As a special system of high-speed fixation of information in translation, cursive translation has today almost a century of history, which is described in sufficient detail in the linguistic literature, in particular, in the works of I.S. Alekseeva, E.V. Alikina, A.P. Chuzhakina and others. In this regard, we find it expedient to list here only the main milestones in the development of systems translation cursive, leaving them for more detailed consideration and study for independent study.

As the researchers note, at the beginning of the 20th century, the use or non-use of a record in translation was considered a personal matter for each translator.

As a consciously and professionally used technique of written fixation of information in the implementation of oral translation, cursive translation appears in the 30s of the 20th century, which is associated with the work of the League of Nations. At the meetings of the League of Nations, speeches were provided in two languages: French and English, and the translation did not interrupt the speech, but was carried out immediately after it ended. As a result of such an organization of meetings, the requirements for the volume of translated texts, on the one hand, and for the accuracy of translation, on the other hand, have increased. In 1941, a professional school of translators was created at the University of Geneva, whose representatives developed the basic rules for maintaining translation records. The development of this school is associated in the history of translation with the names of J. Herbert and J.F. Rosana, M. Lederer, D. Seleskovich. Teaching cursive writing in consecutive translation has remained the main focus of this school of translator training to this day.

The most famous Russian version of the cursive translation system was proposed by R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev in 1969.

In Germany, the development of the technique of cursive translation is associated primarily with the name of H. Matissek (Heidelberg University), who also proposed his own in the 70s of the 20th century. integrated system translation record.

As a consistent study and comparison of these and some other translation record keeping systems shows, each subsequent one was a kind of improved version of the previous one. Each subsequent system, on the one hand, was based

on the leading principles of the previous one, on the other hand, it offered new ways and strategies for fixing information based on new scientific achievements in the field of linguistics, psychology and information theory.

So, J. Erber suggested borrowing signs and symbols for keeping translation cursive writing from other areas of science, and also formulated the following rules for keeping records:

 start fixing from the moment the performance starts;

- to carry out a logical analysis of speech by highlighting the main thing, underlining, bracketing;

 use the target language in the recording;

 use abbreviations, abbreviate multi-digit numbers;

- cross out when negating.

In 1956 J.-F. Rosan, a follower of J. Erber, illustrated these principles in his book with concrete examples, proposed his symbols to denote individual grammatical categories, in particular, tense and voice for a verb, gender and number for a noun, and also formulated the principle of vertical arrangement of writing on paper .

R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, based on the sign notation systems already existing by that time, developed a functional classification of the signs of translation cursive writing, namely, he singled out predicative, modal symbols, symbols of time, symbols of quality, etc.

In the 1980s in France, the scholar-translator D. Seleskovich described the mnemonic function of the translation record from a psycholinguistic point of view, i.e. the role of recording in the processes of memorization, actualization in the mind and subsequent reproduction of information during oral translation.

A.P. Chuzhakin improved the principle of verticalism by proposing a stepped-diagonal arrangement of signs on paper. In accordance with his concept, you should first write down the subject group, under it to the right - the predicate group, under it to the right - direct object, below it to the right is an indirect complement. Homogeneous Members sentences should be recorded on paper in a column, one under the other in the order they appear in speech.

E.N. Sladkovskaya continued to improve the principle of verticalism, proposing to rely on the step-diagonal arrangement of symbols on paper not on the syntactic, but on the semantic side of the statement, namely: first, the semantic subject is fixed, under it to the right - the action, under it to the right - the semantic object [according to: Alikina , 2006: 12-18].

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF RUSSIA

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL BUDGET INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"VOLOGDA STATE UNIVERSITY"

Faculty of Humanities

Department of Linguistics and Intercultural Communication

Coursework on the topic:

TRANSLATION SCORING

Supervisor:

Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of LiMK Krasilnikova E.A.

Completed:

Student gr. GPA-31

Dyachkova D.Yu.

Introduction

Chapter 1 Conclusions

2.1 Initial stage

2.3 Record keeping language

Information displayed on paper

Chapter 2 Conclusions

Chapter 3 Conclusions

Chapter 4 Conclusions

Conclusion

List of used literature:

Appendix 1

Introduction

Modern consecutive interpreting is a complex process that requires special skills and training from a specialist interpreter working in this field. For the successful implementation of this type of translation, it is necessary to study and master such a technique as universal translation shorthand, which allows you to record and reproduce speech of any length. Now this technique can be defined as a system of auxiliary records used by a translator when translating.

The development and study of cursive writing has been carried out since the beginning of the last century. The emergence of this technique was associated with an increased need for consecutive interpretation in international communications on the basis of such platforms as the League of Nations.

In the future, cursive developed intensively, including all new methods and approaches to optimize the work of a translator working with such a complex and demanding type of translation.

To date, this method of fixing and reproducing oral presentations is considered comprehensively, using such branches of science as experimental psychology, neuropsychology and comparative linguistics.

Relevance The topic lies in the fact that today the universal translation cursive not only has not lost its applied value, but has further strengthened its position as the most important tool for a specialist working in such a responsible and difficult field as consecutive interpretation.

In addition, today this technique of fixing and reproducing information has received the attention of a whole range of other sciences, such as: experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics. It is explained by the fact that every year the importance of consecutive interpretation in the processes of intercultural communication, international negotiations and speeches on the basis of numerous international associations is only growing.

Speaking at such venues as, for example, the UN, requires intensive work of the translator, which is why the development of the universal translation shorthand technique is an ongoing process in which both translators and scientists involved in psychology, semantography and other branches of science take part. All this amount of work is aimed at fulfilling one goal - the development of such a system for fixing information that will contribute to the maximum efficiency and convenience of the translator's work.

tasks of this work are:

1. Acquaintance with the history of the formation and development of the technique of universal translation shorthand

2. Studying the main cursive methods used and described by recognized experts in consecutive interpreting

3. Identification of modern trends in the development of universal translation shorthand

4. Description of the main practical elements of translation shorthand

object research is the study of the technique of universal translation cursive writing in consecutive interpretation

Thing given term paper- the main methods and elements of universal translation cursive writing, consideration of their main application

When writing this term paper, I used: a monograph by a domestic specialist Rurik Konstantinovich Minyar-Beloruchev - General theory of translation and interpretation, as well as various scientific literature and textbooks on universal translation cursive writing and oral consecutive translation (Alikina E.V. Translation semantography. Recording during oral translation, Burlyai S.A. Translation record: Textbook (for fourth-year students of the Faculty of Translation, Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. How to become a translator?, Minyar-Beloruchev, Recordings in consecutive translation, etc.)

translator symbol linguistics

Chapter 1. The history of the formation and development of translation shorthand

1.1 The initial stage of the development of cursive writing. Geneva School of Translators

In the modern world, characterized by the intensification of the processes of globalization and widespread integration, more and more attention is paid to the issues of intercultural communication, and this, in turn, increases the interest in translation activities.

Since the beginning of the last century, the role of consecutive interpretation has been growing, and one of the components of translation competence in this area is the possession of a special type of recording that allows you to record and subsequently reproduce a speech of any duration.

This entry is one of the "professional secrets of the great aces of consecutive translation."

It is also worth noting that in the literature you can find a variety of terms denoting the professional records of a translator. Among them are “translation note” (E.N. Sladkovskaya, S.A. Burlyai), “short note” (V.N. Komissarov), “cursive” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev).

