Years of life of all rulers. The main historical stages of the development of Russia

The first accession in Russia took place in 1547, Ivan the Terrible became the sovereign. Previously, the throne was occupied by the Grand Duke. Some Russian tsars could not hold on to power, they were replaced by other rulers. Russia was worried different periods: Time of Troubles, palace coups, assassinations of kings and emperors, revolutions, years of terror.

The pedigree of the Rurikovichs was cut short on Fedor Ioannovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible. For several decades, power passed to different monarchs. In 1613, the Romanovs ascended the throne, after the revolution of 1917 this dynasty was overthrown, and the first socialist state in the world was established in Russia. The emperors were replaced by leaders and general secretaries. At the end of the twentieth century, a course was taken to create a democratic society. The president of the country began to be elected by citizens by secret ballot.

John the Fourth (1533 - 1584)

Grand Duke, who became the first king of all Russia. Formally, he ascended the throne at the age of 3, when his father, Prince Vasily the Third, died. Officially took the royal title in 1547. The sovereign was known for his stern disposition, for which he received the nickname Terrible. Ivan the Fourth was a reformer, during his reign the Sudebnik of 1550 was compiled, zemstvo meetings began to be convened, changes were made in education, the army, and self-government.

The increase in the territory of Russia amounted to 100%. The Astrakhan and Kazan khanates were conquered, the development of Siberia, Bashkiria, and the Don region began. The last years of the kingdom were marked by failures during the Livonian War and the bloody years of the oprichnina, when most of the Russian aristocracy was destroyed.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

Middle son of Ivan the Terrible. According to one version, he became heir to the throne in 1581, when his older brother Ivan died at the hands of his father. He went down in history under the name of Theodore the Blessed. He became the last representative of the Moscow branch of the Rurik dynasty, since he left no heirs. Fyodor Ioannovich, unlike his father, was meek in character and kind.

During his reign, the Moscow Patriarchate was established. Several strategic cities were founded: Voronezh, Saratov, Stary Oskol. From 1590 to 1595, the Russian- swedish war. Russia returned part of the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Irina Godunova (1598 - 1598)

Wife of Tsar Fedor and sister of Boris Godunov. In marriage with her husband, they had only one daughter, who died in infancy. Therefore, after the death of her husband, Irina became the heir to the throne. She was listed as queen for a little over a month. Irina Fedorovna led an active social life during the life of her husband, even received European ambassadors. But a week after his death, she decided to take the veil as a nun and go to the Novodevichy Convent. After she was tonsured, she took the name Alexander. Irina Fedorovna was considered the queen until her brother Boris Fedorovich was approved as sovereign.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

Boris Godunov was the brother-in-law of Fyodor Ioannovich. Thanks to a happy accident, shown ingenuity and cunning, he became the king of Russia. His promotion began in 1570, when he went to the guardsmen. And in 1580 he was granted the title of boyar. It is generally accepted that Godunov led the state back in the time of Fyodor Ioannovich (he was not capable of this because of the gentleness of his character).

Godunov's board was aimed at the development of the Russian state. He began to actively approach Western countries. Doctors, cultural and statesmen came to Russia. Boris Godunov was known for his suspiciousness and repressions against the boyars. During his reign, there was a terrible famine. The sovereign even opened the royal barns to feed the hungry peasants. In 1605 he died unexpectedly.

Fyodor Godunov (1605 - 1605)

He was an educated young man. He is considered one of the first cartographers of Russia. The son of Boris Godunov, was elevated to the reign at the age of 16, became the last of the Godunovs on the throne. He reigned for just under two months, from April 13 to June 1, 1605. Fedor became king during the offensive of the troops of False Dmitry the First. But the governors, who led the suppression of the uprising, betrayed the Russian tsar and swore allegiance to False Dmitry. Fedor and his mother were killed in royal chambers, and their bodies are on display in Red Square. In the short period of the reign of the king, the Stone Order was approved - this is an analogue of the Ministry of Construction.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

This king came to power after a rebellion. He introduced himself as Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. He said that he miraculously escaped the son of Ivan the Terrible. Exist different versions about the origin of False Dmitry. Some historians say that this is a runaway monk, Grigory Otrepyev. Others claim that he really could be Tsarevich Dmitry, who was secretly taken to Poland.

During the year of his reign, he returned many repressed boyars from exile, changed the composition of the Duma, and banned bribery. On the part of foreign policy, he was going to start a war with the Turks for access to the Sea of ​​Azov. He opened the borders of Russia for the free movement of foreigners and compatriots. He was killed in May 1606 as a result of a conspiracy by Vasily Shuisky.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

Representative of the Shuisky princes from the Suzdal branch of the Rurikovich. The tsar was little popular among the people and depended on the boyars who elected him to rule. He tried to strengthen the army. A new military code was established. During the time of Shuisky, there were numerous uprisings. The rebel Bolotnikov was replaced by False Dmitry II (allegedly, False Dmitry I who escaped in 1606). Part of the regions of Russia swore allegiance to the self-proclaimed king. The country was also besieged by Polish troops. In 1610 the ruler was overthrown by the Polish-Lithuanian king. Until the end of his days he lived in captivity in Poland.

Vladislav the Fourth (1610 - 1613)

Son of the Polish-Lithuanian king Sigismund III. He was considered the sovereign of Russia in the Time of Troubles. In 1610 he took the oath of the Moscow boyars. According to the Smolensk Treaty, he was to take the throne after the adoption of Orthodoxy. But Vladislav did not change his religion and refused to change to Catholicism. He never came to Russia. In 1612, the government of the boyars was overthrown in Moscow, who invited Vladislav the Fourth to the throne. And then it was decided to make Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov tsar.

Mikhail Romanov (1613 - 1645)

The first sovereign of the Romanov dynasty. This clan belonged to the seven largest and oldest families of the Moscow boyars. Mikhail Fedorovich was only 16 years old when he was put on the throne. Informally, his father, Patriarch Filaret, led the country. Officially, he could not be crowned king, since he had already been tonsured a monk.

During the time of Mikhail Fedorovich, normal trade and economy, which had been undermined by the Time of Troubles, was restored. An "eternal peace" was concluded with Sweden and the Commonwealth. The tsar ordered an exact inventory of the manorial lands in order to establish a real tax. Regiments of the "new system" were created.

Alexei Mikhailovich (1645 - 1676)

In the history of Russia he was nicknamed the Quietest. The second representative of the Romanov tree. During his reign, the Cathedral Code was established, a census of draft houses was carried out and the male population was censused. Alexei Mikhailovich finally attached the peasants to their place of residence. New institutions were founded: the orders of Secret Affairs, Accounting, Reitar and Grain Affairs. During the time of Alexei Mikhailovich, a church schism began, after the innovations, the Old Believers appeared, who did not accept the new rules.

In 1654, Russia was united with Ukraine, and the colonization of Siberia continued. By order of the king, copper money was issued. An unsuccessful attempt at a high duty on salt was also introduced, which caused salt riots.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

Son of Alexei Mikhailovich and first wife Maria Miloslavskaya. He was very painful, like all the children of Tsar Alexei from his first wife. He suffered from scurvy and other diseases. Fedor was declared heir after the death of his older brother Alexei. He ascended the throne at the age of fifteen. Fedor was very educated. During his short reign, a complete census of the population was carried out. A direct tax was introduced. Localism was destroyed and digit books were burned. This ruled out the possibility of the boyars to occupy commanding positions on the basis of the merits of their ancestors.

There was a war with the Turks and the Crimean Khanate in 1676-1681. Left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv were recognized by Russia. Repressions against the Old Believers continued. Fedor left no heirs, died at the age of twenty, presumably from scurvy.

John the Fifth (1682 - 1696)

After the death of Fyodor Alekseevich, a twofold situation arose. He left two brothers, but John was in poor health and mind, and Peter (the son of Alexei Mikhailovich from his second wife) was small in age. The boyars decided to put both brothers in power, and their sister Sofya Alekseevna became their regent. He has never been involved in public affairs. All power was concentrated in the hands of the sister and the Naryshkin family. The princess continued her struggle with the Old Believers. Russia concluded a profitable "eternal peace" with Poland and an unfavorable treaty with China. She was overthrown in 1696 by Peter the Great and tonsured a nun.

Peter the Great (1682 - 1725)

The first emperor of Russia, known as Peter the Great. He ascended the Russian throne together with his brother Ivan at the age of ten. Before 1696 rules together with him under the regency of Sister Sophia. Peter traveled to Europe, learned new crafts and shipbuilding. Turned Russia towards Western European countries. This is one of the most significant reformers in the country.

His main bills include: the reform of local self-government and central government, the creation of the Senate and Collegia, the Synod and the General Regulations were organized. Peter ordered to re-equip the army, introduced a regular set of recruits, created a strong fleet. The mining, textile and processing industries began to develop, monetary and educational reforms were carried out.

Under Peter, wars were fought to seize access to the sea: the Azov campaigns, the victorious Northern War, which gave access to the Baltic Sea. Russia expanded to the East and towards the Caspian Sea.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

The second wife of Peter the Great. Took the throne, because the last will of the emperor remained unclear. In the two years of the reign of the empress, all power was concentrated in the hands of Menshikov and the Privy Council. During the time of Catherine the Great, the Supreme Privy Council was created, the role of the Senate was reduced to a minimum. Long wars during the time of Peter the Great affected the country's finances. Bread became more expensive, famine began in Russia, and the empress lowered the poll tax. None major wars not carried out in the country. The time of Catherine the Great became famous for the fact that Bering's expedition to the Far North was organized.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Grandson of Peter the Great, son of his eldest son Alexei (who was executed at the behest of his father). He took the throne at only 11 years old, the real power was in the hands of the Menshikovs, and then the Dolgorukov family. Due to his age, he did not have time to show any interest in state affairs.

The traditions of the boyars and outdated orders began to revive. The army and navy fell into decay. There was an attempt to restore the patriarchate. As a result, the influence of the Privy Council increased, the members of which invited Anna Ioannovna to reign. During the time of Peter the Great, the capital was moved to Moscow. The emperor died at the age of 14 from smallpox.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The fourth daughter of Tsar John the Fifth. She was sent by Peter the Great to Courland and married to a duke, but was widowed after a couple of months. After the death of Peter II, she was invited to reign, but her powers were limited to the nobles. However, the Empress restored absolutism. The period of her reign went down in history under the name "Bironism", by the name of Biron's favorite.

Under Anna Ioannovna, the Office of Secret Investigation Affairs was established, which carried out reprisals against the nobles. The fleet was reformed and the construction of ships, which had been slowed down in recent decades, was restored. The Empress restored the powers of the Senate. In foreign policy, the tradition of Peter the Great was continued. As a result of the wars, Russia received Azov (but without the right to maintain a fleet in it) and part of the right-bank Ukraine, Kabarda in the North Caucasus.

John the Sixth (1740 - 1741)

Great-grandson of John the Fifth, son of his daughter Anna Leopoldovna. Anna Ioannovna had no children, but she wanted to leave the throne to her father's descendants. Therefore, before her death, she appointed her great-nephew as her successor, and in the event of his death, the subsequent children of Anna Leopoldovna.

The emperor ascended the throne at the age of two months. His first regent was Biron, a couple of months later there was a palace coup, Biron was sent into exile, and John's mother became regent. But she was delusional, incapable of ruling. Her favorites - Minich, and later Osterman, were overthrown during a new coup, and the little prince was arrested. The emperor spent his entire life in captivity, in the Shlisselburg fortress. They tried to free him many times. One of these attempts ended in the assassination of John the Sixth.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1762)

Daughter of Peter the Great and Catherine the First. She ascended the throne as a result of a palace coup. She continued the policy of Peter the Great, finally restored the role of the Senate and many Colleges, and abolished the Cabinet of Ministers. Conducted a population census and implemented new taxation reforms. On the cultural side, her reign went down in history as the Age of Enlightenment. In the 18th century, the first university, the Academy of Arts, and the Imperial Theater were opened.

In foreign policy, she adhered to the precepts of Peter the Great. During the years of her power, the victorious Russo-Swedish War and the Seven Years' War against Prussia, England and Portugal took place. Immediately after the victory of Russia, the empress died, leaving no heirs behind. And Emperor Peter the Third gave all the territories received back to the Prussian King Frederick.

Peter the Third (1762 - 1762)

Grandson of Peter the Great, son of his daughter Anna Petrovna. He reigned for only six months, then, as a result of a palace coup, he was overthrown by his wife Catherine II, and a little later he lost his life. At first, historians assessed the period of his reign as negative for the history of Russia. But then they appreciated a number of the emperor's merits.

Peter abolished the Secret Chancellery, began the secularization (confiscation) of church lands, and stopped persecuting the Old Believers. Adopted the Manifesto on the Liberty of the Nobility. Among the negative aspects is the complete annulment of the results of the Seven Years' War and the return to Prussia of all the recaptured territories. He died almost immediately after the coup due to unexplained circumstances.

Catherine II (1762 - 1796)

The wife of Peter the Third, came to power as a result of a palace coup, overthrowing her husband. Her era went down in history as a period of maximum enslavement of the peasants and extensive privileges for the nobles. So Catherine tried to thank the nobles for the power she had received and strengthen her forces.

The period of government went down in history as "the policy of enlightened absolutism." Under Catherine, the Senate was reorganized, the provincial reform passed, and the Legislative Commission was convened. The secularization of land near the church was completed. Catherine II carried out reforms in almost every area. Police, city, judicial, educational, monetary, customs reforms were carried out. Russia continued to expand its borders. As a result of the wars, Crimea, the Black Sea region were annexed, Western Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania. Despite significant successes, the era of Catherine is known as a period of flourishing corruption and favoritism.

Paul the First (1796 - 1801)

Son of Catherine II and Peter III. Relations between the Empress and her son were strained. Catherine saw her grandson Alexander on the Russian throne. But before her death, the will disappeared, so the power passed to Paul. The sovereign issued a law on succession to the throne and stopped the opportunity for women to rule the country. The eldest male representative became the ruler. The positions of the nobles were weakened and the position of the peasants was improved (a law on a three-day corvee was adopted, the poll tax was abolished, and the separate sale of family members was prohibited). Administrative and military reforms were carried out. Drilling and censorship intensified.

Under Paul, Russia joined the anti-French coalition, and troops led by Suvorov liberated northern Italy from the French. Paul also prepared a campaign against India. He was killed in 1801 during a palace coup organized by his son Alexander.

Alexander the First (1801 - 1825)

Eldest son of Paul I. He went down in history as Alexander the Blessed. Carried out moderate-liberal reforms, Speransky and members of the secret committee. The reforms were in an attempt to weaken serfdom(decree on free cultivators), the replacement of Petrine collegiums by ministries. A military reform was carried out, according to which military settlements were formed. They contributed to the maintenance of a standing army.

In foreign policy, Alexander maneuvered between England and France, moving closer to one or the other country. Part of Georgia, Finland, Bessarabia, part of Poland joined Russia. Alexander won the Patriotic War of 1812 with Napoleon. He died unexpectedly in 1825, which gave rise to rumors that the king had gone into a hermitage.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

Third son of Emperor Paul. He rose to reign, since Alexander the First left no heirs, and the second brother Constantine renounced the throne. The first days of his accession began with the Decembrist uprising, which the emperor suppressed. The emperor tightened the state of the country, his policy was aimed against the reforms and indulgences of Alexander the First. Nicholas was severe, for which he was nicknamed Palkin (punishment with sticks was the most common in his time).

During the time of Nicholas, the Secret Police was created, tracking future revolutionaries, the laws of the Russian Empire were codified, the monetary reform of Kankrin and the reform of state peasants were carried out. Russia participated in wars with Turkey and Persia. At the end of the reign of Nicholas, the difficult Crimean War took place, but the emperor died before he lived to see its end.

Alexander II (1855 - 1881)

The eldest son of Nicholas, went down in history as a great reformer who ruled in the 19th century. In history, Alexander II was called the Liberator. The emperor had to end the bloody Crimean War, as a result, Russia signed an agreement that infringes on its interests. The great reforms of the emperor include: the abolition of serfdom, the modernization financial system, liquidation of military settlements, reforms of secondary and higher education, judicial and zemstvo reforms, improvement of local self-government and military reform, during which recruitment was abandoned and universal military service was introduced.

In foreign policy, he adhered to the course of Catherine II. Victories were won in the Caucasian and Russian-Turkish wars. Despite the great reforms, the growth of public discontent continued. The emperor died as a result of a successful terrorist attack.

Alexander the Third (1881 - 1894)

During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war, for which Alexander III was named Emperor the Peacemaker. He adhered to conservative views and carried out a number of counter-reforms, unlike his father. Alexander the Third adopted the Manifesto on the inviolability of autocracy, increased administrative pressure, and destroyed university self-government.

During his reign, the law "On Cook's Children" was adopted. It limited the possibility of education for children from the lower strata. The situation of the liberated peasants improved. The Peasants' Bank was opened, redemption payments were lowered, and the poll tax was abolished. The emperor's foreign policy was characterized by openness and peacefulness.

Nicholas II (1894 - 1917)

The last emperor of Russia and the representative of the Romanov dynasty on the throne. His reign was characterized by rapid economic development and the growth of the revolutionary movement. Nicholas II decided to go to war with Japan (1904-1905), which was lost. This increased public discontent and led to the revolution (1905-1907). As a result, Nicholas II signed a decree on the creation of a Duma. Russia became a constitutional monarchy.

By order of Nicholas, at the beginning of the 20th century, an agrarian reform (Stolypin's project), a monetary reform (Witte's project) were carried out, and the army was modernized. In 1914, Russia was drawn into the First World War. Which led to the strengthening of the revolutionary movement and the discontent of the people. In February 1917, a revolution took place, and Nicholas was forced to abdicate. He was shot along with his family and courtiers in 1918. The imperial family is canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church.

Georgy Lvov (1917 - 1917)

Russian politician, held power from March to July 1917. He was the head of the Provisional Government, bore the title of prince, descended from distant branches of the Rurikovich. He was appointed by Nicholas II after signing the abdication. He was a member of the first State Duma. He worked as the head of the Moscow City Duma. During the First World War, he created an alliance to help the wounded and was engaged in the delivery of food and medicine to hospitals. After the failure in the June offensive at the front and the July uprising of the Bolsheviks, Georgy Evgenievich Lvov voluntarily resigned.

Alexander Kerensky (1917 - 1917)

He was the head of the Provisional Government from July to October 1917, until the October socialist revolution. He was a lawyer by education, was a member of the Fourth State Duma, a member of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party. Alexander was Minister of Justice and Minister of War of the Provisional Government until July. Then he became chairman of the government, retaining the post of military and naval minister. He was overthrown during the October Revolution and fled from Russia. He lived all his life in exile, died in 1970.

Vladimir Lenin (1917 - 1924)

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov is a major Russian revolutionary. Leader of the Bolshevik Party, theorist of Marxism. During the October Revolution, the Bolshevik Party came to power. Vladimir Lenin became the leader of the country and the creator of the first socialist state in the history of the world.

During the reign of Lenin, World War I ended in 1918. Russia signed a humiliating peace and lost part of the territories of the southern regions (later they again became part of the country). Important decrees on peace, land and power were signed. Until 1922, the Civil War continued, in which the Bolshevik army won. A labor reform was passed, a clear working day was established, mandatory days off and holidays. All workers were entitled to a pension. Everyone has the right to free education and health care. The capital was moved to Moscow. The USSR was created.

Along with many social reforms, religion was persecuted. Almost all churches and monasteries were closed, property was liquidated or plundered. Mass terror and executions continued, an unbearable surplus appraisal (a tax in grain and products paid by the peasants), an exodus of the intelligentsia and the cultural elite was introduced. He died in 1924, in recent years he was ill and practically cannot lead the country. This is the only person whose body is still embalmed in Red Square.

Joseph Stalin (1924 - 1953)

In the course of numerous intrigues, Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili became the leader of the country. Soviet revolutionary, supporter of Marxism. The timing of his reign is still considered ambiguous. Stalin directed the development of the country towards mass industrialization and collectivization. Formed a super-centralized administrative-command system. His rule became an example of a rigid autocracy.

Heavy industry was actively developing in the country, there was an increase in the construction of factories, reservoirs, canals and other large-scale projects. But often the work was done by prisoners. The time of Stalin was remembered for mass terror, conspiracies against many intellectuals, executions, deportation of peoples, violation of fundamental human rights. The personality cult of Stalin and Lenin flourished.

Stalin was the supreme commander during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Soviet army won a victory in the USSR and reached Berlin, an act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. Stalin died in 1953.

Nikita Khrushchev (1953 - 1962)

Khrushchev's rule is called the "thaw". During his leadership, many political "criminals" were released or commuted, and ideological censorship was reduced. The USSR actively explored space, and for the first time under Nikita Sergeevich, our cosmonauts flew into outer space. The construction of residential buildings developed at an active pace to provide young families with apartments.

Khrushchev's policy was aimed at combating personal farming. He forbade collective farmers to keep personal livestock. The corn campaign was actively carried out - an attempt to make corn the main crop. Virgin lands were massively developed. Khrushchev's reign was remembered for the Novocherkassk execution of workers, the Caribbean crisis, the beginning of the Cold War, and the construction of the Berlin Wall. Khrushchev was removed from the post of First Secretary as a result of a conspiracy.

Leonid Brezhnev (1962 - 1982)

The period of Brezhnev's rule in history was called the "era of stagnation". Nevertheless, in 2013 he was recognized as the best leader of the USSR. Heavy industry continued to develop in the country, and the light sector grew at a minimal pace. In 1972, the anti-alcohol campaign passed, and the volume of alcohol production decreased, but the shadow sector of the distribution of the surrogate increased.

Under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev, the Afghan war, in 1979. The international policy of the Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU was aimed at defusing world tension in connection with the Cold War. France signed a joint non-proliferation statement nuclear weapons. In 1980, the Summer Olympics were held in Moscow.

Yuri Andropov (1982 - 1984)

Andropov was the chairman of the KGB from 1967 to 1982, which could not but be reflected in the short period of his rule. The role of the KGB was strengthened. Special subdivisions were created to supervise enterprises and organizations of the USSR. A large-scale campaign was held to strengthen labor discipline at factories. Yuri Andropov began a general purge of the party apparatus. There were high-profile trials on corruption issues. Planned to begin the modernization of the political apparatus and a series of economic reforms. Andropov died in 1984 as a result of kidney failure due to gout.

Konstantin Chernenko (1984 - 1985)

Chernenko got into the leadership of the state at the age of 72, already having serious health problems. And was considered just an intermediate figure. He was in power for a little less than a year. Historians disagree on the role of Konstantin Chernenko. Some believe that he hindered Andropov's undertakings by hiding corruption cases. Others believe that Chernenko was a successor to the policy of his predecessor. Konstantin Ustinovich died of cardiac arrest in March 1985.

Mikhail Gorbachev (1985 - 1991)

He became the last general secretary of the party and the last leader of the USSR. Gorbachev's role in the life of the country is considered ambiguous. He has received many awards, the most prestigious being the Nobel Peace Prize. Under him, cardinal reforms were carried out and the policy of the state was changed. Gorbachev outlined a course for "perestroika" - the introduction of market relations, the democratic development of the country, publicity and freedom of speech. All this led the unprepared country to a deep crisis. Under Mikhail Sergeyevich, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan, and the Cold War ended. The USSR and the Warsaw bloc collapsed.

Table of the reign of Russian tsars

A table representing all the rulers of Russia in chronological order. Next to the name of each king, emperor and head of state is the time of his reign. The scheme gives an idea of ​​the sequence of monarchs.

Ruler's name	Time period of government
John the Fourth	1533 – 1584
Fedor Ioannovich	1584 – 1598
Irina Fedorovna	1598 – 1598
Boris Godunov	1598 – 1605
Fyodor Godunov	1605 – 1605
False Dmitry	1605 – 1606
Vasily Shuisky	1606 – 1610
Vladislav the Fourth	1610 – 1613
Mikhail Romanov	1613 – 1645
Alexey Mikhailovich	1645 – 1676
Fedor Alekseevich	1676 – 1682
John the Fifth	1682 – 1696
Peter the First	1682 – 1725
Catherine the First	1725 – 1727
Peter II	1727 – 1730
Anna Ioannovna	1730 – 1740
John the Sixth	1740 – 1741
Elizaveta Petrovna	1741 – 1762
Peter the Third	1762 -1762
Catherine II	1762 – 1796
Pavel the First	1796 – 1801
Alexander the First	1801 – 1825
Nicholas the First	1825 – 1855
Alexander II	1855 – 1881
Alexander the Third	1881 – 1894
Nicholas II	1894 – 1917
Georgy Lvov	1917 – 1917
Alexander Kerensky	1917 – 1917
Vladimir Lenin	1917 – 1924
Joseph Stalin	1924 – 1953
Nikita Khrushchev	1953 – 1962
Leonid Brezhnev	1962 – 1982
Yuri Andropov	1982 – 1984
Konstantin Chernenko	1984 – 1985
Mikhail Gorbachev	1985 — 1991

Nicholas II (1894 - 1917) Due to the stampede that occurred during his coronation, many people died. So the name "Bloody" was attached to the kindest philanthropist Nikolai. In 1898, Nicholas II, taking care of world peace, issued a manifesto in which he called on all countries of the world to completely disarm. After that, a special commission met in The Hague to develop a number of measures that could further prevent bloody clashes between countries and peoples. But the peace-loving emperor had to fight. First, in the First World War, then the Bolshevik coup broke out, as a result of which the monarch was overthrown, and then shot with his family in Yekaterinburg. The Orthodox Church canonized Nicholas Romanov and his entire family as saints.

