Terminological and professional vocabulary. Reasons for the creation of jargons and slang

Terminological vocabulary (terms)- words or compound names (stable phrase), which are the exact designations of special concepts from the field of science, technology, law, sports, art, etc.

For example: lemma‘auxiliary theorem used to prove the main theorems’, voltmeter‘measuring instrument’ electrical voltage in the section of the circuit with current.

PU terms: securities, currency transactions, share, magnetnaya arrow, punctuation marks, viral flu

Terms must be distinguished from professionalisms. Professionalisms are words and phraseological units characteristic of a particular professional group, used in the speech of people united by a common profession. Basement, hallway, nephew, stripe, hat, fresh head in the speech of printers and journalists.

The term does not just name any concept, but unlike other words, it has a strict scientific or legal definition - a definition.

Terms should be distinguished from professional jargon (professionalism):

- terms characteristic of book speech, professionalism are characteristic of oral speech and are not included in the literary language.

- terms a particular branch of knowledge or production are created by the conscious and purposeful efforts of people - experts in this field. There is a tendency, on the one hand, to eliminate doublets and polysemantic terms, and on the other hand, to establish strict boundaries for each term and its clear relationship with the rest of the units that form this terminological system.

Appearance professionalism spontaneously. Relations between different professionalisms are also distinguished by a certain randomness and uncertainty.

terms officially adopted (GOSTs) and regularly used, have a strict definition; professional words officially not accepted, irregular in use. The meaning of professionalism, which usually arises on the basis of a metaphorical rethinking of a word or phrase, often intersects with the meanings of other professionalisms.

t terminy form a terminological system - a set of terms available in vocabulary, - "covering" the entire given special field of science or technology: all the basic concepts, ideas, relationships. Professionalisms rarely form a system (no one specifically cares about creating such a system). For some objects and concepts there are professional names, while for others they are not.

t terminy do not have expressive qualities, they are characterized by stylistic homogeneity. There are no reduced terms among the terms. stylistic coloring(colloquial, slang), neither having a shade of "highness", solemnity, nor emotionally expressive words.

Unlike the terms professionalism (professional words) are brightly expressive, expressive (due to their metaphorical nature), and this property of them is particularly distinctly found in the vicinity of an official, bookish special term, the meaning of which this professionalism duplicates.

The difference between terms and professional words can be shown in the following examples. In metallurgy, the term nasty denote the remains of the frozen metal in the ladle, while the workers call these remains goat- official term goat- professionalism). concave grinder(special term) optics are also called cup(professionalism). Physicists jokingly call synchrophasotron pan, doctors call a special type of temperature curve (with a sharp rise and fall in the patient's temperature) candle. Sandpaper is the official, terminological name, and skin- professionalism, widely used in non-professional vernacular, etc.

In some cases, professionalisms can be used as official terms; at the same time, their expressiveness is somewhat erased, but the metaphorical meaning underlying them is felt quite well. Wed terms like lever arm, gear tooth, pipe elbow and under.

Terms and common vocabulary

There is a constant connection between the terms and the vocabulary of the people, which is expressed in two opposite processes. First - terminology common words such as: tooth, knee, box(gearbox, cranium), hint, fan, hole, peak. The second process is determinologization, in which the terms, losing some of their features, pass into the general literary language, for example: acceleration, algorithm, antibiotics, hologram, laser, sensor, argument, concept, consciousness; drama, concerto, contact, contour, tension, romance, style, resonance; analysis, synthesis, soldering etc.

As Solganik G.Ya. notes, if in the 19th century. Since the literary language was fed mainly at the expense of dialects, now terminology has become one of the bases for replenishing its composition.

An everyday word and the same word as a term are essentially different words. They have different meanings, different areas of use. For example, the common adjective overbearing in expression She has a domineering personality has the meaning ‘strong, despotic’, and the same adjective as part of a legal term in the expression The document is opaque(example V.P. Danilenko) means that the document has the character of power.

The process of transition of the term into common vocabulary is rather complicated.

Functional and stylistic role of professional and special vocabulary

Under certain conditions, terms are used in literature and journalism.

The methods and purposes of including terms in the general literary language are different. From a functional point of view, we can distinguish:

1) situational inclusions, due to the requirements of the topic and genre of the message;

2) inclusions due to the stylistic task;

3) inclusion of terms in figurative and figurative usage.

1. Situational inclusions. Here we are talking about the use of terms in their direct nominative function in materials related to science, technology, production, art, etc.

For example, an excerpt from the story "Thoughts and Heart" by N. Amosov, one of the first Soviet surgeons who began to sew artificial valves into the heart. In this story, it is difficult to separate the author from the image of the protagonist, so it is natural for him to use medical terms, without which the reader would not understand the medical problems raised by the author and methods for their solution.

There was a complex congenitalheart disease - calledFallot's tetrad . This is when you are marriedpulmonary artery , and inseptum between the ventricles a hole remains. Darkdeoxygenated blood mixed witharterial , the kids suffocate and turn blue even with a little effort ... It is necessary to make sure that the operation is not in a hurry, so that the device does not destroy the blood. When they collapseerythrocytes , thenhemoglobin enters the plasma and stains it red. And, oddly enough, it becomes poisonous for the heart, for the kidneys. This is problem number one.hemolysis .

The nature of the terminology used both in fiction and in journalism depends mainly on the author, who, by virtue of life circumstances familiar with certain groups of professional words. For example, I. Turgenev was a passionate hunter, so his “Notes of a Hunter” reflected the corresponding vocabulary. S. Aksakov, an avid fisherman, could not help using fishing vocabulary in his Notes on Fishing. F. Dostoevsky, who is well acquainted with the card game, reflected this knowledge, for example, in the novel "The Gambler". In many works of Soviet writers - K. Simonov, Yu. Bondarev, V. Bykov and others - dedicated to the events of the Great Patriotic War, military terms are necessarily used.

In the Soviet period, there was a genre of "production novel". In the works of this genre, the description of labor processes often overshadowed the story of the fate of people. The fascination with industrial topics has led to the fact that technical terms have poured into fiction in a wide stream.

You can name dozens of Soviet writers, well-known at that time and little-known, who flooded the pages of their works with production terms: V. Popov (“Steel and Slag”), Vs. Kochetov (“Zhurbins”, “The Ershov Brothers”), A. Chakovsky (“ The roads we choose”), E. Karpov (“Shifted Banks”), V. Tevekelyan (“Beyond the Moscow River”), etc. They, as it were, continued the “traditions” of Soviet writers of an earlier period, in whose works the use of industrial and technical terms that are disproportionate to artistic tasks is striking: F. Gladkov (“Cement”, “Energy”), M. Shaginyan (“Hydrocentral”).

In essays by B.Mozhaev (agricultural terminology), in fiction and documentary prose by D.Granin (scientific terminology), etc.