In foreign literature, the unity of terminology can be traced: “notes-taking” in English and “Notizentechnik fur Dolmetscher” in German.

Used by French-speaking authors, the term "la prize de notes" in a broad sense means "recording for the purpose of preserving the main thing from what is heard or read."

The emergence of translation records falls on the 30s of the XX century. - the heyday of consecutive interpretation associated with the activities of the League of Nations, at the meetings of which speeches were provided in two languages: English and French, and the speeches of the speakers were not interrupted by translation, but alternated with it.

This provision put forward the requirement for an accurate and complete translation of a sufficiently long segment of speech (up to 30 - 40 minutes), which gave rise to the need to concisely and vividly capture incoming information, inventing various rules, signs, symbols, and was the impetus for the development of recording systems and concepts for its theoretical justification .

The first theoretical provisions related to translation recording are found in the works of J. Herbert, a representative of the famous Geneva school of translators.

He calls recording the main factor in the technique of consecutive translation, which in turn protects the translator from forgetting the text. At the same time, as J. Erber notes, the notes are intended for immediate use as guidelines in the statement, the memory of which is still fresh in the memory.

In 1956, in Geneva, J.-F. Rosan, a follower and colleague of Erber, published a separate book on recording, in which he systematized and illustrated with examples the seven basic principles of fixation (isolation of ideas, use of abbreviations, linking with arrows, negation by strikethrough, strengthening by underlining, vertical arrangement "stepping"). Rosan introduced ways to designate some paradigmatic categories: time, gender, number.

Cursive writing was further developed in the works of A. van Hoof, including “Theorie et pratiique de l" interpretation ”, Munich, 1962.

1.2 Domestic and modern studies of cursive writing

In our country, a cursive translation system based on the Russian language is being built, which was first set out in the book by R. Minyar-Beloruchev “A Handbook for Interpreting (Records in Consecutive Translation)”, which appeared in 1969.

Minyar-Beloruchev developed his own writing method, in which he uses his own functional classification of symbols.

This classification is based on the division of symbols according to the method of designating concepts into literal, associative, derivatives and, according to their main purpose, into predicative, modal, time symbols and quality symbols. All the symbols proposed by the author meet three requirements: economy, visibility, universality.

The location of the records, according to Minyar-Beloruchev, is built according to the syntactic principle, that is, the main elements of the syntax of the sentence are fixed (subject, predicate, object).

R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, according to the recognition of many researchers, managed to give the most detailed theoretical substantiation of notation based on phonology and syntax data, as well as methods for teaching notation, showing the importance of using notation in the process of consecutive interpreting.

In the 1980s, the traditions of the scientific Geneva School were continued by the French teachings and practical translators M. Lederer and D. Seleskovich. The latter, in particular, was engaged in the study of professional recording from the standpoint of psycholinguistics and epistemology in order to identify patterns of speech, language and memory.

D. Seleskovich pointed out the need to combine data from various scientific disciplines, such as experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics, and observations from the practice of translation, in order to penetrate into the essence of the translation process, including with the use of notation. D. Seleskovich was able to basically describe the mnemonic function of the latter, while outlining the prospects for the development of this problem in the epistemological direction, at the junction of theory and thinking. So, D. Seleskovich for the first time posed the problem of a comprehensive study of the record.

A.P. Chuzhakin improved the principle of verticalism by proposing a stepped-diagonal arrangement of signs on paper.

In accordance with his concept, the subject group should first be written down, under it to the right - the predicate group, under it to the right - the direct object, under it to the right - the indirect object.

Homogeneous members of the sentence should be fixed on paper in a column, one under the other in the order they appear in speech.

E.N. Sladkovskaya put forward the idea of ​​improving the principle of verticalism, proposing to rely on the step-diagonal arrangement of symbols on paper not on the syntactic, but on the semantic side of the statement, namely: first the semantic subject is fixed, under it to the right - the action, under it to the right - the semantic object.

Chapter 1 Conclusions

Thus, analyzing the history of the development of translation shorthand, it is worth noting the contribution of the founders this method fixing information - representatives of the famous Geneva school of translators: J. Herbert and J.-F. Rosana.

On the basis of their works, describing the main elements of cursive writing, such as: isolating ideas, using abbreviations, linking with arrows, negation by crossing out, strengthening by underlining, vertical arrangement "stepping", by modern scientists (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, D. Seleskovich, E .N. Sladkovskaya) further developments were carried out using a whole range of disciplines: experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics and others.

This made it possible to bring the study of universal translation cursive writing to a completely new level. new level and optimize translation semantography for the greatest convenience of the interpreter in consecutive interpreting.

Chapter 2

2.1 Initial stage

According to Minyar-Beloruchev, the author of the cursive writing system based on the Russian language, its main advantage is that with the help of cursive writing, the translator can briefly fix the main idea of ​​the statement, and then reproduce it as close as possible to the original using reference points on paper.

Before proceeding directly to the study of the system of records, you should carefully prepare for it by collecting improvised means and analyzing the situation. Researchers offer various options for organizing records, consider one of them, proposed by Alikina E.V.

Translation cursive is used in consecutive interpretation, as well as bilateral translation. Examples of such situations: speeches at conferences, presentations, lectures (for monologue consecutive translation); official conversations, interviews, negotiations (for two-way translation).

It is recommended to start recording at the same time as the sound of the speech begins, but it is not forbidden to pause at the beginning in order to catch the idea of ​​the speaker.

The main thing is that the statement and the recording end at the same moment, and the interpreter voices the thought fixed on paper during the pause.

As for the volume, it is recommended to pay special attention to the first phrases, since they contain the most information. Having written down the first part of the statement in detail, the translator gets the opportunity to write the following phrases shorter, since much will already be clear.

2.2 Necessary tools for translation recording.

You can not ignore improvised means. At first, this question is not paramount. However, it should be remembered that every detail is important when recording, and any means that rationalize the work of the translator should be used.

In conditions of two-way translation, when the interpreter has the opportunity to sit at the table, it is worth using an A4 sheet, laid horizontally and pre-divided into three equal parts. This arrangement will allow you to record quite long sentence, it is easy to find any point of the recorded speech and avoid flipping. Here E.V. Alikina recommends fixing information on one side of the sheet so that the entries do not overlap with each other.

In a situation where the interpreter is standing in front of the microphone and does not have the opportunity to take notes while leaning on the table, a smaller notepad is suitable, but always in a hard cover so that it is convenient to write on weight. Also E.V. Alikina advises taking a notebook on a spring to speed up the turning.

As for the writing tool itself, pencils with an eraser (for possible correction of information) or a light pen are best for this.

2.3 Record keeping language

This is one of the most contentious issues. There are several conflicting points of view. Some authors believe that the record should be kept in the language of the source, others - in the language into which the translation is made. According to the third - in the language in which the recording system was studied, and according to the fourth - in English as the most common language, which has a large number of generally accepted abbreviations. Fifths believed that a mixed language is the most suitable option. But in this matter, of course, everything depends on the preferences of the translator.

