On an example to show the relationship of subsystems of society. The main spheres of public life, their relationship

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Social scientists note that an unambiguous division of the spheres of society is possible only within its framework. theoretical analysis, however, in real life characteristic of their strong relationship, interdependence and mutual intersection (which is reflected in the names, for example, social economic relations). That's why the most important task social science becomes the achievement of integrity scientific understanding and explanations of the patterns of functioning and development public system generally.

Consider examples.

Spheres of society	Relationship Example
Economic and political	1. Carrying out reforms to reduce taxes helps to facilitate the activities of entrepreneurs. 2.In conditions economic crisis the country's president called early parliamentary elections. 3. The parliamentary elections were won by the party that advocated the reduction of the tax burden. 4. As a result of tax reforms, the pace of industrial development has increased. 5. Growth of state appropriations for the production of new types of weapons.
Social and political	Representatives of the so-called "middle strata" - qualified specialists, workers in the information sphere (programmers, engineers), representatives of small and medium-sized businesses participate in the formation of leading political parties and movements.
Economic and social	A high grain harvest, increased competition led to a decrease in prices for this product. Following this, prices for meat and other products fell. This allowed large social groups of low-income citizens - pensioners, big families with one breadwinner - significantly replenish your consumer basket.
Economic, political, spiritual	The political party has developed and substantiated a program to overcome the decline in production.
Economic and spiritual	1. Economic opportunities of society, the level of mastery of a person natural resources allows the development of science, and vice versa, fundamental scientific discoveries contribute to the transformation of the productive forces of society. 2. Financing activities by the patronmuseum.
Economic, political, social, spiritual	In the course of the market reforms being carried out in the country, a variety of forms of ownership has been legalized. This contributes to the emergence of new social groups - the business class, small and medium-sized businesses, farming, professionals with private practice. In the field of culture, the emergence of private funds mass media, film companies, Internet providers contributes to the development of pluralism in the spiritual sphere, the creation of spiritual products that are different in their essence, multidirectional information.

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Spheres public life are closely interrelated (Fig. 4.1).

Rice. 4.1.

In the history of the social sciences, there have been attempts to single out any sphere of life as determining in relation to others. So, in the Middle Ages, the idea of the special significance of religiosity as part of the spiritual sphere of society dominated. In modern times and the Age of Enlightenment, the role of morality and scientific knowledge. A number of concepts assign the leading role to the state and law. Marxism affirms the decisive role of economic relations.

Within the framework of real social phenomena, elements of all spheres are combined. For example, the nature of economic relations can influence the structure of the social structure. Place in the social hierarchy forms certain Political Views, opens appropriate access to education and other spiritual values. The economic relations themselves are determined legal system country, which is very often formed on the basis of the spiritual culture of the people, their traditions in the field of religion and morality. Thus, at various stages historical development influence of any sphere can be amplified.

Complex nature social systems combined with their dynamism, i.e. mobile, changeable character.

Society is a system of ordered integrity. This is a guarantee of its constant functionality, all components of the system occupy a certain place within it and are connected with other components of society. And it is important to note that individually, not a single element possesses such a quality of integrity. Society is a peculiar result of interaction and integration of absolutely all components of this complex system.

The state, the country's economy, the social strata of society cannot have such a quality as society in itself. And multi-level links between the economic, political, spiritual and social spheres of life form such a complex and dynamic phenomenon as society.

It is easy to track the relationship, for example, socio-economic relations and legal regulations on the example of laws Kievan Rus. The code of laws indicated the penalties for murder, and each measure determined the place of a person that he occupies in society - by belonging to a particular social group.

All four spheres of social life are not only interconnected, but also mutually condition each other. Changes in one of them, as a rule, entail changes in others. For example, the relationship between the economic and political spheres is demonstrated by the resignation of the government due to the aggravation of the economic crisis.

Therefore, every sphere of social life - complex education which is in organic unity with other spheres. Due to their interconnection and interdependence, society appears as complete system and progressively develops.