Rurik (862-879)

Prince of Novgorod, nicknamed the Varangian, as he was called to reign by the Novgorodians because of the Varangian Sea. is the founder of the Rurik dynasty. He was married to a woman named Efanda, with whom he had a son named Igor. He also raised his daughter and stepson Askold. After his two brothers died, he became the sole ruler of the country. He gave all the surrounding villages and settlements to the management of his close associates, where they had the right to independently create a court. Around this time, Askold and Dir, two brothers who were in no way related to Rurik by family ties, occupied the city of Kyiv and began to rule the glades.

Oleg (879 - 912)

Kyiv prince, nicknamed the Prophet. Being a relative of Prince Rurik, he was the guardian of his son Igor. According to legend, he died, stung in the leg by a snake. Prince Oleg became famous for his intelligence and military prowess. With a huge army for those times, the prince went along the Dnieper. On the way, he conquered Smolensk, then Lyubech, and then took Kyiv, making it the capital. Askold and Dir were killed, and Oleg showed the glades the little son of Rurik - Igor as their prince. He went on a military campaign to Greece and provided the Russians with a brilliant victory preferential rights free trade in Constantinople.

Igor (912 - 945)

Following the example of Prince Oleg, Igor Rurikovich conquered all the neighboring tribes and forced them to pay tribute, successfully repulsed the Pecheneg raids and also undertook a campaign in Greece, which, however, was not as successful as the campaign of Prince Oleg. As a result, Igor was killed by the neighboring subjugated tribes of the Drevlyans for his irrepressible greed in extortions.

Olga (945 - 957)

Olga was the wife of Prince Igor. She, according to the customs of that time, very cruelly took revenge on the Drevlyans for the murder of her husband, and also conquered the main city of the Drevlyans - Korosten. Olga was distinguished by very good ability to rule, as well as a brilliant, sharp mind. Already at the end of her life, she accepted Christianity in Constantinople, for which she was later canonized as a saint and named Equal-to-the-Apostles.

Svyatoslav Igorevich (after 964 - spring 972)

The son of Prince Igor and Princess Olga, who, after the death of her husband, took the reins of government into her own hands, while her son grew up, learning the wisdom of the art of war. In 967, he managed to defeat the army of the Bulgarian king, which greatly alarmed the emperor of Byzantium, John, who, in collusion with the Pechenegs, persuaded them to attack Kyiv. In 970, together with the Bulgarians and Hungarians, after the death of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav went on a campaign against Byzantium. The forces were not equal, and Svyatoslav was forced to sign a peace treaty with the empire. After his return to Kyiv, he was brutally killed by the Pechenegs, and then the skull of Svyatoslav was decorated with gold and made from it a bowl for pies.

Yaropolk Svyatoslavovich (972 - 978 or 980)

After the death of his father, Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich, he made an attempt to unite Russia under his rule, defeating his brothers: Oleg Drevlyansky and Vladimir Novgorodsky, forcing them to leave the country, and then annexed their lands to the Kyiv principality. He managed to conclude a new agreement with the Byzantine Empire, and also to attract the horde of the Pecheneg Khan Ildea to his service. Tried to establish diplomatic relations with Rome. Under him, as the Joachim manuscript testifies, Christians were given a lot of freedom in Russia, which caused displeasure of the pagans. Vladimir Novgorodsky immediately took advantage of this displeasure and, having agreed with the Varangians, recaptured Novgorod, then Polotsk, and then laid siege to Kyiv. Yaropolk was forced to flee to Roden. He tried to make peace with his brother, for which he went to Kyiv, where he was a Varangian. Chronicles characterize this prince as a peace-loving and meek ruler.

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (978 or 980 - 1015)

Vladimir was the youngest son of Prince Svyatoslav. He was Prince of Novgorod since 968. Became Prince of Kyiv in 980. He was distinguished by a very warlike disposition, which allowed him to conquer the Radimichi, Vyatichi and Yotvingians. Vladimir also waged wars with the Pechenegs, with the Volga Bulgaria, with the Byzantine Empire and Poland. It was during the reign of Prince Vladimir in Russia that defensive structures were built at the borders of the rivers: Desna, Trubezh, Sturgeon, Sula and others. Vladimir also did not forget about his capital city. It was under him that Kyiv was rebuilt with stone buildings. But Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became famous and remained in history due to the fact that in 988 - 989. made Christianity the state religion Kievan Rus which immediately strengthened the country's prestige in the international arena. Under him, the state of Kievan Rus entered the period of its greatest prosperity. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became an epic character, in which he is referred to only as "Vladimir the Red Sun." Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, named Prince Equal to the Apostles.

Svyatopolk Vladimirovich (1015 - 1019)

Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, during his lifetime, divided his lands between his sons: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Yaroslav, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris and Gleb. After Prince Vladimir died, Svyatopolk Vladimirovich occupied Kyiv and decided to get rid of his rival brothers. He gave the order to kill Gleb, Boris and Svyatoslav. However, this did not help him establish himself on the throne. Soon, Prince Yaroslav of Novgorod expelled him from Kyiv. Then Svyatopolk turned for help to his father-in-law, King Boleslav of Poland. With the support of the Polish king, Svyatopolk again took possession of Kyiv, but soon circumstances developed in such a way that he was again forced to flee the capital. On the way, Prince Svyatopolk committed suicide. This prince was popularly nicknamed the Accursed because he took the life of his brothers.

Yaroslav Vladimirovich the Wise (1019 - 1054)

Yaroslav Vladimirovich, after the death of Mstislav Tmutarakansky and after the expulsion of the Holy Regiment, became the sole ruler of the Russian land. Yaroslav was distinguished by a sharp mind, for which, in fact, he received his nickname - the Wise. He tried to take care of the needs of his people, built the cities of Yaroslavl and Yuryev. He also built churches (St. Sophia in Kyiv and Novgorod), realizing the importance of spreading and establishing a new faith. It was he who published the first code of laws in Russia called "Russian Truth". He divided the allotments of the Russian land between his sons: Izyaslav, Svyatoslav, Vsevolod, Igor and Vyacheslav, bequeathing them to live in peace with each other.

Izyaslav Yaroslavich the First (1054 - 1078)

Izyaslav was the eldest son of Yaroslav the Wise. After the death of his father, the throne of Kievan Rus passed to him. But after his campaign against the Polovtsy, which ended in failure, he was driven out by the people of Kiev themselves. Then his brother Svyatoslav became the Grand Duke. Only after the death of Svyatoslav, Izyaslav again returned to the capital city of Kyiv. Vsevolod the First (1078 - 1093) It is possible that Prince Vsevolod could well have been a useful ruler, thanks to his peaceful disposition, piety and truthfulness. Being himself an educated person, knowing five languages, he actively contributed to education in his principality. But, alas. Constant, incessant raids of the Polovtsy, pestilence, famine did not favor the rule of this prince. He held onto the throne thanks to the efforts of his son Vladimir, who would later be called Monomakh.

Svyatopolk II (1093 - 1113)

Svyatopolk was the son of Izyaslav the First. It was he who inherited the throne of Kyiv after Vsevolod the First. This prince was distinguished by a rare spinelessness, which is why he failed to calm the internecine friction between the princes for power in the cities. In 1097, a congress of princes took place in the city of Lubicz, at which each ruler, kissing the cross, pledged to own only his father's land. But this shaky peace treaty was not allowed to materialize. Prince Davyd Igorevich blinded Prince Vasilko. Then the princes, at a new congress (1100), deprived Prince Davyd of the right to own Volhynia. Then, in 1103, the princes unanimously accepted Vladimir Monomakh's proposal for a joint campaign against the Polovtsy, which was done. The campaign ended with the victory of the Russians in 1111.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113 - 1125)

Regardless of the right of seniority of the Svyatoslavichs, when Prince Svyatopolk II died, Vladimir Monomakh was elected Prince of Kyiv, who wanted the unification of the Russian land. Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh was brave, indefatigable, and distinguished himself favorably from the rest with his remarkable mental faculties. He managed to humble the princes with meekness, and he fought successfully with the Polovtsians. Vladimir Monoma is a vivid example of the prince's service not to his personal ambitions, but to his people, which he bequeathed to his children.

Mstislav the First (1125 - 1132)

The son of Vladimir Monomakh, Mstislav the First, was very much like his legendary father, demonstrating the same remarkable qualities of a ruler. All the recalcitrant princes showed him respect, fearing to anger the Grand Duke and share the fate of the Polovtsian princes, whom Mstislav expelled to Greece for disobedience, and sent his son to reign in their place.

Yaropolk (1132 - 1139)

Yaropolk was the son of Vladimir Monomakh and, accordingly, the brother of Mstislav the First. During his reign, he came up with the idea to transfer the throne not to his brother Vyacheslav, but to his nephew, which caused confusion in the country. It was because of these strife that the Monomakhovichi lost the throne of Kyiv, which was occupied by the descendants of Oleg Svyatoslavovich, that is, the Olegovichi.

Vsevolod II (1139 - 1146)

Having become the Grand Duke, Vsevolod II desired to secure the throne of Kyiv for his family. For this reason, he handed over the throne to Igor Olegovich, his brother. But Igor was not accepted by the people as a prince. He was forced to take the veil as a monk, but even the monastic attire did not protect him from the wrath of the people. Igor was killed.

Izyaslav II (1146 - 1154)

Izyaslav II fell in love with the people of Kiev to a greater extent because with his mind, temper, affability and courage he very much reminded them of Vladimir Monomakh, the grandfather of Izyaslav II. After Izyaslav ascended the throne of Kyiv, the concept of seniority, adopted for centuries, was violated in Russia, that is, for example, while his uncle was alive, his nephew could not be a Grand Duke. Between Izyaslav II and Rostov prince Yuri Vladimirovich began a stubborn struggle. Izyaslav was twice expelled from Kyiv in his life, but this prince still managed to retain the throne until his death.

Yuri Dolgoruky (1154 - 1157)

It was the death of Izyaslav II that paved the way to the throne of Kyiv Yuri, whom the people later called Dolgoruky. Yuri became the Grand Duke, but he did not have a chance to reign for long, only three years later, after which he died.

Mstislav II (1157 - 1169)

After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky between the princes, as usual, internecine strife for the throne of Kyiv began, as a result of which Mstislav II Izyaslavovich became the Grand Duke. Mstislav was expelled from the throne of Kyiv by Prince Andrei Yurievich, nicknamed Bogolyubsky. Before the expulsion of Prince Mstislav, Bogolyubsky literally ruined Kyiv.

Andrei Bogolyubsky (1169 - 1174)

The first thing that Andrei Bogolyubsky did, becoming the Grand Duke, was to transfer the capital from Kyiv to Vladimir. He ruled Russia autocratically, without squads and vecha, pursued all those dissatisfied with this state of affairs, but, in the end, he was killed by them as a result of a conspiracy.

Vsevolod III (1176 - 1212)

The death of Andrei Bogolyubsky caused strife between the ancient cities (Suzdal, Rostov) and new ones (Pereslavl, Vladimir). As a result of these confrontations, Andrei Bogolyubsky's brother Vsevolod the Third, nicknamed Big Nest. Despite the fact that this prince did not rule and did not live in Kyiv, nevertheless, he was called the Grand Duke and was the first to make him swear allegiance not only to himself, but also to his children.

Constantine the First (1212 - 1219)

The title of Grand Duke Vsevolod the Third, contrary to expectations, was transferred not to his eldest son Konstantin, but to Yuri, as a result of which strife arose. The decision of the father to approve the Grand Duke Yuri was also supported by the third son of Vsevolod the Big Nest - Yaroslav. And Konstantin in his claims to the throne was supported by Mstislav Udaloy. Together they won the Battle of Lipetsk (1216) and Konstantin nevertheless became the Grand Duke. Only after his death, the throne passed to Yuri.

Yuri II (1219 - 1238)

Yuri successfully fought with the Volga Bulgarians and Mordovians. On the Volga, on the very border of Russian possessions, Prince Yuri built Nizhny Novgorod. It was during his reign that the Mongol-Tatars appeared in Russia, who in 1224 in the Battle of Kalka first defeated the Polovtsy, and then the troops of the Russian princes who came to support the Polovtsy. After this battle, the Mongols left, but thirteen years later they returned under the leadership of Batu Khan. The hordes of the Mongols ravaged the Suzdal and Ryazan principalities, and also, in the battle of the City, they defeated the army of the Grand Duke Yuri II. In this battle, Yuri died. Two years after his death, the hordes of the Mongols plundered the south of Russia and Kyiv, after which all the Russian princes were forced to admit that from now on they all and their lands were under the rule of the Tatar yoke. The Mongols on the Volga made the city of Saray the capital of the horde.

Yaroslav II (1238 - 1252)

The Khan of the Golden Horde appointed Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich of Novgorod as Grand Duke. This prince during his reign was engaged in restoring Russia devastated by the Mongol army.

Alexander Nevsky (1252 - 1263)

Being at first the Prince of Novgorod, Alexander Yaroslavovich defeated the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240, for which, in fact, he was named Nevsky. Then, two years later, he defeated the Germans in the famous Battle of the Ice. Among other things, Alexander fought very successfully with the Chud and Lithuania. From the Horde, he received a label for the Great reign and became a great intercessor for the entire Russian people, since he traveled four times to Golden Horde with rich gifts and bows. was later canonized as a saint.

Yaroslav III (1264 - 1272)

After Alexander Nevsky died, two of his brothers began to fight for the title of Grand Duke: Vasily and Yaroslav, but the Khan of the Golden Horde decided to give the label to reign to Yaroslav. Nevertheless, Yaroslav failed to get along with the Novgorodians, he treacherously called on even the Tatars against his own people. The Metropolitan reconciled Prince Yaroslav III with the people, after which the prince again swore an oath on the cross to rule honestly and fairly.

Basil the First (1272 - 1276)

Vasily the First was the prince of Kostroma, but he claimed the throne of Novgorod, where the son of Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry, reigned. And soon Vasily the First achieved his goal, thereby strengthening his principality, previously weakened by division into destinies.

Dmitry the First (1276 - 1294)

The entire reign of Dmitry the First proceeded in a continuous struggle for the rights of the great reign with his brother Andrei Alexandrovich. Andrei Alexandrovich was supported by the Tatar regiments, from which Dmitry managed to escape three times. After his third escape, Dmitry nevertheless decided to ask Andrei for peace and, thus, received the right to reign in Pereslavl.

Andrew II (1294 - 1304)

Andrei II pursued a policy of expanding his principality through the armed seizure of other principalities. In particular, he claimed the principality in Pereslavl, which caused civil strife with Tver and Moscow, which, even after the death of Andrei II, were not stopped.

Saint Michael (1304 - 1319)

Prince Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tver, having paid a large tribute to the khan, received from the Horde a label for a great reign, while bypassing the Moscow prince Yuri Danilovich. But then, while Mikhail was at war with Novgorod, Yuri, conspiring with the Horde ambassador Kavgady, slandered Mikhail before the khan. As a result, the khan summoned Michael to the Horde, where he was brutally killed.

Yuri III (1320 - 1326)

Yuri the Third, married the daughter of Khan Konchaka, who in Orthodoxy took the name Agafya. It was her untimely death that Yuri Mikhail Yaroslavovich of Tverskoy treacherously accused, for which he suffered an unjust and cruel death at the hands of the Horde Khan. So Yuri received a label for reigning, but the son of the murdered Mikhail, Dmitry, also claimed the throne. As a result, Dmitry at the first meeting killed Yuri, avenging the death of his father.

Dmitry II (1326)

For the murder of Yuri III, he was sentenced to death by the Horde Khan for arbitrariness.

Alexander of Tver (1326 - 1338)

The brother of Dmitry II - Alexander - received from the khan a label to the throne of the Grand Duke. Prince Alexander of Tverskoy was distinguished by justice and kindness, but he literally ruined himself by allowing the people of Tver to kill Shchelkan, the khan's ambassador hated by all. Khan sent a 50,000-strong army against Alexander. The prince was forced to flee first to Pskov and then to Lithuania. Only 10 years later, Alexander received the khan's forgiveness and was able to return, but, at the same time, he did not get along with the prince of Moscow - Ivan Kalita - after which Kalita slandered Alexander of Tverskoy in front of the khan. Khan urgently summoned A. Tverskoy to his Horde, where he was executed.

John the First Kalita (1320 - 1341)

John Danilovich, nicknamed "Kalita" (Kalita - wallet) for his stinginess, was very cautious and cunning. With the support of the Tatars, he devastated the principality of Tver. It was he who took upon himself the responsibility of accepting tribute for the Tatars from all over Russia, which contributed to his personal enrichment. With this money, John bought entire cities from the specific princes. Through the efforts of Kalita, the metropolis was also transferred from Vladimir to Moscow in 1326. He laid the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Since the time of John Kalita, Moscow has become the permanent residence of the Metropolitan of All Russia and becomes the Russian center.

Simeon the Proud (1341 - 1353)

The Khan gave Simeon Ioannovich not only a label to the Grand Duchy, but also ordered all the other princes to obey only him, so Simeon began to be called the prince of all Russia. The prince died, leaving no heir from a pestilence.

John II (1353 - 1359)

Brother of Simeon the Proud. He had a meek and peaceful disposition, he obeyed the advice of Metropolitan Alexei in all matters, and Metropolitan Alexei, in turn, was highly respected in the Horde. During the reign of this prince, relations between the Tatars and Moscow improved significantly.

Dmitry the Third Donskoy (1363 - 1389)

After the death of John the Second, his son Dmitry was still small, therefore the khan gave the label to the great reign to the Suzdal prince Dmitry Konstantinovich (1359 - 1363). However, the Moscow boyars benefited from the policy of strengthening the Moscow prince, and they managed to achieve a great reign for Dmitry Ioannovich. The Suzdal prince was forced to submit and, together with the rest of the princes of northeastern Russia, swore allegiance to Dmitry Ioannovich. The attitude of Russia towards the Tatars also changed. Due to civil strife in the horde itself, Dmitry and the rest of the princes took the opportunity not to pay the usual dues. Then Khan Mamai entered into an alliance with the Lithuanian prince Jagiello and moved with a large army to Russia. Dmitry and other princes met the army of Mamai on the Kulikovo field, (near the river Don) and at the cost of huge losses on September 8, 1380, Russia defeated the army of Mamai and Jagello. For this victory they called Dmitry Ioannovich Donskoy. Until the end of his life, he took care of strengthening Moscow.

Basil the First (1389 - 1425)

Vasily ascended the princely throne, already having experience of government, since even during the life of his father he shared the reign with him. Expanded Muscovy. Refused to pay tribute to the Tatars. In 1395, Khan Timur threatened Russia with an invasion, but it was not he who attacked Moscow, but Edigey, the Tatar Murza (1408). But he lifted the siege from Moscow, receiving a ransom of 3,000 rubles. Under Basil the First, the Ugra River was designated as the border with the Lithuanian principality.

Vasily II (Dark) (1425 - 1462)

Yuri Dmitrievich Galitsky decided to take advantage of the minority of Prince Vasily and claimed his rights to the Grand Duke's throne, but the Khan decided the dispute in favor of the young Vasily II, which was greatly facilitated by the Moscow boyar Vasily Vsevolozhsky, hoping to marry his daughter to Vasily in the future, but these expectations were not destined to come true . Then he left Moscow and assisted Yuri Dmitrievich, and soon he took possession of the throne, on which he died in 1434. His son Vasily Kosoy began to claim the throne, but all the princes of Russia rebelled against this. Vasily II captured Vasily Kosoy and blinded him. Then the brother of Vasily Kosoy Dmitry Shemyaka captured Vasily II and also blinded him, after which he took the throne of Moscow. But soon he was forced to give the throne to Vasily II. Under Vasily II, all metropolitans in Russia began to be recruited from Russians, and not from Greeks, as before. The reason for this was the adoption of the Florentine Union in 1439 by Metropolitan Isidore, who was from the Greeks. For this, Vasily II gave the order to take Metropolitan Isidore into custody and instead appointed Bishop John of Ryazan.

John the Third (1462 -1505)

Under him, the core of the state apparatus began to form and, as a result, the state of Russia. He annexed Yaroslavl, Perm, Vyatka, Tver, Novgorod to the Moscow principality. In 1480, he overthrew the Tatar-Mongol yoke (Standing on the Ugra). In 1497, the Sudebnik was compiled. John the Third launched a large construction in Moscow, strengthened the international position of Russia. It was under him that the title "Prince of All Russia" was born.

Basil the Third (1505 - 1533)

"The last collector of Russian lands" Vasily the Third was the son of John the Third and Sophia Paleolog. He had a very impregnable and proud disposition. Having annexed Pskov, he destroyed the specific system. He fought twice with Lithuania on the advice of Mikhail Glinsky, a Lithuanian nobleman, whom he kept in his service. In 1514, he finally took Smolensk from the Lithuanians. Fought with the Crimea and Kazan. As a result, he managed to punish Kazan. He withdrew all trade from the city, ordering from now on to trade at the Makariev Fair, which was then transferred to Nizhny Novgorod. Vasily the Third, wishing to marry Elena Glinskaya, divorced his wife Solomonia, which turned the boyars against him even more. From the marriage with Elena, Vasily III had a son, John.

Elena Glinskaya (1533 - 1538)

She was appointed to rule by Vasily III himself until the age of their son John. Elena Glinskaya, having barely ascended the throne, very severely dealt with all the rebellious and dissatisfied boyars, after which she made peace with Lithuania. Then she decided to repulse the Crimean Tatars, who boldly attacked the Russian lands, however, these plans of hers could not be realized, since Elena suddenly died.

John the Fourth (Terrible) (1538 - 1584)

John the Fourth, Prince of All Russia became in 1547 the first Russian Tsar. From the end of the forties he ruled the country with the participation of the Chosen Rada. During his reign, the convocation of all Zemsky Sobors began. In 1550, a new Sudebnik was drawn up, and reforms of the court and administration (Zemskaya and Gubnaya reforms) were also carried out. conquered the Kazan Khanate in 1552, and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556. In 1565, the oprichnina was introduced to strengthen the autocracy. Under John the Fourth, trade relations with England were established in 1553, and the first printing house in Moscow was opened. From 1558 to 1583 the Livonian War for access to the Baltic Sea continued. In 1581, the annexation of Siberia began. The entire domestic policy of the country under Tsar John was accompanied by disgrace and executions, for which he was nicknamed the Terrible by the people. The enslavement of the peasants increased significantly.

Fedor Ioannovich (1584 - 1598)

He was the second son of John the Fourth. He was very sickly and weak, did not differ in sharpness of mind. That is why very quickly the actual control of the state passed into the hands of the boyar Boris Godunov, the brother-in-law of the tsar. Boris Godunov, having surrounded himself with exclusively devoted people, became a sovereign ruler. He built cities, strengthened relations with the countries of Western Europe, built the Arkhangelsk Harbor on the White Sea. By order and instigation of Godunov, an all-Russian independent patriarchate was approved, and the peasants were finally attached to the land. It was he who in 1591 ordered the assassination of Tsarevich Dmitry, who was the brother of the childless Tsar Fedor, and was his direct heir. 6 years after this murder, Tsar Fedor himself died.

Boris Godunov (1598 - 1605)

The sister of Boris Godunov and the wife of the late Tsar Fedor abdicated the throne. Patriarch Job recommended that Godunov's supporters convene a Zemsky Sobor, at which Boris was elected tsar. Godunov, having become king, was afraid of conspiracies on the part of the boyars and, in general, was distinguished by excessive suspicion, which naturally caused disgrace and exile. At the same time, the boyar Fyodor Nikitich Romanov was forced to take tonsure, and he became a monk Filaret, and his young son Mikhail was sent into exile at Beloozero. But not only the boyars were angry with Boris Godunov. A three-year crop failure and the pestilence that followed it, which hit the Muscovite kingdom, forced the people to see this as the fault of Tsar B. Godunov. The king tried his best to alleviate the plight of the starving. He increased the earnings of people employed in state buildings (for example, during the construction of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower), generously distributed alms, but people still grumbled and willingly believed the rumors that the legitimate Tsar Dmitry was not killed at all and would soon take the throne. In the midst of preparations for the fight against False Dmitry, Boris Godunov died suddenly, while having managed to bequeath the throne to his son Fyodor.

False Dmitry (1605 - 1606)

The fugitive monk Grigory Otrepiev, who was supported by the Poles, declared himself Tsar Dmitry, who miraculously managed to escape from the murderers in Uglich. He entered Russia with several thousand men. The army came out to meet him, but it also went over to the side of False Dmitry, recognizing him as the legitimate king, after which Fyodor Godunov was killed. False Dmitry was a very good-natured man, but with a sharp mind, he diligently engaged in all state affairs, but caused displeasure of the clergy and boyars, from the fact that, in their opinion, he did not honor the old Russian customs enough, and completely neglected many. Together with Vasily Shuisky, the boyars entered into a conspiracy against False Dmitry, spread a rumor that he was an impostor, and then, without hesitation, they killed the fake tsar.

Vasily Shuisky (1606 - 1610)

The boyars and townspeople elected the old and inept Shuisky as king, while limiting his power. In Russia, rumors arose again about the salvation of False Dmitry, in connection with which new unrest began in the state, intensified by the rebellion of a serf named Ivan Bolotnikov and the appearance of False Dmitry II in Tushino (“Tushinsky thief”). Poland went to war against Moscow and defeated the Russian troops. After this, Tsar Vasily was forcibly tonsured a monk, and a troubled time of interregnum came to Russia, lasting three years.

