Translation cursive symbols. O
I promised in one of the posts to talk about cursive writing. I'm keeping my promise.
So, what is cursive translation (or records in consecutive translation)?
This is the most effective adjuvant means memory translator. It is effective because it stimulates memorization by activating thought processes at the time of recording. It is also effective because it stores reference points for memory at the time of reproduction of the original text.
The question is usually asked, what is the translation shorthand for, if shorthand has already been invented?
The answer to this question is well formulated by Henri van Hoof in his book “Theory and Practice of Interpretation”: “A literal recording would naturally entail a literal reproduction, i.e., a rejection of the basic principles of translation. That's why we don't accept shorthand. Being a system of notation based on the word, it would prevent the translator from focusing on the main ideas developed in the speech, and therefore from giving a satisfactory translation. Let us add to this that the shorthand record of each word hides a thought that is expressed not by a sequence of words in general, but by a sequence of meanings of "selected" words, key to the meaning of the words. And to find such keywords in shorthand is painstaking work, which requires analysis of what has been recorded, for which there is no time in consecutive translation.
Neither the abstract, which diligent students sometimes keep, nor the protocol are suitable for translation cursive writing.
the work of the bureaucrats. The summary or protocol fixes the main content of what was said, and the translator has no right to part with phrases that he did not like. He is obliged to fix all the information intended for transmission, and create for himself economical strongholds of memory. This requirement gave rise to their own notation systems among the leading parliamentary translators of the 1920s and 1930s. Moreover, many aces of consecutive translation argued that records are an individual matter, and each translator must invent for himself certain rules, signs and symbols of cursive writing. This continued until 1959, when a small book by Jean-Francois Rosan was published, in which he tried to summarize all that the best
translators of Europe invented to ease their lot in the process of consecutive translation. And by this time the following was invented:
- write down not words, but thoughts;
- write down words, if it turns out to be inevitable, will have to be abbreviated;
- in the records you need to show the relationship between the recorded words or symbols;
- negation is most conveniently shown by crossing out what is written;
- for the qualitative characteristics of the recorded reference points, use different types of underlining;
- records should be placed vertically;
- vertical arrangement of records to combine with their
stepping.
These techniques and hastened to fix J.-F. Rosan. The author of the first book on cursive translation is very reserved about the symbols that are found in the notes and advises not to abuse them. To my students
he suggests memorizing just ten characters. Examples of entries in the book of J.-F. Rozan are given in English, but in practice he advises to make notes in the language in which the translation is carried out.
As for the techniques and exercises for mastering translation cursive, they are detailed in the book by R.K. Minyar-Belorucheva "A Handbook on Interpreting (Records in Consecutive Translation)" 1969, according to which the majority of students at the translation faculties of our country studied and study. Here again I will repeat the basic principles and techniques:
1)Refusal to record vowels in the middle of a word and a double consonant reduces the letter entry by 38-40%. Words written without vowels are easy to read, especially in a known context, as is the case in consecutive translation. Here is an example of such a record: prmshlnst and slsk. khzstvo ndvplnli plan prv. pgdia.
2) There is an even more effective technique - writing semantic supports not in letters, but with symbols. What is a symbol? A symbol in the system of records acts as a carrier of a sign inherent in a group of concepts close to each other. So, if you take the usual quotation marks ", then they are intended to denote direct speech in a written text. Therefore, quotation marks can be used to denote a large number words related to speech, such as, for example, speech, speech, toast, report, speaker, conversation, newspaper, magazine, book, speak, write, talk, etc. In cases where the interpreter is in control of the situation, i.e. . understands well what the speaker is talking about, whom he should translate, the use of quotation marks to replace any of the listed, as well as some other words, is quite justified.
3) The characters are chosen by the translator and more often than not just chooses, but invents, depending on his vision of certain concepts. So, some designate everything connected with the war, the army through the image of a weapon, others through fireworks, others through crossed swords drawn in the form printed letter"X". That is why symbols are not imposed during the learning process.
And finally an exercise
R. K. Minyar-Beloruchev suggests, for example, such a method of training to master translation speed:
Choose an interesting story, a newspaper report, consisting of several hundred words, and try to fix it on paper without words, that is, with the help of drawings, conventional signs, symbols, or, in other words, with the help of your subjective visual code. Invent, imagine, but don't resort to words. At the first stage, work with texts on mother tongue, later move on to foreign texts. Soon you will notice that it will be easier for you to highlight the main thing in the text and memorize it based on your figurative memory.
P.S. When I mastered cursive as a student, I used similar techniques when recording lectures and notes. So I remembered: when the notes were borrowed from me, I had to decipher what was written by my classmates. True, then they got used to it :).
Introduction
Types of abbreviations
Possible use of types of abbreviations in the OPS
The main objectives of the UPS
UPS - history and application
Registration of UPS
UPS in practice
UPS: practical section
The use of UPS in different situations interpretation
How to practice on your own to develop the skills of the UPS
Practical application:
Recommendation Method
A little about the development and history of UPS
Additional information on the use of the RTC and its signs/symbols
Language lapses
Glossary
Introduction
"Input is absolute, output is relative"
These educational data are intended for practical exercises in the subject "Technique of cursive translation" when teaching students of linguistic universities, translation departments and faculties, as well as for independent work on mastering oral translation skills through the use of universal translation cursive writing in a situation of two-way communication and the use of various types of oral translation.
The cursive system proposed in the manual is based mainly on various types of abbreviations in combination with symbols and signs.
The task of cursive writing is not a verbatim record of speech, but rather, the transfer of its main content, main thoughts, the creation of strong points of memory.
Translation shorthand can be used not only by an interpreter, but also by a journalist, a student when recording speeches, statements of lectures, as well as in the office - an assistant to the head, a secretary for recording dictated letters, documents, memos (memo), other documentation.
Therefore, the system of translation cursive is called universal.
For better digestibility material after explaining and discussing the theoretical foundations on the topics, it seems more appropriate to translate additional materials in English from the sheet in the classroom (appendix), discuss the problems raised in them and / or ask students to compile a summary of the materials translated in the classroom with further verification and grading.
To create your own system of SFS, a glossary of the Anglo-American most common words(which can be easily confused with each other).
^
1. UNIVERSAL TRANSLATION SHORT.
Types of abbreviations and their possible use in translation shorthand.
The proposed system of cursive writing is based mainly on various types of abbreviations in combination with symbols and signs. The task of cursive writing is not a verbatim record of speech, but rather - the transfer of its main content, main thoughts, the creation of strong points of memory.
A selective analysis of the Russian press revealed the widespread use of abbreviations and abbreviations in the names of political parties, public, economic, sports and international organizations and institutions (see examples).
In work I. Fadeeva (Military University) "The system of operationalnoah record(POPs) and its application in various areas human activity,(M., 1992) the most common method of information processing without assistance technical means"concise notation" is also recognized, and in relation to translation specifics, the notation system developed by R. Minyar-Beloruchev. I. Fadeev, based on the experience of observing the translation activities of professionals, proposes to single out the following components of POPs: 1) abbreviations; 2) signs; 3) combined components.
Types of abbreviations:
In the dictionary of abbreviations of the Russian language, edited by prof. DI. Alekseev, the following types are distinguished:
a)
letter (initial) abbreviations of all structural varieties
news. For example: USSR, university, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, IMF, Ministry of Emergency Situations, hydroelectric power station, thermal power station;
b)compound syllabic words: Gazprom, Goskomstat,
Ministry of Trade, State Property Committee,
in)abbreviated words borrowed from other languages and ini-
social abbreviations of various structures: NATO, BBC, radar, laser, PR:
G) conditional graphic abbreviations of various structural varieties
stay: g., i.e., 6-ka, dezh \, deputy, head.
e)
single-letter abbreviations regularly used in labeling
any class of machines, technical products, etc. For example:
D - road car, K - large, B - east.
e)compound words of mixed education: VNIIhydro- 1.
coal, sambo;
g") separate partially abbreviated words, consisting of a part of os-new and complete words that differ in some features in deciphering in the category of gender, declensions, etc., for example: pachce-" ha, head of staff, Moscow City Council, Vice-Rector, Pomrezh: Lenkom. It seems that the first five types of abbreviations are most suitable for the purposes of the OPS.
