Currently concepts system and structure are delimited as follows: term system denotes an object as a whole, and under structure is understood as a set of connections and relationships between constituent elements. A system is an ordered hierarchical whole that has a structure embodied in a given substance and is designed to fulfill certain goals.

The language system has several types of units, of which the phoneme, morpheme, and lexeme are the most defined and generally accepted. They were intuitively singled out long before the principle of consistency was established in linguistics. These units appear in two forms - abstract and concrete. So, the abstract unit of the phonemic tier - the phoneme - always appears in the form of allophones, the morpheme appears in the form of allomorphs, etc.

One of the common approaches to the language is to represent it as a complex system, which is formed by units different levels.

Language levels ~ tiers of general language system. Types of language levels:

Phonemic (phonological) - describes the sound side of the language;

Morphemic (morphological);

Syntactic;

Lexical (lexico-semantic) - studies the meaning as single word, and a whole class of words united by a common grammatical or derivational meaning.

A. The phonemic level of the language is studied by the following disciplines:

Phonetics - the sounds of speech in all their diversity, a description of their articulatory and acoustic characteristics and rules of use in the language;

Phonology - the sound structure of a language from a functional and systemic point of view (phonemes, their phonological features and functions);

Morphonology is a phoneme as part of a morpheme.

B. The lexical level of the language is represented by the following sciences:

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics that studies the vocabulary of a language and the word as its basic unit, structure. vocabulary language, ways of its replenishment and development, the nature of relations within different groups of vocabulary and between them;

Semasiology - explores lexical semantics, the correlation of the word with the designated object of reality and the concept expressed by it;

Onomasiology - issues related to the technique of naming in the language, with the division of the world in the course of human cognition.

C. Morphological level language:

Morphology - studies the structure of a word, its morphemic composition and forms of inflection (classification of systems of forms of inflection), parts of speech and principles of their selection;

Word formation - the structure of the word, the means and methods for the formation of new words, the conditions for the appearance and functioning of new words in the language.

5. The syntactic level of the language is studied by syntax. This is a section of linguistics that describes the mechanisms of language that contribute to the formation of speech:

Ways of combining words and word forms into phrases and sentences;

Types syntactic links words and sentences.

concept language level. (basic language levels and their units)

A level is a part of a language system that includes units of the same type and the same name for a given level.

Basic language levels:

Lower level (phonetic)

Morphological level

Lexical level

syntactic level.

There are additional levels:

a) derivational

b) morphonological.

Residual segmentation of the text. The text cannot be divided into units of additional levels.

Units are linguistic and speech.

At the lower phonetic level, the unit is the phoneme (allophone). A phoneme is the smallest unit sound system language, which is an element of the sound shell of words and morphemes, which serves to distinguish them.

At the morphological level, the linguistic unit is the morpheme, and the unit of speech is the allomorph. A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. It is a two-sided unit - it has a plane of expression and a plane of content. The sound shell of a morpheme is called "morph", and the semantic side is called "sema". An allomorph is a set of morphs that differ in position in a word.

At the lexical level, the unit of language is the lexeme, the unit of speech is the word. Lexeme - a word considered as a unit vocabulary language in the aggregate of all its specific grammatical forms and inflections expressing them, as well as all possible meanings (semantic variants); abstract two-way dictionary unit. Representing a set of forms and meanings characteristic of the same word in all its uses and implementations, the lexeme is characterized by both formal and semantic unity.

At the syntactic level, the unit of language is a sentence, the unit of speech is an utterance or phrase. sentence - a statement containing a predicative syntagma

Units of language levels:

1) phonemic level - phonemes - the minimum structural and functional sound unit in the language, represented by a number of alternating sounds, which serves to identify and distinguish between significant units of the language (words, morphemes).

2) morpheme - the minimum significant part of the word, which is not divided into smaller units of the same level.

3) syntactic - sentence, text, phrase.

The main levels of the language system were identified in Ancient Greece.

The meaning of the levels:

1) levels allow you to reveal the systemic nature of the language, the relationship between elements, subsystems.

2) Levels allow you to draw a precise boundary between the main linguistic disciplines.

3) Allow to divide all language material into parts convenient for linguistic analysis.

Leveling principles:

A) the units of each level are homogeneous;

B) units lower level within units top level

C) units of levels should be distinguished by segmentation

D) units of each level must be signs or consist of them.

