A dictionary where you can find the meaning of a word. What are the dictionaries? Non-historical dictionary - historical dictionary

I think that every person, at least once in his life, opened a dictionary. Let's find out what they are.

A dictionary is a collection of words with explanations and interpretations. The words that are given in the collection are located in alphabetical order, so it is much easier for those who know the alphabet to use the dictionary.

Many people know that there are many dictionaries. There are dictionaries for specialists, for a wide range of readers, for schoolchildren. Depending on the tasks of the dictionary, the composition of words will be different, they will be located and explained differently.

• If you are interested in what this or that word means, in what cases it is appropriate to use it, please contact explanatory dictionary. One can guess that since it is named INTELLIGENT, means, explain everything about the word that interests you, including information about the stress in the word, its spelling, the most typical phrases.

The most famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov.

• If you have difficulty with stress and pronunciation, contact orthoepic dictionary.

The most famous orthoepic dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress ", ed. R. I. Avanesova and S. I. Ozhegov.

• Understand the meaning of something phraseological expression will help phrasebook.

The most famous "School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language" by V.P. Zhukov in collaboration with A.V. Zhukov (under the editorship of G.V. Karpyuk).

• Explaining proverbs and sayings winged words and figurative expressions will give dictionaries of proverbs, sayings and winged words.

Known dictionaries:

1) V. P. Zhukov. Dictionary of Russian Proverbs and Sayings.

2)C. N. Zigunenko, A. F. Istomin. "A unique illustrated explanatory dictionary of aphorisms and winged words for children".

• Choosing the right synonym from synonymous series prompt synonym dictionary.

The most famous "Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language" 3. E. Alexandrova.

• You can learn how to spell words correctly from spelling dictionary.

The most famous " orthographic dictionary Russian language” D. N. Ushakov, S. E. Kryuchkov.

V. N. Sergeev

Everyone knows what a dictionary is. This is a collection of words (usually in alphabetical order) with explanations, interpretations, or translations of the meanings of words from another language.
Exist different types dictionaries. There are dictionaries for specialists, for a wide range of readers, for schoolchildren.
Depending on the tasks of the dictionary, the composition of words will be different, they will be located and explained differently. To get real help from dictionaries, you need not only to know what they are, but also how to use them.
If you are interested in what this or that word means, in what cases it is appropriate to use it, please contact explanatory dictionary. In explanatory dictionaries, in addition to explaining the meanings of words, you will also find information about the stress in a word, about its spelling, the most typical phrases, get brief reference about the origin of the word and other information. In explanatory dictionaries, the meanings of words are confirmed by examples from works of art, scientific, popular science and other literature. There are multi-volume and single-volume explanatory dictionaries Russian language.
The one-volume "Dictionary of the Russian Language" by S.I. Ozhegov - the most famous of the explanatory dictionaries - has withstood many editions. The first time the dictionary saw the light in 1949, its 9th edition, corrected and supplemented, and the subsequent editions were edited by our well-known linguist N. Yu. Shvedova.
If you have difficulty with stress and pronunciation, contact orthoepic dictionary. In dictionaries correct pronunciation information about stress and other pronunciation features of words is given. Here, for example, are some of these dictionaries: the reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress", ed. R. I. Avanesov and S. I. Ozhegov (M., 1988); reference dictionary "Modern orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language" (under the editorship of K. S. Gorbachevich. Publishing house: AST, 2010); reference dictionary « School vocabulary on the culture of Russian speech” (compiled by L. I. Skvortsov. Edited by G. V. Karpyuk, Publishing House: Drofa, 2010).
To understand the meaning of a particular phraseological expression will help phrasebook. In 2013, the 7th edition of V.P. Zhukov’s “School Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Language” was published in collaboration with A.V. Zhukov (under the editorship of G.V. Karpyuk, Publishing house: Education, 2010). An explanation of proverbs and sayings, winged words and figurative expressions will be given by dictionaries of proverbs, sayings and winged words. Here are just a few of them: V. P. Zhukov. "Dictionary of Russian proverbs and sayings" (15th ed., Publishing house: Drofa, 2014); E. A. Vartanyan. "From the life of words" (2nd ed., Publishing house: Education, 2010); S. N. Zigunenko, A. F. Istomin. "A unique illustrated explanatory dictionary of aphorisms and winged words for children" (Publishing House: SovA, 2011).
The choice of a suitable synonym from the synonymic series will prompt synonym dictionary. For example, the “Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language” by 3. E. Aleksandrova (17th ed., Publishing House: Drofa, 2010) has already withstood many reprints.
Recall that there is whole line other dictionaries: spelling, in which you can learn about how words are written; dictionaries foreign words explaining the meaning and origin of borrowed words; etymological dictionaries, giving information about the structure and origin of words from ancient times; historical dictionaries showing the development and change of vocabulary in certain period time; regional, or dictionaries of Russian folk dialects explaining dialect words; writer's language dictionaries, giving a description of the entire vocabulary of the writer; word usage difficulties dictionaries, revealing the nature of the most typical linguistic and speech errors and inaccuracies; toponymic dictionaries explaining the history and origin geographical names; dictionaries of abbreviations of Russian words, explaining the abbreviation of the word; proper name dictionaries, explaining the origin of personal names used or used in the Russian language; dictionaries of antonyms, homonyms. The list of dictionaries could be continued.
Where are new words and old words that have new meanings placed? Some dictionaries include neologisms as soon as they appear, others only after a certain period of time, when the neologism, having lost its novelty, becomes an ordinary word.
First of all, neologisms are included in special dictionaries and reference books, if they are new terms or professionalisms; new words must be included in writers' language dictionaries if they are writer's neologisms; they are placed in dictionaries of new words and meanings, the first to register the appearance of neologisms. Having become a fact of the national language, new words are introduced into explanatory dictionaries literary language. In explanatory dictionaries, as we have already said, a wide variety of information can be obtained about a word.