2.4 Information displayed on paper

In order to recreate the maximum complete picture when translating, it is necessary to abandon the recording of "empty" words, the meaning of which is clear from the context or easily reproduced by memory. For the translator, when writing, words that convey the main idea of ​​the statement, precision vocabulary (proper names, names of days of the week and months, numerals) matter. It is also important to convey modality and logical connections between elements. When writing for a translator, the role model is the telegraphic style, concise and understandable. It is necessary to remember the temporal sequence of events (meaningful milestones).

Chapter 2 Conclusions

The recording process for translation requires careful preparation. At the same time, several factors should be noted at once, including: improvised means, the language in which the recording will be made, as well as the functionality and convenience for the perception of information presented on paper. When the preparation for recording is completed, you can proceed to the main stage - the study of cursive writing techniques.

Chapter 3

The main shorthand methods are:

1) semantic analysis

Semantic analysis is the selection of the main idea of ​​a given text, its "economical" formulation, which is composed of strong points of memory. There are three methods for creating memory anchors:

1) The choice of words with the greatest semantic load (foreign names and surnames, geographical names and other proper names, as well as numerals)

2) Method of transformation (transformation of impersonal sentences into definitely personal ones, replacement compound words and constructions with simpler synonyms)

3) The choice of relief words (emphasis on words with a special emotional coloring or reality).

2) Abbreviated letter entry

The "economical" wording consists of words, which in turn can be abbreviated. Because of this, it seems that many words (especially long ones) have extra letters. Due to this, it is proposed not to write down all the letters in the word. At the same time, the specificity of the Russian language does not allow to do without the first letters, which are the starting points for obtaining information. For example, there are more than 2500 words starting with pr- in Russian. Instead, for example, vowels in the middle of a word can be abandoned, which allows you to reproduce the entire word when translating. You can also exclude double consonants, and replace the most common prefixes and suffixes with a single character (such as -tion and -tion, -logy and logic, philo- and phylo, psyho- and psycho-).

You can shorten entries using telescopic names. For example, page - page, maybe - m.b. other.

An abbreviation is another well-known way of shortening entries. For example, the USA, the Ministry of Emergency Situations, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and many others.

An important point of economical recording is the numbers. Skillfully writing down the numbers, you can shorten the record several times. For example:

1) numerals:

15" = 15 thousand

15" = 15 million

15""" = 15 billion

2) ordinal:

1) = first

B) "03 = early 2003

0"3 = mid 2003

03" = late 2003

4) month names:

I - January, II - February, III - March, IV - April, etc.

5) names of the days of the week:

Monday, ? - Tuesday, ? - Wednesday, etc.

3) The principle of vertical arrangement of records

Recordings are the visual support of memory. That is why it is important to find such a strong point that would catch the eye and not make it difficult visual perception. Vertical recording can be considered effective, since this type of recording saves time (no need to move your hand from left to right and back) and allows you to combine thoughts into groups in their lexical connection. Also, linguistic probability adds to the efficiency of vertical writing. Linguistic probability is the probability of occurrence in speech of a particular phenomenon, a particular language unit. In this case, the word order, which performs key syntactic functions, is most important for the translator. The direct word order suggests that in most cases the subject group will come first, followed by the predicate group. The analysis and processing of the proposal takes place not only with the consideration of its grammatical basis, but also for the purpose of finding a more concise formulation. This is especially useful for long sentences, as this method allows you to highlight the main idea and describe the chain of events in a sentence step by step. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev proposes to put the subject group in the first place, and the predicate group in the second place (line below and slightly to the right). Concerning minor members sentences, they are placed to the right of the word they refer to (unless this is an agreed definition). If several words belong to the same word, they are written one under the other, regardless of whether they are homogeneous or not. Separate members of the sentence are proposed to be indicated in brackets.

Compound sentences can be considered as two or more simple sentences. Accordingly, each of these simple sentences is written one under the other from the beginning of the line.

The greatest difficulty is the recording of complex sentences. R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev draws attention to the following features of writing a complex sentence:

1) Colon functions. The colon in the sentence is the link between the parts of the sentence (the introductory part and the continuation that reveals it). The colon allows you to refuse to record allied and some significant words.

2) Causal relationship. They express a sequence of actions and are usually denoted by unions (because, as a result of this, etc.). In translation records, they are expressed by a slash.

3) Relative submissions. In speech, sometimes there are two different sentences, while one of them sums up the second. Such sentences are called relatively dependent. They easily turn into a complex sentence with the help of subordinating unions. In translation notes, it is recommended to separate them from each other with a horizontal line. If the second sentence contains compound predicate, an equal sign is placed under the line.

4) Comparison. In a broad sense, this is the idea of ​​comparing and comparing statistical data, as well as a means of expressiveness. They are fixed on paper with two vertical lines.

5) Target indicator. It is believed that progress towards the goal is accompanied by movement. That is why in the records it is proposed to designate this movement as “arrows”.

6) Conditional constructions. In speech, such constructions are usually denoted by the union "if" or turns "if", "subject to", etc., which are replaced on paper English union if or French si to save space.

7) Compliance. The grammar especially highlights the relationship between the action and the special condition, i.e. a condition which, being an obstacle, does not interfere. This "concession" gave rise to the term "concession". The idea of ​​concession is opposed to the idea of ​​causality, thus it annuls causal relationships. Thus, a special designation appeared - a double-crossed slash.

8) Interrogative sentences. To write an interrogative sentence, it is recommended to use an inverted question mark(Spanish question mark), which is placed at the beginning of a sentence. This contributes to the achievement of two goals at once. First, at the initial stage of the analysis of the proposal, it becomes clear that the proposal contains a question. Secondly, this will allow us to refuse to record the interrogative members of the sentence ( question words and expressions: What? Where? How? Is it? For what purpose? etc.)

9) Incentive offers. By analogy with interrogative sentences, in order to detect an exclamation in advance, an inverted exclamation mark is placed at the beginning of the sentence. Also, in exclamatory sentences, it is proposed to use “arrows”, replacing target words. "Arrows" are divided into two groups: positive and negative. Positive "arrows" stand in front of the target word ("long live", "forward", etc.), and negative ones cross out these words ("down", "against", etc.).

10) Negative sentences. A negative sentence expresses a lack of connection between statements. And the absence has its own symbol - the crossing out of that member of the sentence, in front of which there is a particle "not".

11) Footnote lines. With a vertical arrangement of records, a word that is used several times can be placed with special footnote lines to avoid repetition of the word and save time.

Chapter 3 Conclusions

The main methods of translation notation are semantic analysis, abbreviated notation and vertical notation. Semantic analysis allows you to highlight key points in the record and saves time by allowing you to ignore the "empty" words. As for the abbreviated alphabetic notation, its merit lies in the fact that it excludes "extra" and repetitive letters, the absence of which does not interfere with understanding the meaning of the word. The vertical writing system preserves syntactic and logical links in the text without taking up much space.

Chapter 4

4.1 Characteristics of a symbol and its grammatical redundancy

The word as a sign is not a designation of one specific object, action or phenomenon, but of a whole group of objects that have similar meaning. Words differ in their ability to generalize. So, for example, in the group "proper names" where less words than in the group "common nouns". The degree of generalization of the latter, in turn, is not the same: the word "fruit" generalizes much more than the word "apples". But even words with a high degree of generalization (for example: relations, means) are not economical.