1. The main directions of interaction between the education sector and other areas. 2. Strengthening the link between education and science. 3. The task of penetration of art into the educational process as one of the key ones. 4. Forms of interaction between education and production. 5. Interaction between education and politics. 6. Problems of interaction between education and the family sphere. 7. Organization of life, leisure of teachers, lecturers: sociological aspect. 8. Interdependence of education and society. 9. Education and ideology. 10. Education strategy.

1. The main directions of interaction between the education sector and other areas.

In a social system, not only social subjects are distinguished as parts, but also other formations - spheres of society. Society is a complex system of specially organized human life. Like any other complex system, society consists of subsystems, the most important of which are called areas of public life .

Sphere of life of society- a certain set of stable relations between social subjects.

The areas of public life are large, stable, relatively independent subsystems of human activity.

Each area includes:

certain human activities (eg educational, political, religious);

social institutions (such as family, school, parties, church);

established relations between people (i.e., connections that have arisen in the course of people's activities, for example, relations of exchange and distribution in the economic sphere).

Traditionally, there are four main areas of public life:

social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.);

economic (productive forces, production relations);

political (state, parties, socio-political movements);

spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of the life of society are not geometric spaces inhabited by different people, but the relationship of the same people in connection with different aspects of their lives.

Social sphere is the relationship that arises in the production of direct human life and man as a social being.

The concept of "social sphere" has various meanings, albeit related. AT social philosophy and sociology is a sphere of social life, which includes various social communities and the connections between them. In economics and political science, the social sphere is often understood as a set of industries, enterprises, organizations whose task is to improve the standard of living of the population; while to social sphere include health care, social security, public services, etc. The social sphere in the second meaning is not an independent sphere of social life, but an area at the intersection of economic and political spheres, associated with the redistribution of state revenues in favor of those in need.

A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc. Visually, the position of an individual in society can be shown in the form of a questionnaire.

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The example of this conditional questionnaire can briefly describe the social structure of society. gender, age, marital status define demographic structure(with groups such as men, women, youth, pensioners, single, married, etc.). Nationality determines the ethnic structure. The place of residence determines the settlement structure (here there is a division into urban and rural residents, residents of Siberia or Italy, etc.). Profession and education constitute the proper professional and educational structure(doctors and economists, people with higher and secondary education, students and schoolchildren). social background(from workers, from employees, etc.) and social status(employee, peasant, nobleman, etc.) determine the estate-class structure; this also includes castes, estates, classes, etc.

Economic sphere is a set of relations between people that arise during the creation and movement of material goods.

The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. In order to produce something, people, tools, machines, materials, etc. are needed. - productive forces. In the process of production, and then exchange, distribution, consumption, people enter into various relationships with each other and with the goods - relations of production. Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society:

productive forces- people (labour force), tools, objects of labor;

industrial relations - production, distribution, consumption, exchange.

Political sphere- this is the relationship of people, connected primarily with power, which provide joint security.

The Greek word politike (from polis - state, city), having appeared in the writings of ancient thinkers, was originally used to denote the art of government. Having retained this meaning as one of the central ones, the modern term "politics" is now used to express the content social activity, in the center of which are the problems of acquiring, using and retaining power. Elements political sphere can be represented like this:

political organizations and institutions - social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;

political norms– political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;

political communications - relationships, connections and forms of interaction between participants political process, as well as between political system in general and society;

political culture and ideology- political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

Needs and interests form certain political goals of social groups. On this target basis, political parties, social movements, overbearing state institutions carrying out specific political activity. The interaction of large social groups with each other and with the institutions of power constitutes the communicative subsystem of the political sphere. This interaction is regulated by various norms, customs and traditions. Reflection and awareness of these relations form the cultural and ideological subsystem of the political sphere.

spiritual realm- this is the area of ideal, non-material formations, including ideas, values of religion, art, morality, etc.