Many specialized journals use the terms: Popular Mechanics, Computerra, Health.

Of course, the degree of introduction of terms into the text depends on the level of preparedness of listeners, readers, in a word, on the audience. Now there are a large number of genres and types of speech that freely operate with any terminological series. These are, as a rule, materials intended for specialists, a trained audience.

In articles and notes intended for the general reader, little-known terms are usually explained. Complex and often subtle techniques for introducing terms into various genres have been developed. Explanation of terms can be short or detailed, precise or approximate, for example: The so-calleddressing (in other words - impregnation) ...; The composition of the semi-biological prosthesis also includes substances that prevent blood clotting -anticoagulants ; Attracheotomy , or, translated from Greek, throat cutting, so that the patient can breathe freely, a metal tube is usually inserted.

2. Inclusions of terms(literally) conditioned by stylistic assignment. In fiction, in journalism, terms can perform stylistic functions (for example, characteristic), recreate a certain color, the environment in which the action takes place.

Do you respect Van Gogh? Noise, uproar, sweaty faces, hustle, from different sides, like shells, words: utilitarianism, realism, modernism, form, expression. A great student dispute broke out.

(V.Tendryakov)

Just a few terms, but they succinctly and succinctly convey the atmosphere of a student dispute.

So, in the spirit of the times, V. Barkovsky brings out a karate coach among the characters and puts a lot of sports terms into his mouth: ... Bystrov was dealt a powerful blow. In engineeringjan kaiten . Direct hit, piercing, Giyakutska . Notboxer beat -karateka ; I jumped to him and struck at the pace of the movementside kick foot,Yoko-geri ...

3. Inclusion of terms in figurative and figurative usage. This is a large and peculiar area of ​​​​use of terms. Thanks to a metaphor based on associative figurativeness, the term takes on a second life as a commonly used word, which is particularly visual. For example: The pump of time is gradually pumping out from the world of carriers of that era, about which Dovlatov wrote(From newspapers).

abstract concept time like a pump. Time is like a pump in its action, like a pump, it works mechanically and mercilessly. The idea of ​​ruthless time is actualized. In the depths of the metaphor is thought. Figurativeness, visibility colors this idea, serves as a kind of background for it.

Other examples of metaphorization of terms: emotional trauma, public outcry, ideological (moral) vacuum, bacillus of indifference, money-grubbing virus, fame orbit, soul corrosion, contact with the population.

Terms play a special role in modern poetry, where they are one of the signs of the "intellectualization" of the verse.

The most terrible ofdepreciation - depreciation

hearts and souls.

(V. Mayakovsky)

And you won't sharpen

No shovels

To raise all the layers here again,

Where is happening atomic decay

Elusive elements the words.

(L. Martynov)

And a melody high voltage pleading

I printed it as a copybook, in a separate edition.

(P. Antokolsky)

4. Terminological vocabulary is used not only for descriptive purposes or for the speech characterization of characters, but also in humorous purposes. So, to create a comic effect, the authors deliberately concentrate computer terms, moreover, borrowed, mixed with colloquial vernacular words. For example, Yu. Nesterenko (Computerra. 2000. No. 12) cleverly uses computer terms in combination with non-literary vocabulary!

terminal pulp

Valve Quarantino Presents

scene one

Vincent Mega and Julis Winfail are driving.

Julis . Okay, tell me about warez boards.

Vincent. What are you interested in?

Julis. Well, warez is legal there, right?

Vincent. Well, almost legal, but not one hundred percent. Like you can't get into a cool office and use warez software there. But you can safely use it at home or put it on BBS.

Julis . Those warez boards?

Vincent . Well, yes. You can upload software or download software or keep it on the board if you're a sysop. The cops out there don't do boards. They don't even know what it is.

Julis . Cool, damn it.<...>

scene three

Vincent. Where did Bill find it?

Julis . Who knows. They say she broke his record inMinesweeper. In general, she once programmed something.

Vincent. Did I see anything that she weakened?

Julis. I think her coolest project was the applet in Beadle 6 beta.

Vincent. What?

Julis. Well, you know that Windows have different versions?

Vincent . I don't use Windows.

Julis . Of course, but have you heard that computers have such crap - operating systems and they are sometimes upgraded?

Vincent. Yes.

Julis. So, before releasing the final release, they launch beta versions. Some modules start to fail immediately, and they are thrown out, and some later, and they are left. Her module did not start at all.

Literature:

Golub, I.B. Stylistics of the Russian language / I.B. Golub. - 6th ed., M.: Airis-press, 2005. - 448 p.

Solganik, G.Ya. Practical stylistics in the Russian language: textbook for students. philol. and zhur. fak. higher textbook institutions / G.Ya. Solganik. - M.: Publishing House. Center "Academia", 2006. - 304 p.

language and style

Yaroslava Andreevna Bokhan

ABOUT THE FUNCTIONS OF TERMINOLOGICAL VOCABULARY IN A MEDIA TEXT

The article analyzes the functions of economic terminology in modern Chinese media text. Special attention the degree of preparedness of the author to the presentation of information on economic topics and the adequacy of its understanding by the addressee is given.

Keywords Keywords: media text, economic term, special information, Chinese.

Modern man in his Everyday life certainly encounters special vocabulary that came into the general literary language from various areas knowledge: economics, jurisprudence, political, technical and other sciences. Special terminological vocabulary ceases to be an attribute of only professional discourse, penetrating to a greater or lesser extent into the spheres of non-professional communication. Economic issues are relevant not only for economists and specialists in related fields, but also for representatives of various segments of the population who are not directly related to the economy and economic processes. The social significance of this science makes it possible to borrow special economic vocabulary into the sphere of non-professional communication, and the growing interest of the general public in economic processes cannot but affect the content of mass media texts.

Due to the fact that the media text most often acts as an intermediary in the transfer of information from a professional to a non-professional (meaning background or analytical information received from specialists and broadcast through the media to a wide audience, most of which are non-specialists in this field of knowledge) , its lexical composition is enriched with economic terms and professionalism, but at the same time tends to some simplification - for adequate perception of an oral or written message by an unprepared listener (reader). Such a message cannot

In a modern media text, the economic term performs important role- informs and orients the recipient of the message, which meets his cognitive needs and interests. To implement the main task of such texts - a message about a particular economic event - the most accurate industry or highly specialized terms are used.

In the course of a study of news articles of a socio-economic and financial-economic nature, published in the electronic version of one of the most authoritative Chinese publications (China News)

And also in the process of working with special dictionaries, it was revealed that the terminology in media texts is not presented in isolation, but surrounded by common vocabulary, professionalism and even expressive language means that create a special lexical-semantic and stylistic tone of the text.

Our analysis of the functioning of economic terms in media discourse showed that the saturation of the terminological space of a news article largely depends on the level of professionalism of the author and his journalistic experience in general. So, for example, journalistic articles prepared by a journalist on their own will differ from articles created with the involvement of scientific consultants or including an interview with a specialist. The main difference will be in the degree of saturation of the publication of the term

mi, as well as the presence or absence of highly specialized terminology.