The concept of lexicography

Topic plan

1. The concept of lexicography.

2. Main types of dictionaries:

Encyclopedic;

Philological (linguistic):

Explanatory Dictionaries ("Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian language" IN AND. Dahl; Academic explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language of the pre-war and post-war periods(under the editorship of D.N. Ushakov and A.P. Evgenieva); Large academic "Dictionary of the modern Russian literary language"; One-volume explanatory "Dictionary of the Russian language" prof. S.I. Ozhegov;

spelling, orthoepic, phraseological dictionaries Russian language, necessary for the daily work of a journalist;

Other dictionaries of the Russian language (historical, etymological, grammar dictionaries; dictionaries of the language of writers, epithets, dialect (regional), derivational, reverse, frequency; dictionaries of abbreviations, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, foreign words, regularities).

The science dealing with the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries is called lexicography (from the Greek lexikos - dictionary + grapho - I write).

The largest contribution to the development general theory lexicography and the theory of Russian lexicography, in particular, were introduced, first of all, by such well-known Russian philologists as academicians L.V. Shcherba and V.V. Vinogradov, as well as Professor D.N. Ushakov, S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. N.M. Shansky and others.

Back in 1940 it was published foundational work Academician L.V. Shcherba "Experience of the general theory of lexicography", in which the first classification of types of dictionaries in Russian lexicography was given. This work has not lost its scientific significance to this day.

Based on the classification of Academician L.V. Shcherba, lexicographers distinguish two main types of dictionaries:

1) encyclopedic dictionaries (or encyclopedias): (for example, the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, the Small Soviet Encyclopedia, the Literary Encyclopedia, the Children's Encyclopedia, the philosophical encyclopedia, etc.);

2) philological (linguistic) dictionaries.

The main difference between these dictionaries is that the encyclopedic dictionary describes itself thing(i.e. any object, phenomenon, historical fact etc.). And in the linguistic dictionary, it is described and explained, first of all, word, those. linguistic unit calling this thing. (We will show this with the example of the word " capital". If in encyclopedic dictionaries only it is given lexical meaning, then in explanatory dictionaries, first of all, it is given grammatical characteristic this word, that it is a noun, female etc., and then its lexical meaning is already given).

The most famous pre-revolutionary encyclopedic dictionaries in Russia were:

1) multi-volume "Encyclopedic Dictionary" of two publishers - Brockhaus and Efron, totaling 86 volumes;

2) the multi-volume Encyclopedic Dictionary, published by the Granat brothers (58 volumes).

AT Soviet period of our history the most widely known as in former USSR, and in other countries of the world received a multi-volume "Great Soviet Encyclopedia" - in 30 volumes (BSE), as well as a small soviet encyclopedia- in 10 volumes (ITU).

In 1981, the one-volume Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary (SES) was published under the editorship of Academician A.M. Prokhorov. The second edition of this dictionary, revised and supplemented, was published in 1997, also edited by Academician A.M. Prokhorov called "Big Encyclopedic Dictionary" (BES).