Mikhail Fedorovich (1613 - 1645)

The diplomas of the Trinity Lavra, sent all over Russia and calling for the defense of the Orthodox faith and the fatherland, did their job: Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, with the participation of the Zemstvo headman of Nizhny Novgorod Kozma Minin (Sukhoroky), gathered a large militia and moved to Moscow in order to clear the capital of rebels and Poles, which was done after painful efforts. On February 21, 1613, the Great Zemstvo Duma gathered, at which Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov was elected Tsar, who, after long rejections, nevertheless ascended the throne, where the first thing he undertook was to pacify both external and internal enemies.

He concluded the so-called pillar agreement with the Kingdom of Sweden, in 1618 he signed the Treaty of Deulino with Poland, according to which Filaret, who was the parent of the king, was returned to Russia after a long captivity. Upon his return, he was immediately elevated to the rank of patriarch. Patriarch Filaret was an adviser to his son and a reliable co-ruler. Thanks to them, by the end of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich, Russia began to enter into friendly relations with various Western states, having practically recovered from the horror of the Time of Troubles.

Alexei Mikhailovich (Quiet) (1645 - 1676)

Tsar Alexei is considered one of the best people of ancient Russia. He had a meek, humble disposition, and was very pious. He could not stand quarrels at all, and if they happened, he suffered greatly and tried in every possible way to reconcile with the enemy. In the first years of his reign, his closest adviser was his uncle, boyar Morozov. In the fifties, Patriarch Nikon became his adviser, who decided to unite Russia with the rest of the Orthodox world and ordered everyone from now on to be baptized in the Greek manner - with three fingers, which caused a split among the Orthodox in Russia. (The most famous schismatics are the Old Believers, who do not want to deviate from the true faith and be baptized with a "fig", as ordered by the patriarch - noblewoman Morozova and archpriest Avvakum).

During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, riots broke out every now and then in different cities, which they managed to suppress, and the decision of Little Russia to voluntarily join the Muscovite state provoked two wars with Poland. But the state survived thanks to the unity and concentration of power. After the death of his first wife, Maria Miloslavskaya, in whose marriage the tsar had two sons (Fyodor and John) and many daughters, he married a second time to the girl Natalia Naryshkina, who bore him a son, Peter.

Fedor Alekseevich (1676 - 1682)

During the reign of this tsar, the issue of Little Russia was finally resolved: its western part went to Turkey, and the East and Zaporozhye - to Moscow. Patriarch Nikon was returned from exile. They also abolished localism - the ancient boyar custom to take into account the service of ancestors when occupying state and military positions. Tsar Fedor died without leaving an heir.

Ivan Alekseevich (1682 - 1689)

Ivan Alekseevich, together with his brother Peter Alekseevich, was elected king thanks to the Streltsy rebellion. But Tsarevich Alexei, suffering from dementia, did not take any part in public affairs. He died in 1689 during the reign of Princess Sophia.

Sophia (1682 - 1689)

Sophia remained in history as the ruler of an extraordinary mind and possessed all the necessary qualities of a real queen. She managed to calm the unrest of the dissenters, curb the archers, conclude an "eternal peace" with Poland, which is very beneficial for Russia, as well as the Nerchinsk Treaty with distant China. The princess undertook campaigns against the Crimean Tatars, but fell victim to her own lust for power. Tsarevich Peter, however, having guessed her plans, imprisoned her half-sister in the Novodevichy Convent, where Sophia died in 1704.

Peter the Great (Great) (1682 - 1725)

The greatest king, and since 1721 the first Russian emperor, state, cultural and military figure. He made revolutionary reforms in the country: collegiums, the Senate, bodies of political investigation and state control were created. He made divisions in Russia into provinces, and also subordinated the church to the state. He built a new capital - St. Petersburg. The main dream of Peter was the elimination of Russia's backwardness in development compared to European countries. Taking advantage of Western experience, he tirelessly created manufactories, factories, shipyards.

To facilitate trade and for access to the Baltic Sea, he won the Northern War, lasting 21 years, from Sweden, thereby “cutting through” a “window to Europe”. He built a huge fleet for Russia. Thanks to his efforts, the Academy of Sciences was opened in Russia and the civil alphabet was adopted. All reforms were carried out cruelest methods and caused multiple uprisings in the country (Streletsky in 1698, Astrakhan from 1705 to 1706, Bulavinsky from 1707 to 1709), which, however, were also mercilessly suppressed.

Catherine the First (1725 - 1727)

Peter the Great died without leaving a will. So, the throne passed to his wife Catherine. Catherine became famous for having equipped Bering on a round-the-world trip, and also established the Supreme secret council at the instigation of a friend and colleague of her late husband Peter the Great - Prince Menshikov. Thus, Menshikov concentrated in his hands virtually all state power. He persuaded Catherine to appoint the son of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, who was still sentenced to death by his father, Peter the Great, as the heir to the throne, for being disgusted with the reforms - Peter Alekseevich, and also to agree to his marriage with Menshikov's daughter Maria. Until the age of Peter Alekseevich, Prince Menshikov was appointed ruler of Russia.

Peter II (1727 - 1730)

Peter II ruled for a short time. Having barely got rid of the imperious Menshikov, he immediately fell under the influence of the Dolgoruky, who, in every possible way distracting the emperors from public affairs with fun, actually ruled the country. They wished to marry the emperor to Princess E. A. Dolgoruky, but Pyotr Alekseevich suddenly died of smallpox and the wedding did not take place.

Anna Ioannovna (1730 - 1740)

The Supreme Privy Council decided to somewhat limit the autocracy, therefore they chose Anna Ioannovna, Dowager Duchess of Courland, daughter of John Alekseevich, as empress. But she was crowned on the Russian throne as an autocratic empress and, first of all, having entered into rights, destroyed the Supreme Privy Council. She replaced it with the Cabinet and, instead of the Russian nobles, gave positions to the Germans Ostern and Munnich, as well as to the Courlander Biron. The cruel and unjust rule was later called "Bironism".

Russia's intervention in the internal affairs of Poland in 1733 cost the country dearly: the lands conquered by Peter the Great had to be returned to Persia. Before her death, the empress appointed the son of her niece Anna Leopoldovna as her heir, and appointed Biron as regent for the baby. However, Biron was soon overthrown, and Anna Leopoldovna became the empress, whose reign cannot be called long and glorious. The guards staged a coup and proclaimed Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, daughter of Peter the Great.

Elizaveta Petrovna (1741 - 1761)

Elizabeth destroyed the Cabinet, established by Anna Ioannovna, and returned the Senate. Issued a decree abolishing the death penalty in 1744. In 1954, she established the first loan banks in Russia, which became a great boon for merchants and nobles. At the request of Lomonosov, she opened the first university in Moscow and in 1756 opened the first theater. During her reign, Russia waged two wars: with Sweden and the so-called "seven-year war", in which Prussia, Austria and France took part. Thanks to the peace with Sweden, part of Finland went to Russia. The death of Empress Elizabeth put an end to the Seven Years' War.

Peter the Third (1761 - 1762)

He was absolutely unsuitable for governing the state, but his temper was complacent. But this young emperor managed to turn absolutely all layers of Russian society against him, since he, to the detriment of Russian interests, showed a craving for everything German. Peter the Third, not only did he make a lot of concessions in relation to the Prussian Emperor Frederick II, he also reformed the army according to the same Prussian model, dear to his heart. He issued decrees on the destruction of the secret office and the free nobility, which, however, did not differ in certainty. As a result of the coup, due to his relationship with the empress, he quickly signed the abdication and soon died.

Catherine II (1762 - 1796)

The time of her reign was one of the greatest after the reign of Peter the Great. Empress Catherine ruled harshly, suppressed peasant uprising Pugacheva, won two Turkish wars, the result of which was the recognition of the independence of the Crimea by Turkey, and also the coast of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov departed Russia. Russia got the Black Sea Fleet, and active construction of cities began in Novorossia. Catherine II established the colleges of education and medicine. Cadet corps were opened, and for the education of girls - the Smolny Institute. Catherine the Second, herself possessing literary abilities, patronized literature.

Paul the First (1796 - 1801)

He did not support the transformations that his mother, Empress Catherine, started in the state system. Of the achievements of his reign, one should note a very significant relief in the life of serfs (only a three-day corvee was introduced), the opening of a university in Dorpat, and the emergence of new women's institutions.

Alexander the First (Blessed) (1801 - 1825)

The grandson of Catherine II, assuming the throne, vowed to govern the country "according to the law and heart" of his crowned grandmother, who, in fact, was engaged in his upbringing. At the very beginning, he undertook a number of different liberation measures aimed at different sections of society, which aroused the undoubted respect and love of people. But external political problems distracted Alexander from domestic reforms. Russia, in alliance with Austria, was forced to fight against Napoleon, the Russian troops were defeated at Austerlitz.

Napoleon forced Russia to abandon trade with England. As a result, in 1812, Napoleon nevertheless, having violated the agreement with Russia, went to war against the country. And in the same year, 1812, Russian troops defeated Napoleon's army. Alexander the First established a state council in 1800, ministries and a cabinet of ministers. In St. Petersburg, Kazan and Kharkov, he opened universities, as well as many institutes and gymnasiums, the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum. It greatly facilitated the life of the peasants.

Nicholas the First (1825 - 1855)

He continued the policy of improving peasant life. He founded the Institute of St. Vladimir in Kyiv. Published a 45-volume complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire. Under Nicholas I in 1839, the Uniates were reunited with Orthodoxy. This reunification was a consequence of the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the complete destruction of the Polish constitution. There was a war with the Turks, who oppressed Greece, as a result of the victory of Russia, Greece gained independence. After the rupture of relations with Turkey, on the side of which England, Sardinia and France sided, Russia had to join a new struggle.

The emperor died suddenly during the defense of Sevastopol. During the reign of Nicholas I, the Nikolaev and Tsarskoye Selo railways were built, great Russian writers and poets lived and worked: Lermontov, Pushkin, Krylov, Griboyedov, Belinsky, Zhukovsky, Gogol, Karamzin.

Alexander II (Liberator) (1855 - 1881)

The Turkish war had to be ended by Alexander II. The Paris peace was concluded on very unfavorable terms for Russia. In 1858, according to an agreement with China, Russia acquired the Amur region, and later - Usuriysk. In 1864, the Caucasus finally became part of Russia. The most important state transformation of Alexander II was the decision to free the peasants. Killed by an assassin in 1881.

4th century AD - Formation of the first tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (Volhynians and Buzhans).
5th century - Formation of the second tribal union of the Eastern Slavs (glades) in the basin of the middle Dnieper.
6th century - The first written news about "Rus" and "Rus". The conquest of the Slavic tribe Dulebs by the Avars (558).
7th century - Settlement of Slavic tribes in the basins of the upper Dnieper, Western Dvina, Volkhov, Upper Volga, etc.
8th century - Beginning of expansion Khazar Khaganate to the north, the imposition of tribute on the Slavic tribes of the glades, northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi.

Kievan Rus

838 - The first known embassy of the "Russian Kagan" in Constantinople ..
860 - Campaign of the Rus (Askold?) to Byzantium ..
862 - Formation of the Russian state with the capital in Novgorod. The first mention of Murom in the annals.
862-879 - The reign of Prince Rurik (879+) in Novgorod.
865 - Capture of Kyiv by Varangians Askold and Dir.
OK. 863 - Creation of the Slavic alphabet by Cyril and Methodius in Moravia.
866 - Campaign of the Slavs to Tsargrad (Constantinople).
879-912 - The reign of Prince Oleg (912+).
882 - Unification of Novgorod and Kyiv under the rule of Prince Oleg. Transfer of the capital from Novgorod to Kyiv.
883-885 - Subordination of the Krivichi, Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi by Prince Oleg. Formation of the territory of Kievan Rus.
907 - Prince Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad. The first treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
911 - The conclusion of the second treaty between Russia and Byzantium.
912-946 - The reign of Prince Igor (946x).
913 - Rebellion in the land of the Drevlyans.
913-914 - Campaigns of the Rus against the Khazars along the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
915 - Treaty of Prince Igor with the Pechenegs.
941 - 1st campaign of Prince Igor against Tsargrad.
943-944 - Prince Igor's 2nd campaign against Tsargrad. Treaty of Prince Igor with Byzantium.
944-945 - The campaign of the Rus to the Caspian coast of Transcaucasia.
946-957 - Simultaneous reign of Princess Olga and Prince Svyatoslav.
OK. 957 - Olga's trip to Tsargrad and her baptism.
957-972 - The reign of Prince Svyatoslav (972x).
964-966 - Campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav to the Volga Bulgaria, the Khazars, the tribes of the North Caucasus and the Vyatichi. The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate in the lower reaches of the Volga. Establishing control over the Volga-Caspian Sea trade route.
968-971 - Prince Svyatoslav's campaigns in Danube Bulgaria. The defeat of the Bulgarians at the Battle of Dorostol (970). Wars with the Pechenegs.
969 - Death of Princess Olga.
971 - Treaty of Prince Svyatoslav with Byzantium.
972-980 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaropolk (980s).
977-980 - Internecine wars for possession of Kyiv between Yaropolk and Vladimir.
980-1015 - The reign of Grand Duke Vladimir the Holy (1015+).
980 - Pagan reform of Grand Duke Vladimir. An attempt to create a single cult that unites the gods of various tribes.
985 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vladimir with the allied torcs against the Volga Bulgars.
988 - Baptism of Russia. The first evidence in the assertion of the power of the Kyiv princes on the banks of the Oka.
994-997 - Grand Duke Vladimir's campaigns against the Volga Bulgars.
1010 - Foundation of the city of Yaroslavl.
1015-1019 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed. Wars for the Grand Duke's Throne.
beginning of the 11th century - resettlement of the Polovtsy between the Volga and the Dnieper.
1015 - The murder of princes Boris and Gleb on the orders of Grand Duke Svyatopolk.
1016 - The defeat of the Khazars by Byzantium with the help of Prince Mstislav Vladimirovich. The suppression of the uprising in the Crimea.
1019 - The defeat of the Grand Duke Svyatopolk the Accursed in the fight against Prince Yaroslav.
1019-1054 - The reign of the Grand Duke Yaroslav the Wise (1054+).
1022 - Victory of Mstislav the Brave over the Kasogs (Circassians).
1023-1025 - War of Mstislav the Brave and Grand Duke Yaroslav for the great reign. Victory of Mstislav the Brave in the Battle of Listven (1024).
1025 - Division of Kievan Rus between princes Yaroslav and Mstislav (border along the Dnieper).
1026 - Yaroslav the Wise conquers the Baltic tribes of Livs and Chuds.
1030 - Foundation of the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu) in the Chud land.
1030-1035 - Construction of the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
1036 - Death of Prince Mstislav the Brave. The unification of Kievan Rus under the rule of Grand Duke Yaroslav.
1037 - The defeat of the Pechenegs by Prince Yaroslav and the laying of the Hagia Sophia in Kyiv in honor of this event (completed in 1041).
1038 - Victory of Yaroslav the Wise against the Yotvingians (a Lithuanian tribe).
1040 - War of the Rus with the Lithuanians.
1041 - Rus' campaign against the Finnish Yam tribe.
1043 - The campaign of the Novgorod prince Vladimir Yaroslavich against Tsargrad (the last campaign against Byzantium).
1045-1050 - Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod.
1051 - Foundation of the male Kiev-Pechersk monastery. Appointment of the first metropolitan (Hilarion) from among the Russians, appointed to office without the consent of Constantinople.
1054-1078 - The reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Yaroslavich (The actual triumvirate of princes Izyaslav, Svyatoslav Yaroslavich and Vsevolod Yaroslavich. "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs." Weakening supreme power Kyiv prince.
1055 - The first news of the chronicle about the appearance of the Polovtsy near the borders of the Pereyaslav principality.
1056-1057 - Creation of the "Ostromir Gospel" - the oldest dated handwritten Russian book.
1061 - Polovtsian raid on Russia.
1066 - Prince Vseslav of Polotsk raided Novgorod. The defeat and capture of Vseslav by the Grand Duke Izslav.
1068 - A new raid of the Polovtsians into Russia, led by Khan Sharukan. Campaign of the Yaroslavichs against the Polovtsians and their defeat on the Alta River. The uprising of the townspeople in Kyiv, the flight of Izyaslav to Poland.
1068-1069 - Great reign of Prince Vseslav (about 7 months).
1069 - Return of Izyaslav to Kyiv together with the Polish king Boleslav II.
1078 - The death of Grand Duke Izyaslav in the battle of Nezhatina Niva with outcasts Boris Vyacheslavich and Oleg Svyatoslavich.
1078-1093 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod Yaroslavich. Land redistribution (1078).
1093-1113 - The reign of Grand Duke Svyatopolk II Izyaslavich.
1093-1095 - War of the Rus with the Polovtsy. The defeat of the princes Svyatopolk and Vladimir Monomakh in the battle with the Polovtsians on the Stugna River (1093).
1095-1096 - Internecine struggle of Prince Vladimir Monomakh and his sons with Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich and his brothers for the Rostov-Suzdal, Chernigov and Smolensk principalities.
1097 - Lubech Congress of Princes. Assignment of principalities to princes on the basis of patrimonial law. The fragmentation of the state into specific principalities. Separation of the Principality of Murom from Chernigov.
1100 - Vitichevsky congress of princes.
1103 - Dolobsky congress of princes before the campaign against the Polovtsy. Successful campaign of princes Svyatopolk Izyaslavich and Vladimir Monomakh against the Polovtsy.
1107 - Capture of Suzdal by the Volga Bulgars.
1108 - Foundation of the city of Vladimir on the Klyazma as a fortress to protect the Suzdal principality from the Chernigov princes.
1111 - The campaign of Russian princes against the Polovtsy. The defeat of the Polovtsians at Salnitsa.
1113 - The first edition of "The Tale of Bygone Years" (Nestor). The uprising in Kyiv of dependent (enslaved) people against the princely power and merchants-usurers. Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich.
1113-1125 - The reign of Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh. Temporary strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke. Drawing up the "Statutes of Vladimir Monomakh" (legal registration of judicial law, regulation of rights in other areas of life).
1116 - Second edition of The Tale of Bygone Years (Sylvester). Victory of Vladimir Monomakh over the Polovtsy.
1118 - The conquest of Minsk by Vladimir Monomakh.
1125-1132 - The reign of the Grand Duke Mstislav I the Great.
1125-1157 - Reign of Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky in the Rostov-Suzdal Principality.
1126 - The first election of a posadnik in Novgorod.
1127 - The final division of the Polotsk principality into appanages.
1127 -1159 - Reigning in Smolensk Rostislav Mstislavich. The heyday of the Smolensk principality.
1128 - Famine in Novgorod, Pskov, Suzdal, Smolensk and Polotsk lands.
1129 - Separation of the Ryazan principality from the Murom-Ryazan principality.
1130 -1131 - Rus campaigns against the Chud, the beginning of successful campaigns against Lithuania. Clashes between the Muromo-Ryazan princes and the Polovtsy.
1132-1139 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaropolk II Vladimirovich. The final decline of the power of the Kyiv Grand Duke.
1135-1136 - Unrest in Novgorod, charter of the Novgorod prince Vsevolod Mstislavovich on the management of merchant people, the expulsion of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavich. Invitation to Novgorod Svyatoslav Olgovich. Strengthening the principle of inviting the prince to vechem.
1137 - Separation of Pskov from Novgorod, formation of the Pskov principality.
1139 - 1st great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (8 days). Unrest in Kyiv and its capture by Vsevolod Olegovich.
1139-1146 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod II Olgovich.
1144 - Formation of the Principality of Galicia by combining several specific principalities.
1146 - The reign of Grand Duke Igor Olgovich (six months). The beginning of the fierce struggle of the princely clans for the throne of Kyiv (Monomakhovichi, Olgovichi, Davydovichi) - lasted until 1161.
1146-1154 - The reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav III Mstislavich intermittently: in 1149, 1150 - the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky; In 1150 - the 2nd great reign of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich (all - less than six months). Strengthening of the internecine struggle between the Suzdal and Kyiv princes.
1147 - The first annalistic mention of the city of Moscow.
1149 - The struggle of the Novgorodians with the Finns for Vod. Attempts by the Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgorukov to recapture the Ugra tribute from the Novgorodians.
Bookmark "Yuriev in the field" (Yuriev-Polsky).
1152 - Foundation of the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky and the city of Kostroma.
1154 - Foundation of the city of Dmitrov and the village of Bogolyubov.
1154-1155 - The reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich.
1155 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich (about six months).
1155-1157 - The reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vladimirovich Dolgoruky.
1157-1159 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Izyaslav Davydovich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1159-1167 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Rostislav Mstislavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir-Suzdal.
1160 - The revolt of the Novgorodians against Svyatoslav Rostislavovich.
1164 - Andrei Bogolyubsky's campaign against the Volga Bulgarians. The victory of Novgorodians over the Swedes.
1167-1169 - Parallel reign of Grand Duke Mstislav II Izyaslavich in Kyiv and Andrei Yurievich Bogolyubsky in Vladimir.
1169 - The capture of Kyiv by the troops of the Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kyiv to Vladimir. Rise of Vladimir Rus.