	Figures, merisms.
subsign level	Phonemes, phonemic level
Actually sign level	Morphological level
	Morphemes, morpheme level
	service level words (servological)
	Words or lexemes lexical level
Super sign level (greater than a single sign)	Phrase level (stable)
	Sentence, syntax signs, phonemic level

Figures and merisms are differentiated signs of phonemes (l - l ')

Semes are the smallest signs. Morphonological level - something between a phoneme and a morpheme (For example, the alternation of sounds in the roots: hand - pen).

Not all linguists believe that the text belongs to the language system. Text refers to speech.

Level properties:

- autonomy. (each level is organized according to its own laws, but the levels are interconnected, autonomy does not imply isolation)

- indecomposability of units. (indivisibility is not smaller units of the same kind within a level)

Level units:

Offer- a unit of language that serves to express thoughts and contains a predicative basis (subject and predicate).

Word- the central unit of the language system, which serves to name objects and their properties, actions, states ..., having semantic, phonetic and grammatical features, specific to each language.

Morpheme is the minimum sign. It has a form and full content (the morpheme has the meaning of the past and the future). A morpheme is not a syllable!

Phoneme- a unit of the sound structure of a language that distinguishes larger meaningful units.

The phoneme does not have a full-fledged meaning, many scientists consider it a full-fledged sign, since it helps to distinguish between larger units.

There are paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between units within the same language level. AT paradigmatic relations are groups of units, more or less homogeneous, close in function, for example, the declension form of the same noun or the conjugation form of the same verb. From such groups, stored in the memory of speakers and listeners in the form of a set of tools that provide opportunities for choice, in the construction of each specific utterance, individual units are extracted that are inextricably linked with other units and suggest their simultaneous existence. The paradigm consists of units that are mutually exclusive in one position.

Syntagmatic relations between linguistic signs are relations of linear (in the flow of speech) dependence, manifested in the fact that the use of one unit allows, requires, or prohibits the use of another unit of the same level associated with it.

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations are inextricably linked: the presence of paradigms of homogeneous units (phoneme variants, synonymous morphemes, synonymous words, inflection forms, etc.) creates the need for choice, and syntagmatic dependencies determine the direction and result of the choice.

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations are found at all levels of language and in the structure of all languages ​​of the world.

The elements of the language are unequal: they are in hierarchical relations of sequential dependency, forming the language model vertically as consisting of tiers. The lower levels (tiers) are phonetic and morphological, the highest - lexical and syntactic. Hierarchical relations between units of different levels consist in the entry of a unit of a lower level into a unit of a higher level.

Exactly close connection of all elements of the language, their interdependence and interdependence allow us to speak of the language as a single structure. At the same time, each language has its own special structure, which has developed as a result of a long historical development.

1.Linguistics, or linguistics, is the science of language, its public nature and functions, its internal structure, the patterns of its functioning and the historical development and classification of specific languages.

The subject of linguistics- human language in its various aspects, namely: language as a sign system, as a reflection of thinking, as an obligatory feature of society (the origin of language, its development and functioning in society), language and speech. Applied linguistics- this is the application of linguistic theory to solve specific practical problems. Applied linguistics has the following areas of application: language teaching methods, speech therapy, translation, annotation and abstracting of information, creation of writing for non-literate peoples, improvement of writing.

theoretical linguistics considers the most important general issues in relation to language in general and to specific languages.

General linguistics studies the general and essential that is characteristic of all languages ​​of mankind. This is the science of language in general. It systematizes data for all languages ​​and develops a theory applicable to any language. Figuratively speaking, general linguistics is a compass that must be used in order not to drown in a sea of ​​private languages.

Private linguistics is the science of individual languages or groups related languages: Japanese studies, Slavic studies, Roman studies, Turkology, for example, Russian studies - the science of the Russian language. Phonetics. Grammar. Syntax.Semantics. Semiotics. Phraseology. Lexicology. Lexicography.

2. Language as a general phenomenon. The main functions of the language. Language and thinking

What language has in common with other social phenomena is that language is necessary condition existence and development of human society and that, being an element of spiritual culture, language, like all other social phenomena, is unthinkable in isolation from materiality. Language is the property of the collective, it communicates among the members of the collective and allows you to communicate and store the necessary information about any phenomena material and spiritual life of man. And language as a collective property develops and exists for centuries.

Language Features:-Communicative f.i.- to be a means of human communication.