The lexical composition of an article can also be influenced by the policy of the publication or news agency regarding the circle of readers, which involves taking into account their horizons, intelligence, life experience, the degree of preparedness for the perception of various information and interest in it. However, the level of terminology of news reports written exclusively by journalists or, conversely, by economists, is also not the same. The frequency of the use of terms will depend on the style of presentation of each individual author and, of course, on the addressee of the message, in particular, his professional or general cultural experience.

In non-professional discourse, including in the media text, in contrast to scientific literature, special economic terminology performs one more task. important function- popularization of scientific knowledge.

Let's consider some examples from media texts in Chinese.

SHCHYASH * "M^YA^AYY

An employee of the Central Bank (People's Bank of China) reports: the goal of doubling the average per capita income is likely to be achieved ahead of schedule. Chen Songchen, head of the statistics department of the People's Bank of China, in his report indicates that the implementation of the goal of doubling GDP and average per capita income in urban and rural areas, put forward in the report at the 18th Party Congress, is feasible and confirmed by real facts. A doubling of the average per capita income in urban and rural areas is likely to come about two years ahead of schedule.

AT this example in the text, a fragment of the message of a specialist is used. Such a message can be simultaneously considered both as a part of professional and non-professional discourse. An employee of the Central Bank, of course, acts as a specialist in economic issues, but at the same time he addresses a wide audience whose level of competence in these matters may be lower. The author of the article, clarifying the

ing, maintains the general style and terminological composition of the specialist: he makes a reference to the definition, using the abbreviation OVR - GDP (gross domestic product), without deciphering its content, which may indicate addressing a trained reader, and also repeatedly uses the compound term A^^ A is the average per capita income. The use of compound terms is generally characteristic of the Chinese media text, since such special names already contain a hidden definition.

Consider another example from the same article.

(2) J^2011^SVR^^9.3%

2012-2020^0BP-M¥^No.^6.94%BP 2012^MvVRSh

^^M^7.7%o $LY2012^^0VR^^ 7.7%, SH2013-2020^00R^Sh¥^^^^

6.85%o ALAda^shzh^schsvRma

The article states that given that in 2011 GDP growth was 9.3%, in 2012-2020 it will be enough to achieve the goal if the average annual growth is 6.94%. According to estimates, GDP growth in the first three quarters of 2012 was 7.7%. If GDP growth for the whole of 2012 is 7.7%, then in 2013-2020 the average annual GDP growth rate of 6.85% will be enough. The implementation of the task proclaimed at the 18th Party Congress is very likely.

Despite the fact that this text is posted on the news feed of one of the most famous news agencies in China, whose audience covers all segments of the population, in terms of lexical composition, it should be classified as popular science literature aimed at a narrower circle of competent readers. Lexical composition article clearly corresponds to the language for special purposes, with the dominance of terminological vocabulary, in particular: vOR^^ - GDP growth,

^ - average annual growth, U# - doubling, ~ quarter. The predominant use of noun terms is also characteristic, which corresponds to the concept of terminology accepted by most linguists. However, it should be noted that due to grammatical features Chinese, a noun in various positions in a sentence can also play an attributive role, replacing an adjective, and individual verbs can be used as a noun.

(3) ®^2012^SVR^7.7%, £pZh^ShM VR2019^#2010^Sh- #, S2013-2019^00RSh¥^^M^7.9%

SH2013-2018^00RSh¥^^

M^9.3%, AD, &EDN

J£^J® 2020^ 2010^|Ц^@№

Suppose GDP growth in 2012 will be 7.7%, if it is necessary to accelerate the pace of achieving the goal by one year, then GDP in 2019 should be doubled more level 2010, then the required average annual GDP growth rate in 2013-2019 will have to be 7.9%, and this is quite difficult. If the deadline for achieving the goal needs to be reduced by two years, then the average annual GDP growth in 2013-2018 will have to reach 9.3%, and this is even more difficult. Still, it is clear that the goal of doubling the rate of GDP growth by 2020 compared to 2010 is quite feasible and is actually confirmed.

In the last passage, the author departs from the presentation of "naked" facts, arguing about the possible development of events and at the same time retaining all the previously used special terminological units, but at the same time introduces commonly used evaluative categories

Difficult enough, yet

more difficult, finally gives a decoding of the abbreviation used from the very beginning of the article: D (Gross Domestic Product. Such a strategy may be due to the author’s desire to push the reader to think, and as a result, to bring him to the understanding and assimilation of the information read.

Such a terminologically rich text becomes part of the reader's cognitive space, which is one of the goals of the news report. The journalist chooses the terms and style of the message, based on the idea of ​​who his potential addressee is, but the author is limited by his own terminological space, due to his qualifications, epistemological potential and, of course, the topic of the message.

The study of the features of the functioning of economic terminology in the media space, using the example of a number of news reports considered in this and other articles, revealed the absence of a dynamic increase in the use of economic terms by journalists within the framework of one article. Author

media text throughout the entire message operates with a limited group of terms, trying not to go beyond the topic of the message, without taking into account the possibility of increasing the reader's competence in the process of studying the information message, since such a communication format excludes an individual approach and is focused on the average reader.

Let's consider one more example.

(4)

ish4 ^ e * № ^ shya 27 in SHSHSH,

(Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) predicts that China's economic growth will next year will be 8.5%. The Paris-based OECD Headquarters' Economic Outlook Report of the 27th reported that emerging markets, by expanding the boundaries of their monetary and financial policies daily, have overcome the decline in external demand in the markets. China's economic growth is expected to be 8.5% and 8.9% respectively over the next two years. Other countries with emerging markets will also be able to achieve fairly high economic growth.

In this example, I would like to draw attention not only to the abundance of economic terms used by the sender of the message, such as economic

growth; (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) The author, of course, refers to a prepared reader who knows the terminology, has a fairly broad outlook and knowledge in the field of the world economic situation, as well as a well-formed idea of ​​which countries belong to the category of states with emerging markets.

information caused by individual association with this term. For example, after seeing a message that “in the next two years, economic growth rates in China will be 8.5% and 8.9% respectively”, the average reader perceives the term economic growth rates not from the point of view of the economy - the rise in production, the growth of GDP and GNP, and from the point of view of usefulness for oneself - an increase in wages, an improvement in the standard of living, etc. Moreover, this is caused not by the degree of his preparedness, but by a cognitive task, conditioned primarily by the pragmatic needs of a person, and only then by the need to obtain information.

It should be emphasized that the author of a media text on economic topics is faced with the task of not only informing the reader, but also stimulating his cognitive activity, and therefore the journalist must be very critical in choosing the appropriate terminology for use in the text.