Russia Vladimirskaya

1169-1174 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Kyiv to Vladimir.
1174 - Murder of Andrei Bogolyubsky. The first mention in the annals of the name "nobles".
1174-1176 - The reign of Grand Duke Mikhail Yurievich. Civil strife and uprisings of citizens in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1176-1212 - The reign of Grand Duke Vsevolod The Big Nest. The heyday of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus.
1176 - War of the Rus with the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. The clash of the Rus with the Estonians.
1180 - The beginning of civil strife and the collapse of the Smolensk principality. Civil strife between the Chernigov and Ryazan princes.
1183-1184 - Great campaign of Vladimir-Suzdal princes under the leadership of Vsevolod Big nest on the Volga Bulgars. Successful campaign of the princes of Southern Russia against the Polovtsy.
1185 - Unsuccessful campaign of Prince Igor Svyatoslavich against the Polovtsy.
1186-1187 - Internecine struggle between the Ryazan princes.
1188 - Novgorod attack on German merchants in Novotorzhok.
1189-1192 - 3rd crusade
1191 - Campaigns of Novgorodians with a koreley to the pit.
1193 - Unsuccessful campaign of the Novgorodians against Yugra.
1195 - The first known trade agreement between Novgorod and German cities.
1196 - Recognition of Novgorod liberties by the princes. Campaign of Vsevolod the Big Nest to Chernigov.
1198 - Conquest of the Udmurts by the Novgorodians Relocation of the Teutonic Order of the Crusaders from Palestine to the Baltic. Pope Celestine III proclaims the Northern Crusade.
1199 - Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality through the unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities. Rise of Roman Mstislavich the Great Founding of the fortress of Riga by Bishop Albrecht. Establishment of the Order of the Sword for the Christianization of Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia)
1202-1224 - The Order of the Sword-bearers captures Russian possessions in the Baltic. The struggle of the Order with Novgorod, Pskov and Polotsk for Livonia.
1207 - Separation of the Rostov Principality from the Vladimir Principality. Unsuccessful defense of the Kukonas fortress in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina by Prince Vyacheslav Borisovich ("Vyachko"), the grandson of the Smolensk prince Davyd Rostislavich.
1209 - The first mention in the annals of Tver (according to V.N. Tatishchev, Tver was founded in 1181).
1212-1216 - 1st reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Internecine struggle with brother Konstantin Rostovsky. The defeat of Yuri Vsevolodovich in the battle on the Lipitsa River near the city of Yuryev-Polsky.
1216-1218 - The reign of Grand Duke Konstantin Vsevolodovich of Rostov.
1218-1238 - 2nd reign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich (1238x) 1219 - foundation of the city of Revel (Kolyvan, Tallinn)
1220-1221 - The campaign of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich to the Volga Bulgaria, the seizure of land in the lower reaches of the Oka. The foundation of Nizhny Novgorod (1221) in the land of the Mordovians as an outpost against Volga Bulgaria. 1219-1221 - the capture of the states of Central Asia by Genghis Khan
1221 - Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the crusaders, unsuccessful siege of the fortress of Riga.
1223 - The defeat of the coalition of the Polovtsy and Russian princes in the battle with the Mongols on the river Kalka. Campaign of Yuri Vsevolodovich against the Crusaders.
1224 - The capture of Yuryev (Derpt, modern Tartu) by the knights of the sword - the main Russian fortress in the Baltic states.
1227 - Campaign led. Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich and other princes to the Mordovians. The death of Genghis Khan, the proclamation of the Great Khan of the Mongol-Tatars Batu.
1232 - The campaign of the Suzdal, Ryazan and Murom princes against the Mordovians.
1233 - An attempt by the knights of the sword to take the fortress of Izborsk.
1234 - The victory of the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich over the Germans near Yuryev and the conclusion of peace with them. Suspension of the advance of the sword-bearers to the east.
1236-1249 - Reign of Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky in Novgorod.
1236 - the defeat of the great Khan Batu of the Volga Bulgaria and the tribes of the Volga region.
1236 - the defeat of the troops of the Order of the Sword by the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. The death of the Grand Master of the Order.
1237-1238 - Mongol-Tatar invasion of North-Eastern Russia. The ruin of the city of Ryazan and Vladimir-Suzdal principalities.
1237 - the defeat of the troops of the Teutonic Order by Daniil Romanovich of Galicia. Merger of the remnants of the Order of the Sword and the Teutonic Order. Formation of the Livonian Order.
1238 - The defeat of the troops of the princes of North-Eastern Russia in the battle on the river Sit (March 4, 1238). The death of Grand Duke Yuri Vsevolodovich. Separation of the Belozersky and Suzdal principalities from the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
1238-1246 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich ..
1239 - The devastation of the Mordovian lands, Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities by the Tatar-Mongolian troops.
1240 - Invasion of the Mongol-Tatars on Southern Russia. The ruin of Kiev (1240) and the Galicia-Volyn principality. The victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish army in the battle on the Neva River ("Battle of the Neva")..
1240-1241 - The invasion of the Teutonic knights into the lands of Pskov and Novgorod, the capture of Pskov, Izborsk, Luga;
The construction of the Koporye fortress (now the village Lomonosovsky district Leningrad region).
1241-1242 - The expulsion of the Teutonic knights by Alexander Nevsky, the liberation of Pskov and other cities. The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Eastern Europe. The defeat of the Hungarian troops on the river. Salt (11.04.1241), the devastation of Poland, the fall of Krakow.
1242 - Victory of Alexander Nevsky over the knights of the Teutonic Order in the battle near Lake Peipus ("Battle on the Ice"). The conclusion of peace with Livonia on the condition of her renunciation of claims to Russian lands. The defeat of the Mongol-Tatars from the Czechs in the battle of Olomouc. Completion of the "Great Western campaign".
1243 - Arrival of the Russian princes to the headquarters of Batu. Announcement of Prince Yaroslav II Vsevolodovich "the oldest" Formation of the "Golden Horde"
1245 - Battle of Yaroslavl (Galician) - the last battle of Daniil Romanovich of Galicia in the struggle for the possession of the Galician principality.
1246-1249 - The reign of the Grand Duke Svyatoslav III Vsevolodovich 1246 - The death of the great Khan Batu
1249-1252 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Yaroslavich.
1252 - Ruinous "Nevryuev's army" to the Vladimir-Suzdal land.
1252-1263 - The reign of Grand Duke Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky. The campaign of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the head of the Novgorodians to Finland (1256).
1252-1263 - reign of the first Lithuanian prince Mindovg Ringoldovich.
1254 - the foundation of the city of Saray - the capital of the "Golden Horde". Struggle of Novgorod and Sweden for Southern Finland.
1257-1259 - The first Mongol census of the population of Russia, the creation of the Basque system for the collection of tribute. The uprising of the townspeople in Novgorod (1259) against the Tatar "numerals".
1261 - Establishment of an Orthodox diocese in the city of Saray.
1262 - Uprisings of the townspeople of Rostov, Suzdal, Vladimir and Yaroslavl against Muslim tax-farmers, tribute collectors. Order to collect tribute to the Russian princes.
1263-1272 - The reign of Grand Duke Yaroslav III Yaroslavich.
1267 - Genoa receives a khan's label for possession of Kafa (Feodosia) in the Crimea. The beginning of the Genoese colonization of the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. Formation of colonies in Cafe, Matrega (Tmutarakan), Mapa (Anapa), Tanya (Azov).
1268 - A joint campaign of the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, Novgorodians and Pskovians to Livonia, their victory at Rakovor.
1269 - The siege of Pskov by the Livonians, the conclusion of peace with Livonia and the stabilization of the western border of Pskov and Novgorod.
1272-1276 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily Yaroslavich 1275 - the campaign of the Tatar-Mongol army against Lithuania
1272-1303 - Reign of Daniil Alexandrovich in Moscow. Foundation of the Moscow dynasty of princes.
1276 The second Mongolian census of the population of Russia.
1276-1294 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Alexandrovich Pereyaslavsky.
1288-1291 - struggle for the throne in the Golden Horde
1292 - Invasion of the Tatars under the leadership of Tudan (Deden).
1293-1323 - War between Novgorod and Sweden for the Karelian Isthmus.
1294-1304 - The reign of Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1299 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Kyiv to Vladimir by Metropolitan Maxim.
1300-1301 - The construction of the Landskrona fortress on the Neva by the Swedes and its destruction by the Novgorodians, led by Grand Duke Andrei Alexandrovich Gorodetsky.
1300 - Victory of the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich over Ryazan. Annexation of Kolomna to Moscow.
1302 - Accession to Moscow of the Pereyaslav principality.
1303-1325 - Prince Yuri Daniilovich reigned in Moscow. The conquest of Mozhaisk by Prince Yuri of Moscow specific principality(1303). The beginning of the struggle between Moscow and Tver.
1304-1319 - The reign of Grand Duke Mikhail II Yaroslavich of Tver (1319x). Construction (1310) by the Novgorodians of the Korela fortress (Kexholm, modern Priozersk). Rule in Lithuania by Grand Duke Gediminas. Accession to Lithuania of Polotsk and Turov-Pinsk principalities
1308-1326 - Peter - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1312-1340 - reign of Khan Uzbek in the Golden Horde. Rise of the Golden Horde.
1319-1322 - The reign of Grand Duke Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow (1325x).
1322-1326 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Mikhailovich the Terrible Eyes (1326x).
1323 - Construction of the Russian fortress Oreshek at the source of the Neva River.
1324 - The campaign of the Moscow prince Yuri Daniilovich with the Novgorodians to the Northern Dvina and Ustyug.
1325 - Tragic death in the Golden Horde of Yuri Daniilovich of Moscow. The victory of the Lithuanian troops over the people of Kiev and Smolensk.
1326 - Transfer of the metropolitan see from Vladimir to Moscow by Metropolitan Feognost.
1326-1328 - The reign of Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver (1339x).
1327 - Uprising in Tver against the Mongol-Tatars. The flight of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich from the punitive troops of the Mongol-Tatars.

Russia Moscow

1328-1340 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan I Danilovich Kalita. Transfer of the capital of Russia from Vladimir to Moscow.
Division by Khan Uzbek of Vladimir Principality between Grand Duke Ivan Kalita and Prince Alexander Vasilyevich of Suzdal.
1331 - Unification by Grand Duke Ivan Kalita of the Vladimir principality under his rule ..
1339 - Tragic death in the Golden Horde of Prince Alexander Mikhailovich of Tver. Construction of the wooden Kremlin in Moscow.
1340 - Foundation of the Trinity Monastery by Sergius of Radonezh (Trinity-Sergius Lavra) Death of Uzbek, Great Khan of the Golden Horde
1340-1353 - Board of the Grand Duke Simeon Ivanovich Proud 1345-1377 - Board of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd Gediminovich. Annexation of Kyiv, Chernigov, Volyn and Podolsk lands to Lithuania.
1342 - Accession to the Principality of Suzdal Nizhny Novgorod, Unzha and Gorodets. Formation of the Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod principality.
1348-1349 - Swedish king Magnus I's crusades Novgorod lands and his defeat. Recognition by Novgorod of the independence of Pskov. Bolotovsky agreement (1348).
1353-1359 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan II Ivanovich the Meek.
1354-1378 - Alexei - Metropolitan of All Russia.
1355 - The division of the Suzdal principality between Andrei (Nizhny Novgorod) and Dmitry (Suzdal) Konstantinovich.
1356 - subjugation of the Principality of Bryansk by Olgerd
1358-1386 - Svyatoslav Ioannovich reigned in Smolensk and his struggle with Lithuania.
1359-1363 - The reign of the Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal. The struggle for the great reign between Moscow and Suzdal.
1361 - the seizure of power in the Golden Horde by the temnik Mamai
1363-1389 - The reign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy.
1363 - Olgerd's campaign to the Black Sea, his victory over the Tatars on the Blue Waters (a tributary of the Southern Bug), subjugation of Kyiv land and Podolia to Lithuania
1367 - Coming to power in Tver with the help of the Lithuanian army of Mikhail Alexandrovich Mikulinsky. Exacerbation of Moscow's relations with Tver and Lithuania. The construction of the white stone walls of the Kremlin.
1368 - Olgerd's 1st campaign against Moscow ("Lithuanian").
1370 - Olgerd's 2nd campaign against Moscow.
1375 - Dmitry Donskoy's campaign against Tver.
1377 - The defeat of the troops of Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod from the Tatar prince Arab-shah (Arapsha) on the Pyan River Mamai united the uluses west of the Volga
1378 - Victory of the Moscow-Ryazan army over the Tatar army of Begich on the Vozha River.
1380 - Mamai's campaign against Russia and his defeat in the Battle of Kulikovo. The defeat of Mamai by Khan Tokhtamysh on the Kalka River.
1382 - Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow and the ruin of Moscow. The ruin of the Ryazan principality by the Moscow army.
OK. 1382 - Beginning of minting coins in Moscow..
1383 - Accession of the Vyatka land to the Nizhny Novgorod principality. Death of the former Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Suzdal.
1385 - Judicial reform in Novgorod. Proclamation of independence from the metropolitan court. Unsuccessful campaign of Dmitry Donskoy to Murom and Ryazan. Kreva Union of Lithuania and Poland.
1386-1387 - The campaign of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy at the head of a coalition of Vladimir princes against Novgorod. Payments by Novgorod of indemnity. The defeat of the Smolensk prince Svyatoslav Ivanovich in the battle with the Lithuanians (1386).
1389 - The appearance of firearms in Russia.
1389-1425 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily I Dmitrievich, for the first time without the sanction of the Horde.
1392 - Accession of the Nizhny Novgorod and Murom principalities to Moscow.
1393 - Campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Novgorod lands.
1395 - The defeat of the Golden Horde by the troops of Tamerlane. Establishment of vassal dependence of the Smolensk principality from Lithuania.
1397-1398 - The campaign of the Moscow army on the Novgorod lands. Accession of the Novgorod possessions (Bezhetsky Verkh, Vologda, Ustyug and Komi lands) to Moscow, return of the Dvina land to Novgorod. The conquest of the Novgorod army of the Dvina land.
1399-1400 - The campaign of the Moscow army led by Yuri Zvenigorodsky to the Kama against the Nizhny Novgorod princes who had taken refuge in Kazan 1399 - the victory of Khan Timur-Kutlug over the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich.
1400-1426 - Prince Ivan Mikhailovich reigned in Tver, strengthening of Tver 1404 - capture of Smolensk and the Smolensk principality by the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitovt Keistutovich
1402 - Accession of the Vyatka land to Moscow.
1406-1408 - The war of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily I with Vitovt Keistutovich.
1408 - Emir Yedigey's campaign against Moscow.
1410 - Death of Prince Vladimir Andreevich the Brave Battle of Grunwald. The Polish-Lithuanian-Russian army of Jogaila and Vitovt defeated the knights of the Teutonic Order
OK. 1418- popular uprising against the boyars in Novgorod.
OK. 1420 - Beginning of minting coins in Novgorod.
1422 - Treaty of Melno, an agreement between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland and the Teutonic Order (signed on September 27, 1422 on the shores of Lake Mielno). The order finally abandoned Samogitia and the Lithuanian Zanemanie, retaining the Klaipeda region and the Polish Pomerania.
1425-1462 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily II Vasilyevich the Dark.
1425-1461 - The reign of Prince Boris Alexandrovich in Tver. An attempt to strengthen the meaning of Tver.
1426-1428 - Campaigns of Vitovt of Lithuania against Novgorod and Pskov.
1427 - Recognition by the Tver and Ryazan principalities of vassal dependence on Lithuania 1430 - death of Vitovt of Lithuania. The beginning of the decline of the Lithuanian great power
1425-1453 - Internecine war in Russia between Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark and Yuri Zvenigorodsky, cousins ​​Vasily Kosy and Dmitry Shemyaka.
1430 - 1432 - the struggle in Lithuania between Svidrigail Olgerdovich, representing the "Russian" party and Sigismund, representing the "Lithuanian" party.
1428 - Raid Horde troops to the Kostroma lands - Galich Mersky, the ruin and robbery of Kostroma, Plyos and Lukh.
1432 - Court in the Horde between Vasily II and Yuri Zvenigorodsky (at the initiative of Yuri Dmitrievich). Approval by Grand Duke Vasily II.
1433-1434 - The capture of Moscow and the great reign of Yuri Zvenigorodsky.
1437 - Ulu-Muhammed's campaign to the Zaoksky lands. The Battle of Belev on December 5, 1437 (the defeat of the Moscow army).
1439 - Basil II refuses to accept the Union of Florence with the Roman Catholic Church. The campaign of the Kazan Khan Mahmet (Ulu-Mohammed) to Moscow.
1438 - separation of the Kazan Khanate from the Golden Horde. The beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde.
1440 - Recognition of the independence of Pskov by Kazimir of Lithuania.
1444-1445 - Kazan Khan Makhmet (Ulu-Mukhammed) raided Ryazan, Murom and Suzdal.
1443 - separation of the Crimean Khanate from the Golden Horde
1444-1448 - War of Livonia with Novgorod and Pskov. Campaign of Tverichans to the Novgorod lands.
1446 - Transfer to the Moscow service of Kasim Khan, the brother of the Kazan Khan. Blinding of Vasily II by Dmitry Shemyaka.
1448 - Election of Metropolitan Jonah at the cathedral of the Russian clergy. The signing of the 25-year peace of Pskov and Novgorod with Livonia.
1449 - Treaty of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark with Casimir of Lithuania. Recognition of the independence of Novgorod and Pskov.
OK. 1450 - The first mention of St. George's Day.
1451 - Accession of the Suzdal principality to Moscow. The campaign of Mahmut, the son of Kichi-Mohammed, to Moscow. He burned the settlements, but the Kremlin did not take it.
1456 - The campaign of the Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army under the old Rusa. Yazhelbitsky treaty between Novgorod and Moscow. The first restriction of Novgorod liberties. 1454-1466 - Poland's thirteen-year war with the Teutonic Order, which ended with the recognition of the Teutonic Order as a vassal of the Polish king.
1458 The final division of the Kyiv Metropolis into Moscow and Kyiv. The refusal of the church council in Moscow to recognize Metropolitan Gregory sent from Rome and the decision to continue to appoint a metropolitan by the will of the Grand Duke and the council without approval in Constantinople.
1459 - Subordination of Vyatka to Moscow.
1459 - Separation of the Astrakhan Khanate from the Golden Horde
1460 - Truce between Pskov and Livonia for 5 years. Recognition by Pskov of the sovereignty of Moscow.
1462 - Death of Grand Duke Vasily II the Dark.

Russian state (Russian centralized state)

1462-1505 - The reign of Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich.
1462 - Termination by Ivan III of the issue of Russian coins with the name of the Khan of the Horde. Statement of Ivan III on the rejection of the khan's label for a great reign ..
1465 - Scribe's detachment reaches the Ob River.
1466-1469 - Travel of the Tver merchant Athanasius Nikitin to India.
1467-1469 - campaigns of the Moscow army against the Kazan Khanate.
1468 - Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat marches on Ryazan.
1471 - the 1st campaign of the Grand Duke Ivan III to Novgorod, the defeat of the Novgorod army on the Shelon River. The campaign of the Horde to the Moscow frontiers in the trans-Oka zone.
1472 - Accession of the Perm land (Great Perm) to Moscow.
1474 - Accession to Moscow of the Rostov principality. The conclusion of the 30-year truce between Moscow and Livonia. The conclusion of the alliance of the Crimean Khanate and Moscow against the Great Horde and Lithuania.
1475 - the capture of the Crimea by Turkish troops. The transition of the Crimean Khanate to vassalage from Turkey.
1478 - 2nd campaign of Grand Duke Ivan III against Novgorod.
Liquidation of the independence of Novgorod.
1480 - "Great standing" on the Ugra river of Russian and Tatar troops. Ivan III's refusal to pay tribute to the Horde. End of the Horde yoke.
1483 - The campaign of the Moscow governor F. Kurbsky in the Trans-Urals to the Irtysh to the city of Isker, then down the Irtysh to the Ob in the Yugra land. The conquest of the Pelym principality.
1485 - Accession of the Tver principality to Moscow.
1487-1489 - Conquest of the Kazan Khanate. The capture of Kazan (1487), the adoption by Ivan III of the title "Grand Duke of Bulgar". A protege of Moscow, Khan Mohammed-Emin, was elevated to the Kazan throne. Introduction local system land use.
1489 - A campaign against Vyatka and the final annexation of the Vyatka land to Moscow. Annexation of the Arsk land (Udmurtia).
1491 - "Campaign in the Wild Field" of the 60,000th Russian army to help the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey against the khans of the Great Horde. Kazan Khan Muhammad-Emin joins the campaign to hit the flank
1492 - Superstitious expectations of the "end of the world" in connection with the end (March 1) of the 7th millennium "from the creation of the world". September - the decision of the Moscow Church Council to postpone the date of the beginning of the year to September 1. The first use of the title "autocrat" in a message to the Grand Duke Ivan III Vasilyevich. Foundation of the Ivangorod fortress on the river Narva.
1492-1494 - the 1st war of Ivan III with Lithuania. Accession of Vyazma and Verkhovsky principalities to Moscow.
1493 - Treaty of Ivan III on an alliance with Denmark against the Hansa and Sweden. Danish cession of its possessions in Finland in exchange for the termination of the Hanseatic trade in Novgorod.
1495 - separation of the Siberian Khanate from the Golden Horde. The collapse of the Golden Horde
1496-1497 - Moscow's war with Sweden.
1496-1502 - rule in Kazan by Abdyl-Latif (Abdul-Latif) under the protectorate of Grand Duke Ivan III
1497 - Sudebnik of Ivan III. The first Russian embassy in Istanbul
1499 -1501 - Campaign of the Moscow governors F. Kurbsky and P. Ushaty to the Northern Trans-Urals and to the lower reaches of the Ob.
1500-1503 - the 2nd war of Ivan III with Lithuania for the Verkhovsky principalities. Accession to Moscow of Seversk land.
1501 - Formation of a coalition of Lithuania, Livonia and the Great Horde, directed against Moscow, Crimea and Kazan. On August 30, the 20,000-strong army of the Great Horde began the devastation of the Kursk land, approaching Rylsk, and by November it reached the Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky lands. The Tatars captured the city of Novgorod-Seversky, but did not go further, to the Moscow lands.
1501-1503 - Russia's war with the Livonian Order.
1502 - The final defeat of the Great Horde by the Crimean Khan Mengli-Girey, the transfer of its territory to the Crimean Khanate
1503 - Accession to Moscow of half of the Ryazan principality (including Tula). A truce with Lithuania and the annexation of Chernigov, Bryansk and Gomel (almost a third of the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania) to Russia. Truce between Russia and Livonia.
1505 - Anti-Russian performance in Kazan. The beginning of the Kazan-Russian war (1505-1507).
1505-1533 - The reign of Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich.
1506 - Unsuccessful siege of Kazan.
1507 - The first raid of the Crimean Tatars on the southern borders of Russia.
1507-1508 - War between Russia and Lithuania.
1508 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Sweden for 60 years.
1510 - Liquidation of the independence of Pskov.
1512-1522 - War between Russia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1517-1519 - Publishing activity of Francysk Skaryna in Prague. Skaryna publishes a translation from Church Slavonic into Russian - "Russian Bible".
1512 - "Eternal peace" with Kazan. The unsuccessful siege of Smolensk.
1513 - Accession to the Moscow Principality of the Volotsk inheritance.
1514 - The capture of the Grand Duke Vasily III Ivanovich Smolensk by the troops and the annexation of the Smolensk lands.
1515, April - Death of the Crimean Khan Mengli Giray, a longtime ally of Ivan III;
1519 - Campaign of the Russian troops to Vilna (Vilnius).
1518 - The coming to power in Kazan of Moscow's protege Khan (Tsar) Shah Ali
1520 - Conclusion of a truce with Lithuania for 5 years.
1521 - Campaign of the Crimean and Kazan Tatars led by Mohammed-Girey (Magmet-Girey), Khan of Crimea and Kazan Khan Saip-Girey (Sahib-Girey) to Moscow. The siege of Moscow by the Crimeans. Full accession to Moscow of the Ryazan principality. Seizure of the throne of the Kazan Khanate by the dynasty of Crimean khans Girey (Khan Sahib-Girey).
1522 - Arrest of Novgorod-Seversky prince Vasily Shemyachich. Accession to Moscow Novgorod-Seversky Principality.
1523-1524 - 2nd Kazan-Russian war.
1523 - Anti-Russian performances in Kazan. The campaign of Russian troops in the lands of the Kazan Khanate. Building on the river Sura fortress Vasilsursk. Capture of Astrakhan by the Crimean troops..
1524 - New Russian campaign against Kazan. Peace negotiations between Moscow and Kazan. Proclamation of Safa-Girey as the Kazan tsar.
1529 - Russian-Kazan peace treaty Siege of Vienna by the Turks
1530 - The campaign of the Russian army to Kazan.
1533-1584 - The reign of the Grand Duke and Tsar (since 1547) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
1533-1538 - Regency of the mother of Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilievich Elena Glinskaya (1538+).
1538-1547 - Boyar rule under the juvenile Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (until 1544 - Shuisky, from 1544 - Glinsky)
1544-1546 - Accession to Russia of the lands of the Mari and Chuvash, a campaign in the lands of the Kazan Khanate.
1547 - Acceptance of the royal title by the Grand Duke Ivan IV Vasilyevich (marriage to the kingdom). Fires and riots in Moscow.
1547-1549 - The political program of Ivan Peresvetov: the creation of a permanent archery army, the reliance of royal power on the nobles, the capture of the Kazan Khanate and the distribution of its lands to the nobles.
1547-1550 - Unsuccessful campaigns (1547-1548, 1549-1550) of Russian troops against Kazan Campaign of the Crimean Khan against Astrakhan. The erection in Astrakhan of the protege of the Crimea
1549 - The first news about the Cossack towns on the Don. Formation of the embassy order. Convocation of the first Zemsky Sobor.
1550 - Sudebnik (code of laws) of Ivan the Terrible.
1551 - "Stoglavy" Cathedral. Approval of the reform program (with the exception of the secularization of church lands and the introduction of a secular court for clerics). 3rd Kazan campaign of Ivan the Terrible.
1552 - 4th (Great) campaign of Tsar Ivan IV Vasilievich to Kazan. Unsuccessful campaign of the Crimean troops to Tula. Siege and capture of Kazan. Liquidation of the Kazan Khanate.
1552-1558 - Subjugation of the territory of the Kazan Khanate.
1553 - Unsuccessful campaign of the 120,000th army of Prince Yusuf of the Nogai Horde against Moscow.
1554 - 1st campaign of Russian governors against Astrakhan.
1555 - Cancellation of feeding (completion of the lip and zemstvo reform) Recognition by the Khan of the Siberian Khanate Yediger of vassal dependence on Russia
1555-1557 - War between Russia and Sweden.
1555-1560 - Campaigns of Russian governors in the Crimea.
1556 - The capture of Astrakhan and the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate to Russia. Transition under the power of Russia of the entire Volga region. Adoption of the "Code of Service" - the regulation of the service of the nobility and the norms of local salaries. The collapse of the Nogai Horde into the Great, Small and Altyul Horde
1557 - The oath of the ambassadors of the ruler of Kabarda for allegiance to the Russian Tsar. Recognition by Prince Ismail of the Great Nogai Horde of vassal dependence on Russia. The transition of the western and central Bashkir tribes (subjects of the Nogai Horde) to the citizenship of the Russian Tsar.
1558-1583 - Livonian war of Russia for access to the Baltic Sea and for the lands of Livonia.
1558 - Capture of Narva and Derpt by Russian troops.
1559 - Truce with Livonia. Campaign D. Ardashev to the Crimea. The transition of Livonia under the protectorate of Poland.
1560 - The victory of the Russian army at Ermes, the capture of the castle of Fellin. A. Kurbsky's victory over the Livonians near Wenden. The fall of the government The chosen one is glad, disgrace A. Adasheva. The transition of Northern Livonia to the citizenship of Sweden.
1563 - Capture of Polotsk by Tsar Ivan IV Seizure of power in the Siberian Khanate by Kuchum. Gap vassal relations with Russia
1564 - Edition of the "Apostle" by Ivan Fedorov.
1565 - The introduction of the oprichnina by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible. The beginning of the oprichnina persecution 1563-1570 - Northern Seven-year Danish-Swedish war for dominance in the Baltic Sea. The Peace of Stettin in 1570 basically restored the status quo.
1566 - Completion of the construction of the Great Security Line (Ryazan-Tula-Kozelsk and Alatyr-Temnikov-Shatsk-Ryazhsk). The city of Orel was founded.
1567 - Union of Russia with Sweden. The construction of the Terki fortress (Tersky town) at the confluence of the Terek and Sunzha rivers. The beginning of Russia's advance into the Caucasus.
1568-1569 - Mass executions in Moscow. Destruction by order of Ivan the Terrible of the last appanage prince Andrei Vladimirovich Staritsky. The conclusion of peace agreements between Turkey and the Crimea with Poland and Lithuania. The beginning of the openly hostile policy of the Ottoman Empire towards Russia
1569 - Campaign of the Crimean Tatars and Turks against Astrakhan, unsuccessful siege of Astrakhan Union of Lublin - Formation of a single Polish-Lithuanian state Rzeczpospolita
1570 - Ivan the Terrible's punitive campaigns against Tver, Novgorod and Pskov. The ruin of the Ryazan land by the Crimean Khan Davlet-Girey. The beginning of the Russian-Swedish war. Unsuccessful siege of Reval Formation of the vassal kingdom of Magnus (brother of the King of Denmark) in Livonia.
1571 - Campaign of the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray to Moscow. Capture and burning of Moscow. Flight of Ivan the Terrible to Serpukhov, Aleksandrov Sloboda, then to Rostov..
1572 - Negotiations between Ivan the Terrible and Devlet Giray. New campaign Crimean Tatars against Moscow. The victory of the governor M.I. Vorotynsky on the river Lopasna. Retreat of Khan Devlet Giray. The abolition of the oprichnina by Ivan the Terrible. The execution of the leaders of the oprichnina.
1574 - Foundation of the city of Ufa;.
1575-1577 - Campaigns of Russian troops in Northern Livonia and Livonia.
1575-1576 - Nominal reign of Simeon Bekbulatovich (1616+), Khan of Kasimov, proclaimed by Ivan the Terrible "Grand Duke of All Russia".
1576 - Foundation of the city of Samara. Capture of a number of strongholds in Livonia (Pernov (Pyarnu), Wenden, Paidu, etc.) Election of the Turkish protege Stefan Batory to the Polish throne (1586+).
1577 - Unsuccessful siege of Reval.
1579 - Stefan Batory captures Polotsk, Velikie Luki.
1580s - The first news about the Cossack towns on Yaik.
1580 - the 2nd campaign of Stefan Batory to the Russian lands and the capture of Velikiye Luki by him. Capture of Korela by the Swedish commander Delagardie. The decision of the church council to prohibit the acquisition of land by churches and monasteries.
1581 - The capture of the Russian fortresses of Narva and Ivangorod by the Swedish troops. Cancellation of St. George's Day. The first mention of the "reserved" years. The murder by Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible of his eldest son Ivan.
1581-1582 - Siege of Pskov by Stefan Batory and its defense by I. Shuisky.
1581-1585 - Campaign of the Cossack chieftain Yermak to Siberia and the defeat of the Siberian Khanate of Kuchum.
1582 - Yam-Zapolsky truce of Russia with the Commonwealth for 10 years. Passage of Livonia and Polotsk into the possession of Poland. The resettlement of a part of the Don Cossacks in the tract Combs to the North. Caucasus Bull of Pope Gregory XIII on the calendar reform and the introduction of the Gregorian calendar.
1582-1584 - Mass uprisings of the peoples of the Middle Volga region (Tatars, Mari, Chuvashs, Udmurts) against Moscow Introduction of a new calendar style in Catholic countries (Italy, Spain, Poland, France, etc.). "Calendar disorders" in Riga (1584).
1583 - Plyussky truce of Russia with Sweden for 10 years with the concession of Narva, Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod. The end of the Livonian War, which lasted (intermittently) for 25 years.
1584-1598 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Ioannovich 1586 - the election of the king of the Commonwealth of the Swedish prince Sigismund III Vaz (1632+)
1586-1618 - Accession Western Siberia to Russia. Foundation of the city of Tyumen (1586), Tobolsk (1587), Berezov (1593), Obdorsk (1595), Tomsk (1604).
OK. 1598 - death of Khan Kuchum. The power of his son Ali is preserved in the upper reaches of the rivers Ishim, Irtysh, Tobol.
1587 - Resumption of relations between Georgia and Russia.
1589 - Foundation of the Tsaritsyn fortress near the portage between the Don and the Volga. Establishment of the Patriarchate in Russia.
1590 - Foundation of the city of Saratov.
1590-1593 - Successful war between Russia and Sweden 1592 - King of the Commonwealth Sigismund III Vaz comes to power in Sweden. The beginning of the struggle of Sigismund with another contender for the throne and relative Charles Vasa (the future king of Sweden Charles IX)
1591 - The death of Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich in Uglich, the uprising of the townspeople.
1592-1593 - Decree on the exemption from duties and taxes of the lands of landowners who served in the military and lived on their estates (the appearance of "white lands"). Decree on the prohibition of peasant output. The final attachment of the peasants to the land.
1595 - Tyavzinsky peace with Sweden. The return of the cities of Yam, Koporye, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Nyenshan to Russia. Recognition of Swedish control over Russia's Baltic trade.
1597 - Decree on bonded serfs (their condition for life without the possibility of paying the debt, termination of service with the death of the master). Decree on a five-year term for the investigation of fugitive peasants (lesson years).
1598 - Death of Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Termination of the Rurik dynasty. Acceptance of the Babinovskaya road as the official government route to Siberia (instead of the old Cherdynskaya road).