Emotionally expressive f.i. The purpose of language is to be one of the means of expressing feelings and emotions. Voluntary (Calling-incentive) - One of the sides of the communicative function) Serves as a means of appeal, inducement . Axiological – evaluation function Metalinguistic f. I. -The purpose of the language to act simultaneously as a means of research and description of the language. The use of language to describe the language itself. Metalinguistic F.I. interpretation of linguistic facts Ideological F.I. - the use of any language to express ideological preferences. Aesthetic F.I. - the purpose of the language is to be a spokesman for artistic creative potential, realized in art literature.

3. Language and speech. The concept of the norm.Language penetrates a person "from outside" and the mastered language may not necessarily be native. A language can be forgotten if it is not used, that is, one can talk about the true existence of a language if it is used. Language exists because it functions, but it functions in speech.

The distinction between the concepts of "language" and "speech" was first clearly substantiated and described by a Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure(1857-1913), the largest linguist, the founder of a new stage in the development of linguistics. Later, these concepts were more deeply developed by Russian and Soviet linguist Lev Vladimirovich Shcherba (1880-1944).

Norm- these are accepted among the majority of Russian speakers, consciously supported educated people and exemplary ways of using words, forms of words and individual sounds prescribed by grammarians and dictionaries.

4, Language as a system-structural education

The system is understood whole, dominating over its parts and consisting of elements and relationships connecting them. The totality of relations between the elements of the system forms its structure. The totality of the structure and elements makes up the system.

everything I found

5. Sign. Sign character of language units.

A sign is an agreement to assign a specific meaning to something. A mark is also called a specific case of using such an agreement to convey information.

The language sign can be code and text. Code signs exist in the form of a system of opposing unit language, connected by a significance relation, which determines the content of signs specific to each language. Text signs exist in the form of formally and semantically linked sequences of units, including the text itself as a whole. The simplest independent code sign is a word. Not all language units are signs. Sounds, phonemes, syllables are not signs.

6.The difference between language and artificial sign systems. Signs of a language sign

Language – This system of signs and ways of their connection, which serves as an instrument for expressing thoughts, feelings and wills of people and is the most important means of human communication. Like any sign system, a language has two mandatory components: a set of characters and rules for using these characters, i.e. grammar. Along with natural languages ​​that have arisen in the process of human communication, there are artificial sign systems- signs traffic, mathematical, musical signs, etc., which can transmit only content-limited types of messages related to that subject area for which they were created. Natural human language capable of transmitting messages of any, unrestricted types of content. This property of human language can be called its universality. Linguistic sign - a unit of language that serves either to designate objects or phenomena of reality and their relations, or to designate relations between elements of the language as part of complex signs; exponent of a given linguistic meaning. A linguistic sign connects not a thing and not a name, but a concept and an acoustic image. Only meaningful units can be considered linguistic signs: a word (lexeme) and a morpheme. Properties of a linguistic sign: 1. A linguistic sign is material and ideal at the same time; represents the unity of the sound shell - the signifier (form), and what it denotes - the signified (content). The signifier is material (sound, letters), the signified is ideal (what is embedded in our metaconsciousness). 2. The linguistic sign is primary, the signs of other sign systems are secondary. 3. Arbitrariness. 4. Motivation - the presence of logical connections between the signifier and the signified. 5. Variability

A language system is a set of linguistic elements of any natural language, which is in relationships and connections with each other, which form a certain unity and integrity. Members of systems receive their significance only when there are other members of the system and depend on them directly. ([k] in a language without [x] is not the same as [k] in a language without [x], the meaning of each case varies from the number of cases in the language in general). Essential element language system - language sign. Signs mean words - two-sided ideal-material entities. The ideal side is the signified, the external (material) side is the signifier. The interpretation of the sign can be bilateral ( dual nature sign) and monoteral (only material side) The theory of the linguistic sign was developed by Ferdinand de Saussure, he identified three types of signs:

A) iconic (motivated, resembling the designated objects - road signs)

B) signs-symbols (semi-motivated, only partially determined by what they mean (red cross, coat of arms of the USSR)

C) signs-signals (conditional, unconditional, motivated by the fact that they are always associated with the situation (red light of a traffic light, a bell, three whistles, speech, interjections). Signs should be distinguished from signs or symptoms in which the signified and the signifier are in causal They do not transmit information purposefully, like signs.Properties of a linguistic sign:

1) materially ideal

2) the linguistic sign is primary (signs of other systems are secondary - first language and speech, then signals)

3) the arbitrariness of signs (the absence of a natural connection between the signifier and the signified)

4) motivation (the presence of a natural connection between the signifier and the signified (house, hand - unmotivated, house - a small house, mittens - what is on hand)

5) mutability (the signifier changes, but the signified remains (eye-eye, finger-finger), the signified changes, the signifier is unchanged (scoundrel - good for nothing, freak - beauty in Polish, stink - Czech perfume, shame - Czech spectacle, shameful Serbian actress).