Among the thematic and semantic groups of abbreviations according to the frequency of use, three main types can be distinguished:
names of political parties, various international,
military, public, economic, sports and other organizations
nizations, associations, unions, etc.;
name of central and local government organizations jj
zation and their departments, management committees;
geographical and administrative names of states,
groups of countries, regions, districts, etc.
It is these types of abbreviations that are most often encountered interpreter. Knowledge of the most common abbreviations is a prerequisite for the implementation of his professional activities at the proper level. The use of abbreviations is necessary for consecutive interpreting, even without the use of the STS (or its partial use). Relying on various ways abbreviations of words, the translator creates his own, understandable only to him complex abbreviated words or single-letter abbreviations to denote certain concepts, phenomena, or symbols. An analysis of the journalistic style of the languages from which and into which the translation is done quite freely allows you to more freely navigate in the field of socio-political, economic, banking and financial spheres, etc. and use them most effectively.
^ MAIN OBJECTIVES OF UPS.
A). Bringing the adequacy of the transfer of precision information to the UE (100% ideally or less, depending on the pragmatic setting of the translation situation). The UPS is worth learning and using, if only for the sake of recording precision information (see the section on transmitting PN) - the main component of business meetings, conversations and negotiations. C). The maximum possible transfer of the logical connections of the statement "cohesion" (from "cohesion") without violating the train of thought, the sequence of argumentation, the internal logic of the statement, as well as stylistic devices while maintaining the structure of the statement, of course, as far as possible. If the speech is amorphous, illogical, the presentation of thoughts is inconsistent and inconsistent, then the translation, even in its oral version, can (and sometimes even should) improve, correct the original, while placing the parts of the statement in a more correct logical order, sometimes even omit part of non-relevant information, repetitions (the latter are not a stylistic device).
C). Transfer of all shades of the modality of the statement, both simple and especially complex modal relations.
P.S. Particular attention should be paid to constructions: must have been, could have done, might as well have said, would + infinitive, used to + infinitive, which are sometimes difficult to recognize in the flow of speech.
Main task OOPS- creation of strong points for instant extraction from the memory of the translator of information that has already entered his brain through auditory receptors.
There is a theory that a person remembers everything, literally from the moment of birth - because in our brain all types of incoming information, both visual and auditory, are deposited.
The task is to return it when necessary. almost completely from the "black box" of our consciousness (or subconscious) in other words - "Input is absolute, output is relative"- one of the eternal mysteries of psycholinguistics in its application to the process of PM.
The special task of interpreting is to make this "output" as complete, fast, and most acceptable in form as possible.
To assist in this task as much as possible translation cursive.
Cursive writing can be used not only by an interpreter, but also by a journalist, a student when recording speeches, statements,
Lectures, as well as in the office - assistant manager, secretary for writing dictated letters, documents, memos (memo), other documentation.
Therefore, our cursive system is called universal.
^ Universal translation shorthand - history and application.
Cursive translation appeared in the 30s, in the era of the heyday of consecutive translation, but the principles of the UPS were scientifically substantiated and developed in the late 50s in Switzerland, and were first set forth in the book by J.-F. Rosana. Cursive writing was further developed in the works of A. van Hoof, including "Theorie et pratique de l" interpretation ", Munich, 1962.
In our country, a system of translation cursive writing based on the Russian language was first described in the book by R. Minyar-Belo-ruchev "A guide to oral translation (records in consecutive translation)", which appeared in 1969. Our proposed SFS tries to reflect the changes and new developments in IT since then, using a slightly different approach based on the experience of practical application.
^ Translation cursive - a purely individual thing, although it has certain patterns. At the same time, it is specific, as your handwriting is specific, although the letters of the alphabet are understandable to everyone who is literate.
Cursive writing is not an end in itself, but a means. Nobody needs it except yourself, and "lives only twice": once when you recorded information and reproduced it, and again - if you used it to record a conversation or other material.
Cursive writing is not a panacea (cure-all), but a flexible tool, the use of which depends on you and your assessment of the situation. It is probably not always necessary to resort to it (sometimes it is enough to use it partially, to record key information). It's your decision.
However, the development and widespread use universal translation shorthand (UPS) by an order of magnitude increases the degree of adequacy of the translation, relieves the load on memory, reduces stress, increases the efficiency of the translator; it also allows, if necessary, |1MO _ sti to make a detailed record of the conversation and / or its summary (^ e _ summary), as well as to draw up a general report on the business trip, other Documents (final communiqués, press releases).
In certain circumstances, such as holding the most important political negotiations or discussing difficult questions economic or banking, when requirements are sharply increased; As a result of the improvement in the adequacy and competence of the translation, and it is also planned to record the conversations for discussion of its results and possible decision-making by the management, working with the OPS seems to be possible.
As a rule, it is the interpreter who falls on the difficult task of making a quick and high-quality recording of the conversation, often sacrificing rest in order to present it to interested parties in the morning, at least in a draft version.
Don't miss the point or UPS in action.
UPS is different from shorthand that which allows write w^ ino main thoughts rather than words, helping to highlight the main information. In addition, it takes time to transcribe the transcript, which is simply not the case with PM.
However, UPS is not and theses because it conveys information more coherently, logically.
^ From abstract UPS differs in that when taking notes, ska. zhem, lectures have to omit what you think for with a power or unimportant. The translator cannot afford such a "luxury". In any case, the ability to separate informational "grains from the chaff" comes with experience, depends on general situation, > calls and requests of the recipient of information.
Formation of the UPS.
It is important to pay attention to the correct design of the STS, which improves the quality of the translation and allows you to! It is more efficient to use it to record a conversation.
5.
1. Paper format: A4 - for negotiations, official conversations, with
work at the table, etc.; notepad A8 - for standing work (at a press conference)
performances, speeches, lectures, or at less formal occasions
where recording is still required).
For additional convenience, speed and clarity of writing, it is good to use lined notebooks with a hard cover, which can be put on your knee, say, when you are not sitting at the table in the hall or are behind the person being translated.
It is advisable to set the date and even the time (if there are no
how many meetings). For example, 29.9.00, 15.00 (top right).
Mark the place and topic of the conversation/negotiations.
NB! Pay special attention to the composition of the participants of the meeting with both
their parties - names, positions, etc., because no one likes to hear
his distorted surname or "demotion". Wish-
use business cards, the program of stay, your
previous entries/marks. This is very important in the mutual representation
at the beginning of negotiations, when you are not yet completely oriented
tiruyutsya in situations unfamiliar with people.
NB! UPS location - stepped diagonal above
down. So your notes will be easier to perceive and "read".
Homogeneous
Members
Offers
The first stage is the subject group, the second is the predicate group, the third is the direct object, the fourth is the indirect, in the column are the homogeneous members of the sentence.
| subject group | |
| predictive | |
| Object | (Direct) |
| Object (Indirect) |
6. Don't be sorry for the paper! Arrange entries freely, leaving large margins and white space for easier perception of your
Shih entries, as well as for additional notes as needed.
It is useful to use punctuation marks at the end of each "step"
and sentences (,;?.!) for a more visual logical connection of semantic
units.
Don't forget to number the pages so you don't have to search
kami necessary neither in the process of translation, nor even more so during the later
information processing.
side with Roman numerals I, II, III, etc. in reverse order.
^ Remember, there are no trifles in UPS!
Each sign, even its absence, is also significant information, because. in the UPS, every fraction of a second is important, every detail helps, and on the other hand, any omission, both in form and in essence, hinders.
The emergence of UPS n Cursive translation appeared in the West in the 1930s, but its principles were scientifically substantiated and developed in the late 1950s in Switzerland. n In our country, the system of translation shorthand based on the Russian language was outlined in 1969 by R. Mignard. Beloruchev
Some theoretical provisions n n n Cursive translation is a purely individual thing, although it has certain regularities. At the same time, it is specific, as your handwriting is specific, although the letters of the alphabet are understandable to all who are literate. Cursive writing is not an end in itself, but a means. Nobody needs it, except yourself, and "lives only twice": once when you recorded information and reproduced it, and again - if you used it to record a conversation or other material. Cursive writing is not a panacea, but a flexible tool, the use of which depends on you and your assessment of the situation. It is not always necessary to use it (and sometimes it is enough to use it partially, to record key information).