In order to speed up the recording process, it was decided to create a system of symbols - economical and easily recognizable signs that summarize the most common concepts. (See Appendix 1)

The main characteristic of the symbol is its economy, visibility and versatility. The absence of one of the above points calls into question the legality of the use of the symbol by the translator for record keeping.

1) The economy of the symbol is both simplicity of execution and a large number of concepts that it denotes. For example, the symbol "O" familiar to everyone can be a meeting, congress, meeting, etc.

2) The visibility of the symbol lies in its recognition, the frequency of use in ordinary life, and also in the fact that it should produce a lot of association when mentioned.

3) The universality of the symbol is that they are carriers of lexical meaning, grammatically showing extreme flexibility and indifference. In addition, the same symbol can be used by speakers of different languages ​​without losing its meaning.

According to V.P. Berkov, a significant part of the grammatical information is redundant. The practice of translation records confirms this conclusion. The most important for the translator are syntactic links, which are displayed using vertical notation. “Classification information” is not considered in the records as obviously redundant, it follows from the context or is not significant for a given situation, and therefore may not be indicated.

The main syntactic links are expressed by the order of symbols and words. It is not necessary to indicate the number of verbs, the gender of nouns and other features of words, since this is easy to reproduce with the help of memory and context. If in the current situation it is necessary to indicate, for example, plural of this or that noun, a “deuce” is placed above it. The designation of categories of objects and modal meanings of verbs in entries is not grammatical information.

4.2 Classification of symbols according to the method of designating concepts

The symbol for designating a particular concept is chosen by the translator himself, only in this case it will become effective for him auxiliary means. Absolutely new signs are not invented for symbols. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev recommends using such signs that the translator encounters daily and can easily recognize and “decipher”. According to this principle, symbols are divided into three main groups:

1) Letter characters. Alphabetic characters are used in cases where the word does not evoke vivid associations. Usually, the first letter is taken to designate this word (or the first two or three letters to avoid misunderstanding). For example, GB - Great Britain, TN - Tennessee, etc. Flaw alphabetic characters lies in their semantic limitations.

2) Associative symbols. This is the largest group of symbols corresponding to the best way the requirements of efficiency, visibility and versatility. The symbols of this group are selected according to some features characteristic of a number of concepts, united according to the image or associations that they evoke.

A striking example of an associative symbol is an arrow. An arrow can mean "movement", "transition from one state to another." By changing the direction of the arrow, the translator can designate the concepts of "transfer", "receive", "deliver" and many others.

3) Derived symbols. There are several ways to form derived symbols:

A) An extension of the character taken as a basis. For example, in translation notes, the symbol “-” means “to speak”, “broadcast”. When circling this symbol in a circle, the translator expands its meaning to "print", "radio".

B) Specification general meaning using the exponentiation symbol.

C) Antonymic approach or negation of the meaning of the original symbol (strikethrough).

D) Combination of several original characters. The combination, as a rule, has a more specific meaning than the meaning of its constituent characters.

E) Rethinking the meaning of the predicative symbol. So, if we turn again to the arrows, the arrow pointing up means "growth", the double arrow pointing up means joy, success, prosperity, etc.

Thus, the group of derived symbols includes symbols based on already familiar symbols.

4.3 Classification of symbols according to their main meaning

There are four groups of characters, distinguished by their main meaning:

1) Predicative symbols. Most of characters included in this group denotes an action and, accordingly, is a predicate in a sentence.

The main symbol of this group is the arrow, which has a large number of lexical meanings depending on its direction and context.

Quotation marks are another commonly used character. According to J.-F. Rosana, quotation marks are a word symbol. He also writes: “When someone's words are quoted, they are put in quotation marks. Therefore, the natural character of the word would be quotation marks.

2) Symbols of time. Several temporary characters that are used most often can be defined in one group. Temporal relations in this case are perceived in their common understanding, not in relation to the category of time.

3) Modal symbols. Special modal symbols are used to express the speaker's attitude to the situation. They denote "(not) possibility", "necessity", "(not) certainty", etc.

4) Symbols of quality. The meaning of many words in speech is strengthened or weakened. For example, a small country, a weak opponent, etc.

To designate various characteristics words are used symbols of quality. At the same time, it is not at all necessary that quality symbols replace only adjectives. In some cases, they can replace other parts of speech that strengthen or weaken the meaning of the word.

It should be noted that the symbols included in the above groups are not all existing symbols. Other symbols not described in the classification are subject symbols general purpose. Their number and designation entirely depends on the author of the entry and the field in which he works.

Chapter 4 Conclusions

Symbols are signs divided into groups by meaning, which help to economically arrange a translation record. They can convey a lexical meaning regardless of the source language. Symbols use familiar characters, letters, or abbreviations.

According to the method of designation, symbols are divided into alphabetic, associative and derivative. According to their main meaning, symbols are divided into predicative symbols, time symbols, modal symbols and quality symbols. The rest of the characters are included in large group subject symbols of general purpose.

Conclusion

Consecutive interpreting is one of the most complex types translation, this is also confirmed by the fact that specialists of the highest class work in its field, especially when it comes to activities at the international level. That is why the tools of translators are also intensively developing, an important element of which is the technique of universal translation shorthand. On the one hand, the ways of fixing and reproducing information are of a purely individual nature, on the other hand, over the years of training of specialists in this field, they have undergone systematization and scientific justification by scientists in various fields of science.

This can also be seen from the history of the development of universal translation shorthand. Analyzing it, it is worth noting the contribution of the founders of this method of fixing information - representatives of the famous Geneva school of translators: J. Herbert and J.-F. Rosana. On the basis of their works, describing the main elements of cursive writing, such as: isolating ideas, using abbreviations, linking with arrows, negation by crossing out, strengthening by underlining, vertical arrangement "stepping", by modern scientists (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, D. Seleskovich, E .N. Sladkovskaya) further developments were carried out using a whole range of disciplines: experimental psychology, neuropsychology, comparative linguistics and others. This made it possible to bring the study of universal translation cursive writing to a completely new level and optimize translation semantography for the greatest convenience of the translator in consecutive interpretation.

The process of preparing for the recording process itself is also important, it is also worth noting the main methods used in cursive writing: semantic analysis, abbreviated letter notation and a vertical notation system. Semantic analysis allows you to highlight key points in the record and saves time by allowing you to ignore the "empty" words. As for the abbreviated alphabetic notation, its merit lies in the fact that it excludes "extra" and repetitive letters, the absence of which does not interfere with understanding the meaning of the word. The vertical notation system preserves syntactic and logical links in the text without taking up much space.

Analyzing the basics of the developed methods of translation cursive writing, special attention should be paid to the system of symbols, which is undoubtedly not universal for everyone and each specialist adapts it to his own style of translation and introduces his own characters, yet it is a kind of base for preparing and simplifying the process of cursive writing. A special semantography was developed by such specialists as, for example, R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev and at the moment is an integral part of teaching this technique.

The symbols in this system are signs divided into groups by meaning, which help to economically arrange a translation record. Symbols can convey lexical meaning regardless of the source language. Symbols use familiar characters, letters, or abbreviations.

According to the method of designation, symbols are divided into alphabetic, associative and derivative. According to their main meaning, symbols are divided into predicative symbols, time symbols, modal symbols and quality symbols. The remaining symbols are included in a large group of subject symbols for general purposes.