There are also industry encyclopedias and encyclopedic dictionaries. For example: "Literary Encyclopedia", " Medical Encyclopedia”, “Legal Encyclopedia”, etc.

In 1979, the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, edited by Professor F.P. Filin published a one-volume encyclopedia "Russian language". The 2nd edition of this encyclopedia was published in 1998 under the editorship of Professor Yu.N. Karaulov, and the third edition in 2003.

Linguistic dictionaries, in turn, are divided into two types: multilingual dictionaries (most often bilingual, which we use when studying foreign language, in the work on the translation, etc.) and monolingual, in which the words are explained by means of the words of the same language.

Among monolingual dictionaries, the following stand out: types of linguistic dictionaries of the Russian language:

1. Explanatory dictionaries.

2. Spelling dictionaries.

3. Orthoepic dictionaries.

4. Phraseological dictionaries.

5. Morphemic and word-building dictionaries.

6. Grammar dictionaries.

7. Dictionaries of homonyms.

8. Dictionaries of synonyms.

9. Dictionaries of antonyms.

10. Dictionaries of paronyms.

11. Historical dictionaries.

12. Etymological dictionaries.

13. Dialect dictionaries.

14. Dictionaries of the writer's language.

15. Dictionaries of abbreviations.

16. Frequency dictionaries.

17. Reverse dictionaries.

18. Complex dictionaries.

The first Russian dictionaries that appeared in late XIII c., were small lists of incomprehensible words (with their interpretation) found in the monuments Old Russian writing, in the XVI century. such dictionaries began to be compiled alphabetically, as a result of which they received the name "alphabets".

The first printed dictionary, containing already 1061 words, appeared in 1596 as an appendix to the grammar of the famous philologist of that time, the priest Lavrenty Zizania. Mostly bookish Slavic words and a small number of foreign words were subjected to interpretation.

The next printed dictionary was compiled in 1627 by the Ukrainian philologist Pamva Berynda. As the title of the book (“Lexicon of Slavonic Russia”) shows, the author set himself the goal of explaining book Old Slavonic words. And by the number of words (6982), and by the accuracy of their explanations on live material colloquial vocabulary, and in terms of its critical attitude to sources, this dictionary stood out for its high philological level.

Bilingual and multilingual dictionaries were a preparatory step for creating a dictionary of the modern Russian language (modern for a certain era). In 1704, Fyodor Polikarpov-Orlov’s “Trilingual Lexicon” was published in Moscow with an interpretation of Russian words in Greek and Latin. In the same Petrine era, the first dictionary of foreign terms "Lexicon of New Vocabularies in Alphabet" was compiled, containing 503 words.

In the XVIII century. there is an interest in questions of origin and education individual words, etymological notes of Trediakovsky, Lomonosov, Sumarokov, Tatishchev and other writers and scientists appear. At the end of the century, a number of dictionaries were published Church Slavonic(“Church Dictionary” and “Supplement” to it contained an explanation of more than 20 thousand words).

Based on the previous lexicographic work, it became possible to start work on the creation of a normative dictionary of the Russian language. It could be based, in particular, on the handwritten materials of Lomonosov and other researchers.

Dictionaries may be needed by a person involved in some kind of activity that is new to him. A new field of activity opens up new phenomena for a person that require understanding and, of course, a name.

A dictionary is a book (or any other source) that contains words located in strict order(more often in alphabetical order), all words are given interpretations or translations into another language.

Dictionary types

Encyclopedic dictionaries - this species is brief information from various fields of knowledge. Such dictionaries explain not the literal, but the concepts and various terms.

Explanatory dictionaries give words; translation dictionaries indicate words in any of the languages. There are also terminological dictionaries, in which you can find any highly specialized term. The meaning of words can be found in etymological dictionaries. To check the correct spelling of a word - spelling. In addition, there are dictionaries of synonyms, foreign words.

Dictionaries of phraseological units will help people involved in literary translation texts or writing. Here they can find an explanation of the meanings of various set expressions entrenched in the speech of a particular people.

There are rhyming dictionaries (where word endings are presented), sorting within which occurs in reverse order. Such dictionaries are called "reverse". In frequency and semantic dictionaries elements are grouped by lexemes, which are arranged depending on the frequency of use (from the core to the periphery).

AT spelling dictionaries you can check the pronunciation and sound of words, the vocabulary of various territorial groups is collected in the dialectic. In the dictionaries of neologisms, you can find words that have recently entered the language, not yet fully mastered. In dictionaries obsolete words on the contrary, words that have long been out of use are presented.