Bibliography

1. Akhmetshin, N. Kh. Chinese-Russian financial and economic dictionary [Text] / N. Kh.

Akhmetshin, He Zhu. - M. : AST, East-West, 2007. - 704 p.

2. Golovanova, E. I. Cognitive terminology [Text]: textbook. allowance / E. I. Golovanova. - Chelyabinsk: Encyclopedia, 2008.

3. Grishechkina, G. Yu. Types of definitions of terms in the popular science text [Text] / G. Yu. Grishechkina // Uchenye zapiski Orlovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ser. humanitarian and Social sciencies. - 2010. - No. 1.-S. 120-127.

5. Leychik, V. M. Terminology: subject, structure, methods [Text] / V. M. Leychik. - M. : Librokom, 2009. - 256 p.

6. yttttpm. -sh-.sh er, 2011.

// FDIlad yag:

^^^8.5% (date of access: 28.11.2012).

// iYaG: http://finance.chi-

nanews.com/cj/2012/12-05/4382374.shtml (accessed 05.12.2012).

Oleg Vitalievich Demidov

Chelyabinsk State University

MODERN POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN THE MEANS OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN THE CHELYABINSK REGION

The article deals with the problems of forming a negative political discourse. The most typical ways of manifestation of invective in public texts. The ways of distinguishing between invective and extremist appeals in the means mass communication Chelyabinsk region.

Key words: political discourse, invective, extremism.

Political discourse is oversaturated with difference in relation to others) ) figurative techniques and tricks, it is appropriate to use the term "invective", nym to belittle the personality of the enemy. understanding it in a broad sense as speech lexical means verbal - the function of insulting, like any aggression (aggression. [French aggression, German sharp speech, attack against an opponent.< лат. agressio нападение] 2. О че- Такой функцией обладают, прежде всего, ин-ловеке или животном: воинственная враждеб- вективы в узком смысле, как синоним сквер-

Very often in explanatory dictionaries you can find a special mark next to the word - "special", which means special. These word forms are not used everywhere, but refer only to professional or terminological vocabulary. What is this vocabulary and what are the rules for its use in modern speech? Find out in this article!

Special vocabulary: terms

There are two lexical categories, the words of which are used by people of a narrow circle: one profession, the field of science and technology. and terms.

Very often, next to a similar word, the scope of their use is also indicated, for example, physics, medicine, mathematics, etc. How to delimit these special words?

Scientific terms are understood as words or phrases that name various concepts of a certain scientific activity, or a production process or a sphere of art.

Each term is defined, that is, it has its own definition that helps to present the essence of the object or phenomenon it calls. Terms are the most accurate and at the same time simplified or brief description of the reality that it denotes. Moreover, each industry has its own terminological system.

Scientific terms have several "layers", that is, they differ in the type of sphere of use. All this is explained by the peculiarities of the object that this term denotes.

First layer - general scientific terms. They are needed in different fields of knowledge. These words always belong to scientific style speeches and often overlap in different books, as they allow you to describe different areas of life and, accordingly, different scientific research.

Terms examples:

1. The professor conducted a physical experiment.
2. Scientists have found adequate approach to problem solving.
3. Does it exist equivalent oxygen on other planets?
4. It was difficult for graduate students predict further events after a bad experience.
5. This was hypothetical question!
6. Russian science progresses day by day.
7. Reaction given reagent on nitrogen was too stormy.

All scientific terms in the examples are in a special font. As you can see, these words form a common conceptual fund of different fields of science and have the highest frequency of use.

Special terms

The second layer is special terms that reflect the concepts of certain scientific disciplines.

Terms examples:

1. Subject in this sentence, the students defined it incorrectly ( given word related to linguistics).
2. Periodontitis it is treated within a month with open canals of the tooth (this word refers to medicine).
3. Devaluation also touched our currency (this word refers to the economy).
4. supernova we won't be able to see until next month (the word refers to astronomy).
5. Injector junk again (this word refers to the automotive industry).
6. Knechts on the pier were free (this word refers to shipbuilding and navigation).

All these words are used in their discipline and concentrate the quintessence of any science. These are the most acceptable types of language expression that are convenient for scientific language.

Pleonasm of terms

Terms always carry a maximum of information, which is why they are indispensable, formulating the speaker's thought in an extremely capacious and accurate way! However, excessive use or pleonasm of terminological vocabulary often destroys even the most interesting scientific work.

The degree of terminology of different scientific articles cannot be the same. Somewhere the terminological vocabulary of the Russian language is very frequent, but somewhere it will only have two or three examples. It depends on the style of presentation, as well as on who the text will be addressed to.

How many special words are allowed?

Sometimes the text of a scientific work is so overloaded with terms that it is not only difficult to read it, but almost impossible even for specialists. Therefore, when writing scientific papers, it is better to adhere to the rule of the golden mean: the work should contain no more than 30-40% of terminological and professional vocabulary. It is then that it will be popular among a wide range of readers, even those who are very far from the scientific fact described in it.

In addition, it is important to ensure that the terms used in scientific work, were sufficiently known to a large circle of people, otherwise they would need to be explained all the time, and such work would turn into a continuous “scientific” explanation.

Expansion of terms

And, of course, it is important not to create one continuous pleonasm of scientific terminology from ordinary speech, as it will be difficult for listeners to understand you, and the whole speech will seem boring and even meaningless. This is connected with the frequent expansion of terms - the transition from scientific vocabulary to everyday speech.

Like borrowings, terms flood our usual everyday dialogue with new sentences and literally the dominance of "scientific". It sounds very difficult and strange if teenagers suddenly try to artificially saturate their dialogue with similar words, replacing ordinary vocabulary with special words. Terms are needed not for replacement, but for designation and specificity. They should be used only when special words are indispensable.

By thoughtlessly using such words, we run the risk of making our speech poor, and the language too incomprehensible. Such overload is often encountered by first-year students, starting to go to lectures.

Lectures by professors who are too carried away and begin to literally retell the text of the textbook, as a rule, are incomprehensible, boring and have no result. Lectures by enthusiasts of their subject, who have made many discoveries in its field, are, as a rule, very simple and written almost spoken language. These scientists talk about something important, but so simply that any student can understand them, and not only understand, but also apply the acquired knowledge in practice.

Special vocabulary: professionalisms

Professionals include all words and expressions that are associated with a particular production or activity. These word forms, as well as many terms, have not become common. Professionalisms function as semi-official words that do not have a scientific character, unlike terms.

In any profession, such verbal forms are known only to narrow specialists, as they denote various stages of production, unofficial names of tools, as well as manufactured products or raw materials. In addition, professionalisms, like terminological vocabulary, are found in sports, medicine, in the speech of hunters, fishermen, divers, etc.