Having considered and mastered the system of translation recording, the translator must bring to automatism the skill of economically fixing the text on paper with the help of special exercises. According to R.K. Minyar-Belorucheva, you can fully master the proposed system in 2 months of daily training.

List of used literature

1. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. General theory of translation and interpretation. - M.: Military Publishing, 1980 - 237 p.

2. Burlyai S.A. Translation entry: Textbook (for IV year students of the Faculty of Translation). - M.: R-Valent, 2001 - 160 p.

3. Komissarov V.N. Theoretical foundations of the methodology of teaching translation. - M.: Rema, 1997 - 244 p.

4. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. General theory of translation and interpretation. - M.: Military Publishing, 1980 - 237 pages.

5. Alikina E.V. Translation semantography. Recording for oral translation. - M.: AST: East-West, 2006 - 160 p.

6. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. How to become a translator? - M.: Gothic, 1999 - 237 p.

7. Chuzhakin A.P. Interpreting XXI: theory + practice, cursive translation. - M.: World of Translation, 2000 - 256 pages.

8. Minyar-Beloruchev, Recordings in Consecutive Translation. - M.: Prospekt-AP, 1969 - 176 p.

9. Sachava O.S. Translation shorthand: Theory and practice. Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance, 2011 - 321 p.

10. Minyar-Beloruchev R.K. Consecutive translation. - M.: Military Publishing, 1969 - 288 p.

11. Zinder L.F. On linguistic probability. In: "Issues of speech statistics", Leningrad State University, 1958 -576 p.

12. Collection 11 “Materials on mathematical linguistics and machine translation”, Moscow State University 1963 - 199 p.

13. J.-F. Rozan. La prize de notes ein interpretation consecutive. Geneve, 1959 - 71 p.

14. Collection 11 "Materials on mathematical linguistics and machine translation", Moscow State University 1963 - 199 pages.

Appendix

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Translation shorthand - a useful tool for consecutive translation or an unnecessary whim?

Translation cursive- this is a system for the accelerated recording of the speaker's speech with the help of various abbreviations, conventional icons, etc. developed in advance by the translator. to make it easier for the translator to reproduce it all later in the target language.

Translating cursive within certain limits is useful for regular consecutive translation of large passages of the text, when there is no way to stop the speaker.

Personally, my attitude to translation shorthand is quite skeptical.

Translation cursive is in demand except for diplomatic translation and for any other protocol translation "to the public". But it's so narrow niche: from the strength of several dozen translators from a detachment of many thousands of those who have to deal with oral consecutive translation. Therefore, you should not artificially "stuff your own price" and learn what is unlikely to come in handy when in real translation activities.

Of course, if you are young and just learning to translate, you have a good physical form and an excellent memory, then you can, purely out of sports interest, try to master translation shorthand. When you finish your studies and start working as a translator, you will no longer be up to these exercises.

Of course, cursive is not such "darkness" as shorthand: transcribing a transcript, as you know, requires a lot of time and mental effort even for the most experienced stenographer. An interpreter in combat conditions does not have this time. In this sense various systems translation notation is a cross between the accelerated verbal recording of the sounding text and shorthand.

But cons and pitfalls there is so much in translation cursive writing that it is effective to take advantage of the advantages that it promises interpreter, not so easy.

Let's start with the fact that the well-known systems of cursive translation give the translator only a certain initial set of abbreviations and icons. And then, having understood the principle, translator must already develop your own cursive system based on your individual needs and preferences. Moreover, not only to develop, but also constantly maintain and improve.

However, even mastering this entry-level gentleman's set takes time and strenuous effort. Some sources say that, subject to daily intensive studies, the cursive writing system can be mastered in just 10-12 days. But in the same way, in all kinds of courses, we are promised that thanks to the next unique methodology everyone can learn any foreign language in a few weeks or a month. And as a result, even after graduating from Inyaz, we learn this same language for the rest of our lives.

In any activity, it is important to clearly define priorities. And it must be said that mastering translation cursive can in no way be attributed to priority tasks and skills in the preparation of future translators.

If you translate in warehouses and have difficulty understanding the meaning of a foreign text, then it is too early for you to think about translation cursive. Translating shorthand can be done when you have already mastered all the other elements of the translation process, the translation itself flows out of you as if written, and you have the courage to show off something else.

The existing systems of cursive writing in terms of vocabulary are mainly focused on general socio-political or military texts. They were developed at a time when the subject of translated international meetings and negotiations was not as diverse and saturated with terms and semantic nuances as in last years. "Delegation", "visit". "orator", "said", "greeted", "thanked", "condemned", "party", "struggle for peace". "disarmament", "missiles", etc.

Today, not only has the thematic complexity and terminological richness of events going through translation but also grew the intensity of the translation process itself and the requirements for its quality.

Accordingly, the more the subject of a real translation differs from the one for which you have developed your own conventional symbols and abbreviations, the lower will be the effectiveness of using shorthand translation techniques - even if you own them. If today you are translating construction, tomorrow medicine, and the day after tomorrow banking or exchange topics, then here you can only be saved by a deep knowledge of the subject and terminology, good physical shape, maximum concentration and RAM.

Yes, and you should not "spoil" the speakers with the fact that the interpreter is ready to translate their half-hour passages from memory. With or without cursive, this is always a colossal burden on the translator. The translation of such extra-large chunks of text should be the exception rather than the rule, and should generally be limited to those cases where the translator has pre-translated speech or at least original text on paper. Then the translator can translate at sight. And most importantly, the accuracy and efficiency of such sight translation will in almost all cases be an order of magnitude higher than translation accuracy using shorthand. And accordingly, the probability of translation errors, blunders and omissions will be lower.

Shorthand, like shorthand, was widely used at a time when there were not yet so many various technical means and gadgets. And in our multimedia age, this is already a kind of anachronism: it’s the same as continuing to use pagers when there are cell phones and text messages.

Take care to be the microphones are correctly positioned and canalized sound- and no cursive writing is required! No need to complicate things! After all, the more the beginning of the translation is in time from the moment of pronunciation original text, the higher the risk of translation marriage.

Not to mention that in the conditions of a real translation, it is far from always possible, while listening to the speaker, to do in the course of recording. It is most convenient for an interpreter to make notes for himself when he is sitting at the table and at the same time hears the speaker well. But in any case, then he still needs to quickly sort out his scribbles in conditions of stress, a lot of external interference and not always ideal lighting.

How and who translates presidents and prime ministers today and whether he uses cursive writing or some other methods is a topic that goes beyond my competence.

© Yuri Novikov, 2009

Symbols, like PS as a whole, are individual, i.e. each translator chooses a working set of symbols for himself. As practice shows, at the first stage of training, it is advisable to learn 150-200 basic characters, if necessary, replenish your bank with new icons. In order for a sign to become a symbol in PS, it must be figurative(to reflect the meaning of objects and phenomena of reality, it is easier to perceive than words in the text); motivated(symbolization should have a high degree of generalization); ambiguous(the ability to designate many related concepts with one sign); universal(reflect concepts regardless of language, convey lexical rather than grammatical meaning, denote words related to different parts of speech) and conventional(the translator should be clear about the connection, the association between this icon and the concepts that it can denote).