The structure of the spiritual realm life of society in the most in general terms is:

religion - a form of worldview based on belief in supernatural forces;

morality - system moral standards, ideals, assessments, actions;

art - artistic exploration of the world;

science - a system of knowledge about the patterns of existence and development of the world;

law - a set of norms supported by the state;

education is a purposeful process of education and training.

Spiritual sphere - this is the sphere of relations that arise in the production, transfer and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

If the material life of a person is connected with the satisfaction of specific daily needs (for food, clothing, drink, etc.). then the spiritual sphere of human life is aimed at meeting the needs for the development of consciousness, worldview, and various spiritual qualities.

spiritual needs unlike material ones, they are not biologically defined, but are formed and developed in the process of socialization of the individual.

Of course, a person is able to live without satisfying these needs, but then his life will not differ much from the life of animals. Spiritual needs are met in the process spiritual activity - cognitive, value, prognostic, etc. Such activities are aimed primarily at changing the individual and public consciousness. It manifests itself in art, religion, scientific creativity, education, self-education, upbringing, etc. At the same time, spiritual activity can be both producing and consuming.

spiritual production called the process of formation and development of consciousness, worldview, spiritual qualities. The products of this production are ideas, theories, artistic images, values, the spiritual world of the individual and spiritual relations between individuals. The main mechanisms of spiritual production are science, art and religion.

Spiritual consumption called the satisfaction of spiritual needs, the consumption of products of science, religion, art, for example, visiting a theater or a museum, obtaining new knowledge. The spiritual sphere of the life of society ensures the production, storage and dissemination of moral, aesthetic, scientific, legal and other values. She covers various forms and levels of social consciousness - moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, legal.

In each of the spheres of society, corresponding social institutions.

social institution– this is a group of people whose relations are built according to certain rules (family, army, etc.), and a set of rules for certain social subjects (for example, the institution of the presidency).

To maintain their own lives, people are forced to produce, distribute, exchange and consume (use) food, clothing, housing, etc. These benefits can be obtained by transforming environment using a variety of tools that also need to be created. Vital goods are created by people in the economic sphere through social institutions such as manufacturing enterprises(agricultural and industrial), trading enterprises (shops, markets), stock exchanges, banks, etc.

In the social sphere the most important social institution within which the reproduction of new generations of people is carried out, is the family. public production a person as a social being, in addition to the family, is carried out by such institutions as preschool and medical institutions, school and others educational establishments, sports and other organizations.

For many people, production and the presence of spiritual conditions of existence are no less important, and for some people even more important than material conditions. Spiritual production distinguishes people from other beings in this world. The state and nature of the development of spirituality determine the civilization of mankind. Main in the spiritual realm the institutions of education, science, religion, morality, law act. This also includes cultural and educational institutions, creative unions (writers, artists, etc.), the media and other organizations.

At the heart of the political sphere there are relations between people that allow them to participate in the management of social processes, to occupy a relatively safe position in the structure of social ties. Political relations- these are forms of collective life that are prescribed by the laws and other legal acts of the country, charters and instructions regarding independent communities, both outside the country and inside it, written and unwritten rules of various social groups. These relations are carried out through the resources of the corresponding political institution.

On a national scale, the main political institution is state. It consists of many of the following institutions: the president and his administration, government, parliament, court, prosecutor's office and other organizations that provide general order in the country. In addition to the state, there are many organizations civil society, in which people exercise their political rights, i.e., the right to manage social processes. Political institutions that seek to participate in the governance of the entire country are political parties and social movements. In addition to them, there may be organizations at the regional and local levels.

The sphere of social life is a certain set of stable relations between social subjects.

The spheres of public life are large, stable, relatively independent subsystems of human activity.

Each area includes:

Certain human activities (eg educational, political, religious);

Social institutions (such as family, school, parties, church);

Established relations between people (i.e. connections that have arisen in the course of people's activities, for example, relations of exchange and distribution in the economic sphere).

Traditionally, there are four main areas of public life:

Social (peoples, nations, classes, gender and age groups, etc.)