Time of Troubles

1598-1605 - The reign of Tsar Boris Godunov.
1598 - Beginning of active construction of cities in Siberia.
1601-1603 - Famine in Russia. Partial restoration of St. George's Day and limited output of peasants.
1604 - Construction by a detachment from Surgut at the request of the prince of the Tomsk Tatars, the fortress of Tomsk. The appearance in Poland of the impostor False Dmitry, his campaign at the head of the Cossacks and mercenaries to Moscow.
1605 - The reign of Tsar Fyodor Borisovich Godunov (1605x).
1605-1606 - The reign of the impostor False Dmitry I
Preparation of a new Code allowing the peasant output.
1606 - Conspiracy of the boyars led by Prince V.I. Shuisky. The overthrow and murder of False Dmitry I. The proclamation of V.I. Shuisky as king.
1606-1610 - The reign of Tsar Vasily IV Ivanovich Shuisky.
1606-1607 - The uprising of I.I. Bolotnikov and Lyapunov under the motto "Tsar Dmitry!".
1606 - The appearance of the impostor False Dmitry II.
1607 - Decrees on "voluntary serfs", on a 15-year term for detecting fugitive peasants and on sanctions for accepting and holding fugitive peasants. Cancellation of the reforms of Godunov and False Dmitry I.
1608 - Victory of False Dmitry II over government troops under the leadership of D.I. Shuisky near Bolkhov.
Creation Tushino camp near Moscow..
1608-1610 - Unsuccessful siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery by Polish and Lithuanian troops.
1609 - Appeal for help (February) against False Dmitry II to the Swedish king Charles IX at the cost of territorial concessions. The advance of the Swedish troops to Novgorod. The entry of the Polish king Sigismund III into the Russian state (September). Beginning of the Polish intervention in Russia. Naming in the Tushino camp of Metropolitan Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) as patriarch. Confusion in the Tushino camp. Flight of False Dmitry II.
1609-1611 - Siege of Smolensk by Polish troops.
1610 - Battle of Klushino (24.06) Russian and Polish troops. Liquidation of the Tushino camp. A new attempt by False Dmitry II to organize a campaign against Moscow. The death of False Dmitry II. Removal of Vasily Shuisky from the throne. Entry of the Poles to Moscow.
1610-1613 - Interregnum ("Seven Boyars").
1611 - The defeat of Lyapunov's militia. The fall of Smolensk after a two-year siege. The capture of Patriarch Filaret, V.I. Shuisky and others.
1611-1617 - Swedish intervention in Russia;.
1612 - Gathering of the new militia of Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. The liberation of Moscow, the defeat of the Polish troops. The death of the former Tsar Vasily Shuisky in captivity in Poland.
1613 - Convocation of the Zemsky Sobor in Moscow. Election to the kingdom of Mikhail Romanov.
1613-1645 - The reign of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov.
1615-1616 - Elimination of the Cossack movement of Ataman Balovnya.
1617 - Stolbovsky peace with Sweden. The return of Novgorod lands to Russia, the loss of access to the Baltic - the cities of Korela (Kexholm), Koporye, Oreshek, Yam, Ivangorod went to Sweden.
1618 - Deulino truce with Poland. Transfer of Smolensk lands (including Smolensk), except for Vyazma, Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky lands with 29 cities to Poland. Renunciation of Prince Vladislav of Poland from claims to the Russian throne. Election of Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov) as Patriarch.
1619-1633 - Patriarchate and reign of Filaret (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov).
1620-1624 - Beginning of Russian penetration into Eastern Siberia. Hike to the Lena River and up the Lena to the land of the Buryats.
1621 - Establishment of the Siberian diocese.
1632 - Organization of "foreign system" troops in the Russian army. Founding by A. Vinius of the first ironworks in Tula. The war between Russia and Poland for the return of Smolensk. The foundation of the Yakut prison (at the present site since 1643) 1630-1634 - the Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when the Swedish army, invading (under the command of Gustav II Adolf) Germany, won victories at Breitenfeld (1631), Lutzen (1632), but was defeated at Nördlingen (1634).
1633-1638 - Campaign of the Cossacks I.Perfilyev and I.Rebrov from the lower reaches of the Lena to the rivers Yana and Indigirka 1635-1648 - the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War, when the clear superiority of the anti-Habsburg coalition was determined with the entry into the war of France. As a result, the plans of the Habsburgs failed, political hegemony passed to France. Ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
1636 - Foundation of the Tambov fortress.
1637 - Capture by the Don Cossacks Turkish fortress Azov at the mouth of the Don.
1638 - Hetman Ya. Ostranin, who rebelled against the Poles, crosses over to Russia with his army. The beginning of the formation of suburban Ukraine (the regions of Kharkov, Kursk, etc. between the Don and the Dnieper)
1638-1639 - Campaign of the Cossacks P. Ivanov from Yakutsk to the upper reaches of the Yana and Indigirka.
1639-1640 - Campaign of the Cossacks I. Moskvitin from Yakutsk to the Lamsky (Okhotsk Sea, access to the Pacific Ocean. Completion of the latitudinal crossing of Siberia, begun by Yermak.
1639 - Founding of the first glass factory in Russia.
1641 - Successful defense of the Azov fortress by the Don Cossacks at the mouth of the Don ("Azov Seat").
1642 - Termination of the defense of the fortress of Azov. The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the return of Azov to Turkey. Formation of the nobility of the military class.
1643 - Liquidation of the Kodsky principality of the Khanty on the right bank of the Ob. sea ​​voyage Cossacks led by M. Starodukhin and D. Zdyryan from Indigirka to Kolyma. Exit of Russian servicemen and industrial people to Baikal (K.Ivanov's campaign) Discovery of Sakhalin by the Dutch navigator M.de Vries, who mistook Sakhalin for part of Hokkaido..
1643-1646 - V. Poyarkov's campaign from Yakutsk to Aldan, Zeya, Amur to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1645-1676 - The reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov.
1646 - Replacement of direct taxes with a tax on salt. Abolition of the salt tax and return to direct taxes due to mass unrest. Census of draft and partially non-draft population.
1648-1654 - Construction of the Simbirsk notch line (Simbirsk-Karsun-Saransk-Tambov). Construction of the Simbirsk fortress (1648).
1648 - Sailing of S. Dezhnev from the mouth of the Kolyma River to the mouth of the Anadyr River through the strait separating Eurasia from America. " salt riot"in Moscow. Uprisings of citizens in Kursk, Yelets, Tomsk, Ustyug, etc. Concessions to the nobles: convening a Zemsky Sobor to adopt a new Code, abolishing the collection of arrears. Beginning of B. Khmelnitsky's uprising against the Poles in Ukraine ..
1649 - Cathedral Code of Alexei Mikhailovich. The final registration of serfdom (the introduction of an indefinite investigation of the fugitives), the elimination of "white settlements" (feudal estates in cities exempted from taxes and duties). Legalization of the search for a denunciation of intent against the tsar or his insult ("The word and deed of the sovereign") Deprivation of the British trade privileges at the request of the Russian merchants ..
1649-1652 - E.Khabarov's campaigns against the Amur and the Daurian land. The first clashes between the Russians and the Manchus. Creation of territorial regiments in Sloboda Ukraine (Ostrogozhsky, Akhtyrsky, Sumy, Kharkov).
1651 - Beginning of church reform by Patriarch Nikon. Base German settlement in Moscow.
1651-1660 - M. Stadukhin's campaign along the Anadyr-Okhotsk-Yakutsk route. Establishing a connection between the northern and southern routes to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.
1652-1656 - Construction of the Zakamskaya notch line (Bely Yar - Menzelinsk).
1652-1667 - Clashes between secular and ecclesiastical authorities.
1653 - The decision of the Zemsky Sobor on the adoption of citizenship of Ukraine and the beginning of the war with Poland. The adoption of a trade charter regulating trade (a single trade duty, a ban on collecting travel fees in the possessions of secular and spiritual feudal lords, limiting peasant trade to trade from wagons, increasing the duties of foreign merchants).
1654-1667 - Russian-Polish war for Ukraine.
1654 - Approval of Nikon's reforms by the church council. The emergence of the Old Believers led by Archpriest Avvakum, the beginning of the split of the church. Approval of the Pereyaslav Rada of the Zaporizhzhya Army Treaty (01/08/1654) on the transition of Ukraine (Poltava, Kiev, Chernihiv, Podolia, Volhynia) to Russia while maintaining broad autonomy (inviolability of the rights of the Cossacks, election of the hetman, independent foreign policy, lack of jurisdiction over Moscow, payment of tribute without interference Moscow collectors). Capture by Russian troops of Polotsk, Mogilev, Vitebsk, Smolensk
1655 - The capture of Minsk, Vilna, Grodno by the Russian troops, access to Brest Sweden's invasion of Poland. Beginning of the First Northern War
1656 - Capture of Nyenschantz and Derpt. Siege of Riga. Armistice with Poland and declaration of war on Sweden.
1656-1658 - Russian-Swedish war for access to the Baltic Sea.
1657 - Death of B. Khmelnitsky. Election of I. Vyhovsky as Hetman of Ukraine.
1658 - Nikon's open conflict with Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The beginning of the issuance of copper money (the payment of salaries in copper money and the collection of taxes in silver). The termination of negotiations with Poland, the resumption of the Russian-Polish war. Invasion of Russian troops into Ukraine Gadyach agreement between the hetman of Ukraine Vyhovsky and Poland on the accession of Ukraine as an autonomous "Russian principality" to Poland.
1659 - The defeat of Russian troops near Konotop from the hetman of Ukraine I. Vygovsky and the Crimean Tatars. Refusal Pereyaslav Rada approve the Gadyach treaty. Displacement of Hetman I. Vyhovsky and election of Hetman of Ukraine Y. Khmelnitsky. Approval by the Rada of a new treaty with Russia. The defeat of Russian troops in Belarus, the betrayal of Hetman Y. Khmelnitsky. The split of the Ukrainian Cossacks into supporters of Moscow and supporters of Poland.
1661 - Treaty of Cardis between Russia and Sweden. Russia's renunciation of the conquests of 1656, return to the conditions of the Stolbovsky peace of 1617 1660-1664 - Austro-Turkish war, division of the lands of the Kingdom of Hungary.
1662 - "Copper Riot" in Moscow.
1663 - Foundation of the city of Penza. The split of Ukraine into hetmanships of the Right-bank and Left-bank Ukraine
1665 - A. Ordin-Nashchekin's reforms in Pskov: the establishment of merchant companies, the introduction of elements of self-government. Strengthening Moscow's positions in Ukraine.
1665-1677 - P. Doroshenko's hetmanship in the Right-Bank Ukraine.
1666 - Deprivation of Nikon of the rank of patriarch and condemnation of the Old Believers by the church council. The construction by the rebellious Ilim Cossacks of a new Albazinsky prison on the Amur (since 1672, it was accepted into Russian citizenship) ..
1667 - Construction of ships for the Caspian flotilla. New trading charter. Archpriest Avvakum's exile to the Pustozersky jail for "heresy" (criticism) of the rulers of the country. A. Ordin-Nashchekin at the head of the Ambassadorial order (1667-1671). The conclusion of the Andrusov truce with Poland by A. Ordin-Nashchekin. The implementation of the division of Ukraine between Poland and Russia (the transition of the Left-Bank Ukraine under the rule of Russia).
1667-1676 - Solovetsky uprising of schismatic monks ("Solovki sitting").
1669 - Transfer of Hetman of the Right-bank Ukraine P. Doroshenko under Turkish rule.
1670-1671 - Rebellion of peasants and Cossacks led by the Don ataman S. Razin.
1672 - The first self-immolation of schismatics (in Nizhny Novgorod). The first professional theater in Russia. Decree on the distribution of "wild fields" to servicemen and clerics in the "Ukrainian" regions. Russian-Polish agreement on helping Poland in the war with Turkey 1672-1676 - the war between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire for the Right-Bank Ukraine ..
1673 - Campaign of Russian troops and Don Cossacks to Azov.
1673-1675 - Campaigns of Russian troops against hetman P. Doroshenko (campaigns against Chigirin), defeat by Turkish and Crimean Tatar troops.
1675-1678 - Russian embassy mission to Beijing. The refusal of the Qin government to consider Russia as an equal partner.
1676-1682 - The reign of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov.
1676-1681 - Russo-Turkish War for Right-Bank Ukraine.
1676 - Occupation of the capital of Right-bank Ukraine Chigirin by Russian troops. Zhuravsky peace of Poland and Turkey: Turkey receives Podolia, P. Doroshenko is recognized as a vassal of Turkey
1677 - The victory of Russian troops over the Turks near Chigirin.
1678 - Russian-Polish treaty to extend the truce with Poland for 13 years. Agreement of the parties on the preparation of "eternal peace". The capture of Chigirin by the Turks
1679-1681 - Tax reform. Transition to household taxation instead of field taxation.
1681-1683 - Seitov uprising in Bashkiria due to forced Christianization. The suppression of the uprising with the help of the Kalmyks.
1681 - The abolition of the Kasimov kingdom. Bakhchisaray peace treaty between Russia and Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. Establishment of the Russian-Turkish border along the Dnieper. Recognition for Russia of the Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv.
1682-1689 - Simultaneous reign of the princess-ruler Sofya Alekseevna and tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1682-1689 - Armed conflict between Russia and China on the Amur.
1682 - Abolition of localism. The beginning of the Streltsy rebellion in Moscow. Establishment of the government of Princess Sophia. Suppression of the Streltsy rebellion. The execution of Avvakum and his supporters in Pustozersk.
1683-1684 - Construction of the Syzran notch line (Syzran-Penza).
1686 - "Eternal Peace" between Russia and Poland. Russia's accession to the anti-Turkish coalition of Poland, Holy Empire and Venice (Holy League) with the obligation of Russia to make a campaign against the Crimean Khanate.
1686-1700 - War between Russia and Turkey. Crimean campaigns by V. Golitsyn.
1687 - Foundation of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy in Moscow.
1689 - Construction of the Verkhneudinskaya fortress (modern Ulan-Ude) at the confluence of the Uda and Selenga rivers. Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China. Establishment of the border along the Argun - Stanovoy Ridge - the Uda River to the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk. The overthrow of the government of Princess Sofya Alekseevna.
1689-1696 - Simultaneous reign of Tsars Ivan V Alekseevich and Peter I Alekseevich.
1695 - Establishment of the Preobrazhensky order. The first Azov campaign of Peter I. The organization of "kuppanstvo" to finance the construction of the fleet, the creation of a shipyard on the Voronezh River.
1695-1696 - Uprisings of the local and Cossack population in Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk and Transbaikalia.
1696 - Death of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich.

Russian empire

1689 - 1725 - The reign of Peter I.
1695 - 1696 - Azov campaigns.
1699 - City government reform.
1700 - Russian - Turkish armistice agreement.
1700 - 1721 - Great Northern War.
1700, November 19 - Battle of Narva.
1703 - Foundation of St. Petersburg.
1705 - 1706 - Uprising in Astrakhan.
1705 - 1711 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1708 - Provincial reform Peter I.
1709, June 27 - Battle of Poltava.
1711 - Establishment of the Senate. Prut campaign of Peter I.
1711 - 1765 - M.V. Lomonosov.
1716 - Military regulations of Peter I.
1718 - Establishment of the college. Start of the poll census.
1721 - Establishment of the Chief Magistrate of the Synod. Decree on Possession Peasants.
1721 - Peter I took the title of EMPEROR OF ALL-RUSSIAN. RUSSIA BECAME AN EMPIRE.
1722 - "Table of Ranks".
1722 -1723 - Russian - Iranian war.
1727 - 1730 - The reign of Peter II.
1730 - 1740 - The reign of Anna Ioannovna.
1730 - Repeal of the law of 1714 on uniform inheritance. Acceptance of Russian citizenship by the Younger Horde in Kazakhstan.
1735 - 1739 - Russian - Turkish war.
1735 - 1740 - Uprising in Bashkiria.
1741 - 1761 - The reign of Elizabeth Petrovna.
1742 - Discovery of the northern tip of Asia by Chelyuskin.
1750 - Opening of the first Russian theater in Yaroslavl (F.G. Volkova).
1754 - Abolition of internal customs.
1755 - Foundation of Moscow University.
1757 - 1761 - Russia's participation in the Seven Years' War.
1757 - Establishment of the Academy of Arts.
1760 - 1764 - Mass unrest bonded peasants in the Urals.
1761 - 1762 - Reign Peter III.
1762 - Manifesto "on the freedom of the nobility".
1762 - 1796 - The reign of Catherine II.
1763 - 1765 - Invention of I.I. Polzunov steam engine.
1764 - Secularization of church lands.
1765 - Decree on permission for landowners to exile peasants to hard labor. Establishment of the Free economic society.
1767 - Decree forbidding peasants to complain about landowners.
1767 - 1768 - "Commission on the Code".
1768 - 1769 - "Koliyivshchyna".
1768 - 1774 - Russian - Turkish war.
1771 - "Plague riot" in Moscow.
1772 - First partition of Poland.
1773 - 1775 - Peasant war led by E.I. Pugachev.
1775 - Provincial reform. Manifesto on freedom of organization of industrial enterprises.
1783 - Accession of the Crimea. Georgievsky treaty on the protectorate of Russia over Eastern Georgia.
1783 - 1797 - Srym Datov's uprising in Kazakhstan.
1785 - Letter of grant to the nobility and cities.
1787 - 1791 - Russian - Turkish war.
1788 -1790 - Russian - Swedish war.
1790 - Publication of "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" by A.N. Radishchev.
1793 - The second partition of Poland.
1794 - Uprising in Poland led by T. Kosciuszko.
1795 - Third partition of Poland.
1796 - 1801 - The reign of Paul I.
1798 - 1800 - Mediterranean campaign of the Russian fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov.
1799 - Suvorov's Italian and Swiss campaigns.
1801 - 1825 - The reign of Alexander I.
1803 - Decree "on free cultivators".
1804 - 1813 - War with Iran.
1805 - Creation of an alliance of Russia with England and Austria against France.
1806 - 1812 - War with Turkey.
1806 - 1807 - Creation of an alliance with England and Prussia against France.
1807 - Peace of Tilsit.
1808 - War with Sweden. Accession of Finland.
1810 - Creation of the State Council.
1812 - Accession of Bessarabia to Russia.
1812, June - The invasion of the Napoleonic army into Russia. The beginning of the Patriotic War. August 26 - Battle of Borodino. September 2 - leaving Moscow. December - The expulsion of the Napoleonic army from Russia.
1813 - Accession to Russia of Dagestan and part of Northern Azerbaijan.
1813 - 1814 - Foreign campaigns of the Russian army.
1815 - Congress in Vienna. The Duchy of Warsaw is part of Russia.
1816 - Creation of the first secret organization of the Decembrists "Union of Salvation".
1819 - Rebellion of military settlers in the city of Chuguev.
1819 - 1821 - Round-the-world expedition to Antarctica F.F. Bellingshausen.
1820 - Unrest of soldiers in the tsarist army. Creation of "welfare union".
1821 - 1822 - Creation of the "Southern secret society" and "Northern secret society".
1825 - 1855 - The reign of Nicholas I.
1825, December 14 - Decembrist uprising on Senate Square.
1828 - Accession to Russia of Eastern Armenia and all of Northern Azerbaijan.
1830 - military uprising in the Sevastopol.
1831 - Rebellion in Staraya Russa.
1843 - 1851 - Construction of the railway between Moscow and St. Petersburg.
1849 - Assistance to the Russian army in suppressing the uprising of the Hungarians in Austria.
1853 - Creation by Herzen in London of the Free Russian Printing House.
1853 - 1856 - Crimean War.
1854, September - 1855, August - Defense of Sevastopol.
1855 - 1881 - The reign of Alexander II.
1856 - Treaty of Paris.
1858 - The Aigun border treaty with China was concluded.
1859 - 1861 - revolutionary situation in Russia.
1860 - Beijing border treaty with China. Foundation of Vladivostok.
February 19, 1861 - Manifesto on the emancipation of peasants from serfdom.
1863 - 1864 - Uprising in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.
1864 - The entire Caucasus became part of Russia. Zemstvo and judicial reforms.
1868 - The Khanate of Kokand and the Emirate of Bukhara recognize political dependence on Russia.
1870 - City government reform.
1873 - Khan of Khiva recognized political dependence on Russia.
1874 - Introduction of universal conscription.
1876 ​​- Liquidation of the Kokand Khanate. Creation of a secret revolutionary organization "Land and Freedom".
1877 - 1878 - Russian - Turkish war.
1878 - Treaty of San Stefano.
1879 - The split of "Land and freedom". Creation of the "Black Repartition".
1881, March 1 - Assassination of Alexander II.
1881 - 1894 - The reign of Alexander III.
1891 - 1893 - Conclusion of the Franco - Russian Union.
1885 - Morozov strike.
1894 - 1917 - The reign of Nicholas II.
1900 - 1903 - Economic crisis.
1904 - Murder of Plehve.
1904 - 1905 - Russian - japanese war.
1905, January 9 - "Bloody Sunday".
1905 - 1907 - First Russian revolution.
1906, April 27 - July 8 - First State Duma.
1906 - 1911 - Stolypin's agrarian reform.
1907, February 20 - June 2 - Second State Duma.
1907, November 1 - 1912, June 9 - Third State Duma.
1907 - Creation of the Entente.
1911, September 1 - The assassination of Stolypin.
1913 - Celebration of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty.
1914 - 1918 - First World War.
1917, February 18 - Strike at the Putilov factory. March 1 - creation of the Provisional Government. March 2 - abdication of Nicholas II from the throne. June - July - the crisis of power. August - Kornilov rebellion. September 1 - Russia is declared a republic. October - the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks.
1917, March 2 - Formation of the Provisional Government.
1917, March 3 - Abdication of Mikhail Alexandrovich.
1917, March 2 - Establishment of the Provisional Government.