According to the way of designating concepts, symbols can be alphabetic, associative and derivative. By purpose, they are general, predicative, modal, expressing temporal relations, quality and quantity, and by structure - basic and combined.

The main symbols necessary for the work of a novice translator are systematized in tables 4-7. The issues of symbolization in PS are described in more detail in the books of E.V. Alikina, 2006; R.K. Minyar-Belorucheva, 1969; S.K. Fomina, 2006.

General symbols

General symbols (Table 4) are intended to express a wide range of concepts, most often having the meaning of objectivity and actions or features associated with the main function of these objects. In PS, the circle is widely used to generalize concepts. Thus, any symbol that represents specific subject when enclosed in a circle, it takes on a more generalized or abstract meaning. For example:

Derivative general symbols are convenient for memorization and drawing - symbols formed on the basis of one basic icon with additional marks to expand concepts. See, for example, Table 4 for derivatives of the symbol "money".

Table 4

General symbols

Symbol	Meaning
	aspect, sphere, area, direction, moment
%	percentage, interest, be interested
Ω	treaty, contract, agreement, arrangement, deal
	to be associated with...
Î	belong
≠	discord, discord, discord, difference
	one side
	on the other side
	worry, worry, worry, worry
	joy, rejoice, happiness, be happy
	grief, grieve
	danger, fear
	risk, risk
OK	consent, agree
	believe, faith, belief, believe, consider, be sure
↨	limitation, limit, limit
	ignore
§	judge
	point of view, position, view
ʘ	meeting, negotiations, discussion, conference, meeting
?	question, problem, task, question
?	solve, resolve (question, problem)
	strength, power, power, power, strength
ɱ	take action, take action
φ	world, planet, earth, globe, terrestrial globe
	country, state
	nation, nationality, national, patriotic
	Human
	people, population
○	village, village, settlement, locality etc.
	group, team, company, body, enterprise, firm, division, institution
∆	place, dislocation, location, point, object, headquarters
	money, capital
	investments, investments
	debt (cash)
	bank
	earn
	credit
	to pay
	spend
	subsidy
	losses
	profit
	everyone
♀	female
♂	the male
	president, head, head, chief, representative, person
	government, leadership
@	aim, aim, in order to, etc.
®	responsibility, obligation, duty
№	quantity, number, number
	fast, urgent, immediately / connection, communication
→←	confrontation, clash, confrontation, defense, defense, conflict
!	very, especially, importance, importance
M	war, battle
ǣ	change, change, revision, turn, revolution
↔	methods, methods, ways (solutions)
V	volume, circle, coverage
≈	about, approximately, about
∑	sum, aggregate, total, together with, total
˄or┌┐	basis, foundation, foundation, basis, basis, substantiation
W	industry, industry
+	add, increase, besides
¦	function, role
| |	Parallel(O), Simultaneous(O), Synchronous(O)
∫	average, average, ordinary, typical
	event

Exercise 17Analyze each symbol, try to explain its motivation, translate into English all the proposed meanings. Give examples of hyponyms and hypernyms.

Exercise 18Write down the following words and phrases using common symbols. Suggest your own abbreviations if needed. Play lexical units in English.

Aspect, base, bank, worry, battle, fast, be interested, be connected, be happy, be sure, in aggregate, average, importance, faith, look, investments, together with, war, question, all, meeting, chapter , globe, sorrow, state, group, money, village, location, contract, debt, woman, task, earn, meeting, protection, earth, value, ignore, change, relate to, investment, industry, interest, each, capital , quantity, team, communication, company, contract, conference, conflict, credit, in addition, circle, limit, person, place, methods, world, power, moment, power, basis, power, man, direction, people, locality , nationality, chief, inequality, number, agree, area, defense, justification, discussion, agreement, object, scope, usual, obligation, grieve, restriction, about, fear, body (authorities), basis, especially, responsibility, domestic, coverage, very, parallel, talks, p care, globe, change, pay, turn, worry, division, position, believe, township, limit, enterprise, representative, president, add, approximately, profit, approximately, belong, take action, nation, increase, worry, problem, industry, confrontation, percentage, strength, point, ways (solutions), rejoice, differ, disagreement, resolve (question, problem), location, revolution, revision, decide, risk, role, leader, on the other hand, connection, deal, village, power, event, meeting, population, totality, basis, consent, danger, agreement, ways, ask, at once, planet, confrontation, average, urgent, collision, country, subsidy, judge, sum, risk, sphere, happiness, consider, congress, national, typical, point of view, spend, persuasion, loss, institution, company, forum, foundation, function, joy, purpose, difference, person, on the one hand, number, total, headquarters.

Exercise 19Write down any article (about 1000 characters long) using PS, be sure to use common characters. Play it back. Discuss the difficulties encountered.

Exercise 20Individualize common symbols, learn them and prepare for a quick dictation.

Predicative Symbols

Category of predicativity- a category that, using several formal syntactic means, correlates a message with a definite or indefinite temporal plan of reality. The main means of forming predicativity is inclination category. Via indicative mood what is communicated appears as actually being realized in time. In PS, the symbols of time (past, present, future) are used for its transmission. Temporal uncertainty is transmitted using the subjunctive, conditional, imperative moods, i.e. action is interpreted as possible, desired, due or required. In this case, predicativity is related to modality, which will be discussed in the next section. Predicativity is essential grammatical feature any proposal model, it must be fixed in the PS. Table 5 shows symbols for fixing the most common predicates. Their correlation with real/surreal reality is marked in PS with the help of temporal or modal symbols.

Table 5

Predicative symbols

Symbol	Meaning
¿or ed
↓
®	direct, move, strive
­	improve, intensify, increase, accelerate, increase, grow, improve, intensify
¯	worsen, reduce, weaken, reduce, reduce, fall, strike
	slowly, gradually rise
	slowly, gradually decrease
	proceed
=	to be, to equal, to equal, to be equal
×or NO	no, no (denial) / liquidate, destroy, prohibit, destroy, eliminate, remove, stop
	look, see, watch, see
,	force, put pressure on
+	support
”	to speak, to speak, to speak, to announce
	influence
	control
	focus on something
|®	push off
¯¯	condemn, criticize, resent, resent
­­	praise, rejoice, exalt
	fall behind, lose
	get ahead, win
	act, apply measures, actions, measures, measures
	react, reaction
	become
	enter, bring in, bring in, deliver, give, supply, provide, receive, import, enter
	join, arrive, attract
	get out, leave, leave, retreat, export
	exceed, overcome
	replace, replace, exchange, trade, turnover
	develop, improve, develop
[or<	open, begin, opening, start
]or>	close, finish, close, end
or<>	include
][or ><	exclude
	found

Exercise 21Read carefully each symbol in Table 5, try to explain its motivation, translate into English all the proposed meanings. Give examples of hyponyms and hypernyms.

Exercise 22.Write down phrases and sentences, be sure to use predicative and general symbols. Suggest your own abbreviations if needed. Reproduce the statements in English.

The opening of the Olympiad is scheduled for tomorrow; the economy is developing; Ivanov left the meeting; prices began to rise; the director reacted quickly; participants passed the second stage; they were ahead of them; I don't like being controlled and criticized; everyone will support him; imported sausages are not brought to the store; seminar starts tomorrow; the concert exceeded all my expectations; need to focus; ratings are slowly rising; the attack was under control; these are mutually exclusive concepts; the number of imported goods is significantly reduced; The representatives of the United Nations considered this issue based on the actions of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and reported their decision.