Economic (productive forces, production relations)

Political (state, parties, socio-political movements)

Spiritual (religion, morality, science, art, education).

It is important to understand that people are simultaneously in different relationships with each other, connected with someone, isolated from someone when solving their life issues. Therefore, the spheres of the life of society are not geometric spaces where different people live, but the relations of the same people in connection with various aspects of their lives.

Graphically, the spheres of public life are presented in fig. 1.2. The central place of man is symbolic - he is inscribed in all spheres of society.

The social sphere is the relationship that arises in the production of direct human life and man as a social being.

The concept of "social sphere" has different meanings, although they are related. In social philosophy and sociology, it is a sphere of social life that includes various social communities and the connections between them. In economics and political science, the social sphere is often understood as a set of industries, enterprises, organizations whose task is to improve the standard of living of the population; while the social sphere includes health care, social security, public services, etc. The social sphere in the second sense is not an independent sphere of social life, but an area at the intersection of the economic and political spheres, associated with the redistribution of state revenues in favor of those in need.

The social sphere includes various social communities and relations between them. A person, occupying a certain position in society, is inscribed in various communities: he can be a man, a worker, a father of a family, a city dweller, etc. Visually, the position of an individual in society can be shown in the form of a questionnaire (Fig. 1.3).

Using this conditional questionnaire as an example, one can briefly describe the social structure of society. Gender, age, marital status determine the demographic structure (with groups such as men, women, youth, pensioners, single, married, etc.). Nationality determines the ethnic structure. The place of residence determines the settlement structure (here there is a division into urban and rural residents, residents of Siberia or Italy, etc.). Profession and education constitute the actual professional and educational structures (doctors and economists, people with higher and secondary education, students and schoolchildren). Social origin (from workers, from employees, etc.) and social position (employee, peasant, nobleman, etc.) determine the class structure; this also includes castes, estates, classes, etc.

Economic sphere

The economic sphere is a set of relations between people that arise during the creation and movement of material goods.

The economic sphere is the area of production, exchange, distribution, consumption of goods and services. In order to produce something, people, tools, machines, materials, etc. are needed. - productive forces. In the process of production, and then exchange, distribution, consumption, people enter into a variety of relations with each other and with the product - relations of production.

Production relations and productive forces together constitute the economic sphere of society:

Productive forces - people (labor force), tools of labor, objects of labor;

Production relations - production, distribution, consumption, exchange.

Political sphere

The political sphere is one of the most important spheres of public life.

The political sphere is the relationship of people, connected primarily with power, which ensures joint security.

The Greek word politike (from polis - state, city), having appeared in the writings of ancient thinkers, was originally used to refer to the art of government. Having retained this meaning as one of the central ones, the modern term "politics" is now used to express social activities in the center of which are the problems of acquiring, using and retaining power.

The elements of the political sphere can be represented as follows:

Political organizations and institutions are social groups, revolutionary movements, parliamentarism, parties, citizenship, presidency, etc.;

Political norms - political, legal and moral norms, customs and traditions;

Political communications - relations, connections and forms of interaction between participants in the political process, as well as between the political system as a whole and society;

Political culture and ideology - political ideas, ideology, political culture, political psychology.

Needs and interests form certain political goals of social groups. On this target basis, political parties, social movements, powerful state institutions that carry out specific political activities arise. The interaction of large social groups with each other and with the institutions of power constitutes the communicative subsystem of the political sphere. This interaction is regulated by various norms, customs and traditions. Reflection and awareness of these relations form the cultural and ideological subsystem of the political sphere.

Spiritual sphere of society

The spiritual sphere is an area of ideal, non-material formations that include ideas, values of religion, art, morality, etc.

The structure of the spiritual sphere of society in the most general terms is as follows:

Religion is a form of worldview based on belief in supernatural forces;

Morality is a system of moral norms, ideals, assessments, actions;

Art is the artistic development of the world;

Science is a system of knowledge about the patterns of existence and development of the world;

Law is a set of norms supported by the state;

Education is a purposeful process of education and training.