6) asymmetry (one signifier has many signifiers (polysemy), one signifier has many signifiers (synonyms) à moving connection, constant change of languages)

7) The linear nature of the signifier (speech has a duration of space).

Each component of the language system does not exist in isolation, but only in opposition to other components of the system. The structure of the language system is called structure. If the system is a set of elements connected by certain relationships, then the structure is the type of these relationships, the way the system is organized. Thus, the structure is not an independent entity, but a characteristic of the system. Since language is one of complex systems, then, in order to know this system, it is stratified into smaller systems. In each subsystem, a set of homogeneous units is allocated, which are among themselves in certain connections and relationships.

Main units:

1. phoneme (enters into connections and relationships with phonemes, the function is a material sign of the language, and the first perceptual function is the object of perception, and the second significative function has the ability to distinguish higher, significant units of the language - morphemes, words, sentences (not-bot-mot -cat, became-table-chair, pine-pine-pine)),

2. morphemes (like a phoneme, the function is semaseological, that is, to express the concepts of a) real-root (-red-), b) non-root meanings of features (-ost, without-, re-) and relationship values ​​(-y, -ish )

3. word (function - nominative - to name objects and phenomena proper names just called common nouns combine nominative and semaseological functions),

4. offer (function - communicative)

These subsystems are called language levels. Language levels are subsystems of the general language system, each of which is characterized by a set of relatively homogeneous units and a set of rules governing their use and grouping into various classes and subclasses. Basic levels of language: phonemic, morphemic, lexical and syntactic. Signs that distinguish levels:

1) Units of the same level must be homogeneous

2) The lower level unit must be part of the higher level unit.

3) Units of any level should be distinguished by segmenting more complex structures of the language than they themselves.

In addition, there is also a syllable and a phrase - units of an intermediate level, that is, components of a unit of the nearest higher level of the language, consisting of a number of units of the nearest lower level.

Language units can be one-sided (phoneme, syllable - their function in the formation and distinction of sound shells of bilateral units) and two-sided (they have both sound and meaning, express either the meaning itself, or serve to convey it - morphemes, words, sentences)

Language units can enter into three types of relations: paradigmatic (relationships of opposition and functional identity of linguistic elements, and they are appositive (between invariant units of the language - wooden + table) and equivalent (between variants of one invariant - table, table, table)), syntogmatic ( relations of compatibility of elements of the same level in the speech chain (phoneme with phoneme, word with words)) and hierarchical (between language units according to their degree of complexity).

Number of hours:

day department: lectures - 1 hour, practical - 1 hour, independent work– 7 hours Total – 9 hours

Extramural: lectures - 0 hours, practical - 0 hours, independent work - 9 hours. Total - 9 hours.

The concepts of "system" and "structure" in modern humanitarian research. Language and its place among system-structural formations. Definition of a sign in linguistic works of the XX-XXI centuries. Organization principles language structure. Sign properties. Types of sign systems. Specificity of language as a sign system. Functions of linguistic signs. The sign theory of language by F. de Saussure.

Key Concepts and terms: sign, linguistic sign, signified, expression plan, signifier, content plan sign system, sign situation, semiotics.

Bibliography

1. Reformatsky A. A. Introduction to linguistics / A. A. Reformatsky / Ed. V. A. Vinogradova. - M. : Aspect Press, 2001. - 536 p. – P. 27–38.

2. Solntsev V. M. Language as a system-structural education / V. M. Solntsev. - M. : Nauka, 1983. - 301 p.

3. Saussure F. de. Course of general linguistics. Extracts / F. de Saussure // according to the book: Zvegintsev V. A. The history of linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries in essays and extracts. Part 1. - M., 1960 - S. 328-342.

form of control

Saussure F. de. Course of general linguistics. Extracts / F. de Saussure // according to the book: Zvegintsev V. A. The history of linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries in essays and extracts. Part 1. - M., 1960 - S. 328-342.