For example:

1. In this book, clumsy ending- publishing professionalism. Indicates a graphic decoration at the end of a book. In ordinary speech, the ending is simply the end of the work.
2. Spent mawashi in his head - sports professionalism. Means shin in the head area.
3. Yacht darted at strong impulse wind - sports professionalism from the field of yachting. It means she showed her keel - the bottom of the yacht, that is, she turned over.
4. Pushkinists arranged literary evening- Philological professionalism. Means people who have dedicated their scientific activity creativity of A. S. Pushkin.

Professional vocabulary, unlike terminological, can have an expressive coloring and go into the category of jargon. And also to become a common word, such as, for example, the word “turnover”, which was previously a professionalism.

Thus, terminological and professional vocabulary is a special layer of the Russian language, which includes words and expressions related to a certain area of ​​use. It can be associated with science, as in the case of terms, and with activities, production or hobbies, as in professionalism.

In the Russian language, along with common vocabulary, there are words and expressions used by groups of people united by the nature of their activity, i.e. by profession. These are professionalisms.
Professionalisms are characterized by greater differentiation in the designation of tools and means of production, in the name specific items, actions, persons, etc. They are distributed mainly in the colloquial speech of people of a particular profession, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms for special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always marked “professional”. In the texts of newspapers and magazines, as well as in works of art, they usually perform a nominative function, and also serve as a figurative and expressive means.
Yes, in professional speech actors use the abbreviated name glavrezh; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name of capital repairs is used; the attendants of computer centers are called machinists and EVEM workers; on fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called skerries, etc.
According to the method of education, we can distinguish:
1) actually lexical professionalisms, which arise as new, special names. For example, in this way arose in the speech of professional fishermen the above word shkershchik from the verb shkerit - “gut the fish”; in the speech of carpenters and joiners, the names of various types of planer: kalevka, zenzubel, tongue and groove, etc .;
2) lexical-semantic professionalisms that arise in the process of developing a new meaning of a word and its rethinking. This is how, for example, the professional meanings of words in the speech of printers arose: Christmas trees or paws - a kind of quotation marks; cap - a common title for several publications, corral - spare, additional set, not included in the next issue; in the speech of hunters, the professional names of animal tails are distinguished: for a deer - kuiruk, burdock, for a wolf - a log, for a fox - a pipe, for a beaver - a shovel, for a squirrel - fur, for a hare - a flower, bunch, repeek, etc .;
3) lexical and derivational professionalisms, which include words like a spare wheel - a spare mechanism, part of something; glavrezh - the main director, etc., in which either a suffix is ​​​​used, or a way of adding words, etc.
Professionalisms usually do not receive wide distribution in the literary language; their scope remains limited.
Terminological vocabulary includes words or phrases used for logical exact definition special concepts or subjects of some area of ​​science, technology, agriculture, art, etc. Unlike commonly used words, which can be ambiguous, terms within a particular science, as a rule, are unambiguous. They are characterized by a clearly limited, motivated specialization of meaning.
The development of science and technology, the emergence of new branches of science is always accompanied by the abundant appearance of new terms. Therefore, terminology is one of the most mobile, fast-growing and rapidly changing parts of the national vocabulary (cf. just some names of new sciences and industries: automation, allergology, aeronomy, biocybernetics, bionics, hydroponics, holography, cardiac surgery, cosmobiology and many other sciences related to space exploration, plasma chemistry, speleology, ergonomics, etc.).
Ways of forming terms are different. For example, there is a terminology of words existing in the language, i.e. scientific rethinking of the well-known lexical meaning. This process goes in two ways: 1) by rejecting the generally accepted lexical meaning and giving the word a strict, precise name, for example: a signal in information theory “a changing physical quantity that displays messages”; 2) through the full or partial use of those features that serve as the basis for the lexical meaning of the word in popular use, i.e. name by similarity, adjacency, etc., for example: a hole is a defective electron in nuclear physics; drapri - a kind of form of aurora; neck - the intermediate part of the machine shaft, etc. Note that the expressive-emotional meanings inherent in words with diminutive suffixes, as a rule, disappear during terminology. Wed also: tail (for tools, fixtures), foot (part of the machine frame; part of the instruments), etc.
For the formation of terms, the word composition is widely used: nuclear-powered ship, smoke catcher, crank, current drive; affixing method: casting, cladding, constellation, melting, heater; the addition of foreign language elements: air-, auto-, bio-, etc. The method of terminology of phrases is widely used: elementary particles, primary radiation, cosmic rays, optical density, space medicine and etc.
Foreign borrowings play an important role in terminological systems. For a long time, many Dutch, English nautical terms have been known; Italian and French musical, art history, literary terms; Latin and Greek terms are found in all sciences. Many of these terms are international (see § 10).
The spread of scientific and technical terminology, its penetration into various spheres of life leads to the fact that in the language, along with the process of terminology of commonly used words, there is also a reverse process - mastering literary language terms, i.e. their determinology. For example, the frequent use of philosophical, art criticism, literary criticism, physical, chemical, medical, industrial and many other terms made them common words, for example: abstraction, argument, dialectics, materialism, thinking, concept, consciousness; concert, plot, style; amplitude, accumulator, contact, contour, reaction, resonance; analysis, vitamin deficiency, diagnosis, immunity, x-ray; capron, harvester, conveyor, motor; heat, soldering, recoil, filtering, etc. Often found in the context of commonly used words, the terms are metaphorized and lose their special appointment, for example: the anatomy of love, the geography of achievement, the sclerosis of conscience, the inflation of words.
Determinologized words are widely used in different styles speech: colloquial, book (in journalism, works of art, etc.). Along with them, professionalisms and terms are often used. However, the excessive saturation of artistic, journalistic works with scientific and technical terminology reduces their value and was condemned back in the late 20s and early 30s by A.M. Gorky, who wrote: “... No need to abuse shop terminology, or you should explain the terms. This should definitely be done, because it gives the book more wide use, makes it easier to assimilate everything that is said in it.

More on the topic 13. Professional and terminological vocabulary:

1. 1.19. Special vocabulary (professional and terminological)
2. §one. The use of dialect, professional and terminological vocabulary in speech
3. 1.5.4. Unique suffixes of nouns formed according to the model of borrowed words, replenishing the terminological vocabulary

Our time is characterized by the extraordinary development of science and technology. Discoveries in the field of nuclear physics, practical use nuclear energy, the emergence and development of astronautics and computer science, genetic engineering, etc. led to the fact that the vocabulary of the language was enriched with a huge number of new terms and even their entire subsystems. Consequently, the terminological system as a whole has also been enriched to a large extent, i.e. the intellectual, informational potential of the language has greatly increased.

A term is a word or a compound name (stable phrase), which is the designation of a special concept from the field of science, technology, law, sports, art, etc. For example: lemma- auxiliary theorem used to prove the main theorems; voltmeter- a device for measuring electrical voltage in a section of a circuit with current; irradiation(physiol.) - the spread of the process of excitation (or inhibition) in the central nervous system; communicative competence- ability to decide by means foreign language communication tasks that are relevant for students and society, etc.