Some theoretical provisions of the UPS do not replace working memory, but create an additional and effective support for medium and long-term memory as the basis for analysis and synthesis in two-way translation. As a result of the combination of all these factors, an adequate translation is born.
Some theoretical provisions To achieve the adequacy of the UE, the main thing is to materialize the information received, thereby creating a more or less detailed and convenient support for the memory of an almost unlimited amount of data received - human memory can retain far from the entire amount of information and lead either to a data transmission failure, or to distort them.
Some theoretical propositions Only memory, no matter how trained it may be, is hardly worth relying on. In translations, cursive writing is the most helpful - a practical system for achieving adequacy in professional UE.
Some Theoretical Propositions In the end, it is up to the translator to decide whether to use the CCA or to risk relying entirely on memory, and often there are situations of combined use of both.
Some theoretical provisions Many years of domestic and foreign experience show that the virtuosity of cursive writing - a necessary tool of labor primarily for a diplomatic interpreter, diplomat, journalist, referent (assistant) to the head, will more than once be able to help out a representative of other professions related to the processing of information on various languages, as well as in the field of public relations.
OTS in interpreting (IT) n Some translators and translators-practitioners believe that OTS is not so relevant, since it is not always applicable in real situations, and that the basis of translation is reliance on developed working memory, skills of grasping the main message and the ability to maximize focus on the semantic aspect of information. n But the UPS is also a capacious, trained memory, concentration, self-confidence, lack of excitement, which are integral components of successful translation work at all its stages, sometimes in the most unpredictable situations.
The use of UPS § increases the adequacy of the translation and its quality speech design; n makes it possible to transmit precision information almost without loss; n reduces unnecessary memory load and general fatigue
The use of UPS n n n makes it possible to encode and then translate almost any segment of speech by the duration of the sound, minimizing the inevitable loss of information; makes it possible to make a logical, information-rich and well-formed actually minute-by-minute recording of the conversation, which is necessary in responsible negotiations; gives the interpreter the opportunity to feel confident and calm in any situation.
Opinion of specialists UPS is designed to optimize the process of two-way transfer and increase the level of its adequacy to 9598%
UPS registration system n n Paper format: A 4 - for negotiations, official conversations, etc. when working at the table; notepad A 8 - for standing work. For added convenience, speed and clarity of writing, it is good to use lined notebooks with a hard cover that can be placed on your knee. It is also worth taking care of a spare pen / pencil. It is advisable to set the date and even the time if there are several meetings per day (top right). Mark the venue and topic of the talks.
The system of registration of the UPS sheet is divided into three columns. n write on one side of the paper. n if you run out of paper, turn over all sheets and write on the back. n
In what language should records be kept? n each translator chooses for himself the most acceptable, rational ways of fixing.
The location of the UPS is stepped-diagonal, from top to bottom. n First step - subject group n Second - predicate group n Third - direct object n Fourth - indirect n Block of homogeneous sentence members n
Layout of the OCD Arrange the entries freely, leaving large margins and white space for easier reading of the entries, as well as for additional notes as needed. n Number sentences or groups of phrases, theses, to better distinguish them. n Look not at the paper, but at the speaker n
Recording meaning! The cursive writing system captures only a limited number of basic semantic units and relations between them, the UPS reflects not individual words, but thoughts and uses both English and Russian languages.
The use of UPS n n It is desirable to use UPS primarily for recording precision vocabulary (numbers, dates, proper names, titles), which is especially difficult to remember in any kind of interpretation. The UPS is used depending on the situation at the discretion of the interpreter, but, as a rule, it is for responsible negotiations where special accuracy, competence and professionalism are required.
Fixation of semes in the UPS, i.e., the main meanings that make up different words. So, for example, the concepts: give, hand over, give away, give, add, transfer, give out, sell - differ from each other, but there is a common elementary meaning: “to make someone have something”.
Features of the UPS Diffuseness n Incompleteness n Elementary nature n low information redundancy n universality and unambiguity of a symbol/sign for a given context, its recognizability. n
Syntax in UPS Syntactic link between the members of the sentence is indicated in the record by direct word order. Whatever the order of the elephant in the "original", they are written in direct order, while it is not necessary to write from left to right: you can mark strong points from right to left, and from the middle, but the text is read linearly - stepwise - from left to right.
Syntax in OPS Direct word order is required when interpreting into English, German, French, Italian and Spanish
Morphology in UPS n When abbreviating words, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that there are fewer vowels in the alphabet than consonants - it is easier to read a word in which vowels are omitted. n Do not abbreviate final morphemes if they carry important information.
When should you record? n n in two-way interpreting (official conversations, interviews, negotiations, press conferences) and consecutive interpreting monologue speech(speeches at conferences, presentations, lectures) start recording with the beginning of the sound of speech. as soon as the speaker paused for translation, the interpreter stopped taking notes and began translating. write down the first phrases in more detail, and then reduce the number of entries, since much will already be known and write down only new information.
What to write down? n Keywords I arrive on Sunday by train at 7 pm to Yaroslavsky station
Abbreviated letter notation n n a) dropping out of vowels in the middle of a word: ability - spsbnst, competition - knkrs, strategy - strtgy; b) dropping out of vowels in the middle of a word and simplification of double consonants: program - program; c) the use of telescopic formations: for example - eg, page-page, maybe-m. b. , information- info. d) replacement of parts of a word (frequency suffixes, affixes, etc.) with an index sign
An example of iuiaiaia industrialization industrialization But: building - task and building A text written in consonants is reduced in volume by 30 -40%, but it is still readable. Saving space and time is up to 24%!
Use of short or short words n n n n n pro - professional; demo-demonstration; coop - cooperation, cooperation, partnership; envo - ambassador, diplomat, representative; bid - application, requirement, request, tender; info - information, information, message; op -opportunity; to up - increase; to ink - sign, to ax - dismiss.
Replacing parts of a word with an index sign n n n n n Sign θ λ φ Ψ t g d ŋ English -(t)ion -logy philopsycho-ment -age -ed -ing Russian -tion -logy philopsycho-
Abbreviation sound (MFA) n graphic (Ministry of Emergency Situations); n alphabetic (USI) n syllabic (Uralsvyazinform) n mixed (IAEA-International Agency Atomic Energy). n
Examples of universal signs of alphabetic characters UPS MP - Member of Parliament, deputy, people's choice, deputy of the State Duma, member of the British Parliament, US congressman, deputy of the Sejm of Poland, member of the Riksdag Sweden, etc. The decoding of the multi-valued symbol MP depends on the situation and context.
Examples of universal signs of alphabetic characters UPS n RM - Prime Minister - prime minister, head of the executive branch (government), chairman of the government (head of the cabinet of ministers), chairman of the State Council, prime minister
Examples of universal signs of alphabetic characters UPS n VIP - Very Important Person - in various contexts denotes a high-ranking official, a member of a delegation, an important person, a chief guest, an official, etc. n HQ - Headquarters - headquarters, main office of the company, main facility, corporation center, etc.
Examples of universal signs of alphabetic characters UPS n n n PE - emergency, problem, unpleasant situation, catastrophe, force majeure, natural disaster, private entrepreneur, etc. Armed forces, army, troops, soldiers and officers, paramilitary formations, etc. G-8 - Group of Eight - the most industrialized countries, the big eight, the largest industrialized countries in the world.
The main components of the UPS are based on abbreviations, abbreviations, both widespread and individual. But: Air Force air Force and BBC - British Broadcasting Corporation
Abbreviations in the UPS are as clear as possible, easy to write and then decipher; n universal, easy to remember; n denote a certain concept, symbol, meaning, which is clearly and unambiguously manifested in a given context; n are recognizable at this particular moment of speaking and translation. n
Recording numerical precision information Sometimes you can round the numbers: 484, 569, 991 - about half a billion; 502, 7 - more than five hundred 99 - almost one hundred
Days of the week - Monday; - Tuesday; - environment; - Thursday; - Friday; - Saturday; - Sunday.
Names of the months I - January; II - February; III - March; IV - April; V - May; VI - June; VII - July; VIII - August; IX - September; X - October; XI - November; XII - December.