TOPIC 4. NATURE AND ESSENCE OF LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL PHENOMENON. LANGUAGE AND MIND. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH

Number of hours:

Day department: lectures - 2 hours, practical - 1 hour, independent work - 7 hours. Total - 10 hours.

Extramural: lectures - 1 hour, practical - 0 hours, independent work - 9 hours. Total - 10 hours.

Nature, essence and functions of language. Philosophical concepts of the correlation of language and thinking. Psychophysiological and neurolinguistic studies of the problem of language and thinking. The question of the relationship between language and speech in modern linguistics. Development of the ideas of F. de Saussure in the concepts of L. V. Shcherba, E. Coseriou, L. Hjelmslev, G. Guillaume.

Key concepts and terms: communicative function of language, cognitive function of language, accumulative function of language, emotional-expressive function of language, voluntarily function of language, metalinguistic function of language, phatic function of language, ideological function language, nominative function of language, representative function of language, conative function of language, aesthetic function of language, axiological function of language, thinking, speech, speech activity.

Bibliography

1. Humboldt V. On the difference in structure human languages and its influence on spiritual development of the human race // Humboldt V. background. Selected works on linguistics. 2nd ed. M., 2000. - S. 68, 100–101, 227.

2. Zvegintsev V.A. The distinction between language and speech as an expression of the duality of the object of linguistics // Language and linguistic theory. - M., 2001. - S. 233-243.

3. Coseriu E. Synchrony, diachrony and history (the problem of language change) - M .: Editorial URSS, 2001. - P. 30–40.

4. Popova Z. D. General linguistics / Z. D. Popova, I. A. Sternin. - Voronezh, 2004. - S. 68–92.

5. Potebnya A. A. Thought and language / A. A. Potebnya // Word and myth. – M.: Pravda, 1989. – P.17–200.

6. Linguistics: Large encyclopedic Dictionary/ Ed. V. N. Yartseva. - 2nd ed. – M. : Bolshaya Ros. Encycl., 1998. - 682 p.

form of control- scientific note-taking; poll.

Article for scientific note-taking

Potebnya A. A. Thought and language / A. A. Potebnya // according to the book: Zvegintsev V. A. The history of linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries in essays and extracts. Part 1. - M., 1960 - S. 136-142.

TOPIC 5. LANGUAGE NORM AND ITS SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS

Number of hours:

Day department: lectures - 0 hours, practical - 1 hour, independent work - 7 hours. Total - 8 hours.

Extramural: lectures - 0 hours, practical - 0 hours, independent work - 8 hours. Total - 8 hours.

Language and its social differentiation. Sociolinguistics as the science of language in its social context. Principles and methods of sociolinguistics. language interference. Vocabulary of limited scope. social regulation verbal communication.

Key concepts and terms: sociolinguistics, sociolect, language community, language interference, jargon, argotism, professionalism.

Bibliography

1. Zvegintsev V. A. Social and linguistic in sociolinguistics / V. A. Zvegintsev // Izvestiya AN SSSR. Literature and Language Series. - Issue. 3. - M., 1982. - S. 250-258.

2. Krysin L.P. On some changes in the Russian language of the late twentieth century / L.P. Krysin // Research on Slavic languages. - No. 5. - Seoul, 2000. - S. 63–91.

3. Mechkovskaya N. B. Social linguistics / N. B. Mechkovskaya. - M., 2000. - 208 p.

form of control- poll.

Question 1. Meaning previous theories for the development of modern linguistics: ancient philosophy, ancient grammatical tradition, universal grammars.

1) The theory of names in the ancient philosophy of language. This theory does not yet contain specialized knowledge about language, and it is not included in the corpus of its own linguistics, but is nevertheless considered important for the creation of linguistics. ! This theory establishes the integrity of the connection between the plane of content and the plane of expression, each of which has a different structure, but both cannot exist without each other.

2) Language and speech or linguistics of universal grammars (traditions of China, Egypt, Ancient Greece and ancient rome). They mark the emergence of grammatical theory, provide a tool and method for describing the language.

3) Universal grammar "Port-Royal". It reveals the commonality of the systems of linguists, since they are all based on the same universal logic. Gives rise to logical grammar, linguistic typology, tk. they quite clearly distinguished between the synthetic and analytical structure of the language (although such terms did not exist then).