The term does not just name any concept, but unlike other words, it has a strict scientific or legal definition - a definition. Definitions are of two kinds: official (scientific and legal) and unofficial.

Scientific communication is impossible if specialists in any field use terms not strictly certain value. Already in Soviet times, state committees for standardization and unification were created, which, in particular, carry out the unification of scientific and technical terms related to different fields of knowledge, and regularly publish collections of GOSTs (state standards), which offer scientific definitions of any related concepts for mandatory use by specialists.

Scientific definitions of terms contained primarily in state standards, - the first kind of official definitions.

The second type of such definitions is legal. In essence, this is a new type of official definitions in our country, which has become widely practiced in last decade. Legal definitions are called, which are given to the terms by the highest authorities in the country and are placed in federal laws, presidential decrees, government regulations. These government documents usually highlight special section"Used terms (or concepts)", which lists the terms included in the text this document new terms with definitions.

This means that in this way and only in this way the proposed legal terms should be understood and interpreted throughout the territory. Russian Federation.

Such ordering of terms gradually covers an ever wider range of social life, regulates the use of all more special words related to the most diverse areas of human production activity. For example:

Agrochemicals- fertilizers, chemical ameliorants, feed additives intended for plant nutrition, soil fertility regulation and animal nutrition (Federal Law "On the safe handling of pesticides and agrochemicals" dated June 24, 1997).

Assets- property of an enterprise, which includes fixed assets, other long-term investments (including intangible assets), working capital, financial assets (FZ "On Insolvency (Bankruptcy) of Enterprises" dated November 19, 1992).

Ammunition- items of weapons and projectile equipment designed to hit a target and containing explosive, propelling, pyrotechnic or expelling charges or a combination of them (FZ "On Weapons" of November 13, 1996).

Validation- assessment of the breeding and productive qualities of a breeding animal, as well as the qualities of other breeding products (materials) for the purpose of their further use (FZ "On breeding livestock" of August 3, 1995).

Anti-dumping measures- measures to limit dumping imports of goods, which are applied by the Government of the Russian Federation through the introduction of an anti-dumping duty, in particular a temporary anti-dumping duty, or the adoption of price obligations (FZ "On Measures to Protect the Interests of the Russian Federation in Foreign Trade in Goods" dated March 20, 1998).

Documented Information Owner, information resources , information products and (or) means of international information exchange- an entity exercising the powers of possession, use and disposal of the specified objects in the amount established by the owner (FZ "On Participation in International Information Exchange" dated June 5, 1996).

Definitions that are not legalized are called unofficial. government bodies, but are offered by some individuals or groups of individuals. The degree of public recognition of such definitions, their use depends on the scientific or wider public authority of the relevant individuals and groups, although, of course, on the degree of approximation of the definition to modern understanding some phenomenon or process. Therefore, different interpretations of the same term are not uncommon in various sources - dictionaries, scientific works, textbooks. For example, phoneme in the encyclopedia "Russian language" is defined as "the main unit of the sound structure of the language, the limiting element distinguished by the linear articulation of speech"; in the "Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary" - as "a unit of the sound structure of the language, which serves to identify and distinguish between meaningful units - morphemes, in which it is included as a minimal segment component, and through them - to recognize and distinguish words"; in the university textbook "Modern Russian language" ed. L. A. Novikov’s phoneme is “such a unit of the sound system of a language that, independently as a separate unit, can distinguish words and word forms of a given language”, and in the “Dictionary-Reference Book on the Grammar of the Russian Language” by V. I. Maksimov and R. V Odekov - "an indivisible and in itself not significant sound unit of the language, which serves to identify, distinguish or delimit the minimum significant units - morphemes, and through them words." From this it is clear that unofficial definitions give freedom, although to a certain extent relative, for the presentation of views on a particular concept of individual authors or groups of authors.

This sometimes leads to clashes. various points perspectives related to the interpretation of the same term.

Informal definitions of terms have been characteristic since their very appearance in the language as a special group of words. In domestic terminological dictionaries or textbooks, there are practically no references to official sources of definitions. Some changes here began to occur only at the end of the 20th century. So, in the "Illustrated Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Scientific and Technical Vocabulary" ed. V. I. Maksimova all definitions of units physical quantities are given with reference to the International System (SI), officially introduced in our country in 1982 (GOST 8.417-81). For example:

METER. Unit of length in the International System (SI); denoted m and is equal to the distance between the axes of two strokes applied on a platinum-iridium bar stored at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at 0 ° C and normal pressure. By definition, a meter is equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of radiation from an atom of krypton-86 when going from level 2 R 10 per level 5 d 5 in vacuum or equal to the distance traversed by light in vacuum in 1 / 299 792 458 p.

A more noticeable influence of official definitions on the definition of legal terms is felt in the "Great Legal Dictionary" ed. A. Ya. Sukhareva (1999), especially in comparison with previously published legal dictionaries and encyclopedias, even in the 1990s. For example:

MARRIAGE CONTRACT (contract) - an agreement between persons entering into marriage, or an agreement between spouses, defining the property rights and obligations of spouses in marriage and (or) in the event of its termination (Article 40 of the Family Code of the Russian Federation). The conclusion of B. d. is also provided for by Art. 256 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

EXTRACT FROM THE REGISTRY MAINTENANCE SYSTEM - in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Securities Market" dated April 22, 1996, a document issued by the registrar indicating the owner of the personal account, the number of securities of each issue held on this account at the time of issuing the statement, facts their encumbrance with obligations, as well as other information related to these securities. The statement must contain a note on all restrictions or facts of encumbrance of the obligations of the securities for which the statement is issued, fixed on the date of compilation in the register maintenance system.

The set of terms available in the vocabulary forms a terminological system (terminology). Terminology includes a significant number of subsystems serving various branches of knowledge and production: economics, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, history, political science, linguistics, literature, etc. It is difficult to list all the terminological subsystems available in the vocabulary. In addition, traditional sciences are expanding, fragmenting, new branches of knowledge and production are emerging, new aspects of social life are emerging, and all this can also occur at the intersection of different sciences. For this reason, new dictionaries are being created that include the relevant terms, and for users of various backgrounds - from schoolchildren to narrow specialists in any field.