Numerals quantitative numbers: 15 "fifteen thousand; 15" fifteen million; 15"" fifteen billion; ordinal numbers: 1) first; n
Large "round" figures 17, 000 - 17 t; n 20, 000 – 20 m; n 99, 000, 000 – 99 b; n 62, 000, 000 – 62 tr; n n 62, 099, 020, 17000 62 tr 99 b 20 m 17 t
Dates 2007 = "7; 1997 = "97; 1812 \u003d "812 31. XII. 3 - the thirty-first of December two thousand and three;
Period of the year "03 the beginning of the year two thousand and three; 0"3 the middle of the year two thousand and three; 03" end of the year two thousand and three;
Seasons O 1 - winter; O 2 - spring; O 3 - summer; O 4 - autumn. Quarters: I 4 - first quarter; II 4 - second quarter; III 4 - third quarter; IV 4 - fourth quarter.
Talking characters X - war, conflict, clash; 8 - meeting, congress, congress, round table; ↯ - aggression, tension;
Arrows → - send, transfer, subdue, direct, report, bring, arrive, move, direction, transfer n ← - receive, import, accept, attract, leave; n ↓ - present time, today, current situation; n
Arrows ↲ - past tense, yesterday, the day before; n ↳- future tense, tomorrow; n / - increase, improve, strengthen, grow, develop; n - reduce, reduce, worsen, reduce; n →← - bring closer, push; n
Arrows ↓ - force, apply pressure; n / - influence; n ↓ - control; n - support; n → - push off; n ⇌ - get ahead; n ⇋ - fall behind; n
Quotation marks "- speak, declare, inform, tell, speech; n “” - dialogue, conversation, negotiations; n “- press, radio. n
Question mark? - question, problem, task; n ¿ - ask; n!? probably; n ¿op - survey, study, survey. n
Exclamation point: ! - must, must; n - law, constitution; n!! - of course, certainly; n i - motivation. n
Parentheses - enable; n ] [ - exclude; n [ - start, open, start, open; n ] - finish, close, end, closing. n
Equal sign \u003d - to be, to be, to compose, equal, total; n ≠ - not appear, differ; n ≡ - agreement, identity, identity. n
Plus-Minus: + - add, gain, income, majority, in addition; n + - positive effect. n - - expense, loss, minority. n
Circle O - business, conference, meeting, council; n ♀ - head, chief, director; n O - president. n
Square □ - country, state; n ⍁ - national, fatherland, homeland; n ⊠international, foreign, foreign, abroad; n □g government; n □r parliament; n ⍈ - export; n ⍇ - import. n
Use of various signs Speaking (also press conference, speech, statement, etc.) - : More - > Less -
The use of various signs approximately - ~ rise, growth; improvement, increase, future - recession, fall; deterioration, decrease, past - ↓ country, state - ∆ departure, export - → arrival, import - ←
Letter symbols NO- ban, forbid n W- work n Pg- program n h- have n op- opinion n id- idea n inf- information n
Symbols of quality n Reinforcement of the designated concept? (important question). n Amplification in superlatives? = (an extremely important question). n Weakening or worsening? _ _ _ (secondary question)
Grammatical devices n n n n designation of the gender and number of nouns and adjectives; designation of belonging (genitive case); designation of degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs; designation of the person of verbs; time designation; designation of the passive form; modality designation; negation symbol.
Gender and number of nouns and adjectives n n n The feminine gender of nouns is indicated by the index e (from the French ending of feminine nouns and adjectives). For example: RU-Russian, RUe-Russian woman int- interesting, inte - interesting The plural of nouns is denoted by index 2. For example: □ - country; □ 2 - MP countries; MP 2 = deputies
Indication of belonging (genitive case) n The genitive case is indicated by the sign ", which is placed before the corresponding noun. For example: n S "□ - the area of the country n "" Ru - the border of Russia
Designation of the passive form The passive form of verbs is indicated by the symbol of the verb "to be" - = and the index ed. For example: n =%ed - interested n = .
transcript
1 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION FEDERAL STATE BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION "ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE" DEPARTMENT OF GERMAN AND SCANDINAVIAN YAZKODE. SACHAVA TRANSLATION SHORT: THEORY AND PRACTICE TEACHING AID PUBLISHING HOUSE OF ST. PETERSBURG STATE UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 2011
2 2 LBC 81 S 22 S 22 Sachava O.S. Translating shorthand: theory and practice: textbook. allowance / O.S. Sachava. SPb. : Publishing House of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, p. Tutorial is the result of the author's analysis of various theoretical concepts in the field of psycholinguistics and methods of teaching translation, as well as the result of a generalization of practical experience in teaching sequential interpreting at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages and Translation Faculty of Humanities SPbGUEF. The textbook reveals the concept of translation cursive writing, describes the basic principles of its maintenance, provides options for the signs most often used in the implementation of consecutive translation, and also offers a number of exercises aimed at developing the skill of translation cursive writing at the initial stage of training. The textbook is addressed to students of 3-5 courses of the Faculty of Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, studying German as a first or second foreign language. The textbook may also be of interest to graduate students, teachers of linguistic faculties of higher educational institutions and translators who wish to independently master translation shorthand. Reviewers: Cand. philol. Sciences, Associate Professor German language Russian State Pedagogical University im. A.I. Herzen A.V. Golodnov Cand. philol. Sciences, Associate Professor Romance languages and translation of St. Petersburg State University of Economics G.P. Skvortsov BBK 81 SPbGUEF, 2011
3 3 Contents Introduction... 4 The concept of translation cursive writing... 5 The history of the emergence and main stages in the development of translation cursive writing... 5 The place of teaching translation cursive writing in the system of translator training, or why is it needed?... 8 Choosing the type of translation record Methodology development of an individual system of symbols for translation cursive. Location of the translation record on paper. Translation difficulties that cannot be removed by non-linguistic fixation of information, and ways to overcome them.
4 4 Introduction In the textbook offered to the reader's attention, cursive translation is considered by the author as one of the most important components of the translator's professional competence. The purpose of the textbook is to give students basic theoretical information and practical advice necessary for mastering the technique of translation cursive writing at the initial stage of learning to interpret, as well as to offer exercises that make it possible to make the process of mastering translation cursive writing more systematic and efficient. The textbook is the result of the author's analysis of various theoretical concepts in the field of psycholinguistics and methods of teaching translation, as well as the result of summarizing the practical experience of teaching oral consecutive translation of the first foreign language at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages and Translation of the Faculty of the Humanities of St. Petersburg state university and economics and finance. The textbook reveals the very concept of translation cursive writing, determines its place in the system of training translators in higher education. educational institution. Further, the main principles of translation shorthand are described and variants of the signs most often used in the implementation of consecutive translation, including in the field of economic communication, are given, recommendations are given for the development of an individual system of signs used in translation shorthand. Along with the above, a system of exercises aimed at developing the skill of translation cursive writing is proposed, and general recommendations are given for organizing the implementation of exercises. Particular attention is paid to common mistakes associated with the maintenance of translation shorthand, which, according to our observations, are most often done by students both in the learning process and directly in translation practice. The textbook is addressed, first of all, to students of 3-5 courses of the Faculty of Humanities of St. Petersburg State University of Economics, studying in the specialty "Translation and Translation Studies". In addition, it may be of interest to graduate students, teachers of linguistic faculties of higher educational institutions and translators who wish to independently master translation shorthand.