Russian Republic and RSFSR

1918, July 17 - the assassination of the deposed Emperor and the royal family.
1917, July 3 - July performances of the Bolsheviks.
1917, July 24 - Announcement of the composition of the second coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, August 12 - Convocation of the State Conference.
1917, September 1 - Declaration of Russia as a republic.
1917, September 20 - Formation of the Pre-Parliament.
1917, September 25 - Announcement of the composition of the third coalition of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 25 - Appeal of V. I. Lenin on the transfer of power to the Military Revolutionary Committee.
1917, October 26 - Arrest of members of the Provisional Government.
1917, October 26 - Decrees on peace and land.
1917, December 7 - Establishment of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission.
1918, January 5 - Opening Constituent Assembly.
1918 - 1922 - Civil war.
1918, March 3 - Brest Peace.
1918, May - The uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps.
1919, November - Defeat of A.V. Kolchak.
1920, April - Transfer of power in the Volunteer Army from A.I. Denikin to P.N. Wrangel.
1920, November - The defeat of the army of P.N. Wrangel.

1921, March 18 - Signing of the Peace of Riga with Poland.
1921 - X Party Congress, resolution "On the unity of the party."
1921 - Beginning of the NEP.
1922, December 29 - Union Treaty.
1922 - "Philosophical steamboat"
1924, January 21 - Death of V. I. Lenin
1924, January 31 - Constitution of the USSR.
1925 - XVI Party Congress
1925 - Adoption of a resolution of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) regarding the party's policy in the field of culture
1929 - The year of the "great turning point", the beginning of collectivization and industrialization
1932-1933 - Famine
1933 - Recognition of the USSR by the USA
1934 - First Congress of Writers
1934 - XVII Party Congress ("Congress of Winners")
1934 - The inclusion of the USSR in the League of Nations
1936 - Constitution of the USSR
1938 - Clash with Japan at Lake Khasan
1939, May - Collision with Japan near the Khalkhin Gol River
1939, August 23 - Signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
1939, September 1 - Beginning of World War II
1939, September 17 - The invasion of Soviet troops into Poland
1939, September 28 - Signing of the Treaty with Germany "On Friendship and Border"
1939, November 30 - The beginning of the war with Finland
1939, December 14 - Expulsion of the USSR from the League of Nations
1940, March 12 - Conclusion of a peace treaty with Finland
1941, April 13 - Signing of the non-aggression pact with Japan
1941, June 22 - Invasion of Germany and its allies in the Soviet Union
1941, June 23 - Headquarters of the High Command was formed
1941, June 28 - The capture of Minsk by German troops
1941, June 30 - Establishment of the State Defense Committee (GKO)
1941, August 5-October 16 - Defense of Odessa
1941, September 8 - Beginning of the blockade of Leningrad
1941, September 29-October 1 - Moscow Conference
1941, September 30 - Beginning of the Typhoon plan
1941, December 5 - The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops in the battle of Moscow

1941, December 5-6 - Defense of Sevastopol
1942, January 1 - Accession of the USSR to the Declaration of the United Nations
1942, May - The defeat of the Soviet army during the Kharkov operation
1942, July 17 - Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad
1942, November 19-20 - Beginning of the implementation of Operation Uranus
1943, January 10 - Beginning of Operation Ring
1943, January 18 - The end of the blockade of Leningrad
1943, July 5 - The beginning of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops in the Battle of Kursk
1943, July 12 - Beginning of the Battle of Kursk
1943, November 6 - Liberation of Kyiv
1943, November 28-December 1 - Tehran Conference
1944, June 23-24 - Beginning of the Iasi-Kishinev operation
1944, August 20 - Beginning of Operation Bagration
1945, January 12-14 - Beginning of the Vistula-Oder operation
1945, February 4-11 - Yalta Conference
1945, April 16-18 - Beginning of the Berlin operation
1945, April 18 - Surrender of the Berlin garrison
1945, May 8 - Signing of the act of unconditional surrender of Germany
1945, July 17 - August 2 - Potsdam Conference
1945, August 8 - Announcement of the soldiers of the USSR Japan
1945, September 2 - Surrender of Japan.
1946 - Resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the magazines Zvezda and Leningrad"
1949 - Test of atomic weapons of the USSR. Leningrad case. Test of Soviet nuclear weapons. Formation of Germany and the GDR. 1949 Formation of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).
1950-1953 - Korean War
1952 - XIX Party Congress
1952-1953 - "the cause of doctors"
1953 - Test of the hydrogen weapon of the USSR
1953, March 5 - Death of I. V. Stalin
1955 - Formation of the organization Warsaw Pact
1956 - XX Party Congress, debunking the personality cult of I. V. Stalin
1957 - Completion of the construction of the nuclear-powered ship "Lenin"
1957 - Launch of the first satellite into space by the USSR
1957 - Establishment of the Economic Council
1961, April 12 - Yu. A. Gagarin's flight into space
1961 - XXII Party Congress
1961 - Kosygin reforms
1962 - Unrest in Novocherkassk
1964 - Displacement of N. S. Khrushchev from the post of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
1965 - Construction of the Berlin Wall
1968 - The introduction of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia
1969 - Military clash between the USSR and China
1974 - Start of construction of BAM
1972 - A.I. Brodsky expelled from the USSR
1974 - A.I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the USSR
1975 - Helsinki Agreement
1977 - New Constitution
1979 - The entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan
1980-1981 - Political crisis in Poland.
1982-1984 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Yu.V. Andropov
1984-1985 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU K.U. Chernenko
1985-1991 - Leadership of the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M.S. Gorbachev
1988 - XIX party conference
1988 - The beginning of the armed conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan
1989 - Election of the Congress of People's Deputies
1989 - Withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
1990 - Election of M. S. Gorbachev as President of the USSR
1991, August 19-22 - Creation of the State Emergency Committee. Coup attempt
August 24, 1991 - Mikhail Gorbachev resigns from the post of General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (August 29, the Russian parliament prohibits the activities of the Communist Party and seizes party property).
1991, December 8 - Belovezhskaya agreement, the abolition of the USSR, the creation of the CIS.
1991, December 25 - M.S. Gorbachev resigns as president of the USSR.

the Russian Federation

1992 - Beginning of market reforms in the Russian Federation.
1993, September 21 - "Decree on a phased constitutional reform in the Russian Federation." The beginning of the political crisis.
1993, October 2-3 - clashes in Moscow between supporters of the parliamentary opposition and the police.
1993, October 4 - the capture of the White House by military units, the arrest of A.V. Rutskoi and R.I. Khasbulatov.
1993, December 12 - Adoption of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Elections in the first State Duma RF for a transitional period (2 years).
1994, December 11 - The entry of Russian troops into the Chechen Republic to restore "constitutional order."
1995 - Elections to the State Duma for 4 years.
1996 - Elections for the post of President of the Russian Federation. B.N. Yeltsin gains 54% of the vote and becomes president of the Russian Federation.
1996 - Signing of an interim agreement on the suspension of hostilities.
1997 - completion of the withdrawal of federal troops from Chechnya.
1998, August 17 - economic crisis in Russia, default.
1999, August - Chechen fighters invaded the mountainous regions of Dagestan. The beginning of the II Chechen campaign.
1999, December 31 - B.N. Yeltsin announced the early resignation of the powers of the President of the Russian Federation and the appointment of V.V. Putin as acting president of Russia.
2000, March - the election of V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, August - the death of the nuclear submarine "Kursk". 117 crew members of the nuclear submarine "Kursk" were posthumously awarded the Order of Courage, the captain was posthumously awarded the Hero's Star.
April 14, 2000 - The State Duma decided to ratify the Russian-American START-2 treaty. This treaty assumes further reduction of strategic offensive arms of both countries.
2000, May 7 - Official introduction by V.V. Putin as President of the Russian Federation.
2000, May 17 - Approval by M.M. Kasyanov as Prime Minister of the Russian Federation.
2000, August 8 - A terrorist act in Moscow - an explosion in the underpass of the Pushkinskaya metro station. 13 people died, a hundred were injured.
2004, August 21-22 - There was an invasion of the city of Grozny by a detachment of militants numbering more than 200 people. For three hours they held the city center and killed more than 100 people.
2004, August 24 - In the sky over the Tula and Rostov regions, two passenger planes were blown up at the same time, taking off from Moscow's Domodedovo airport to Sochi and Volgograd. 90 people died.
2005, May 9 - Parade on Red Square on May 9, 2005 in honor of the 60th anniversary of Victory Day.
2005, August - Scandal with the beating of the children of Russian diplomats in Poland and the "retaliatory" beating of the Poles in Moscow.
November 1, 2005 - A successful test launch of the Topol-M rocket with a new warhead was carried out from the Kapustin Yar test site in the Astrakhan region.
2006, January 1 - Municipal reform in Russia.
2006, March 12 - First Single Voting Day (changes in the electoral legislation of the Russian Federation).
2006, July 10 - Chechen terrorist "number 1" Shamil Basayev was destroyed.
2006, October 10, Russian President Vladimir Putin and Federal Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel unveiled a monument to Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky in Dresden by People's Artist of Russia Alexander Rukavishnikov.
October 13, 2006 - Russian Vladimir Kramnik was proclaimed the absolute world chess champion after defeating Bulgarian Veselin Topalov in a match.
2007, January 1 - Krasnoyarsk Territory, Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki autonomous regions merged into a single subject of the Russian Federation - the Krasnoyarsk Territory.
2007, February 10 - President of Russia V.V. Putin said the so-called. "Munich speech".
2007, May 17 - In the Moscow Cathedral of Christ the Savior, Patriarch Alexy II of Moscow and All Russia and the First Hierarch of ROCOR, Metropolitan of Eastern America and New York Laurus, signed the Act of Canonical Communion, a document that ended the division between the Russian Church Abroad and the Moscow Patriarchate.
2007, July 1 - Kamchatka Oblast and Koryak Autonomous Okrug merged into Kamchatka Krai.
2007, August 13 - Nevsky Express train accident.
2007, September 12 - Mikhail Fradkov's government resigned.
September 14, 2007 - Viktor Zubkov is appointed as the new Prime Minister of Russia.
October 17, 2007 - The Russian national football team led by Guus Hiddink defeated the England national team with a score of 2:1.
2007, December 2 - Elections to the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of the 5th convocation.
2007, December 10 - Dmitry Medvedev nominated as a candidate for the President of the Russian Federation from " United Russia».
2008, March 2 - Elections of the third President of the Russian Federation were held. Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev won.
2008, May 7 - Inauguration of the third President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev.
August 8, 2008 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, to armed conflict Russia officially joined on the side of South Ossetia.
2008, August 11 - Active hostilities began in the zone of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict: Georgia stormed Tskhinvali, Russia officially joined the armed conflict on the side of South Ossetia.
August 26, 2008 - Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed a decree recognizing the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
September 14, 2008 - A Boeing 737 passenger plane crashed in Perm.
2008, December 5 - Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Alexy II died. Temporarily, the place of the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church is taken by the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne, Metropolitan of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Kirill.
January 1, 2009 - The Unified State Exam became mandatory throughout Russia.
2009, January 25-27 - Extraordinary Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church. The Local Council of the Russian Orthodox Church has elected a new Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia. They became Cyril.
2009, February 1 - Enthronement of the newly elected Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Kirill.
2009, July 6-7 - Visit of US President Barack Obama to Russia.