Thus, the terminology of a language, being the totality of all terms available in it, can be recognized as a system of terminological subsystems, between which there are certain connections. These connections can be expressed in the following: 1) many terms, for example mathematical (vector, integral, differential, variable), are used in other sciences, including physics, and physical terms are used in chemistry ( Ohm's law, pendant, neutron, proton, electron); 2) the same terms in the same meaning can serve the needs of different sciences ( axiom, algorithm, amplitude, valence, vertex, height); 3) the same terms can be related to different subsystems, while having different meanings. Yes, the term function in mathematics - "dependent variable", in linguistics - "appointment, role (sometimes value) of a language unit and element language structure", in sociology - "the role played by a certain social institution or process in relation to the whole", etc. The term argument means in logic "a proposition or a set of propositions given in support of the truth of another proposition" and "the basis or part of the basis of a proposition", in mathematics function argument is "an independent variable on whose value the values ​​of the function depend." Term base means in architecture "the base, foot of a column or pillar", in mechanical engineering - "the distance between the front and rear axles of a 2-axle vehicle, tractor, trailer", in engineering graphics - "a surface, line or point, relative to which the location of other surfaces of the depicted product and their dimensions", in the technology of structural materials - "a surface or a combination of surfaces, an axis, a point belonging to a workpiece or product and used for basing", etc.

It is clear that an ordinary user of special vocabulary does not really deal with all the terminology available in the language (this is impossible due to its multicomponent and complexity), but with one or another terminological subsystem that he uses as a professional. Therefore, it is more significant and tangible for him system communications between the terms of this particular subsystem, and not of the entire system. For example, for a linguist, the term grammar has two meanings: 1) the grammatical structure of the language, which includes the means and rules for the formation of words, their changes and combinations, the construction of simple sentences, the combination of simple sentences into complex ones; 2) the science of the structure and laws of the language, including word formation, morphology and syntax. The linguist is aware of the differences between the four meanings of a grammatical term case: 1) morphological inflectional category of nouns, adjectives, ordinal numbers, full participles, object-personal, non-objective-personal pronouns, as well as cardinal numbers; 2) a number of noun forms that are united by a system of endings and common system morphological values; 3) a number of forms of the adjective, which are united by a common endings; 4) a separate word form included in the indicated series of noun and adjective forms. The linguist also understands the systemic relations between grammatical terms: genus-species ( minor members Suggestions: addition, definition and circumstance), derivational ( predicate - predicative - predicative), synonymous ( state category, predicatives, impersonal predicative words, predicative adverbs ), antonymous ( soft - hard consonants, vocalism - consonantism), conceptual (names of parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, etc.), associative ( impersonal offer associated with impersonal verbs , passive participles , status category, negative words, independent infinitive).

Within the terminological subsystems, mini-systems can be distinguished - groups of terms that serve the needs of a narrow field of science or production. The emergence of such mini-systems is especially noticeable in jurisprudence in connection with the intensive development in the last decade of the legal framework for the transition to a new socio-economic system.

The specific features of these mini-systems are, firstly, that the terms included in them, being legal, at the same time refer to a certain, but very limited area of ​​science or production, such as land reclamation or fire fighting.

Thus, the Federal Law "On Land Reclamation" (1996) introduces next group terms: ameliorative systems common use - ameliorative systems that are in common ownership of two or more persons or transferred to in due course for the use of several citizens (individuals) and (or) legal entities, as well as protective forest plantations necessary for the needs of these persons; land reclamation- fundamental land improvement by carrying out hydrotechnical, cultural, chemical, anti-erosion, agroforestry, agrotechnical and other land reclamation measures; reclaimed land- lands on which land reclamation activities have been carried out; reclaimed land- lands, the insufficient fertility of which is improved through the implementation of land reclamation measures ...

The second specificity of terminological mini-systems is that they lack synonyms, antonyms and some other components inherent in the whole terminological subsystem. Mini-systems are presented only in basic terms.

Thus, the term has a strict definition and is included in the general lexical system through a certain terminological field (terminological mini-system, subsystem, system). The peculiarities of terms also include a tendency towards unambiguity within their semantic field. It is a trend, because the term, like any other word, obeys the laws of language development and, in principle, can receive secondary meanings. So, dead in medicine it means "one who has stopped breathing and blood circulation", and in jurisprudence - "a citizen ... if at his place of residence there is no information about his place of stay for five years, and if he went missing under circumstances threatening death or giving reason to assume his death from a certain accident - within six months" (Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Yet the overwhelming majority of terms are monosemantic.

The features of the terms also include their lack of expressive qualities and great stylistic and stylistic uniformity. Among the terms in the dictionaries there are neither reduced in stylistic coloring (colloquial, slang), nor having a connotation of "highness", solemnity, nor emotionally expressive words. Indeed, it is difficult to find at least one term that gives an emotional and evaluative characteristic of the phenomenon that he names. The relatively large stylistic homogeneity of terms is manifested in the fact that they are used mainly in bookish (scientific and business) styles of speech. In journalism and in a work of art, and even more so in everyday, colloquial speech, one can do without terms, but when presenting scientific provisions, when describing or applying laws, this cannot be done. Not a single prosecutor, judge or lawyer, taking up the consideration of any case (criminal or civil), in determining the elements of a crime or violation of the law, can not refer to the relevant laws and to the use of legal terms.

The greater stylistic homogeneity of terminological vocabulary compared to non-terminological vocabulary is explained by the fact that it is either stylistically neutral or bookish; separate group constitute "special", narrowly professional terms. Stylistically neutral and bookish terms

fall, as a rule, in the explanatory dictionaries of popular vocabulary, special ones - mainly in terminological dictionaries. For example, in the Ozhegov Dictionary, from terms with the letter Adana as neutral: abbreviation, subscriber, subscribe, abortion, absolutism, absolute, abstractionism, abstractionist, avant-garde, avant-garde, entrance hall, outport, proscenium, aircraft modeling, aircraft modeler, aircraft model, auto-lock, autogenous, autocar, autoclave, autol, machine, automation, car modeling, car modeler, autonomy, autopilot, forklift, autodrinker, automatic coupler, tank truck and others. With the litter "bookish" are presented: native, outline, absenteeism, absolute, abstract), abstraction, autarky, authorize, authoritarianism, authoritarian, autochthons. The label "special" stands for the terms: aberration, abortive, abrasive, abscess, avitaminosis, railcar.

Among the special terminology, nomenclature names stand out. Nomenclature is a set of specific names that are used to designate specific objects related to a particular area of ​​knowledge or human activity, but do not have strictly scientific or legal definitions. Nomenclatural names are, as it were, terms of the second order, which are often specific names in relation to the basic, fundamental terms. For example, the political term subject of the federation means a state entity within a federation. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, it includes the subjects of the Russian Federation, followed by a list of their names, which are essentially nomenclature, which includes the names of republics, territories, regions, cities federal significance, autonomous region, autonomous regions. The State Duma as one of the two chambers of the Federal Assembly, it has many committees and commissions, the names of which are also nomenclature.

But even the nomenclature names included in government regulations do not become terms. As an example, we will cite the section of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the Regulations on certification for the right to manage enterprises and organizations engaged in the development and / or the production of weapons" (1995):

Nomenclature of product types, management of development and / or the production of which requires a certificate

• 1. Products of rocket and space technology, as well as means of their maintenance and use.
• 2. Products of aviation technology, as well as means of their maintenance and use.
• 3. Products of armored vehicles, as well as means of their maintenance and use.
• 4. Products of rocket and artillery weapons, as well as means of their maintenance and use ...

