, in the literature on other scientific disciplines, you can find the same lexeme used to denote different concepts that are not similar either in meaning or in any other way. Thus, the term “league” in music theory denotes a musical notation used to explain that a given passage of a piece must be played with a continuous stroke. In political science, this concept is used in the sense of "union, association", such as the League of Nations and other organizations.

Although these two terms have some common features: in both cases there is an indication of the union, but, anyway, these are two different terms. And accordingly, we can talk about several meanings that this word has.

Although many experts argue that this case we need to talk not about ambiguity, but about the existence of this concept in several different scientific fields. If we consider this phenomenon from this point of view, it turns out that for each science this term is unique, that is, it has one single value that does not have synonyms.

How are terms formed?

There are at least three ways in which you can create a name for a newly discovered scientific or other phenomenon.

Such words are often formed by prefixes and in a suffix way from the roots of the Russian language.

The following concepts can serve as examples of such terms: driver (from the word "drive"), manager, cleaning lady, and so on.

Also, very often, when searching for a name for a new phenomenon, scientists stop at a foreign language term that has been used in academic circles by specialists from another state for quite some time.

Examples of such borrowings include numerous legal and economic terms, which are international, that is, used in many countries. These are such words as: inflation, corruption, amnesty and many others.

It is worth noting that there are hundreds of times more words that were pumped into our language from a foreign lexicon in scientific use than in the commonly used vocabulary.

This is explained, first of all, by the desire of scientists to cooperate with their foreign colleagues in order to conduct research that requires the work of a large number of specialists. But such a circumstance often causes the appearance of Russian-language analogues for such names. Moreover, there are many people who strive to cleanse their native language from foreign impurities. Therefore, it is not uncommon to find dictionary duplicates, one element of which is of foreign origin, and the other is Russian.

As an example, we can cite such pairs of words as: pilot - pilot, driver - driver and others.

The third option for the formation of terms in the Russian language is when the meaning of an already existing word acquires a new shade. So it was created, for example, the name of a part of the molecule - the nucleus.

Justified and unjustified terms

There is also such a criterion as the justification for using a particular name. This usually means the correspondence or inconsistency of this term with its content.

so title technical means for movement on the Earth's satellite is called a lunar rover. This name fully justifies the functions that this machine performs.

If we turn to the question of whether the use of the name "atom" for small constituent parts of molecules is justified, then the answer to it will most likely be negative. After all, this word in Greek means "indivisible." This definition does not correspond to the real state of affairs. Atoms, as you know, in turn, contain protons, neutrons and electrons. In this case, the use of this term is due historical reasons, namely: this word began to be used back in those days when the knowledge of chemistry was not as perfect as it is now. And since language is a fairly conservative phenomenon, the term, which has been used for a long time, continues to exist to this day.

About authors

Answering the question of what terms are in Russian, it is worth mentioning one more essential feature of these words. Unlike other vocabulary, scientific definitions most often have a specific author. History has preserved information about who first introduced this or that name into use. For example, it is known for sure that the name for extraterrestrial vehicles was proposed by Korolev.

It was he who began to call rockets spaceships.

More about aeronautics

There is also a legend that such fame as “airplane” and “pilot” invented famous poet early 20th century Velimir Khlebnikov. But it is not so. Indeed, this famous futurist created a dictionary for the emerging at that time Russian aviation. In this small book, his recommendations were collected on how to name some objects and phenomena from this area. However, none of those words came into use.

Scientific style of speech

It's time to talk about in which texts you can most often find complex sentences with terms. In the Russian language in the senior classes of the general education school, they pass stylistics. This science studies different kinds speech. More often you can find references to five styles: scientific, journalistic, artistic, official business and colloquial. The first of them is characterized by the presence of numerous terms in the texts.

Along with this, scientific works contain a large number of complex sentences. The structure of these works, as a rule, is extremely clear and often follows an established pattern. The chapters of such works are usually numbered.

As examples of these works, one can cite term papers that every student faces.

From neologism to term

List of Russian language terms that graduates are invited to learn general education schools in preparation for the unified state exam, also includes the word "neologism". This is the name of the names of objects and phenomena that have just appeared in the language. These lexical units have not yet become familiar to native speakers and are perceived by them as something unusual.

After some time, such words either become part of the common vocabulary, or turn into scientific terms if they exist within a certain field of knowledge.

Allocate the following types neologisms:

1. Invented by a specific person or those whose authorship is uncertain.

2. Appeared as a result of word formation according to the laws of a certain language, or those that were borrowed from foreign dictionaries.

As mentioned earlier, most often the enrichment of the Russian language occurs at the expense of Latin and Greek. It is in this way that most of the linguistic terms that are presented in the list for preparation for the unified state exam in the Russian language were created.

He introduced into Russian such concepts as "atmosphere", "thermometer", "substance", "expertise" and many others.

Without these terms, it is impossible to imagine science at the present stage of development.

Conclusion

In this article, the question of what are the terms of the Russian language and their meanings was analyzed.

The material contains the characteristics that the words used in scientific literature. Ideally, each scientific term should be unique, that is, it cannot have synonyms and other meanings. But in reality, not all words used in certain areas of knowledge meet these requirements.

This is partly due to the fact that such phenomena of the Russian language as the desire of its speakers to find equivalents for all foreign words in mother tongue and use to enrich the vocabulary of one field of knowledge, the lexicon characteristic of another science, are not alien to terms.

Information about it lexical concept will be useful to students of secondary schools in preparation for the exam. As a rule, they are asked to memorize a list of Russian language terms with definitions. Some of the words from this list have been analyzed in this article. In addition, students may find it useful and general information about what terms are. This information is given in several chapters of this material. It will also be useful to study articles from encyclopedic dictionaries about this phenomenon and manuals, which contain words and terms in the Russian language.