1. Dates of the 9th-10th centuries, in accordance with tradition, are given according to PVL, except in cases where there is a generally accepted clarification according to independent sources. For the Kyiv princes, the exact dates within the year (season or month and day) are indicated if they are named in the sources or when there is reason to believe that the departure of the previous prince and the arrival of the new one took place simultaneously. As a rule, the chronicles recorded the dates when the prince sat on the throne, left it posthumously, or was defeated in an open battle with rivals (after which he did not return to Kyiv). In other cases, the date of the removal from the table was usually not named and therefore cannot be accurately determined. Sometimes the opposite situation occurs, in which it is known on what day the table was left by the former prince, but it is not said when the successor prince took it. Dates for Vladimir princes are indicated in a similar way. For the Horde era, when the right to the Vladimir Grand Duchy was transferred according to the khan's label, the beginning of the reign indicates the date when the prince sat on the table in Vladimir itself, and the end - when he actually lost control of the city. For the Moscow princes, the beginning of the reign is indicated from the date of the death of the previous prince, and for the period of the Moscow strife, according to the actual possession of Moscow. For Russian tsars and emperors, the beginning of the reign, as a rule, is indicated from the date of death of the previous monarch. For the presidents of the Russian Federation - from the date of taking office.
2. Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in XIII-XIV centuries In: Ways of political development. M., 1996. pp. 46.74; Glib IvakinІhistorical development Kiev XIII - middle XVI st. K., 1996; BDT. Volume Russia. M., 2004. pp. 275, 277. The opinion often found in the literature about the transfer of the nominal capital of Russia from Kyiv to Vladimir in 1169 is a widespread inaccuracy. Cm. Tolochko A.P. History Russian Vasily Tatishchev. Sources and news. M., - Kyiv, 2005. S. 411-419. Gorsky A. A. Rus from Slavic settlement to the Moscow kingdom. M., 2004. - p.6. The rise of Vladimir as an alternative all-Russian center to Kyiv began in the middle of the 12th century (from the reign of Andrei Yuryevich Bogolyubsky), but became final only after the Mongol invasion, when the Grand Dukes of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich () and Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky () were recognized in the Horde as the oldest among all Russian princes. They received Kyiv, but preferred to leave Vladimir as their residence. From the beginning XIV century, the Grand Dukes of Vladimir bore the title "All Russia". The Vladimir table with the sanction of the Horde was received by one of the specific princes of North-Eastern Russia, from 1363 it was occupied only by Moscow princes, from 1389 it became their hereditary possession. The territory of the united Vladimir and Moscow principalities became the core of the modern Russian state.
3. He began to reign in 6370 (862) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 19-20). He died in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 22). According to the Lavrentievsky list of PVL and the Novgorod I chronicle, he settled in Novgorod, according to the Ipatiev list - in Ladoga, in 864 he founded Novgorod and moved there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 20, vol. III<НIЛ. М.;Л., 1950.>- S. 106, PSRL, vol. II, stb. fourteen). As archaeological research shows, Novgorod did not yet exist in the 9th century; mentions of him in the annals refer to Gorodische.
4. He began to reign in 6387 (879) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 22). In the PVL and the Russian-Byzantine treaty of 911, the prince, tribesman or relative of Rurik, who ruled during Igor's infancy (PSRL, vol. I, st. 18, 22, 33, PSRL, vol. II, st. 1). In the Novgorod Chronicle I appears as a governor under Igor (PSRL, vol. III, p. 107).
5. He began to reign in 6390 (882) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 23), most likely in the summer, since he was supposed to go on a campaign from Novgorod in the spring. He died in the autumn of 6420 (912) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 38-39). According to the Novgorod Chronicle I, he died in 6430 (922) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 109).
6. The beginning of the reign is marked in the chronicle in 6421 (913) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 42). Either this is just a feature of the design of the chronicle, or it took him time to sit down in Kyiv. When describing the death and funeral of Oleg, Igor is not mentioned. According to the chronicle, he was killed by the Drevlyans in the autumn of 6453 (945) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 54-55). The story of Igor's death is placed immediately after the Russian-Byzantine treaty, which was concluded in 944, so some researchers prefer this year. The month of doom may have been november, because according to the data of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, it was in November that the polyudye began. ( Litavrin G.  G. Ancient Russia, Bulgaria and Byzantium in the IX-X centuries. // IX International Congress of Slavists. History, culture, ethnography and folklore Slavic peoples. M., 1983. - S. 68.).
7. Rules of Russia during the minority of Svyatoslav. In the annals (in the list of Kyiv princes in article 6360 of the PVL and in the list of Kyiv princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle), the ruler is not called (PSRL, vol. II, st. 1, 13, 46), but appears as such in synchronous Byzantine and Western European sources. Ruled until at least 959, when her embassy to the German king Otto I is mentioned (chronicle of the Successor of Reginon). At the request of Olga, the German bishop Adalbert was sent to Russia, but when he arrived in 961, he could not begin his duties and was expelled. Obviously, this indicates the transfer of power to Svyatoslav, who was a zealous pagan. (Ancient Russia in the light of medieval sources. T.4. M., 2010. - P.46-47).
8. The beginning of his reign in the annals is marked in 6454 (946), and the first independent event - in 6472 (964) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 57, 64). Probably, independent government yet it began earlier - between 959 and 961. See previous note. Killed in the early spring of 6480 (972) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 74).
9. Planted in Kyiv by his father, who went on a campaign against Byzantium in 6478 (970) (according to the chronicle, PSRL, vol. I, stb. 69) or in the fall of 969 (according to Byzantine sources). After the death of his father, he continued to reign in Kyiv. Expelled from Kyiv and killed, the chronicle dates this to 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 78). According to the “Memory and Praise of the Russian Prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnich, Vladimir entered Kyiv June 11th 6486 (978 ) of the year.
10. According to the list of reigns in article 6360 (852) of the PVL, he reigned for 37 years, which indicates the year 978. (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 18). According to all chronicles, he entered Kyiv in 6488 (980) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 77, vol. III, p. 125), according to “In memory and praise to the Russian prince Vladimir” by Jacob Mnikh - June 11th 6486 (978 ) of the year (Library of Literature of Ancient Russia. Vol. 1. - P. 326. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Russia. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The dating of 978 was especially actively defended by A. A. Shakhmatov. Died July 15 6523 (1015) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130).
11. At the time of his father's death, he was in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 130, 132). Defeated by Yaroslav in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 141-142).
12. He began to reign in the late autumn of 6524 (1016) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 142). Defeated in the battle on the Bug July 22(Titmar Merseburgsky. Chronicle VIII 31) and fled to Novgorod in 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143).
13. Sat on the throne in Kyiv August 14 6526 (1018) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 143-144, Titmar of Merseburg. Chronicle VIII 32). According to the chronicle, Yaroslav was expelled in the same year (probably in the winter of 1018/19), but usually his exile is dated to 1019 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 144).
14. Sat in Kyiv in 6527 (1019) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 146). He died in 6562, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, on the first Saturday of Lent on the day of St. Theodore (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162), i.e. February 19, in the Ipatiev Chronicle, the exact date is added to the indication of Saturday - February 20. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 150). The March style is used in the annals and 6562 corresponds to 1055, but from the date of fasting it follows that the correct year is 1054 (in 1055, fasting began later, the author of the PVL used the March style of reckoning, erroneously increasing the term of Yaroslav's reign by one year. See. Milyutenko N.I. Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir and the Baptism of Russia. M., 2008. - S.57-58). The year 6562 and the date Sunday 20 February are shown in graffiti from Hagia Sophia. The most probable date is determined by the ratio of the day and the day of the week - Sunday 20 February 1054.
15. He arrived in Kyiv after the death of his father and sat on the throne according to his father's will (PSRL, vol. I, st. 162). This probably happened quite quickly, especially if he was in Turov, and not Novgorod (Yaroslav's body was taken from Vyshgorod to Kyiv, according to the annals, Vsevolod, who was with his father at the time of death, was organizing the funeral, according to Nestor's Reading about Boris and Gleb - Izyaslav buried his father in Kyiv). The beginning of his reign is marked in the annals in 6563, but this is probably a mistake of the chronicler, who attributed the death of Yaroslav to the end of March 6562. Expelled from Kyiv September 15th 6576 (1068) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 171).
16. Sat on the throne September 15th 6576 (1068), reigned Seven months, that is, until April 1069 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 172-173).
17. Sat on the throne May 2 6577 (1069) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 174). Exiled in March 1073 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182).
18. Sat on the throne March 22 6581 (1073) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 182). Died 27th of December 6484 (1076) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199).
19. Sat on the throne 1st of January March 6584 (1077) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190). In the summer of the same year, he ceded power to his brother Izyaslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 190).
20. Sat on the throne July 15 6585 (1077) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 199). Killed October 3 6586 (1078) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 202).
21. Sat on the throne in October 1078 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 204). Died April 13 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 216).
22. Sat on the throne April 24 6601 (1093) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 218). Died April 16 1113. The ratio of March and ultra-March years is indicated in accordance with the studies of N. G. Berezhkov, in the Lavrentievskaya and Troitskaya chronicles 6622 ultramart year (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 290; Troitskaya chronicle. St. Petersburg, 2002. - P. 206), according to Ipatievskaya chronicle 6621 March year (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 275).
23. Sat on the throne 20 April 1113 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 290, vol. VII, p. 23). Died May 19 1125 (March 6633 according to the Laurentian and Trinity Chronicles, Ultra-March 6634 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 295, vol. II, st. 289; Trinity Chronicle. P. 208).
24. Sat on the throne May 20 1125 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 289). Died April 15 1132 on Friday (in the Lavrentiev, Trinity and Novgorod First Chronicles on April 14, 6640, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on April 15, 6641 of the ultra-March year) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 301, vol. II, st. 294, vol. III, p. 22; Trinity Chronicle, p.212). Exact date determined by the day of the week.
25. Sat on the throne April 17 1132 (Ultramart 6641 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 294). Died 18th of Febuary 1139, in the Laurentian Chronicle March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle Ultramart 6647 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302) In the Nikon Chronicle, November 8, 6646 is clearly mistaken (PSRL, vol. IX, stb. 163).
26. Sat on the throne February 22 1139 on Wednesday (March 6646, in the Ipatiev Chronicle on February 24, Ultramart 6647) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 306, vol. II, st. 302). The exact date is determined by the day of the week. March 4 retired to Turov at the request of Vsevolod Olgovich (PSRL, vol. II, st. 302).
27. Sat on the throne 5th of March 1139 (March 6647, Ultramart 6648) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 307, vol. II, st. 303). According to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, he died August 1(PSRL, vol. II, st. 321, vol. VII, p. 35), according to the Laurentian and Novgorod fourth chronicles - July 30 6654 (1146) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. IV, p. 151).
28. Sat on the throne the day after the death of his brother. (HIL., 1950. - S. 27, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 227) (possibly August 1 due to the discrepancy between the date of Vsevolod's death by 1 day, see the previous note). August 13 1146 was defeated in battle and fled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 313, vol. II, st. 327).
29. Sat on the throne August 13 1146. Defeated in battle on August 23, 1149 and retreated to Kyiv, and then left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 383).
30. Sat on the throne August 28 1149 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 322, vol. II, st. 384), the date 28 is not indicated in the annals, but it is calculated almost perfectly: the day after the battle, Yuri entered Pereyaslavl, spent three days there and headed to Kyiv, namely the 28th was a Sunday more suitable for accession to the throne. Exiled in 1150, in the summer (PSRL, vol. II, st. 396).
31. He entered Kyiv in August 1150 and sat down at Yaroslav's Court, but after protests from the people of Kiev and negotiations with Izyaslav Mstislavich, he left the city. (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 396, 402, vol. I, stb. 326).
32. Sat on the throne in 1150 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 326, vol. II, st. 398). A few days later he was expelled (PSRL, vol. I, st. 327, vol. II, st. 402).
33. He sat on the throne in 1150, around August (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 328, vol. II, st. 403), after that in the annals (vol. II, st. 404) the feast of the Exaltation of the Cross is mentioned (14 September). He left Kyiv in the winter of 6658 (1150/1) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416).
34. Sat on the throne in March or early April 6658 (1151) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 330, vol. II, st. 416). Died the 13th of November 1154 years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 341-342, vol. IX, p. 198) (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle on the night of November 14, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - November 14 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 469 ; vol. III, p. 29).
35. As the eldest of the sons of Vladimir Monomakh, he had the greatest rights to the Kyiv table. He sat down in Kyiv with his nephew in the spring of 6659 (1151), probably in April (PSRL, vol. I, st. 336, vol. II, st. 418) (or already in the winter of 6658 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 186. He died at the end of 6662, shortly after the beginning of the reign of Rostislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 472).
36. He sat on the throne in 6662 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 342, vol. II, st. 470-471). Like his predecessor, he recognized Vyacheslav Vladimirovich as his senior co-ruler. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he arrived in Kyiv from Novgorod and sat for a week (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29). Defeated in battle and left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 343, vol. II, st. 475).
37. He sat on the throne in the winter of 6662 (1154/5) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 344, vol. II, st. 476). Yielded power to Yuri (PSRL, vol. II, st. 477).
38. Sat on the throne in the spring of 6663 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle (at the end of winter 6662 according to the Laurentian Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 345, vol. II, st. 477) Palm Sunday(i.e 20th of March) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 29, see Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. II-III. M., 1991. - P. 164). Died May 15 1157 (March 6665 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 according to the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348, vol. II, st. 489).
39. Sat on the throne May 19 1157 (Ultra-March 6666, so in the Khlebnikov list of the Ipatiev Chronicle, in its Ipatiev list it is erroneous on May 15) of the year (PSRL, vol. II, st. 490). In the Nikon Chronicle on May 18 (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 208). Exiled from Kyiv in the winter of March 6666 (1158/9) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he was expelled at the end of the Ultramart year 6667 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 502).
40. Village in Kyiv December 22 6667 (1158) according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection Chronicles (PSRL, vol. II, st. 502, vol. VII, p. 70), in the winter of 6666 according to the Laurentian Chronicle, according to the Nikon Chronicle on August 22, 6666 (PSRL, vol. IX , p. 213), having expelled Izyaslav from there, but then in the spring of the following year he ceded it to Rostislav Mstislavich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 348).
41. Village in Kyiv 12th of April 1159 (Ultramart 6668 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 504, date in the Ipatiev Chronicle), in the spring of March 6667 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348). He left the besieged Kyiv on February 8, ultramart 6669 (1161) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 515).
42. Sat on the throne 12th of February 1161 (Ultramart 6669) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 516) In the Sofia First Chronicle - in the winter of March 6668 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 232). Killed in action March, 6 1161 (ultramart 6670) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 518).
43. He again ascended the throne after the death of Izyaslav. Died March 14th 1167 (according to the Ipatiev and Resurrection chronicles, died on March 14, 6676 of the ultramart year, buried on March 21, according to the Laurentian and Nikon chronicles, died on March 21, 6675) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 353, vol. II, stb. 532 , vol. VII, p. 80, vol. IX, p. 233).
44. By right of seniority, he was the main contender for the throne after the death of his brother Rostislav. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he was expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Izyaslavich in 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 353-354). In the Sofia First Chronicle, the same message is placed twice: under 6674 and 6676 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234, 236). This story is also told by Jan Dlugosz ( Shchaveleva N. I. Ancient Russia in "Polish History" by Jan Dlugosh. M., 2004. - S.326). The Ipatiev Chronicle does not mention his reign at all, instead it says that Mstislav Izyaslavich, before his arrival, ordered Vasilko Yaropolchich to sit in Kyiv (according to the literal meaning of the message, Vasilko was already in Kyiv, but the chronicle does not directly speak about his entry into the city) , and the day before the arrival of Mstislav, Yaropolk Izyaslavich entered Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 532-533). Based on this report, some sources include Vasilko and Yaropolk among the princes of Kyiv.
45. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he sat on the throne May 19 6677 (that is, in this case 1167) years. In the annals, the day is called Monday, but according to the calendar it is Friday, and therefore the date is sometimes corrected for May 15 ( Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S. 179). However, the confusion can be explained by the fact that, as the chronicle notes, Mstislav left Kyiv for several days (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 534-535, for the date and day of the week, see below). Pyatnov A. P. Kyiv and Kyiv land in 1167-1169 // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies/ №1 (11). March, 2003. - C. 17-18.). The united army moved to Kyiv, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the winter of 6676 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 354), along Ipatievskaya and Nikonovskaya, in the winter of 6678 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 543, vol. IX, p. 237 ), according to Sophia First, in the winter of 6674 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 234), which corresponds to the winter of 1168/69. Kyiv was taken March 12, 1169, on Wednesday (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, March 8, 6679, according to the Resurrection Chronicle, 6678, but the day of the week and the indication of the second week of fasting correspond exactly to March 12, 1169 (see. Berezhkov N. G. Chronology of Russian annals. M., 1963. - S.336.) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545, vol. VII, p. 84).
46. Sat on the throne on March 12, 1169 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, 6679 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 545), according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in 6677 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 355).
47. Sat on the throne in 1170 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle in 6680), in February (PSRL, vol. II, st. 548). He left Kyiv the same year on Monday, the second week after Easter (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 549).
48. He sat down again in Kyiv after the expulsion of Mstislav. He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the ultra-March year 6680 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 363). Died January 20th 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6681, and the designation of this year in the Ipatiev Chronicle exceeds the March account by three units) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 564).
49. Sat on the throne February, 15 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle it is 6681) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 566). Died on Monday of Russian week May 10 1171 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, this is 6682, but the correct date is determined by the day of the week) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 567).
50. His reign in Kyiv is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle under the year 6680 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 34). After a short time, having no support from Andrei Bogolyubsky, he gave way to Roman Rostislavich ( Pyatnov A.V. Mikhalko Yurievich // BRE. T.20. - M., 2012. - P. 500).
51. Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered him to sit on the throne in Kyiv in the winter of the Ultra-March 6680 (according to the Ipatiev Chronicle - in the winter of 6681) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 364, vol. II, st. 566). He sat on the throne in the “month of July that came” in 1171 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle this is 6682, according to the Novgorod First Chronicle - 6679) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 568, vol. III, p. 34) Later, Andrei ordered Roman to leave Kyiv, and he went to Smolensk (PSRL, vol. II, st. 570).
52. Mikhalko Yuryevich, whom Andrei Bogolyubsky ordered to take the Kyiv table after Roman, sent his brother to Kyiv instead of himself. Sat on the throne 5 weeks(PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570). In the ultra-March year 6682 (both in the Ipatiev and Laurentian chronicles). Together with his nephew Yaropolk, he was taken prisoner by Davyd and Rurik Rostislavich to the praise of the Holy Mother of God - March 24(PSRL, vol. I, st. 365, vol. II, st. 570).
53. Was in Kyiv together with Vsevolod (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 570)
54. Sat on the throne after the capture of Vsevolod in 1173 (6682 ultramart year) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 571). When Andrei sent an army to the south in the same year, Rurik left Kyiv in early September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 575).
55. In November 1173 (Ultramart 6682) he sat on the throne by agreement with the Rostislavichs (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). He reigned in the Ultramart year 6683 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle), defeated by Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366). According to the Ipatiev Chronicle, in the winter of 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, st. 578). In the Resurrection Chronicle, his reign is mentioned again under the year 6689 (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 96, 234).
56. Sat in Kyiv 12 days in January 1174 or at the end of December 1173 and returned to Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 240) (In the Resurrection Chronicle under 6680 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. .234)
57. He sat down again in Kyiv, having concluded an agreement with Svyatoslav, in the winter of Ultramart 6682 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 579). Kyiv ceded to Roman in 1174 (ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 600).
58. Sat in Kyiv in 1174 (Ultramart 6683) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 600, vol. III, p. 34). In 1176 (Ultramart 6685) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 604).
59. He entered Kyiv in 1176 (ultramart 6685), on Ilyin's day ( July 20) (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604). In July, he left Kyiv due to the approach of the troops of Roman Rostislavich with his brothers, but as a result of negotiations, the Rostislavichs agreed to cede Kyiv to him. He returned to Kyiv in September (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 604-605). In 6688 (1180) he left Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616).
60. Sat on the throne in 6688 (1180) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 616). But a year later he left the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). In the same year, he made peace with Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, according to which he recognized his seniority and ceded Kyiv to him, and in return received the rest of the territory of the Kyiv principality (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 626).
61. Sat on the throne in 6688 (1181) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 621). He died in 1194 (in the Ipatiev Chronicle in March 6702, according to the Laurentian Chronicle in Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412), in July, on the Monday before the day of the Maccabees (PSRL, vol. II, st. 680) . His co-ruler was Rurik Rostislavich, who owned the Principality of Kyiv (PSRL, vol. II, st. 626). In historiography, their joint reign received the designation "duumvirate", however, Rurik is not included in the lists of Kyiv princes, since he did not sit on the Kyiv table (unlike the similar duumvirate of the Mstislavichs with Vyacheslav Vladimirovich in the 1150s).
62. He sat on the throne after the death of Svyatoslav in 1194 (March 6702, Ultra March 6703) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 412, vol. II, st. 681). Expelled from Kyiv by Roman Mstislavich in the Ultra-March 6710. During the negotiations, Roman was in Kyiv at the same time as Rurik (he occupied Podol, and Rurik remained on Gor). (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 417)
63. Sat on the throne in 1201 (according to the Laurentian and Resurrection chronicles in the ultra-March 6710, according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles in March 6709) by the will of Roman Mstislavich and Vsevolod Yurievich (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 418; vol. VII, p. 107 ; v. X, p. 34; Trinity Chronicle, p. 284).
64. Took Kyiv 2 January 1203(6711 ultramart) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 418). In the Novgorod First Chronicle on January 1, 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 45), in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle on January 2, 6711 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 180), in the Trinity and Resurrection Chronicles on January 2, 6710 ( Trinity Chronicle, p.285; PSRL, vol. VII, p. 107). In February 1203 (6711), Roman opposed Rurik and besieged him in Ovruch. In connection with this circumstance, some historians are of the opinion that after the sack of Kyiv, Rurik left the city without becoming a prince in it ( Grushevsky M.S. Essay on the history of the Kyiv land from the death of Yaroslav to the end of the XIV century. K., 1891. - S. 265). As a result, Roman made peace with Rurik, and then Vsevolod confirmed the rule of Rurik in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 419). After a quarrel that took place in Trepol at the end of a joint campaign against the Polovtsians, Roman captured Rurik and sent him to Kyiv, accompanied by his boyar Vyacheslav. Upon arrival in the capital, Rurik was forcibly tonsured a monk. This happened in the “fierce winter” in 6713 according to the Laurentian Chronicle (PSRL, vol. I, st. 420, in the Novgorod first junior edition and the Trinity Chronicles, the winter of 6711 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 240; Trinity Chronicle. From .286), in the Sofia First Chronicle 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260). The fact that Rurik was escorted by Vyacheslav is reported in the Novgorod First Chronicle of the Younger Edition (PSRL, vol. III, p. .240; Gorovenko A.V. Sword of Roman Galitsky. Prince Roman Mstislavich in history, epic and legends. M., 2014. - S. 148). In the list of Kyiv princes compiled by L. Makhnovets, Roman is indicated by the prince for two weeks in 1204 ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky List. - K., 1989. - P. 522), in the list compiled by A. Poppe - in 1204-1205 ( Podskalski G. Christianity and theological literature in Kievan Rus (988 - 1237). SPb., 1996. - S. 474), but the annals do not say that he was in Kyiv. There is a message about this only in the so-called Izvestiya  Tatishchev. Nevertheless, from 1201 to 1205, Roman actually put his henchmen on the Kyiv table (unlike Andrei Bogolyubsky in a similar situation 30 years ago, he personally came to the Kiev principality for this). The actual status of Roman is reflected in the Ipatiev Chronicle, where he is included in the list of Kyiv princes (between Rurik and Mstislav Romanovich) (PSRL. T.II, stb. 2) and named prince "All Russia"- such a definition was applied only to the Kyiv princes (PSRL. T.II, stb.715).
65. He was placed on the throne by agreement of Roman and Vsevolod after Rurik was tonsured in winter (that is, at the beginning of 1204) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 421, vol. X, p. 36). Shortly after the death of Roman Mstislavich ( June 19 1205) ceded Kyiv to his father.
66. He was cut short after the death of Roman Mstislavich, which followed on June 19, 1205 (Ultramart 6714) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 426) In the Sofia First Chronicle under 6712 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 260), in Trinity and Nikon Chronicles under 6713 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 292; PSRL, vol. X, p. 50) and again sat on the throne. After an unsuccessful campaign against Galich in March 6714, he retired to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427). According to the Laurentian Chronicle, he sat down in Kyiv (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). In 1207 (March 6715) he again fled to Ovruch (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). It is believed that the messages under 1206 and 1207 duplicate each other (see also PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235: interpretation in the Resurrection Chronicle as two principalities)
67. He sat down in Kyiv in March 6714 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 427), around August. The date 1206 is specified in synchronism with the campaign against Galich. According to the Laurentian Chronicle, in the same year he was expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428).
68. He sat down in Kyiv, expelling Vsevolod from there (PSRL, vol. I, st. 428). He left Kyiv the following year when Vsevolod's troops approached (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429). The reports in the annals under 1206 and 1207 may duplicate each other.
69. He sat down in Kyiv in the spring of 6715 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 429), in the autumn of the same year he was again expelled by Rurik (PSRL, vol. I, st. 433).
70. He sat down in Kyiv in the autumn of 1207, around October (Trinity Chronicle. S. 293, 297; PSRL, vol. X, pp. 52, 59). In the Trinity and most of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle, duplicate messages are placed under the years 6714 and 6716. The exact date is set in sync with the Ryazan campaign of Vsevolod Yurievich. By agreement with Vsevolod, in 1210 (according to the Laurentian Chronicle 6718), he went to reign in Chernigov (PSRL, vol. I, st. 435) (according to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6719, PSRL, vol. X, p. 62, according to the Resurrection Chronicle - in 6717, PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235). However, in historiography there are doubts about this message, perhaps Rurik is confused with the Chernigov prince, who bore the same name. According to other sources (Typographic Chronicle, PSRL, vol. XXIV, p. 28 and Piskarevsky chronicler, PSRL, vol. XXXIV, p. 81), he died in Kyiv. ( Pyatnov A.P. Fight for Kyiv table in 1210s. Controversial questions chronology // Ancient Rus. Questions of medieval studies. - 1/2002 (7)).
71. He sat down in Kyiv either as a result of an exchange with Rurik for Chernigov (?), or after the death of Rurik (see previous note). Expelled from Kyiv by Mstislav Mstislavich in the summer 1214 year (in the Novgorod first and fourth chronicles, as well as Nikon's, this event is described under the year 6722 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 53; vol. IV, p. 185, vol. X, p. 67), in the Sophia First Chronicle clearly erroneous under the year 6703 and again under the year 6723 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 250, 263), in the Tver Chronicle twice - under 6720 and 6722, in the Resurrection Chronicle under 6720 (PSRL, vol. VII , pp. 118, 235, vol. XV, st. 312, 314. The data of intrachronicle reconstruction speak for 1214, for example, February 1 of March 6722 (1215) was Sunday, as indicated in the Novgorod First Chronicle, and in the Ipatiev Chronicle chronicles Vsevolod is listed as a prince of Kyiv under the year 6719 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 729), which in its chronology corresponds to 1214 ( Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 411). However, according to N. G. Berezhkov, based on a comparison of data from the Novgorod chronicles with the Livonian chronicles, this 1212 year.
72. His short reign after the expulsion of Vsevolod is mentioned in the Resurrection Chronicle (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 118, 235).
73. His allies set out from Novgorod June 8(Novgorod First Chronicle, PSRL, vol. III, p. 32) Sat on the throne after the expulsion of Vsevolod (in the Novgorod First Chronicle under 6722). Killed in 1223, in the tenth year of his reign (PSRL, vol. I, st. 503), after the battle on Kalka, which took place May 30 6731 (1223) years (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 447). In the Ipatiev Chronicle 6732, in the Novgorod First May 31 6732 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 63), in Nikonovskaya June 16 6733 years) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 92), in the introductory part of the Resurrection Chronicle 6733 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 235), but in the main part of the Resurrection on June 16, 6731 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 132). Killed 2 June 1223 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 508) There is no number in the annals, but it is indicated that after the battle on Kalka, Prince Mstislav defended himself for another three days. Date accuracy 1223 for the Battle of Kalka is established by comparison with a number of foreign sources.
74. According to the Novgorod First Chronicle, he sat in Kyiv in 1218 (Ultra-March 6727) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 59, vol. IV, p. 199; vol. VI, issue 1, stb. 275), which may indicate his co-rulership. Sat on the throne after the death of Mstislav (PSRL, vol. I, st. 509) June 16 1223 (ultramart 6732) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 282, vol. XV, st. 343). Having been defeated in the battle  under Torche on the feast of the Ascension ( May 17), was captured by the Polovtsians when they took Kyiv (at the end of May or at the beginning of June) 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 74). According to the Sofia First and Moscow Academic Chronicles, he reigned for 10 years, but the date in them is the same - 6743 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287).
75. In the early chronicles (Ipatiev and Novgorod I) without a patronymic (PSRL, vol. II, st. 772, vol. III, p. 74), it is not mentioned at all in Lavrentievskaya. Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Novgorod Fourth, Sofia First (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 214; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 287) and the Moscow Academic Chronicle, in the Tver Chronicle he is called the son of Mstislav Romanovich the Brave, and in Nikonovskaya and Voskresenskaya - the grandson of Roman Rostislavich (PSRL, vol. VII, pp. 138, 236; vol. X, p. 104; XV, st. 364), but there was no such prince (in Voskresenskaya he was named the son of Mstislav Romanovich of Kyiv). In historiography it is sometimes referred to as "Izyaslav IV". According to modern scientists, this is either Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Igorevich (this opinion is widespread since N.M. Karamzin, a prince with that name is mentioned in the Ipatiev Chronicle), or the son of Mstislav Udatny (analysis of this issue: Gorsky A. A. Russian lands in the XIII-XIV centuries: ways of political development. M., 1996. - S.14-17. Mayorov A.V. Galicia-Volyn Rus. St. Petersburg, 2001. - S.542-544). Sat on the throne in 6743 (1235) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74) (according to Nikonovskaya in 6744). In the Ipatiev Chronicle it is mentioned under the year 6741. At the end of the same year, Vladimir Rurikovich was released from the Polovtsian captivity and immediately regained Kyiv.
76. Freed from the Polovtsian captivity, he sent help to Daniil Romanovich against the Galicians and Bolokhovites in the spring of 1236. According to the Ipatiev Chronicle in (6744) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777), Kyiv was ceded to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the Novgorod First Chronicle, his second reign is not mentioned.
77. Sat on the throne in 6744 (1236) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 513, vol. III, p. 74, vol. IV, p. 214). In Ipatievskaya under the year 6743 (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 777). In 1238 he went to Vladimir. The exact month is not indicated in the annals, but it is obvious that this happened shortly or soon after the battle na r. City ( 10th of March), in which the elder brother of Yaroslav, the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yuri, died. (PSRL, vol. X, p. 113). (On the chronology of the reign of Yaroslav in Kyiv, see. Gorsky A. A. Problems studying “Words about death Russian land  To 750 - anniversary from time of writing // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature” 1990. T. 43).
78. A short list of princes at the beginning of the Ipatiev Chronicle places him after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 2), but this may be a mistake. There is also a mention in the late Gustyn Chronicle, but it most likely simply started from the list here (PSRL, vol. 40, p. 118). Accept this reign M. B. Sverdlov ( Sverdlov M. B. Domongolian Rus. SPb, 2002. - S. 653) and L. E. Makhnovets ( Makhnovets L. E. Great Princes of Kiev // Chronicle Russian / Under the Ipatsky List. - K., 1989. - S. 522).
79. He occupied Kyiv in 1238 after Yaroslav (PSRL, vol. II, st. 777, vol. VII, p. 236; vol. X, p. 114). On March 3, 1239, he received Tatar ambassadors in Kyiv, and continued to stay in the capital at least until the siege of Chernigov (c. October 18). When the Tatars approached Kyiv, he left for Hungary (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782). In the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6746, in Nikonovskaya under the year 6748 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 116).
80. He occupied Kyiv after the departure of Michael, expelled by Daniel (in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 6746, in the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First under 6748) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 782, vol. IV, p. 226; VI, issue 1, stb. 301).
81. Daniel, having occupied Kyiv in 6748, left the thousandth Dmitri in it (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 226, vol. X, p. 116). Dmitri led the city at the time of its capture by the Tatars (PSRL, vol. II, stb. 786). According to the Lavrentievskaya and most of the later chronicles, Kyiv was taken on St. Nicholas Day (that is, December 6) 6748 (1240 ) of the year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 470). According to the chronicles of Pskov origin (Annals of Abraham, Supraslskaya), in Monday 19 November. (PSRL, vol. XVI, st. 51). Cm. Stavisky V. I. On two dates storming Kyiv in 1240 according Russian chronicles // Proceedings Department Old Russian literature. 1990. T. 43
82. He returned to Kyiv after the departure of the Tatars. Left Silesia after April 9 1241 (after the defeat of Henry by the Tatars in the Battle of Legnica, PSRL, vol. II, stb. 784). He lived near the city, “near Kyiv on an island” (on the island of the Dnieper) (PSRL, vol. II, st. 789, PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 319). Then he returned to Chernigov, but when this happened, the annals do not say.
83. Over the years, the Russian princes received power with the sanction of the khans (in the Russian terminology of "kings") of the Golden Horde, who were recognized as the supreme rulers of the Russian lands.
84. In 6751 (1243) Yaroslav arrived in the Horde and was recognized as the ruler of all Russian lands "old to all the prince in the Russian language"(PSRL, vol. I, stb. 470). Sat in Vladimir. The moment when he took possession of Kyiv is not indicated in the annals. It is known that in 1246 his boyar Dmitr Eykovich was sitting in the city (PSRL, vol. II, st. 806, indicated in the Ipatiev Chronicle under the year 6758 (1250) in connection with a trip to the Horde of Daniil Romanovich, the correct date is established by synchronization with the Polish sources Starting with N. M. Karamzin, most historians proceed from the obvious assumption that Yaroslav received Kyiv under the khan's label. September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471).
85. After the death of his father, together with his brother Andrei, he went to the Horde, and from there to the capital of the Mongol Empire - Karakorum, where in 6757 (1249) Andrei received Vladimir, and Alexander - Kyiv and Novgorod. Modern historians differ in their assessment of which of the brothers belonged to the formal seniority. Alexander did not live in Kyiv itself. Before Andrei was expelled in 6760 (1252), he ruled in Novgorod, then Vladimir received in the Horde and sat in it. Died November 14
86. Received Vladimir as a parish in 1140s years. He sat in Rostov and Suzdal in 1157 (March 6665 in the Laurentian Chronicle, Ultramart 6666 in the Ipatiev Chronicle) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 348, vol. II, stb. 490). The exact date is not given in early chronicles. According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle and the Chronicler of Pereyaslavl of Suzdal - June 4(PSRL, vol. 41, p. 88), in the Radziwill chronicle - 4th of July(PSRL, vol. 38, p. 129). Vladimir left his residence, making it the capital of the principality. Killed in the evening June 29, on the feast of Peter and Paul (in the Laurentian Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6683) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 369) According to the Ipatiev Chronicle June 28, on the eve of the feast of Peter and Paul (PSRL, vol. II, st. 580), according to the Sofia First Chronicle on June 29, 6683 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 238).
87. He sat down in Vladimir in the ultramart year 6683, but after 7 weeks the siege retired (that is, around September) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 373, vol. II, st. 596).
88. Sat in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 374, vol. II, stb. 597) in 1174 (ultramart 6683). June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) defeated and fled (PSRL, vol. II, st. 601).
89. Village in Vladimir June 15 1175 (ultramart 6684) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 377). (In the Nikon Chronicle June 16, but the error is set by the day of the week (PSRL, vol. IX, p. 255). Died June 20 1176 (ultramart 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 379, vol. IV, p. 167).
90. He sat on the throne in Vladimir after the death of his brother in June 1176 (Ultra-March 6685) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 380). He died, according to the Laurentian Chronicle, April 13 6720 (1212), in memory of St. Martin (PSRL, vol. I, st. 436) In the Tver and Resurrection Chronicles April 15 in memory of the Apostle Aristarchus, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 117; vol. XV, stb. 311), in the Nikon Chronicle 14th of April in memory of St. Martin, on Sunday (PSRL, vol. X, p. 64), in the Trinity Chronicle April 18th 6721, in memory of St. Martin (Trinity Chronicle, p.299). In 1212 April 15 is Sunday.
91. Sat on the throne after the death of his father in accordance with his will (PSRL, vol. X, p. 63). April 27 On Wednesday, 1216, he left the city, leaving it to his brother (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440, the number is not directly indicated in the annals, but this is the next Wednesday after April 21, which was Thursday).
92. Sat on the throne in 1216 (ultramart 6725) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 440). Died February 2 1218 (Ultra-March 6726, so in the Lavrentiev and Nikon Chronicles) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 442, vol. X, p. 80) In the Tver and Trinity Chronicles 6727 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 329 ; Trinity Chronicle. S.304).
93. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother. Killed in battle with Tatars March 4 1238 (in the Laurentian Chronicle still under the year 6745, in the Moscow Academic Chronicle under 6746) (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 465).
94. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 1238 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 467). Died September 30th 1246 (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471)
95. He sat on the throne in 6755 (1247), when the news of the death of Yaroslav came (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471, vol. X, p. 134). According to the Moscow Academic Chronicle, he sat on the throne in 1246 after a trip to the Horde (PSRL, vol. I, st. 523), according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle, he sat down in 6755 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). Exiled early in 1248 by Michael. According to the Rogozhsky chronicler, he sat on the throne for the second time after the death of Mikhail (1249), but Andrei Yaroslavich drove him away (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 31). This message is not found in other chronicles.
96. He expelled Svyatoslav in 6756 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 229). He died in battle with the Lithuanians in the winter of 6756 (1248/1249) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 471). According to the Novgorod fourth chronicle - in 6757 (PSRL, vol. IV, st. 230). The exact month is unknown.
97. Sat on the throne in the winter of 6757 (1249/50) (in december), having received the reign from the khan (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 472), the ratio of the news in the annals shows that he returned in any case earlier than December 27. Fled from Russia during the Tatar invasion in 6760 ( 1252 ) year (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473), having been defeated in the battle on the day of St. Boris ( July 24) (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 159). According to the Novgorod First Junior Edition and the Sofia First Chronicle, this was in 6759 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 304, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 327), according to the Easter tables of the middle of the XIV century (PSRL, vol. III, p. 578), Trinity, Novgorod fourth, Tver, Nikon chronicles - in 6760 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230; vol. X, p. 138; vol. XV, stb. 396, Trinity Chronicle. P.324).
98. In 6760 (1252) he received a great reign in the Horde and settled in Vladimir (PSRL, vol. I, st. 473) (according to the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - in 6761 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 230). Died November 14 6771 (1263) years (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524, vol. III, p. 83).
99. Sat on the throne in 6772 (1264) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 524; vol. IV, p. 234). In the Ukrainian Gustynsky Chronicle, he is also called the Prince of Kyiv, however, the reliability of this news is questionable due to the late origin of the source (PSRL, vol. 40, pp. 123, 124). He died in the winter of 1271/72 (Ultra-March 6780 in the Easter tables (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579), in the Novgorod First and Sofia First Chronicles, March 6779 in the Tver and Trinity Chronicles) year (PSRL, vol. III, p. 89 , vol. VI, issue 1, st. 353, vol. XV, st. 404; Trinity Chronicle, p.331). A comparison with the mention of the death of Princess Maria of Rostov on December 9 shows that Yaroslav died already at the beginning of 1272 (PSRL, vol. I, stb. 525).
100. Sat on the throne after the death of his brother in 6780. He died in the winter of 6784 (1276/77) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 323), in January(Trinity Chronicle, p.333).
101. He sat on the throne in 6784 (1276/77) after the death of his uncle (PSRL, vol. X, p. 153; vol. XV, stb. 405). There is no mention of a trip to the Horde this year.
102. He received a great reign in the Horde in 1281 (Ultramart 6790 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 324, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 357), in the winter of 6789, having come to Russia in December (Trinity Chronicle. P. 338 ; PSRL, vol. X, p. 159) reconciled with his brother in 1283 (ultramart 6792 or March 6791 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 326, vol. IV, p. 245; vol. VI, no. 1, Stb. 359; Trinity Chronicle, p. 340.) Such dating of events is accepted by N. M. Karamzin, N. G. Berezhkov and A. A. Gorsky, V. L. Yanin suggests dating: winter 1283-1285 ( see analysis: Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - S. 15-16).
103. He came from the Horde in 1283, having received a great reign from Nogai. Lost it in 1293.
104. He received a great reign in the Horde in 6801 (1293) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 327, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 362), returned to Russia in winter (Trinity Chronicle, p. 345). Died July 27 6812 (1304) years (PSRL, vol. III, p. 92; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 367, vol. VII, p. 184) (In the Novgorod Fourth and Nikon Chronicles on June 22 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 252, vol. X, p. 175), in the Trinity Chronicle, the ultra-March year 6813 (Trinity Chronicle, p. 351).
105. He received a great reign in 1305 (March 6813, in the Trinity Chronicle ultra-March 6814) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 368, vol. VII, p. 184). (According to the Nikon Chronicle - in 6812 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 176), returned to Russia in the fall (Trinity Chronicle, p. 352). Executed in the Horde November 22 1318 (in the Sofia First and Nikon Chronicles of Ultramart 6827, in the Novgorod Fourth and Tver Chronicles of March 6826) on Wednesday (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 257; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 391, vol. X, p. 185). The year is set by the day of the week.
106. He left the Horde with the Tatars in the summer of 1317 (Ultramart 6826, in the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle and the Rogozh Chronicle March 6825) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 95; vol. IV, stb. 257), having received a great reign (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, line 374, vol. XV, issue 1, line 37). Killed by Dmitry Tversky in the Horde. (Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
107. He received a great reign in 6830 (1322) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 96, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 396). He arrived in Vladimir in the winter of 6830 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 259; Trinity Chronicle, p. 357) or in autumn (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 414). According to Easter tables, he sat down in 6831 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579). Executed September 15th 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42, vol. XV, st. 415).
108. He received a great reign in the autumn of 6834 (1326) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 190; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 42). When the Tatar army moved to Tver in the winter of 1327/8, he fled to Pskov, and then to Lithuania.
109. In 1328, Khan Uzbek divided the great reign, giving Vladimir and the Volga region to Alexander (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469, this fact is not mentioned in the Moscow chronicles). According to the Sofia First, Novgorod Fourth and Resurrection Chronicles, he died in 6840 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 265; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 406, vol. VII, p. 203), according to the Tver Chronicle - in 6839 (PSRL, vol. XV, st. 417), in the Rogozhsky chronicler his death was noted twice - under 6839 and 6841 (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 46), according to the Trinity and Nikon chronicles - in 6841 (Trinity Chronicle. S. 361; PSRL, vol. X, p. 206). According to the introduction to the Novgorod First Chronicle of the junior edition, he reigned for 3 or 2 and a half years (PSRL, vol. III, pp. 467, 469). A. A. Gorsky accepts the dating of his death as 1331 ( Gorsky A. A. Moscow and the Horde. M., 2003. - P. 62).
110. He sat down on the great reign in 6836 (1328) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 262; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 401, vol. X, p. 195). Formally, he was a co-ruler of Alexander of Suzdal (without occupying the Vladimir table), but he acted independently. After the death of Alexander, he went to the Horde in 6839 (1331) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 344) and received all the great reign (PSRL, vol. III, p. 469). Died March 31 1340 (Ultra-March 6849 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 270; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 412, vol. VII, p. 206), according to Easter tables, the Trinity Chronicle and the Rogozhsky chronicler in 6848 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 579; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 52; Trinity Chronicle, p. 364).
111. Received a great reign in the fall of Ultramart 6849 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 1, stb.). Sat in Vladimir on October 1, 1340 (Trinity Chronicle, p.364). Died 26 April ultramart 6862 (in Nikonovskaya March 6861) (PSRL, vol. X, p. 226; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 62; Trinity Chronicle, p. 373). (In the Novgorod Fourth, his death is reported twice - under the years 6860 and 6861 (PSRL, vol. IV, pp. 280, 286), according to Voskresenskaya - April 27, 6861 (PSRL, vol. VII, p. 217)
112. He received a great reign in the winter of 6861, after Baptism. Village in Vladimir March, 25 6862 (1354) years (Trinity Chronicle. S. 374; PSRL, vol. X, p. 227). Died the 13th of November 6867 (1359) (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 10; vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68).
113. Khan Navruz in the winter of 6867 (that is, at the beginning of 1360) gave the great reign to Andrei Konstantinovich, and he ceded to his brother Dmitry (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 68). Came to Vladimir June, 22(PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, stb. 69; Trinity Chronicle. S.377) 6868 (1360) (PSRL, vol. III, p. 366, vol. VI, issue 1, st. 433) . When the Moscow troops approached, Vladimir left.
114. He received a great reign in 6870 (1362) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 290; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 434). Sat in Vladimir in 6870 before Epiphany (i.e. early January 1363 year) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 73; Trinity Chronicle. P. 378).
115. Having received a new label from the khan, he sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363), reigned 1 week and was driven away by Dmitry (PSRL, vol. X, p. 12; vol. XV, issue 1, st. 74; Trinity Chronicle, p. 379). According to Nikonovskaya - 12 days (PSRL, vol. XI, p. 2).
116. Sat in Vladimir in 6871 (1363). After that, the label for the great reign was received by Dmitry Konstantinovich Suzdalsky in the winter of 1364/1365 (refused in favor of Dmitry) and Mikhail Alexandrovich of Tverskoy in 1370, again in 1371 (in the same year the label was returned to Dmitry) and in 1375, but there were no real consequences. had. Dmitry died May 19 6897 (1389) on Wednesday at the second hour of the night (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 358; vol. VI, issue 1, st. 501; Trinity Chronicle. S. 434) (in the Novgorod first junior edition on May 9 ( PSRL, vol. III, p. 383), in the Tver Chronicle on May 25 (PSRL, vol. XV, stb. 444).
117. He received a great reign according to the will of his father. Village in Vladimir August 15 6897 (1389) (PSRL, vol. XV, issue 1, st. 157; Trinity Chronicle, p. 434) According to the Novgorod Fourth and Sofia First in 6898 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 367; vol. VI , issue 1, page 508). Died February 27 1425 (September 6933) on Tuesday at three o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 51, vol. XII, p. 1) in March 6932 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 415) , in a number of manuscripts of the Nikon Chronicle erroneously February 7).
118. Presumably, Daniel received the principality after the death of his father, Alexander Nevsky (1263), at the age of 2 years. The first seven years from 1264 to 1271 he was brought up by his uncle - the Grand Duke of Vladimir and Tverskoy Yaroslav Yaroslavich, whose governors at that time ruled Moscow (PSRL, vol. 15, st. 474). The first mention of Daniel as a Moscow prince dates back to 1282, but, probably, his reign still happened earlier. (cm. Kuchkin V. A. The first Moscow prince Daniil Aleksandrovich // Patriotic history. No. 1, 1995). Died 5th of March 1303 on Tuesday (Ultra-March 6712) (PSRL, vol. I, st. 486; Trinity Chronicle, p. 351). In the Nikon Chronicle on March 4, 6811 (PSRL, vol. X, p. 174), the day of the week indicates March 5.
119. Killed November 21(Trinity Chronicle. S.357; PSRL, vol. X, p. 189) 6833 (1325) years (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 260; VI, issue 1, st. 398).
120. See above.
121. He sat on the throne immediately after the death of his father, but brother Yuri Dmitrievich challenged his rights to power (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 92; vol. XII, p. 1). Having received a label for a great reign, he sat on the throne in 69420 ( 1432 ) year. According to the Sofia second chronicle, October 5 6939, 10 indict, that is, in the fall of 1431 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 64) (According to the Novgorod First in 6940 (PSRL, vol. III, p. 416), according to the Novgorod Fourth in 6941 year (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 433), according to the Nikon Chronicle in 6940 on Peter's Day (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 96; vol. XII, p. 16). chronicles simply report that Vasily returned from the Horde to Moscow, but the Sophia First and Nikon Chronicles add that he sat down "at the Most Pure at the Golden Doors" (PSRL, vol. V, p. 264, PSRL, vol. XII, p. 16 ), which may indicate the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir (V. D. Nazarov defends the version of Vasily's enthronement in Vladimir. See Vasily II Vasilyevich // BRE. V.4. - P.629).
122. He defeated Vasily on April 25, 6941 (1433) and occupied Moscow, but soon left it (PSRL, vol. VIII, pp. 97-98, vol. XII, p. 18).
123. He returned to Moscow after the departure of Yuri, but was again defeated by him on Lazarus Saturday 6942 (that is, March 20, 1434) (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 19).
124. Took Moscow on Wednesday during Bright Week 6942 (i.e. March 31 1434) of the year (PSRL, vol. XII, p. 20) (according to the Second Sophia - on Holy Week of 6942 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, stb. 66), but soon died (according to the Tver Chronicle on July 4 ( PSRL, vol. XV, st. 490), according to others - June 6 (note 276 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", according to the Arkhangelsk Chronicle).
125. He sat on the throne after the death of his father, but after a month of reigning he left the city (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 67, vol. VIII, p. 99; vol. XII, p. 20).
126. He again sat on the throne in 1442. He was defeated in the battle with the Tatars and was taken prisoner.
127. Arrived in Moscow shortly after the capture of Vasily. Upon learning of the return of Vasily, he fled to Uglich. There are no direct indications of his great reign in the primary sources, but the conclusion about him is made by a number of authors. Cm. Zimin A. A. Vityaz at crossroads: Feudal war in Russia XV c. - M. : Thought, 1991. - 286 p. - ISBN 5-244-00518-9.).
128. Entered Moscow on 26 October. Captured, blinded on February 16, 1446 (September 6954) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 113, vol. XII, p. 69).
129. He occupied Moscow on February 12 at nine o'clock in the morning (that is, according to the modern account February 13 after midnight) of 1446 (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 115; vol. XII, p. 67). The first of the Moscow princes used the title Sovereign of All Russia. Moscow was taken in the absence of Shemyaka by supporters of Vasily Vasilyevich in the early morning of Christmas in September 6955 ( December 25 1446) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 120).
130. At the end of December 1446, Muscovites again kissed the cross for him, he sat on the throne in Moscow on February 17, 1447 (September 6955) (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 121, vol. XII, p. 73). Died March 27 6970 (1462) on Saturday at three in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, st. 158, vol. VIII, p. 150; vol. XII, p. 115) (According to the Stroevsky list of the Novgorod Fourth on April 4 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 445), according to the Dubrovsky list and according to the Tver Chronicle - March 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 493, vol. XV, st. 496), according to one of the lists of the Resurrection Chronicle - 26 March, according to one of the lists of the Nikon Chronicle on March 7 (according to N. M. Karamzin - March 17 on Saturday - note 371 to volume V of the "History of the Russian State", but the calculation of the day of the week is erroneous, right March 27).
131. For the first time he was named Grand Duke in the agreement between Vasily II and Prince Ivan Vasilyevich of Suzdal, drawn up between December 15, 1448 and June 22, 1449. There is also an opinion that Prince Ivan was declared the Grand Duke during the election of Metropolitan Jonah on December 15, 1448 ( Zimin A. A. Knight at the crossroads). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
132. The first sovereign ruler of Russia after the overthrow of the Horde yoke. Died 27th October 1505 (September 7014) at the first hour of the night from Monday to Tuesday (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 245; vol. XII, p. 259) (According to Sophia Second on October 26 (PSRL, vol. VI, issue 2, 374) According to the Academic list of the Novgorod Fourth Chronicle - October 27 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 468), according to Dubrovsky's list - October 28 (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 535).
133. From June 1471, in acts and annals, he began to be called the Grand Duke, becoming the heir and co-ruler of his father. He died on March 7, 1490 at eight o'clock in the morning (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 239).
134. He was planted by Ivan III "to the great reign of Vladimir, Moscow, Novgorod and all Russia" (PSRL, vol. VI, p. 242). For the first time, a wedding ceremony was held for the kingdom and for the first time the "hat of Monomakh" was used for the coronation. In 1502, Ivan III changed his mind, declaring his son Vasily his heir.
135. He was crowned by Ivan III for a great reign (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 242). After the death of his father, he inherited the throne.
136. Sat on the throne in 1505. Died December 3, 7042 September, at twelve o'clock in the morning, from Wednesday to Thursday (that is, December 4 1533 before dawn) (PSRL, vol. IV, p. 563, vol. VIII, p. 285; vol. XIII, p. 76).
137. Until 1538, Elena Glinskaya was the regent under the young Ivan. Died April 3 7046 (1538 ) year (PSRL, vol. VIII, p. 295; vol. XIII, pp. 98, 134).
138. On January 16, 1547 he was crowned king. He died March 18, 1584 at about seven o'clock in the evening.
139. Kasimov Khan, name before baptism Sain-Bulat. He was planted by Ivan the Terrible to the kingdom, with the title of "Sovereign Grand Duke Simeon of All Russia", and the Terrible himself became known as the "Prince of Moscow". The time of reign is determined by the surviving charters. First mentioned in Ivan's petition on October 30, 7084 of September (i.e., in this case, 1575), the last time - in a letter issued by him to the Novgorod landowner T. I. Baranov on July 18, 7084 (1576) (Piskarevsky Chronicles, p. 81 -82 and 148. Koretsky V. I. Zemsky Sobor in 1575 and the appointment of Simeon Bekbulatovich “Grand Prince of All Russia” // Historical Archive, No. 2. 1959). After 1576 he became the titular Grand Duke of Tver. Later, in the oaths taken to Boris Godunov and his son Fyodor, there was a separate clause providing for “not wanting” Simeon and his children to reign.
140. Crowned the kingdom on May 31, 1584. He died on January 7, 1598 at one in the morning.
141. After the death of Fedor, the boyars swore allegiance to his wife Irina and issued decrees on her behalf. Through eight days she went to a convent, but official documents continued to be called "the empress queen and grand duchess".
142. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor on February 17. He was married to the kingdom on September 1. He died on April 13 at about 3 p.m.
143. He inherited the throne after the death of his father. As a result of the uprising of Muscovites, who recognized False Dmitry as tsar, he was arrested on June 1 and killed 10 days later.
144. He entered Moscow on June 20, 1605. He married the kingdom on July 30. Killed on the morning of May 17, 1606. He pretended to be Tsarevich Dmitry Ivanovich. According to the conclusions of the government commission of Tsar Boris Godunov, supported by most researchers, the real name of the impostor is Grigory  (Yuri) Bogdanovich Otrepyev.
145. Elected by the boyars, participants in the conspiracy against False Dmitry. He was married to the kingdom on June 1. He was overthrown by the boyars (formally deposed by the Zemsky Sobor) and forcibly tonsured a monk on July 17, 1610.
146. In the period - after the overthrow of Tsar Vasily Shuisky, power in Moscow was in the hands of the (Boyar Duma), which created a provisional government of seven boyars ("seven boyars", in historiography, the seven boyars). On August 17, 1611, this provisional government recognized the Polish-Lithuanian prince Vladislav Sigismundovich as tsar (see N. Marchotsky. History of the Moscow War. M.,   2000.)
147. Headed the Boyar Duma. He negotiated with the Poles. After the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, until the arrival of Mikhail Romanov, he formally accepted the incoming state documents as the oldest member of the Duma.
148. The highest body of executive power in the territory liberated from interventionists. Established on June 30, 1611 by the Council of the whole land, functioned until the spring of 1613. Initially, it was headed by three leaders (leaders of the First Militia): D. T. Trubetskoy, I. M. Zarutsky and P. P. Lyapunov. Then Lyapunov was killed, and in August 1612 Zarutsky opposed militia. In the spring of 1611, the Second Militia arose in Nizhny Novgorod under the leadership of K. Minin (elected zemstvo headman on September 1, 1611) and D. M. Pozharsky (arrived in Nizhny Novgorod on October 28, 1611). In the spring of 1612 he formed a new Zemsky government. The second militia organized the expulsion of the interventionists from Moscow and the convening of the Zemsky Sobor, which elected Mikhail Romanov as king. After the unification of the First and Second Militias at the end of September 1612 D.T. Trubetskoy formally became the head of the Zemstvo government.
149. March 14, 1613 agreed to take the Russian throne. Elected by the Zemsky Sobor February 21 , July 11 crowned king in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. Died at 2 am July 13, 1645.
150. Released from Polish captivity on June 1, 1619. Until the end of his life, he officially bore the title of "great sovereign."
151. Crowning the kingdom on September 28, 1645. He died on January 29, 1676 at 9 pm.
152. Crowning the kingdom June 18, 1676. Died April 27, 1682.
153. After the death of Fedor, the Boyar Duma proclaimed Peter the Tsar, bypassing Ivan. However, as a result of the struggle of the court factions, it was decided to declare the brothers co-rulers, and on June 5, Ivan was proclaimed the "senior king." Joint wedding to the kingdom