5 5 The concept of cursive translation Translation cursive in the context of modern scientific ideas can be defined as a system of auxiliary records used by an interpreter in the implementation of various types of translation, primarily consecutive interpreting. In the scientific literature, such a system of translation notation is referred to as "translation cursive" (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev), "universal translation cursive" (A.P. Chuzhakin), "translation notation" (I.S. Alekseeva) or "translational semantography” (E.V. Alikina). These terms are often used as synonyms, because they mean, in fact, the same phenomenon in translation activity. However, according to its inner form the terms are different and, accordingly, place semantic accents in different ways. Namely, the term "cursive writing" highlights the high pace of the process of fixing information; the term "universal" emphasizes the systemic, supra-individual nature of the basic principles that guide the translator when taking notes; the term "semantography" emphasizes the orientation of the process of fixing information by the translator not on the linguistic form of the message, but on its semantic, content side. The term "translation notation", used, in particular, by I.S. Alekseeva, a specialist translating primarily from German and Russian, is a synonym for the term "cursive", going back to its German equivalent Notizentechnik. Recognizing the right to exist of each of the above terms, in the future we will operate with the most traditional and widely used term of translation shorthand. The history of the emergence and main stages of development of translation shorthand As a special system of high-speed fixation of information in the process of translation, shorthand translation has almost a century of history today, which is described in sufficient detail in the linguistic literature, in particular, in the works of I.S. Alekseeva, E.V. Alikina, A.P. Chuzhakina and others. In this
6 6 connections, we find it expedient to list here only the main milestones in the development of cursive translation systems, leaving their more detailed consideration and study for independent study. As the researchers note, at the beginning of the 20th century, the use or non-use of a record in translation was considered a personal matter for each translator. As a consciously and professionally used method of recording information in writing in the course of oral translation, cursive translation appeared in the 30s of the 20th century, which is associated with the work of the League of Nations. At the meetings of the League of Nations, speeches were provided in two languages: French and English, and the translation did not interrupt the speech, but was carried out immediately after it ended. As a result of such an organization of meetings, the requirements for the volume of oral translated texts, on the one hand, and for the accuracy of translation, on the other hand, have increased. In 1941, a professional school of translators was created at the University of Geneva, whose representatives developed the basic rules for maintaining translation records. The development of this school is associated in the history of translation with the names of J. Herbert and J.-F. Rosana, M. Lederer, D. Seleskovich. Teaching cursive writing in consecutive translation has remained the main focus of this school of translator training to this day. The most famous Russian version of the cursive translation system was proposed by R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev in 1969. In Germany, the development of the technique of cursive translation is associated primarily with the name of H. Matissek (Heidelberg University), who also proposed his own in the 70s of the 20th century integrated system translation record. As a consistent study and comparison of these and some other translation record keeping systems shows, each subsequent one was a kind of improved version of the previous one. Each subsequent system, on the one hand, was based on the leading principles of the previous one, on the other hand, offered new methods and strategies for fixing information based on new scientific achievements in the field of linguistics, psychology and information theory. Thus, J. Erber suggested borrowing signs and symbols for keeping translation shorthand from other areas of science, and also formulated the following rules for keeping records: start fixing from the moment the speech begins;
7 7 to carry out a logical analysis of speech by highlighting the main thing, underlining, bracketing; use the target language in the recording; use abbreviations, abbreviate multi-digit numbers; cross out when negating. In 1956 J.-F. Rosan, a follower of J. Herbert, illustrated these principles in his book on concrete examples, proposed his own symbols to denote individual grammatical categories, in particular, the tense and voice of the verb, the gender and number of the noun, and also formulated the principle of the vertical arrangement of the record on paper. R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev, based on the systems of non-linguistic fixation of information that already existed at that time, developed functional classification signs of cursive translation, namely, he singled out predicative, modal symbols, symbols of time, symbols of quality, etc. the role of recording in the processes of memorization, actualization in the mind and subsequent reproduction of information during oral translation. A.P. Chuzhakin improved the principle of verticalism by proposing a stepped-diagonal arrangement of signs on paper. In accordance with his concept, the subject group should first be written down, under it the predicate group is to the right, under it the direct object is to the right, and under it the indirect object is to the right. Homogeneous Members sentences should be recorded on paper in a column, one under the other in the order they appear in speech. E.N. Sladkovskaya put forward the idea of improving the principle of verticalism, proposing to rely on the semantic rather than the syntactic side of the utterance, in the case of a stepped diagonal arrangement of symbols on paper, namely: first, the semantic subject is fixed, the action is to the right under it, the semantic object is to the right below it [the main milestones in the history of cursive translation are given according to: Alikina, 2006: 12-18]. Thus, based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the entire history of translation cursive writing from the time of its emergence in the 30s of the 20th century to the present is characterized by a gradual transition from the use of linguistic means to non-linguistic fixation of information, a gradual shift
8 8 accents from the language form to the level of content and semantic analysis of information. The place of teaching translation cursive writing in the system of translator training, or why is it needed? Why do you need translation cursive? First of all, the written fixation of information reduces the load on memory and helps to cope with stress caused by high mental and intellectual stress in the process of consecutive interpretation. The use of translation cursive ensures minimal information loss in full-text translation of a large message presented to the translator orally. In addition, a translation record is a kind of “draft”, on the basis of which the translator can restore all the texts he translates and prepare for further work within the framework of this event or at other events on this topic with the same or another speaker. Along with the above, cursive translation is also the answer to the traditional question of students: “Where to keep your hands in the process of translating?” Keeping translation cursive does not allow you to hide your hands in your pockets, gesticulate too actively or cross your arms on your chest (the pose is considered by psychologists as a signal of isolation, unwillingness to communicate). The translator who notates looks more “professional” and feels more confident. The latter is due to the nature of the person himself and the basic principles of his perception of information: since ancient times, a person, being part of the material world, drew information from it, and fixed it, in turn, on “material” media: in rock art, sculpture, books, etc. .d. This is the most natural and familiar way for us to store and perceive information. That is why it is psychologically more comfortable and easier for us to read the book that we hold in our hands than the text from the screen. Tactile perception always helps us to focus and, therefore, relieve stress. This pattern is actively used in preschool and correctional pedagogy and psychology, one can recall in this connection the rosary, etc. It should also be noted that the translator who fixes the speech of the speaker in writing is limited to the maintenance of translation
9 9 cursive writing from extraneous, external, primarily visual, information that is not related to translation, and it is easier for him to concentrate on the content of the text with which he is working directly at the moment. From the foregoing, it logically follows that training in translation recording today occupies a significant place in the system of professional training of a translator in a higher educational institution. In each particular university, the time devoted to teaching translation notation is determined by the curricula for one or more translation disciplines, and cursive learning itself fits seamlessly into the overall system of training bachelors / specialists / masters. However, when choosing the time devoted to mastering the skill of translation cursive writing, it is necessary to take into account the following two fundamentally important points: 1. The main prerequisite for successfully mastering the skill of translation cursive writing in the process of translation is a developed operational and associative memory. Therefore, the training of translation cursive writing should be preceded by exercises on mnemonics, i.e. on the development of memory and mastery of various strategies and techniques of memorization. A system of such exercises is proposed, in particular, in the textbooks on interpreting by I.S. Alekseeva. 2. Systematic training in cursive translation should precede training in consecutive translation as a type of translation using recording, on the one hand, and translation practice, where such a skill may be required from the student, on the other hand. In other words, the translator's training system should be built in such a way that the student not by himself, accidentally, due to external circumstances, but consciously, under the clear guidance and control of the teacher, first picks up a pen for translating notation. Because in this case, you don't have to spend time and effort on relearning to overcome the spontaneously formed "wrong" skill. Thus, the skill of conducting translation cursive writing occupies a significant place in the structure of the professional competence of a translator. Teaching cursive translation should be based on the developed memory and thinking of the student and precede, in the system of interpreter training, teaching directly consecutive translation. However, the improvement of the skill of conducting translation cursive writing continues throughout the entire learning process, as well as in further professional translation activities.