Exercise 23Write down with the help of PS two articles (each with a volume of about 1000 characters): one in Russian, the other in English, be sure to use general and predicative symbols. Play back the texts. Discuss the difficulties encountered.

Exercise 24Personalize the predicative symbols, learn them and get ready for a quick dictation.

Modality Symbols

Objective modality - a mandatory feature of any statement, it expresses the connection of the message with reality in terms of reality and unreality. The main means of designing objective modality is the category of the verbal mood. The category of the indicative mood includes objective-modal reality meanings, i.e. temporal definition:"People are happy"; "People were happy"; "People will be happy." Surreal inclinations attach to the statement temporary uncertainty. So, in the sentences "People would be happy"; "Let people be happy"; “Let people be happy” with the help of verb forms and particles, the message is related to the plane of the desired, required or necessary.

Subjective modality ( optional feature of the utterance) – The relation of the speaker to the reported is realized with the help of:

1) Introductory structures: fortunately, however, nonetheless.

2) Special modal particles: like(uncertainty), except that(assumption), supposedly(inaccuracy), well well(astonishment), what good(fear), etc.

3) Interjection: oh, oh, oh, alas.

4) Intonation means to enhance surprise, doubt, confidence, distrust, protest, irony and other emotionally expressive shades subjective attitude to text.

5) Word order: He will listen to you! Good friend!

6) Special designs: No, to wait; She take and say.

Thus, the semantic basis of modality is formed by the concept estimates, including not only the logical (intellectual, rational) component of the message, but also different types emotional reaction. This fact greatly complicates the adequate perception of statements, and hence their transmission in another language. However, the modality of the original must necessarily be preserved in the translation, therefore, it must be fixed with the help of PS. Table 6 provides symbols for the main types of modal relationships.

Table 6

Modal symbols

Exercise 25Write sentences using modality symbols and other cursive writing methods you know. Translate the sentences into English using semanthograms.

1) It is necessary to invest in the expansion of production. 2) We could discuss this issue tomorrow. 3) The Minister of Foreign Affairs must immediately leave for London. 4) The parties cannot compromise. 5) B next year customs duties should be reduced. 6) It is desirable to adopt this document as soon as possible. 7) You need to take part in this international exhibition. 8) Every citizen is obliged to observe the constitution of his state. 9) The workers intend to continue the strike. 10) It will take a lot of effort to resolve this issue. 11) Today, the city is not able to independently solve the problem of waste disposal. 12) Inspections cannot continue indefinitely without the cooperation of the authorities of that state. 13) The equipment of the enterprise needs a partial renovation. 14) The increase in the number of distributors in relation to manufacturers of many consumer goods makes us turn to trade logistics. 15) Although the stock price reflects the opinion of the media about a particular enterprise, some transactions require special analysis. 16) At the meeting of the G8, the heads of state and government are going to consider the issue of ratifying the treaty.17) This party is likely to win. 18) We must apply pressure. 19) It is not known whether the exhibition will be open or not. 20) We would like to sign a contract.

Exercise 26Write English sentences using modal notation and other cursive writing techniques you know. Think about the language in which it is more convenient to record. Translate the sentences into Russian on the basis of semanthograms.

1) In order to be successful in reality one must know reality. 2) I have to be in the office at 8 o'clock. 3) You needn't come back if you don't want to. 4) Do we have to speak English? 5) You must fasten the safety belt. 6) I should have handed in the essay yesterday. 7) You needn't have paid. 8) She can't be more than 30. 9) We should not have laughed at her. 10) They might have read the news. 11) He couldn't take his eyes off you. 12) There must be some mistake here. 13) I can't tell jokes, I never could. 14) There may be some truth in what you say. 15) You must have more rest. 16) We can give you a lift. 17) I must have left my notebook at home. 18) We needn't hurry. 19) No one answered the phone. They might have been watching TV. 20) “It is never too late to be what you might have been.” – George Eliot. 21) This will be the street we are looking for. 22) Shall I buy you a drink? 23) The war could still have been avoided.

Exercise 27Listen to snippets welcoming speeches. Replace syntactic turns short formulations, keeping the modality of statements, and write them down using known PS techniques. Restore the original texts from the records.

Dear participants! It is a great honor for me to be at the head of a delegation sent to negotiate an agreement on the expansion of scientific and technical cooperation between our universities, an agreement which, for the reasons noted earlier, is urgent need. With great pleasure we accepted the invitation to visit your city and your educational institution. I hope that after the conclusion of the agreement, such visits will become a tradition.

Exercise 28Write down politicians' statements using PS, reducing the level of expression and simplifying the syntax. What litters to reflect emotions can be done in the fields? Play the texts.

1) I have read all of Dostoevsky and now I feel nothing for this man except physical hatred. When I see in his books the thought that the Russian people are a special people, chosen by God, I want to tear them to pieces (A.B. Chubais). 2) I'm a uniform freak ... As soon as girls love me! I am probably very smart (E.T. Gaidar). 3) Russians cannot be allowed into European civilization. They put them at the bucket, and they did the right thing. The miserable, spiritually untenable, the cowardly sleep by the slop bucket and have no rights... I personally ate my fill of human rights (V.I. Novodvorskaya). 4) I think that in order to take away atomic weapons from us, a paratrooper division is enough. Drop off and take all those missiles to hell one day. Nobody needs Russia (laughs), nobody needs Russia (laughs), how can you not understand! I don't understand what is so special about Russia? (A.R. Koch)
5) First, 1917, then immediately 1937. Two successive destruction of the elite led to the fact that Russia has become a country of genetic trash. I would ban this country altogether. The only outlet for me here is the art galleries. And the circus (K. A. Sobchak). 6) Bogomerzny Stalin created a disgusting cult of Alexander Nevsky (Yu. Pivovarov). http://forum.dmitrov.su/topic22440.html

Symbols of time

Symbols of time are indicators that allow the translator to mark the form of the indicative mood, to designate the time frame of the described action. The symbols presented in table 7 can be supplemented with individual symbols for a period of time, for example, “epoch”, “age”, “year”, “month”, “week”, etc., as well as adverbs of time (often, rarely, long ago, never, etc.) and other lexemes for expressing temporal relations in the text.

Table 7

Symbols of time

symbol	meaning
¿or ed	past tense, was, in the past
	future tense, will, in the future
↓	currently, now, at the moment
	yesterday
	tomorrow
or ↓s	today
≤ (<)	start of action
≥ (>)	end of action
↔	time period
1 0	for the first time, for the first time
	during, while, during
or ᴂ	always
	finish, end

Exercise 29Record excerpts from speeches using time symbols and other PS techniques. You can add your own symbols or abbreviations. Translate texts according to semanthograms.

1) Before I answer your questions, I would like to briefly tell you about the exhibition, which will be the first time in this exhibition center. We decided to time this exhibition to coincide with the 10th anniversary of the signing of an agreement on cultural cooperation between our cities. Relations in the field of culture, art and science have always made a great contribution to the rapprochement of our cities, they are widely developing to this day. The exhibition organized by us last year was a huge success. The exhibition, which opens in two days, will give you an idea of ​​all this. She will complete her work on March 12, i.е. You will be able to view all the exhibits for a whole month.