The spiritual sphere is the sphere of relations that arise during the production, transfer and development of spiritual values (knowledge, beliefs, norms of behavior, artistic images, etc.).

Spiritual needs, unlike material ones, are not set biologically, but are formed and developed in the process of socialization of the individual.

Of course, a person is able to live without satisfying these needs, but then his life will not differ much from the life of animals. Spiritual needs are satisfied in the process of spiritual activity - cognitive, value, prognostic, etc. Such activity is aimed primarily at changing individual and social consciousness. It manifests itself in art, religion, scientific creativity, education, self-education, upbringing, etc. At the same time, spiritual activity can be both producing and consuming.

Spiritual production is the process of formation and development of consciousness, worldview, spiritual qualities. The product of this production are ideas, theories, artistic images, values, the spiritual world of the individual and spiritual relations between individuals. The main mechanisms of spiritual production are science, art and religion.

Spiritual consumption is the satisfaction of spiritual needs, the consumption of products of science, religion, art, for example, visiting a theater or a museum, obtaining new knowledge. The spiritual sphere of the life of society ensures the production, storage and dissemination of moral, aesthetic, scientific, legal and other values. It covers various forms and levels of social consciousness - moral, scientific, aesthetic, religious, legal.

Social institutions in the spheres of society

Appropriate social institutions are being formed in each of the spheres of society.

A social institution is a group of people whose relationships are built according to certain rules (family, army, etc.), and a set of rules for certain social subjects(for example, the institution of the presidency).

For supporting own life people are forced to produce, distribute, exchange and consume (use) food, clothing, housing, etc. These benefits can be obtained by transforming the environment using a variety of means that also need to be created. Vital goods are created by people in the economic sphere through such social institutions as manufacturing enterprises (agricultural and industrial), trading enterprises (shops, markets), stock exchanges, banks, etc.

In the social sphere, the most important social institution, within which the reproduction of new generations of people is carried out, is the family. The social production of a person as a social being, in addition to the family, is carried out by such institutions as preschool and medical institutions, schools and other educational institutions, sports and other organizations.

For many people, production and the presence of spiritual conditions of existence are no less important, and for some people even more important than material conditions. Spiritual production distinguishes people from other beings in this world. The state and nature of the development of spirituality determine the civilization of mankind. The main institutions in the spiritual sphere are the institutions of education, science, religion, morality, and law. This also includes cultural and educational institutions, creative unions (writers, artists, etc.), the media and other organizations.

The political sphere is based on relations between people that allow them to participate in the management of social processes, to occupy a relatively safe position in the structure social connections. Political relations are forms of collective life that are prescribed by the laws and other legal acts of the country, charters and instructions regarding independent communities, both outside the country and within it, written and unwritten rules of various social groups. These relations are carried out through the resources of the corresponding political institution.

On a national scale, the main political institution is the state. It consists of many of the following institutions: the president and his administration, government, parliament, court, prosecutor's office and other organizations that ensure the general order in the country. In addition to the state, there are many organizations civil society, in which people exercise their political rights, i.e., the right to manage social processes. Political institutions that seek to participate in the governance of the entire country are political parties and social movements. In addition to them, there may be organizations at the regional and local levels.

The relationship of spheres of public life

The spheres of public life are closely interconnected. In the history of the social sciences, there have been attempts to single out any sphere of life as determining in relation to others. So, in the Middle Ages, the idea of the special significance of religiosity as part of the spiritual sphere of society dominated. In modern times and the Age of Enlightenment, the role of morality and scientific knowledge was emphasized. A number of concepts assign the leading role to the state and law. Marxism affirms the decisive role of economic relations.

Within the framework of real social phenomena, elements of all spheres are combined. For example, the nature of economic relations can influence the structure of the social structure. A place in the social hierarchy forms certain political views, opens up appropriate access to education and other spiritual values. The economic relations themselves are determined by the legal system of the country, which is very often formed on the basis of the spiritual culture of the people, their traditions in the field of religion and morality. Thus, at various stages of historical development, the influence of any sphere may increase.