10 10 Selecting the type of translation record If available huge amount methodological developments and scientific works devoted to the technique of translation cursive writing, several fundamentally different types of writing coexist in parallel to this day. If we take the language in which the recording is being made as a criterion, then, following I.S. Alekseeva, the following three main types of translation cursive writing can be distinguished: 1) a record based on the original language; 2) a record based on the target language; 3) fixing information is not linguistic signs. Each of the above methods has both its advantages and disadvantages. Let's consider them in more detail. 1. When oriented to the original language, the heard text is abbreviated in the same language in which it was presented by the speaker. The advantages of such fixation: speed (if you have the appropriate skill) and the absence of intellectual tension in the process of recording. The main disadvantages of this method are: the possible loss or distortion of information due to the many abbreviations and the large time spent on deciphering the text, because in the process of deciphering, it is necessary to read a large text, written quickly and often, in this regard, illegible. In addition, when fixing the text in the original language, the translator actually spends twice as much time perceiving the text. It is paradoxical, but true: in this case, the translator perceives the text as if twice. For the first time, the text is perceived in oral form as a set of linguistic signs and is predominantly mechanically recoded into written form. The second time, after the end of the sound and immediately before the start of the translation of the text / its fragments, the same text already in writing is perceived by the translator as encrypted information to be decoded, comprehended and recoded into another language. It goes without saying that such a “double” transcoding of a text (from oral to written, and from written to oral in the target language) is irrational given the lack of time in the implementation of consecutive translation. 2. In the case of targeting the target language when maintaining a translation record, the advantage is to reduce the time to reproduce the text in the target language, because restoring the text
11 11 the translator no longer wastes time looking for a foreign language equivalent. The main disadvantage is that such a notation binds the translator to an almost verbatim translation of the text into another language and often does not allow him to reformulate the phrase in accordance with the syntactic norms and usage of the target language. In addition, without having listened to the end of the sentence and without comprehending it, the translator cannot always find the equivalent of individual words necessary to convey the meaning in this context. As a result, when information is recorded in writing in the target language, the translated text often represents, to a greater or lesser extent, a “set of words” with a violation of their semantic or syntactic compatibility. Thus, the two methods of linguistic fixation of information indicated above are bad in that the translator, fixing information with words, becomes dependent on the linguistic form of the text offered to him. The purpose of translation is, on the contrary, the transfer of information in a different form, in the form of a different text, formulated in accordance with the norms and usage of a different language of the target language. And any “tracing” or approximation to the language form of the original (even without violating the norm and usage of the target language!) often makes it impossible for a native speaker of a different language and culture, who thinks within a different categorical system, to correctly decode information. Vivid examples of this are non-equivalent phraseological units, realia words that require explanation, intertextual references that are not understandable to a carrier of a different culture, etc. In the cases mentioned above, the task of the translator is not a literal translation, but, on the contrary, the maximum possible abstraction from the form of the original and the transfer of content by other linguistic (and, possibly, non-linguistic) means. 3. It follows logically from the above that the process of translation in its form and structure should be oriented, first of all, to the content side of the message. This problem can be solved by fixing information by means of non-linguistic signs or symbols. Main advantage of this type fixation of information lies in the fact that this record, unlike the record by linguistic means, does not establish a rigid connection between the content of the text and its linguistic form. In addition, fixing information with symbols involuntarily forces the translator to focus on the content of the original text already at the stage of perception, which significantly saves time decoding the meaning at the stage of recoding the message into another language. First action
12 12 of the translator, when fixing symbols, semantic analysis becomes, which ensures minimal information loss. It should also be noted that symbols, on the one hand, are more economical, i. they are much faster to fix, on the other hand, they are more visual, because actualize the encoded information in the mind already at one glance at them. Along with the above, this method of fixing information is an effective means of overcoming interlingual interference in the process of translation. The experience of teaching the practical course of translation of the 1st foreign language at the Department of German and Scandinavian Languages and Translation of St. Petersburg State University of Economics and Economics allowed the author to identify the following pattern: as soon as students master translation cursive, their oral translations using cursive become significantly less errors caused by interference different language systems. For example, these are cases when the translation erroneously preserves the word order of the original, which is not typical for the target language, the same grammatical form is chosen as in the original, which is not typical for the target language: gender, case, etc. However, in written and oral translations without recording, the number of such errors does not decrease. These observations were also confirmed by the results of a fairly long pedagogical experiment, during which the same texts were given for translation to different groups of students. One of the groups was asked to translate the text using translation cursive, the other consecutively without writing, from a sheet or in writing. The results were recorded. Through the analysis of the received translations, it turned out that in the case of using cursive writing, students had fewer errors caused by interference, not only in grammatical, but also in lexical level, primarily in the compatibility of words, as well as in pronunciation. This gives us reason to assume that when translating without cursive, the linguistic form of the original text remaining in the RAM, to which the translator constantly mentally returns, provokes interference, preventing thinking from completely “switching” to the target language. In the case of using translation cursive, the process of speech generation occurs in a fundamentally different way. Answering the question: “What to say?”, the translator does not mentally return to the language form of the original, because information is recorded by means of non-linguistic signs, symbols, drawings of ancient forms of encoding information that were used in rock art. The task of the translator
13 13 this case just verbalize this information. Consequently, thinking completely "switches" to the target language. The number of errors caused by interference is significantly reduced. All of the above indicates that it is advisable to teach cursive translation with a focus on the system of fixing information with non-linguistic symbols. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the choice of a non-linguistic notation system by both the teacher and students must be conscious. To do this, it seems logical to have a practical acquaintance with other options for maintaining notation, including the described ways of fixing information in the original language and the target language. It is recommended to discuss the advantages and disadvantages different types fixing information in pairs or groups, put forward their hypotheses and justify them. As an impulse for further reflection and visual evidence in favor of non-linguistic fixation of information, the following experiment can be carried out. Students are asked to translate several texts sequentially using different ways fixing information, recording their oral translations on tape or electronic media. Then the recording is listened to in a group, the mistakes made are analyzed collectively and the time spent on translation is compared. Methodology for developing an individual system of symbols for translation cursive In practice, translation cursive is a system of conventional notation, which is gradually developed and improved by the translator himself, both in the learning process and in real translation activities. It should be emphasized that even at the initial stages of training, the signs of translation notation are not imposed on the translator, because each person has his own characteristics of associative memory, his own logic of thinking, his own figurative ideas about certain phenomena. Translation notation characters can be, at first glance, even strange. For example, one of the students denoted oil with the sign O (image of a frying pan), because she associated oil with oil spreading over a frying pan (German: Rohöl). And the image of a spring (Fig. 1) denoted two fundamentally different concepts for two students. For one of the students, the symbol meant “telephone” (according to the type of telephone wire), for the other “cattle breeding” (the tail of a pig).
14 14 Fig. 1. Spring In this regard, we recommend that you let your imagination run wild. The main thing is that the symbolic notation should be clear to the translator himself. Besides him, no one needs these notes, and the translator himself refers to them, with rare exceptions, only twice: the first time in the process of fixing information, the second time in the process of deciphering it. Along with countless potential individual and unique signs of translation cursive writing, there are also a number of generally accepted rather successful symbols denoting the most frequent concepts. Thus, arrows are widely used as verb symbols (see Table 1). Table 1. Use of arrows in translation cursive to leave, fly away, send, transfer money, give, send, etc. come, receive, receive, attract, approach, go back, etc. improve, increase, build up, strengthen, develop, etc. gradually increase, slowly increase, go up gradually decrease, slowly fall rise, rise sharply, increase significantly fall, sharply decrease, suddenly decrease
15 15 Continuation of the table. 1 collide, approach, confront, influence, influence, control, supervise, test, exert pressure, win, lose, lag behind, overtake, get ahead of, replace, exchange, return, react mathematical signs and punctuation marks (see Table 2 and Table 3, respectively). Table 2. Use of mathematical symbols in translation cursive = to be, to be, to represent< меньше >more + more, in addition, in addition to the above, add, positive
16 16 Continuation of the table. 2 (start, open event, start) end, come to an end sum, total combine, in aggregate parallel, simultaneously approximately, approximately, approximately t time / temperature S V area volume consider your opinion, make a toast! to pay attention to, to focus on something? puzzle, cause difficulty, create a problem be the basis, be based on something Verbal signs, in particular, the signs presented in tables 1 and 3, can be substantiated by circling them. For example, a question mark in a circle will indicate a task, a question, a difficulty, a problem. Quotation marks circled speech, speech, toast, appeal, congratulations, report, lecture, newspaper, note, article, etc. depending on the context. Time in translation notation is also proposed to be fixed by symbols. The most frequent and successful, in our opinion, symbols of time offered in various manuals, as well as those invented by the students themselves, are presented in Table. 4. Table 4. Designation of time in translation shorthand morning (rising sun) day (sun at zenith)