Dictionaries are often created that contain words or expressions that characterize the work of a particular author. Usually in such dictionaries there are comments explaining the specifics of the use of this or that word.

There are types of dictionaries great multitude. In order to use any dictionary, it is necessary to be aware of the need to refer to the dictionary in the process of solving any cognitive and communicative task. You also need to be able to choose a dictionary, perceive its text in the right way.

Currently, there are a little more than two dozen dictionaries in which the words and expressions of a particular language (or languages) are divided according to certain types. So, let's look at what dictionaries are.

Explanatory dictionaries

In these linguistic dictionaries meanings are explained various words and sustainable idiomatic expressions(phraseological units) of any language with the help of the means of the same language. Explanatory dictionaries can be more or less complete and designed for a particular circle of readers. The most complete and accurate dictionaries are called academic.

Grammar dictionaries

Enough large group dictionaries, the purpose of which is to cover a separate or several groups of vocabulary of a particular language, combined according to some grammatical feature. For example, there are dictionaries of verbs, adjectives, indeclinable words.

Word-building and morphemic dictionaries

Dictionaries of morphemes - roots, suffixes, prefixes and other parts of the word that serve for word formation in a particular language.

Compatibility dictionaries

This group of dictionaries is less common, and its purpose is correct selection words in order to express their thoughts stylistically more correctly. Considering modern level oral and especially writing, it would be nice to publish such dictionaries in large numbers.

Thesauri or ideographic dictionaries

In these dictionaries, words are divided into groups that are close in meaning, which makes it easier to compose texts on a specific topic.

Reverse Dictionaries

They greatly simplify many linguistic studies, since the words in them are arranged alphabetically, but in reverse order, that is, from right to left. Thus, it is very easy to quickly select all verbs or, for example, adjectives. Such a dictionary (authored by A.A. Zaliznyak) greatly facilitated the preparation of the practical part of the thesis for me.

Spelling and orthoepic dictionaries

They are a list of words of a particular language with their correct spelling(spelling) and setting stress (orthoepic) and indicating options, if necessary.

Lexical dictionaries

Dictionaries individual groups vocabulary selected according to various principles. Here we include dictionaries of antonyms, synonyms, homonyms and paronyms. In the dictionaries of synonyms you will find words that are different in spelling and sound, but close in meaning ("beautiful" - "beautiful"). Homonym dictionaries, on the contrary, contain words that are identical in spelling and sound, but different in meaning (“onion” as a plant and “onion” as a weapon). But in the dictionaries of paronyms you will get acquainted with words with the same root, similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning, which are often confused (for example, “put on” and “put on”). Antonyms are words that are opposite in meaning ("good" - "evil").

Dictionaries of neologisms

These dictionaries provide a list of words that have recently entered a particular language.

Bilingual or translation dictionaries

Dictionaries that translate words from one language to another. Such dictionaries are usually bilingual, but there are copies with large quantity languages ​​(for example, French-Russian-German).

Anthroponymic dictionaries

A group of dictionaries that contain a list of people's proper names (first name, patronymic, last name), as well as nicknames and pseudonyms in a particular language.

Dictionaries of names of inhabitants

Here we are talking about how to name the inhabitants of a particular city, region or region.

Linguistic and Cultural Dictionaries

Dictionaries of linguistic terms

These dictionaries explain the meaning of terms various areas linguistics from phonetics and graphics to syntax and stylistics.

Abbreviations Dictionaries

Here you will find a transcript of all kinds of abbreviations and abbreviations that are widely used in a particular language.

Terminological dictionaries

These publications are more or less complete lists terms (with interpretations) in a particular branch of science or industry.

Of course, this list is far from complete, since there are also more narrowly focused dictionaries (for example, dictionaries of epithets and comparisons or dictionaries of language difficulties), however, such dictionaries are quite rare and only a narrow circle of specialists have to use them.

Encyclopedic dictionaries

Unlike linguistic dictionaries, which we discussed before, encyclopedic dictionaries are explanatory dictionaries designed to study the realities of a particular field of knowledge or profession. In addition, encyclopedic dictionaries are both universal (for example, children's encyclopedias or the Great Soviet Encyclopedia) and industry-specific. As examples of the latter, we cite the philosophical encyclopedia and the astronomical encyclopedia. Well, I think we have quite fully answered the question of what dictionaries exist.