The complex nature of social systems is combined with their dynamism, i.e., mobile, changeable character.

Society - a special system of objective reality, specific, social form the motion of matter. The originality of this subsystem of being lies primarily in the fact that the history of society is made by people.

Structural analysis of society as a complex system is logical to begin with the identification of the largest difficult parts called subsystems. Such subsystems in society are the so-called spheres of social life, which are parts of society, the limits of which are determined by the influence of certain social relations.

Traditionally, social scientists distinguish the following main areas of society:

Economic sphere- a system of economic relations that arises and is reproduced in the process of material production. The basis of economic relations and the most important factor determining their specificity is the mode of production and distribution of material goods in society.

Social sphere- system social relations, i.e. relations between groups of people occupying different positions in the social structure of society. The study of the social sphere involves consideration of the horizontal and vertical differentiation of society, the allocation of large and small social groups, the study of their structures, the forms of implementation of social control in these groups, the analysis of the system of social ties, as well as social processes occurring at the intra- and intergroup level.

Political sphere(political and legal) - a system of political and legal relations, arising in society and reflecting the attitude of the state to its citizens and their groups, citizens to the existing state power, as well as the relationship between political groups (parties) and political mass movements. Thus, the political sphere of society reflects the relationship between people and social groups, the emergence of which is determined by the state.

spiritual realm(spiritual and moral) - a system of relations between people, reflecting the spiritual and moral life of society, represented by such subsystems as culture, science, religion, morality, ideology, art. The significance of the spiritual sphere is determined by its priority function as a system of values of society, which, in turn, reflects the level of development of social consciousness and its intellectual and moral potential. It should be noted that an unambiguous division of the spheres of society is possible only within the framework of its theoretical analysis, however, in real life, their close interconnection, interdependence and mutual intersection are characteristic (which is reflected in the names, for example, socio-economic relations). That is why the most important task of social science is to achieve the integrity of scientific understanding and explanation of the laws of functioning and development of the social system as a whole.

45. The social structure of society.

Modern philosophy considers society as a set various parts and elements that are closely related to each other, constantly interact, so society exists as a separate holistic organism, as a single system. The structure of society includes such elements associal groups and communities and social institutions and organizations.

The most important elements of the social structure of society are social groups and social communities. Acting as forms of social interaction, they represent a unity of people who are aimed at meeting their need for joint, solidary, coordinated actions. People are aware of the benefits and advantages of such associations, therefore, they more or less closely unite in groups and communities, usually achieving a significantly greater result than with individual actions. There are many such associations in every society.

In a broad sense social structure of society is a system of basic social spheres generally(economic, political, spiritual, etc.), in the narrow sense - the structure of a particular society, that is, specific social groups and their relationships.

Basic components of social structure: individual, commonality(group, class, stratum, etc. with common features- gender, return, property, education, profession, etc.), social institution(system of bodies, mechanisms and norms regulating public relations).

Traditional types social structures (differ in composition):

- ethnic(clan, tribe, nationality and nation): as societies develop, consanguineous unity is replaced by socio-territorial unity, supported by a common territory, economic life, culture, psychological makeup, language, national identity;

- demographic(population of the region, country, region, continent, planet): the most important demographic indicators - number, density, growth rate, age and sex structure, migration mobility of the population;

- settlement(types of settlements: rural and urban): these types differ in the way of life, living conditions, the nature of work, leisure, opportunities to satisfy spiritual needs. Now the urban part is growing at the expense of the rural;

- social class(classes differ by SIDS: M food in the production system, O relation to the means of production, R olyu in the organization of work, With allowance and amount of income);

- stratification(multidimensional system of population differentiation by classes, layers and groups): there are two types of mobility: horizontal (within the same stratum) and vertical (with a change in stratum, status);

- vocational education: The groups are divided according to the level of education and professions.