The boundary between the actual terms and nomenclature names is changeable, mobile. Many nomenclature marks, even being limited in their use, can acquire general character receive a scientific or legal definition if they reveal a universal content, a developed and conscious concept, if there is a public need for them, and, consequently, for their special definitions.

Yes, the concept veteran was known even before the formation of the Russian Federation. In the Small Academic Dictionary, this concept is defined as "an old, experienced warrior, a participant in many battles." Veterans were divided primarily into two categories: veterans of the Great Patriotic War and labor veterans.

In the early 1990s there was a state need for official differentiation and specification of the concept veterans taking into account their merits in the defense of the Fatherland, impeccable military service and the duration of conscientious work. Then the Federal Law "On Veterans" (1994) was adopted, which not only clarifies the category of veterans, but also regulates their rights. The following categories of veterans were identified and definitions for each of them were given: veterans of the Great Patriotic War, military service veterans, veterans of the internal affairs bodies, prosecutor's office, justice and courts, labor veterans, veterans of military operations in the territory of other states. However, definitions are not given for all categories. For example, veterans of the Great Patriotic War recognized as "persons who took part in hostilities to defend the Fatherland or in providing military units of the army in the areas of hostilities, as well as persons who underwent military service or who worked in the rear during the Great Patriotic War for at least six months, excluding the period of work in the temporarily occupied territories of the USSR, who did military service or worked for less than six months, and awarded with orders and medals of the USSR for selfless work and impeccable service during the Great Patriotic War. veterans of military operations in the territory of other states, then instead of the definition of the concept in the Federal Law, a list of those military personnel and other persons who belong to veterans of this category is given. Consequently, the first four categories of veterans have a terminological definition, in this case a legal one, and the last one is limited to a nomenclature name.

Therefore, the most important means of distinguishing a term from a non-term can be the test of definitiveness, i.e. testing whether a term lends itself to a rigorous scientific or legal definition. Therefore, it is impossible to refer to terms such compound names as , Bank operations, paperless securities, not to mention words and combinations like scourge, bum, Enemy of the people, Godfather.

For example, the concept association of commercial organizations mentioned in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but terminologically it is not disclosed: "commercial organizations in order to coordinate their business activities, as well as representation and protection of common property interests, may, by agreement among themselves, create associations in the form of associations or unions, being non-profit organizations"; banking operations are considered in detail in the Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On Banks and Banking Activities in the RSFSR"" (1996), but instead of a definition, specific operations, which are recognized by law as banking: 1) attraction of funds of individuals and legal entities in deposits ... 2) placement ... of funds raised on its own behalf and at its own expense; 3) opening and maintaining bank accounts of individuals and legal entities etc.

Often life itself persistently requires a legal, terminological definition of a particular concept.

Thus, the Russian mass media have repeatedly raised the issue of the situation of the Russian-speaking population in the CIS and Baltic countries, highlighting the main thing for them - the possibility or impossibility of studying at mother tongue. The problems of our compatriots in these countries were addressed by decrees and resolutions of the President of the Russian Federation, resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation, but in the course of implementing the recommendations laid down in these documents, it turned out that the very concept compatriot not defined and, moreover, not enshrined in Russian legislation. This has not yet been done, and the issue of helping our compatriots abroad to preserve their cultural identity and ties with Russia remains unresolved.

Of course, the terms are often used in fiction and journalism. But here they serve either to describe the environment in which the characters operate, the range of issues that concern them, or to create speech characteristics, but are neither an independent object of consideration, nor a means for describing other scientific objects. The nature of the terminology used in fiction depends primarily on the author, who, due to life circumstances, became acquainted with certain groups of professional words.

So, when they talk about the use of such vocabulary by writers of the 19th century, they mention I. Turgenev, who was fond of hunting and therefore knew hunting terms (“Notes of a Hunter”), F. Dostoevsky, who understood the card game (“Player”). From contemporary authors distinguished by the use of sports terms V. Barkovsky. For example, in the thriller "Russian Transit" we read: "Bystrov was struck with the most powerful blow. In the technique of jan-kaiten. A direct blow, piercing. Giyaku-tsuki. Not a boxer beat - a karateka. And not of the highest skill: from a correctly executed giyakutsu .. .mmm... the target does not fly off, but falls apart on the spot. "

Each terminological subsystem has its own history.

So, on the formation of the Russian legal terminology First of all, the following epoch-making events influenced: the reforms of Peter I, which transformed the country; the activities of M. Speransky, who led the codification in 1826 under Emperor Nicholas I; the judicial reform of 1884 under Emperor Alexander II, which aimed at transforming the court and legal proceedings on the basis of judicial charters and proclaiming the principles of independence of judges, publicity, orality and competitiveness litigation etc. We should also mention the counter-reforms under the government of Alexander III in the 2nd half of the 1880s, which largely boiled down to a revision of the 1884 reform. 1917 and establishment Soviet power.

The composition of modern legal terminology is influenced by the legislative process of the last two decades. Most of the legal terms that existed under the Soviet regime passed away along with political system: communist labor brigade, brigade responsibility, state quality mark, democratic centralism, voluntary people's squad, Hall of Fame, surplus area, executive committee, honor book, collective farm yard, people's control, socialist property, socialist competition. Only those of the former terms remained in use that are necessary for any social order: aval, acts of civil status, acceptance, missing, real right, pledge, confiscation, creditor etc. Most modern legal terms are new entities created in various ways.

A lot of terminological dictionaries are published: both complex ones, containing the terminology of a number of sciences, and single-profile ones, including terms from any one field of knowledge. In the 1990s have been published:

A large encyclopedic dictionary for schoolchildren and entering universities. M., 1999. Includes terms of 10 school disciplines: Russian language, literature, history, geography, physics, chemistry, biology, social science, mathematics and informatics.

Illustrated explanatory dictionary of Russian scientific and technical vocabulary / ed. V. I. Maksimova. M., 1994. Contains the terms of 13 university disciplines: mathematics, programming and computer technology, chemistry, descriptive geometry, strength of materials, the theory of mechanisms and machines, machine parts, interchangeability, standardization and technical measurements, technology of structural materials, the basics of typography, as well as interdisciplinary vocabulary.

Tromberg E. A., Mikutskaya G.S. Educational dictionary-reference book of Russian mathematical terms / ed. V. I. Maksimova. SPb., 1997.

Maksimov V.I., Odekov R.V. Educational dictionary-reference book of Russian grammatical terms. SPb., 1998.

Dorot V. L., Novikov F. A. Explanatory dictionary of modern computer vocabulary. Dusseldorf; Kyiv; M.; SPb., 1999.

Maksimov V. I, Odekov R.V. Dictionary-reference book on the grammar of the Russian language. M., 1999.