17 17 Continuation of the table. 4 evening (ray of the sun beyond the horizon) night (half moon) winter (snowflake) spring summer autumn (raindrop) now, today, at the moment in 3 hours 8 days ago It is recommended to write the days of the week with the corresponding numbers circled. So, Monday will be indicated by the number "1" in a circle, Thursday by the number "4" in a circle, etc. Dates are also written only in numbers, and the year is reduced if the date is not more than 50 years from the moment of speech. For example, January 15, 2008; March 26, 1994, etc., May 20, but April 14 The most frequent symbols used in translation in economic, as well as political sphere are presented in Table. 5. Table 5. The most frequent symbols used in translation in the field of economics and politics planet, world, on a global scale ( Earth with axle)
18 18 Continuation of the table. 5 country, city, federal land, republic, state, mainland, village (any territory, area) Motherland, Fatherland district, federal land, district, region (part of the territory) ; 2. mail export, export from the country, entry into the foreign market, import, import, purchase, etc. developing countries energy, electricity, power plant, power supply, stress employer (from English work to work) performer negotiations, meeting (round table) official negotiations, summit (table and flag on it) loan, capital raising (bag of money)
19 19 Continuation of the table. 5 paying debts, paying taxes income, profits, profit growth losses, expenses, waste, stressful time, deficit, financial crisis alliance, fusion, business combination, cooperation, conclusion of an agreement (two rings as a symbol of marriage) head of state, president, mayor, chief, chief physician, head, deputy, chief, teacher, manager, mentor, scientific supervisor, tour guide, conductor, etc. (head, i.e. head, head of an organization) Supervisory Board, members of the administration, the Pedagogical Council, etc. (“top”, consisting of several people) war, quarrel, dispute, conflict, disagreement (crossed swords) law, document, code, normative act woman
20 20 child 5 work (hammer) aviation, aircraft water transport, boat, ship rail transport (rails and sleepers) Agriculture environmental protection (flower under a cap) chemical industry (flask) research, high technology (magnifying glass) terrorism, threat (man with a belt) cemetery, death, mourning (cross) victim (lying person)
21 21 In addition to lexical meanings, various cursive translation systems offer to fix a number of grammatical meanings with conventional signs. See Table 1 for examples. 6. Table 6. Ways of fixing grammatical meanings in translation cursive subjunctive mood and other modal meanings (possibility, probability, doubt, etc.)? interrogative sentence _ negation (affirmative category) (strikethrough) Big 2 Big 3 comparative adjectives and adverbs, as well as the plural of nouns, the superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs, the future tense, the past tense However, as practice shows, symbols that fix grammatical meanings are rarely used. This is explained by the phenomenon of linguistic redundancy. For example, if the date of the event is indicated in the text, then information about the tense form of each individual verb turns out to be redundant. Moreover, tense forms of the verb do not always reflect real time the course of the events described. The grammatical form of the present tense in many languages can be used to express both the future and the past tense, for example: “The train leaves in 15 minutes”, “She was walking, walking, suddenly she sees: there is a tower on the edge of the forest”, etc. It should also be noted that the systems of tenses in the grammar of different languages often fundamentally do not coincide. In this regard, the same meaning is expressed, for example, in one language by grammatical means, and in another lexical. Suffice it to recall the so-called "prepast" tenses in German and English, Plusquamperfekt and Past Perfect, respectively. Due to the presence of these temporary forms, the meaning of precedence
22 22 one action to another in German and English will be expressed at the grammatical level. And in Russian, the explication of this meaning is often carried out by introducing additional lexical items(“before”, “before this”, “earlier”, etc.) or through a complete syntactic transformation of the sentence, first of all, the introduction of participial and adverbial phrases. Therefore, speaking about the so-called "grammatical" signs of translation shorthand, it should be noted that it is not so much the grammatical form itself that is important here, but the content side, the meaning, which must be fixed. Otherwise, cursive translation can become a kind of "encryption" grammatical forms and relations in the text, which will begin to “bind” the translator to the language form of the original, making it difficult to express the information received in the target language in accordance with its other grammatical norms. It can be seen from the above examples that non-linguistic signs of cursive translation represent a kind of metalanguage. Moreover, the signs of this metalanguage, on the one hand, make it possible to abstract from the linguistic form of the text, to fix only the content side of the message. On the other hand, signs of translation cursive have much in common with linguistic signs. In particular, this is polysemy, synonymy, motivation, as well as the possibility of their transformation and combination to express new meanings. In this regard, let us recall the use of the image of a square (“area”, “country”, “territory”, etc.) and examples of the possible transformation of this image to denote other concepts (see Table 5). At the same time, we emphasize that the ambiguity and synonymy of the signs of cursive translation are not its drawback, because interpretation is always carried out within a certain thematic area, and it will not be difficult for the translator to remember from the situation who the president of the country, the head of the company, the chief doctor is designated as the “head” hospital or school principal. It should also be noted that the individual system of symbols of translation cursive is always potentially open, it is replenished in the process of translation practice. Therefore, from a methodological point of view, the most important thing in the learning process is not to master the maximum number of ready-made signs, but to master mental strategies that allow you to quickly come up with signs for new concepts, including transforming and combining already known ones.
23 23 Arrangement of the translation record on paper The most convenient in the modern method of teaching translation is the step-diagonal arrangement of the record on paper. Each semantic structure is recorded in the direction from top to bottom from left to right. As a rule, the semantic subject is fixed first, the action is lower to the right, the semantic object is even more right below it, and all the circumstances are even lower, again with a shift to the right (see Fig. 2). Subject Action Object Circumstances Fig. Fig. 2. Step-diagonal arrangement of writing on paper Such a fixation scheme is offered in most modern textbooks on translation cursive writing. However, it should be noted that not every proposal can and should be presented on paper in the proposed form. For example, it is more logical to fix the sentence “It was snowing” with a snowflake, and the sentence “Everyone was very happy” with a squared emoticon: versatile, but has its advantages. The advantages of such a stepped-diagonal arrangement of writing on paper are that each separate semantic unit (often coinciding with the sentence) begins “on a new line” and is divided into several semantic parts. The proposed spatial composition of the record makes the representation of a complex semantic unit more visual and logical. In addition, in the case of step-diagonal recording, when moving to a new line, the time for transferring the hand is more rationally and evenly distributed, namely, there is no need to transfer the hand from one edge of the paper to the other after each line. The trajectory of the movement of the hand in the case of traditional recording and step-diagonal fixation of information is shown in fig. 3 and fig. 4, respectively.
24 24 Fig. Fig. 3. The trajectory of the movement of the hand when keeping records in the traditional way. Fig. 4. The trajectory of the movement of the hand during step-diagonal fixation of information Separately, it is necessary to say about translators who write with their left hand. In this case, the slope of the letters and the text itself is naturally obtained in opposite side, and the time to transfer the hand from one edge of the sheet to another with a step-diagonal
25 25 the location of the record does not decrease, but, on the contrary, increases. The trajectory of the movement of the hand in the case of recording with the left hand is shown in Fig. 5. Fig. Fig. 5. The trajectory of the movement of the hand in the case of writing with the left hand In this situation, it is logical to try to keep the sheet horizontal and write in narrower columns. The sheet can be divided in advance into 3 equal parts by vertical lines (see Fig. 6). Rice. 6. Optimal positioning of characters when taking notes with the left hand
26 26 Traditional paper format for cursive translation at negotiations and official meetings when working at the A4 table. When working while standing, for example, when translating reports at conferences, a notepad is used. It is most convenient to use lined notebooks with a hard cover and a vertical arrangement of the sheet, because. they can be held both on the knees and in the hand. Notebook on a spiral is preferable to a paper clip or hot-melt adhesive, because. it does not close "by itself" and does not fall apart into leaves when turning over repeatedly, allowing you to easily and quickly turn pages. Both in a notebook and on A4 sheets, the entry is made only on one side of the sheet. It is not recommended to turn over the notebook/sheets while writing. The written sheet is simply turned over / put aside with the text down and the record is kept on the next sheet. The completed notebook/ream of paper is turned over and the writing is done on the reverse side of the sheets in accordance with the same logic. For convenience and confidence, sheets / pages can be pre-numbered. Another significant point: at the initial stage of learning cursive, each translator needs to find the optimal character size for him. On the one hand, the notes should not be very small, so that they are easy to see at arm's length and in a poorly lit room. On the other hand, the signs of cursive translation should not be too large, because the greater the total length of the line drawn by the pen, the more time it takes for such fixation of information. In addition, the larger the entry, the more often you have to turn the pages of the notebook or shift the sheets, which also requires additional time and attention. It is expedient to teach translation cursive in conditions as close as possible to real ones. Namely, you need to learn how to record both sitting at the table and standing. A student-translator should always have a well-written, comfortable and presentable pen at the ready, as well as a spare pen, because, as practice shows, a student-translator's pen stops writing or starts to leak at the most inopportune moment. It is necessary to learn how to start the notation at the same time as the beginning of the sound of the text and end it immediately after the end of the sound of the speaker's speech. It is not recommended to notate with a pencil or felt-tip pen, because. in this case, the friction force of the stylus/felt rod on the paper is significantly greater, and, consequently, the recording takes longer, and the hand gets tired faster.