Question 2 Significance of previous theories for development modern linguistics Keywords: comparative-historical linguistics, systemic linguistics, structuralism. Main trends modern science about language.

4) Comparatively historical linguistics. This method is considered revolutionary, because. there is a penetration into the mechanism of the language, because a language is studied by means of studying its history and comparing it with other languages. As a result, a genological classification of the languages ​​of the world is created. In the same period, naturalism (Schleicher) and psychologism (Potebnya, Steinthal) stand out as a separate trend. They deal with the problem of the correlation of the natural and psychological principles in the language. Humboldt (“The language of the people is its spirit, and the spirit is its language. And there is nothing more identical to each other.” His position is based on cognitive linguistics. G. Laid the foundations of the modern representation of the modern representation of language and thinking.) - creator general linguistics. Under his influence, such trends were created as: ethnolinguistics, generative linguistics, cognetology, discourse linguistics. Proclaims one of the main principles - principle historicism, which says that any research should be historical in nature. Historicism - taking into account historical roots, perspectives.

5) System linguistics. Saussure, Courtenay, Fortunatov. They are characterized by a view of the language as a system-structural education (linguistics), and they determine the symbolic nature of the language. On the basis of the works of Saussure and Courtonet, a basic approach to language was formed. The language consists of: separate clear elements that are interconnected, connecting with each other, they form qualitatively new formations. Sounds do not carry any meaning, unlike words.

6) Structuralism ( most of 20th century, 50s, 60s, 70s - the heyday of Saussure) - the dominant trend. Explores the internal organization of language. The organization of the language gives grounds for linguistic modeling, affirms the most important principle of linguistics, considering languages ​​as systems, parts of which exist only in their interconnection, interdependence, gives rise to modern trends. Rigorous study of the structure of the language. Description of the phoneme, differential features.

7) The modern period (based on all the already established provisions) is characterized by two main processes: differentiation and integration scientific research. Differentiation is a branching of scientific linguistic research, their specialization. Integration is the emergence of a new discipline at the intersection of different sciences. Directions: sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics. Linguoculturology - studies the language on the basis of cultural property. Text linguistics, ICC, discourse theory - the text is considered as belonging to the discourse, discourse-text, immersed in life, i.e. taking into account the communicants, the parameters of communication, the situation of communication. Discourse - a set of texts that match these parameters, for example, legal discourse. Cognitive linguistics interprets the relationship of language and thinking, language and reality in a new way. Conceptology - studies the concepts of gender linguistics - the differences between male and female speech. Semasiology - studies the content of language units. Communicative linguistics - language is studied as a means language communication; considers how the language performs its communicative functions; discusses communication strategies and tactics; communicative categories that are realized in the texts generated for the purpose of communication. Linguopragmatics - the content and structure of a speech work, depending on the situation and the purpose of communication.

Question 8. Language as a system-structural education. Modern representation about the system and structure of the language, units and tiers of the language system.

1) The language consists of separate elements, i.e. language units. Language units are its elements that have such properties as: reproducibility, constancy of features in the language system, or the formation of speech according to certain models, the performance of certain functions by them. ! The function of the word and word combination is to name the object of reality. The function of the proposal is communicative.

2) These elements are interconnected of various kinds and varying complexity. There are 2 global types of relations: paradigmatic and syntagmatic, which are transformed into more private ones. An example is chess.

3) Changes in individual elements cause changes in the system as a whole. General property system is not reduced to the sum of the properties, elements that make it up. Elements of the language system, connecting with each other, generate a new meaning. An example is phonemes, connecting with each other to form a new word, meaning and meaning.

Units of the language form the levels of the language: phonetic (sounds and prosodic phenomena), lexical (words and phraseological units), morphological (morphemes and word forms), syntactic (phrases and sentences). These tiers form subsystems in common system language. Units in these levels are interconnected by system relations. Each tier has its own functions in systemic organization language. For example, phonetic serves building material; and lexical - the central tier, the main function of which is the reflection of reality; the function of the morphological is to serve as the "skeleton" of the language system, a means structural organization language units; syntactic - communicative function, i.e. serve as a means of expressing and communicating thoughts. Systems approach to the study of reality is fundamental not only in linguistics, but also in other sciences. It is due to the fact that the objects around us are system-structural formations. Language is one of these things. All historical linguistics is an attempt in one way or another to systematize language units and phenomena. The same is true of modern linguistics.