For almost 400 years of the existence of this title, it was worn completely different people- from adventurers and liberals to tyrants and conservatives.

Rurikovichi

Over the years, Russia (from Rurik to Putin) has changed its political system many times. At first, the rulers had a princely title. When, after a period of political fragmentation, a new Russian state was formed around Moscow, the owners of the Kremlin thought about accepting the royal title.

This was done under Ivan the Terrible (1547-1584). This one decided to marry the kingdom. And this decision was not accidental. So the Moscow monarch emphasized that he was the successor. It was they who bestowed Orthodoxy on Russia. In the 16th century, Byzantium no longer existed (it fell under the onslaught of the Ottomans), so Ivan the Terrible rightly believed that his act would have serious symbolic significance.

Such historical figures as this king had a great influence on the development of the whole country. In addition to the fact that Ivan the Terrible changed his title, he also captured the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, starting Russian expansion to the East.

Ivan's son Fedor (1584-1598) was distinguished by his weak character and health. Nevertheless, under him the state continued to develop. The patriarchate was established. Rulers have always paid much attention to the issue of succession to the throne. This time he stood up especially sharply. Fedor had no children. When he died, the Rurik dynasty on the Moscow throne came to an end.

Time of Troubles

After Fyodor's death, Boris Godunov (1598-1605), his brother-in-law, came to power. He did not belong to the royal family, and many considered him a usurper. Under him, due to natural disasters, a colossal famine began. The tsars and presidents of Russia have always tried to keep calm in the provinces. Due to the tense situation, Godunov failed to do this. Several peasant uprisings took place in the country.

In addition, the adventurer Grishka Otrepiev called himself one of the sons of Ivan the Terrible and began a military campaign against Moscow. He really managed to capture the capital and become king. Boris Godunov did not live up to this moment - he died from health complications. His son Fyodor II was captured by the associates of False Dmitry and killed.

The impostor ruled for only a year, after which he was overthrown during the Moscow uprising, which was inspired by disgruntled Russian boyars who did not like that False Dmitry surrounded himself with Catholic Poles. decided to transfer the crown to Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610). During the Time of Troubles, the rulers of Russia often changed.

The princes, tsars and presidents of Russia had to carefully guard their power. Shuisky did not hold her back and was overthrown by the Polish interventionists.

First Romanovs

When in 1613 Moscow was liberated from foreign invaders, the question arose of who should be made sovereign. This text presents all the tsars of Russia in order (with portraits). Now it's time to tell about the ascension to the throne of the Romanov dynasty.

The first sovereign of this kind - Michael (1613-1645) - was just a young man when he was put to rule a vast country. His main goal was the struggle with Poland for the lands occupied by it during the Time of Troubles.

These were the biographies of the rulers and the dates of the reign until the middle of the 17th century. After Michael, his son Alexei (1645-1676) ruled. He annexed left-bank Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia. So, after several centuries of fragmentation and Lithuanian rule, the fraternal peoples finally began to live in one country.

Alexei had many sons. The eldest of them, Fedor III (1676-1682), died at a young age. After him came the simultaneous reign of two children - Ivan and Peter.

Peter the Great

Ivan Alekseevich was unable to govern the country. Therefore, in 1689, the sole reign of Peter the Great began. He completely rebuilt the country in a European manner. Russia - from Rurik to Putin (let's look at all the rulers in chronological order) - knows few examples of an era so full of changes.

Appeared new army and fleet. To do this, Peter started a war against Sweden. The Northern War lasted 21 years. During it, the Swedish army was defeated, and the kingdom agreed to cede its southern Baltic lands. In this region, in 1703, St. Petersburg was founded - the new capital of Russia. Peter's success made him think about changing his title. In 1721 he became emperor. However, this change did not abolish the royal title - in everyday speech, monarchs continued to be called kings.

The era of palace coups

Peter's death was followed by a long period of unstable power. The monarchs succeeded each other with enviable regularity, which was facilitated. As a rule, the guards or certain courtiers were at the head of these changes. During this era, Catherine I (1725-1727), Peter II (1727-1730), Anna Ioannovna (1730-1740), Ivan VI (1740-1741), Elizabeth Petrovna (1741-1761) and Peter III (1761-1762) ruled ).

The last of them was of German origin. Under the predecessor of Peter III, Elizabeth, Russia waged a victorious war against Prussia. The new monarch renounced all conquests, returned Berlin to the king and concluded a peace treaty. With this act, he signed his own death warrant. The guards organized another palace coup, after which Peter's wife Catherine II was on the throne.

Catherine II and Paul I

Catherine II (1762-1796) had a deep state mind. On the throne, she began to pursue a policy of enlightened absolutism. The Empress organized the work of the famous statutory commission, the purpose of which was to prepare a comprehensive project of reforms in Russia. She also wrote the Order. This document contained many considerations about the transformations needed for the country. The reforms were curtailed when a peasant uprising led by Pugachev broke out in the Volga region in the 1770s.

All the tsars and presidents of Russia (in chronological order, we listed all the royal persons) took care that the country looked worthy on the foreign arena. She was no exception. She led several successful military campaigns against Turkey. As a result, Crimea and other important Black Sea regions were annexed to Russia. At the end of Catherine's reign, three partitions of Poland took place. So the Russian Empire received important acquisitions in the west.

After the death of the great empress, her son Paul I (1796-1801) came to power. This quarrelsome man was not liked by many in the St. Petersburg elite.

First half of the 19th century

In 1801 there was another and the last palace coup. A group of conspirators dealt with Pavel. His son Alexander I (1801-1825) was on the throne. His reign fell on the Patriotic War and the invasion of Napoleon. The rulers of the Russian state have not faced such a serious enemy intervention for two centuries. Despite the capture of Moscow, Bonaparte was defeated. Alexander became the most popular and famous monarch of the Old World. He was also called "the liberator of Europe".

Inside his country, Alexander in his youth tried to implement liberal reforms. Historical figures often change their policies as they age. So Alexander soon abandoned his ideas. He died in Taganrog in 1825 under mysterious circumstances.

At the beginning of the reign of his brother Nicholas I (1825-1855) there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Because of this, conservative orders triumphed in the country for thirty years.

Second half of the 19th century

Here are all the tsars of Russia in order, with portraits. Further, we will talk about the main reformer of the national statehood - Alexander II (1855-1881). He became the initiator of the manifesto on the liberation of the peasants. The destruction of serfdom allowed the development of the Russian market and capitalism. The country began to grow economically. The reforms also affected the judiciary, local self-government, administrative and conscription systems. The monarch tried to raise the country to its feet and learn the lessons that the lost started under Nicholas I presented him.

But Alexander's reforms were not enough for the radicals. Terrorists attempted several times on his life. In 1881 they were successful. Alexander II died from a bomb explosion. The news came as a shock to the whole world.

Because of what happened, the son of the deceased monarch, Alexander III (1881-1894), forever became a tough reactionary and conservative. But he is best known as a peacemaker. During his reign, Russia did not conduct a single war.

The last king

Alexander III died in 1894. Power passed into the hands of Nicholas II (1894-1917) - his son and the last Russian monarch. By that time, the old world order with the absolute power of kings and kings had already outlived itself. Russia - from Rurik to Putin - knew a lot of upheavals, but it was under Nicholas that there were more than ever many of them.

In 1904-1905. the country experienced a humiliating war with Japan. It was followed by the first revolution. Although the unrest was suppressed, the king had to make concessions public opinion. He agreed to establish a constitutional monarchy and a parliament.

The tsars and presidents of Russia at all times faced a certain opposition within the state. Now people could elect deputies who expressed these sentiments.

In 1914 the First World War began. No one then suspected that it would end with the fall of several empires at once, including the Russian one. In 1917, the February Revolution broke out, and the last tsar had to abdicate. Nicholas II, together with his family, was shot by the Bolsheviks in the basement of the Ipatiev House in Yekaterinburg.