27 27 Translation difficulties that cannot be removed by non-linguistic fixation of information, and ways to overcome them Despite all the above-mentioned advantages of the system of fixing information with signs-symbols in the implementation of consecutive translation, such a record cannot be absolutized. Experience shows that in real translation practice it is often expedient and even necessary to combine linguistic and non-linguistic signs. So, it is recommended to fix all proper names in words (surnames, names of organizations, countries, cities, rivers, etc.). Moreover, proper names are written without any abbreviations, since it is very difficult to remember them by initial letters in conditions of stress and lack of time. For example, Iv. Ivanov, Ivanovsky, Ivashin or Ivanchenko; Al. Alexander or Alexey, etc. And the translator's distortion of proper names is unacceptable. It seems logical to fix the letters with generally accepted abbreviations (USA, UK, Ministry of Internal Affairs, etc.). It is worth paying attention to the fact that in the text to be translated, there are often concepts that, for one reason or another, in a situation of lack of time, are difficult to designate with a symbol, for example, terms. In this case, their abbreviated fixation with letters is also acceptable. The most well-known and frequently used ways of abbreviated spelling of words in letters when maintaining a translation record are as follows: fixing initial letters words (for example, abbreviated abbr.; maybe m.b.); fixing the initial and final letters (which to-ry); write the word only in consonants. The latter method is considered today in many tutorials as one of the most productive. From a theoretical standpoint, this is really justified, because, as you know, consonants in the language primarily carry a semantic, semantic load, and vowels carry a grammatical one (it is enough to compare the words of different languages: Russian cat, English cat, German Katze). In this regard, let us also recall internal inflection in German and English: mouse mice, foot feet; ablaut in German gehen ging, sehen sah, etc. However, practice shows that at the stage of deciphering information in the case of fixing words with consonant letters, difficulties often arise, the pace of reading the text slows down. This is due to the fact that the basis of reading (with the exception of children who only
28 28 learn to read) lies not in the formation of a word from letters, but in the general “recognition” of the image of a word when looking at it. That is why we often do not notice the letters mixed up in the process of typing in the middle of a word, the so-called "slips". Consequently, the text, fixed only by consonants, cannot be read in the usual way. It can be transcribed by "selecting" suitable vowels, which often becomes a laborious and time-consuming process. This is especially pronounced if the vowel was in strong position words at the beginning, for example, there is a typo in the words pctk, nfrmts information, etc. Thus, the method of reducing words by fixing only consonants on paper is not perfect given the lack of time when performing consecutive interpretation. The next difficulty that cannot be overcome by means of non-linguistic fixation of information is the frequent mismatch in the original language and the target language of individual concepts denoted by non-linguistic symbols. For example, in Russian and German, concepts denoting times of day or seasons do not coincide. So, having heard the German word "Winter", we designate it with a snowflake, associating with December, January and February. In Germany, winter begins according to the lunar calendar between December 21 and 23 and ends between March 21 and 23 (and there may not be snow at all). In other words, it is necessary to clearly understand that the signs of translation notation are signs developed mainly on the basis of our own picture of the world and allowing us to abstract from the linguistic form of the message, but not from the specifics of the conceptual systems and pictures of the world of different cultural and linguistic communities. Another difficulty in maintaining translation cursive is numerals, which is especially important for translators in the field of economics. At first glance, it seems that fixing numerals is more than simple. In fact, “large numbers” are of particular difficulty for the translator, because the linguist, not being a mathematician or economist, often perceives the numeral not as a concept, but rather as a kind of linguistic form. And the system of linguistic designations of numbers in different languages often fundamentally does not coincide. As an example, let's compare the notation systems in Russian and German for "large numbers", or numbers of large orders, as they are scientifically called (see Table 7). Upon careful study of this table, the logic is obvious.
29 29 Table 7. Comparison of the language designations of numbers of higher orders in Russian and German = = Sextillion Trilliarde The modern method of teaching cursive translation offers various ways of fixing such numbers. So, the number "twenty-five million" can be written in full, while it is necessary to put dots after every three digits, otherwise there is a risk of getting confused in the zeros. The number can be fixed in the same way as or 25 (each apostrophe corresponds to three zeros). Accordingly, when mastering translation cursive, it is necessary to pay attention to such difficulties, to deal with the systems of linguistic designations for numbers of large orders in the native and foreign languages. Experience shows that translation errors associated with the translation of numerals are often associated precisely with ignorance of these systems. Fixing two-digit numbers is also often difficult for students, because, for example, in German such numbers are read (and, if it seems convenient to you, written!) “in the reverse order” (83 = dreiundachtzig, i.e. “three and eighty "). The most reliable way to prevent errors in the translation of numerals is to perform exercises aimed at developing the corresponding skill. A system of exercises aimed at teaching translation cursive Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that translation cursive helps the translator and facilitates his work
30 30 only when it is brought to automatism. Otherwise, keeping translation cursive can only complicate the translation process. In other words, cursive translation should be considered not as an elementary, easy-to-use auxiliary tool used in consecutive interpreting, but as a special skill, the formation of which requires certain theoretical training and practical training. At the initial stage, such training, as in the formation of any other skill, is implemented in the system of exercises. The exercises proposed below are aimed at developing the skills of maintaining and decoding a translation record. The exercises are systematized according to their target orientation and arranged in accordance with the general didactic principle “from simple to complex”. The first group of exercises is aimed at developing the ability to use well-known and generally accepted signs and abbreviations in modern culture in translation shorthand. The exercises also contribute to the expansion of general cultural horizons and form the ability to work independently with modern sources of information, a skill that is one of the basic components of the professional competence of a translator. At the discretion of the teacher, the exercises can be performed in the form of a frontal survey, in pairs, groups; You can restore the recorded information both in the original language and in the target language. Exercise 1.1. Learn for yourself the common symbols used to represent minerals. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of semantic units. Oil, natural gas, iron ore, salt, dolomite, gypsum, limestone, marble, quartz sand, clay, chromite ores, aluminum ores, copper ores, sulfur pyrite, table salt, agate. Exercise 1.2. Learn on your own the generally accepted designations of chemical elements periodic system DI. Mendeleev. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of semantic units.
31 31 Hydrogen, carbon, sodium, magnesium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, oxygen, helium, chlorine, potassium, lithium, calcium, silver, tin, iodine, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, xenon, tungsten, platinum, gold, mercury, boron, arsenic, nitrogen, fluorine, copper, zinc, arsenic, lead, uranium. Exercise 1.3. Learn for yourself the generally accepted symbols used to denote basic terms from the field of astronomy and the twelve signs of the zodiac. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of semantic units. Sun, Moon, Venus, Mars, Star, Universe, Planet, Milky Way, Aquarius, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn. Exercise 1.4. Study on your own the generally accepted designations of car brands. Fix and restore the proposed sequence at a natural pace. Alfa Romeo, Audi, BMW, Bugatti, Cadillac, Chery, Chevrolet, Chrysler, Citroen, Dacia, Daewoo, Fiat, Ford, Honda, Hummer, Hyundai, Infiniti, Jaguar, Jeep, Kia, Lada, Lancia, Land Rover, Lexus, Mazda, McLaren, Mercury, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Opel, Peugeot, Plymouth, Porsche, Renault, Rolls-Royce, Saab, Skoda, Smart, Subaru, Suzuki, Tatra, Tianma, Toyota, Volkswagen, Volvo, VAZ, GAZ , ZAZ. Exercise 1.5. Learn for yourself the common abbreviations used to refer to the countries of the world. Fix and restore at a natural pace in the original/translated language the proposed sequence of countries. Japan, Israel, Australia, Vietnam, Denmark, Egypt, China, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, Turkey, Switzerland, Thailand, Sweden, Ukraine, USA, Netherlands, Monaco, Iran, Iraq, Canada, Germany, UK, Albania. Exercise 1.6. Learn for yourself the common abbreviations used to refer to the languages of the world. Fix and restore at a natural pace the proposed sequence of world languages. Swedish, Czech, Polish, Portuguese, German, Chinese, Hebrew, Dutch, Hungarian, English, Danish,
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