2) Ladies and gentlemen, I am delighted to welcome you to Frankfurt and open the next one and a half day’s Conference on “The safety and efficiency of post-trading arrangements in Europe”. This conference is organized jointly by the ECB and the European Commission.<…>This conference is distinctive in at least two ways. Firstly, it brings the main European decision makers and opinion-formers from various segments of the post-trading activity together, to foster the European debate in an open and visionary way. Secondly,<…>we have a unique opportunity to draw up concrete proposals and recommendations from each field of expertise. I look forward to learn from the discussions of today’s conference on how to enhance the safety and efficiency of the European post-trading market. (http://www.bis.org/review/r080422a.pdf)

3) Dear colleagues, friends! Ladies and Gentlemen!

Let me welcome you to the next meeting of the Valdai International Club. Indeed, for more than ten years now, discussions have been held on this site on the most pressing issues, ways and prospects for the development of Russia and the whole world have been discussed.<…>I want to thank all Russian and foreign politicians, experts, public figures, journalists who participate in the work of this club. This year our discussion is focused on issues of war and peace. This topic, of course, worried mankind throughout history. Even in the times of the ancient world, antiquity, there were disputes about the nature, causes of conflicts, about the fair and unfair use of force, about whether wars will always accompany the development of civilization, alternating only with truces, or the time will come when disputes and contradictions will be resolved without war.

http://www.rg.ru/2015/10/22/stenogramma-site.html

Exercise 30.Personalize modality and tense symbols, learn them and get ready for a quick dictation.

Irina Sergeevna Vatskovskaya

Ten Lessons of Consecutive Translation Using Cursive Translation

Reviewers:

Stepanova Maria Mikhailovna, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor (St. Petersburg politechnical University Peter the Great);

Nechaeva Natalya Viktorovna, Candidate of Philology, Associate Professor (Russian State Pedagogical University named after A. I. Herzen)

© I. S. Vatskovskaya, 2017

© Buk LLC, 2017

Introduction

In an era when intercultural communication is acquiring a scale and scope unprecedented until now, interest in translation activities is reviving, the concepts of “language teaching” and “translation teaching” are being more and more clearly distinguished. The latter presupposes the formation of translation competence, which makes it possible to optimally solve professional tasks. One of the components of translation competence in the field of consecutive interpreting is the possession of a translation record that allows you to record and reproduce speech of any duration.

The type of oral translation in which speech is translated sequentially, i.e. the translator perceives a segment of speech and reproduces it in the translation in the shortest possible time, is called sequential. In consecutive translation, perception, analysis/synthesis occur simultaneously with recording, which causes particular difficulties in mastering the techniques of cursive writing at the initial stage, when consciousness seems to “split” in the need to listen and write at the same time. Universal translation cursive in oral translation is recognized to help, supplement short term memory.

For interpreter great importance also has a working memory - the ability to store in memory significant segments of the text heard. The exercises in this manual help to expand the amount of RAM and master auxiliary memorization techniques. At the same time, both qualitative and positional memory develop, i.e., the memorization of a large amount of information and the order of information units are optimized.

The translator often has to memorize numbers, dates, names, titles (precision information), which are not restored from the context and require extremely accurate transmission. According to the definition of R. Minyar-Beloruchev, precision information, or precision words, are “generally used units of speech that do not cause specific associations and are very difficult to remember.” Precise information is main information, which requires special attention, distortion of which can lead to undesirable consequences. Therefore, pre-text tasks and exercises are aimed at working out and recording the translation of precision information using texts rich in numbers and proper names.

Another skill required for successful interpreting is the ability to quickly switch from one language to another, both in terms of perception and in terms of speech reproduction.

Background knowledge, knowledge of realities, knowledge of metalanguage enrich the translator's long-term memory, bring his speech and language activity closer to the speech and language skills of a native speaker, which in turn helps the translator to navigate freely in any situation and sphere of communication.

To solve the above tasks, this educational and methodological manual was created.

After completing the pre-text assignments, students begin to work on the text with the help of a translation record. At the same time, the most frequent, translation correspondences are trained in various contexts in order to develop an automated skill for their use.

High-quality translation is impossible without professional knowledge of the language, which implies constant expansion vocabulary, reading the latest news on various topics from authoritative sources, the presence of clichés from different fields, developing skills public speech, comprehensive knowledge mother tongue and the study of cultural traditions and national character translation language.

Stages of the consecutive interpreting process

Interpretation is an interlingual and intercultural mediation that ensures that the addressee understands the maximum (or at least optimal) share of the total meaning embedded in the message by the sender. Interpreting is an activity carried out under conditions of stress, often at the limit of the interpreter's strength or close to this limit. Often a consecutive interpreter has to deal with segments containing many hundreds of words and sounding for several minutes.

The use of translation cursive allows you to unload the translator's short-term memory, frees him from the eternal fear of forgetting the content of the material being translated, and also allows you to work with text segments of considerable length and complexity. Translation cursive called a special recording system that allows the interpreter to fix on paper a sufficient number of semantic elements of the source speaker’s speech in “real time” in order to form a sound translation text based on them. Translation shorthand, which is maintained by the translator, is formed at the stage of analysis, and read at the stage of synthesis.

For the purposes of translation analysis, it is important to distinguish between the surface and semantic structure of the text. The surface of the text is a sequence of sign units that has the properties of coherence and integrity. Due to the limited amount of short-term memory, a significant amount of textual information cannot be memorized by the translator “directly”, that is, at a superficial level. Trying to remember every word (keep surface forms in memory) leads to the loss of really important information.

The only way to perceive, retain in memory and convey in translation the meaning of the original text segment is the most profound semantic processing of the material, which inevitably involves a departure from superficial forms, structures and vocabulary. The goal is to reduce the redundancy of information (compression) without losing its essential elements and to create a system semantic connections of various levels and types, ensuring the safety of the material for the period of synthesis and pronunciation of the translating segment of the text. Translation cursive as a tool of the translation analysis system provides for work mainly at the level of the semantic structure of the text. The semantic structure of the text is the sum of the meanings of each segment of the text. By "meanings" we mean all the elements of semantics that are actualized in this particular context by the speaker.

What does the translation process look like from the point of view of the translator himself? The translation process begins for the translator with listening to the speech of the speaker, that is, listening(analysis stage). At the initial stage, the translator receives the entire set of information encoded at the “surface level” of the original text. The source text surface belongs source language. The perception of the “surface” of each segment of the original proceeds almost simultaneously with the semantic processing of its content, and the separation of these processes, of course, is largely conditional. Even at the stage of perception of the original, the competent use of translation shorthand gives the translator additional opportunity think more deeply about the semantic structure of the source text, fix precise information, make some translation decisions, prepare for the construction of the translation text.

The key stage of the interpreting process, in the success of which all the translator's professionalism or lack of it is manifested, is the stage of deverbalization (analysis stage). The semantic processing of the content of the source text occurs at the stage of deverbalization, when the meanings contained in the surface forms of the source text are released from their linguistic (verbal) shell. Perceiving and storing in memory or in the record the semantic content of the speech, the translator is distracted from the information about how exactly this content was expressed by the original author, that is, which words, expressions syntactic constructions chosen for this author.