How to find the density of railways. Freight turnover by types of public transport

Operational performance indicators railways divided into quantitative and qualitative.

Quantitative performance indicators

Quantitative indicators characterize the volume of traffic, passengers and cargo, as well as the work of rolling stock, these include:

1. Volume of transportation work:

a) for freight traffic - this is the number of tons of cargo transported

∑P \u003d P 1 + P 2 + ... + P n;

b) by passenger traffic - by the number of passengers sent

∑a \u003d a 1 + a 2 + ... + a n.

2. Freight turnover of railways is determined in t km by the following formula

∑Рl = ∑Pl t,

where l t is the average range of one ton of cargo.

3. Passenger turnover- is determined by the number of passenger-kilometers (pass km) and is found by the formula

∑al = ∑al p,

where l p is the average travel distance of one passenger.

4. Cargo density (density)- this is the number of ton-kilometers per year per one kilometer of the operational length of this unit, is determined by the formula

where L ex is the operational length of the corresponding subdivision.

6. Loading on the network, road, branch or station (U n), counted daily in physical cars.

7. Unloading(U in) - is taken into account in physical wagons for a network, road, branch or station.

8. Wagon transfer rates from road to road or from department to department:

a) for the reception of wagons: U pr.gr. , U pr. , U pr.gen. ;

b) delivery of wagons: U sd.gr. , U sd. , U sd.gen.

9. Work networks, roads and branches - is taken into account in physical wagons per day and is determined by the formulas

Quality indicators of operational work

Qualitative indicators characterize the use of rolling stock, these include:

1. Travel speed- This average speed train movement on a given segment of the railway line, excluding stops and loss of time for acceleration and deceleration. Travel speed is determined by the formula

where t x is the travel time.

2. Technical speed- this is the average speed of the train along the sections of the section, excluding the time of stops, but taking into account the time for acceleration and deceleration:

3. Sectional speed (commercial) is the average speed of the train along the section, taking into account the time of stops at intermediate stations and the loss of time for acceleration and deceleration:

4. Route speed- this is the average speed of the train in this railway direction, taking into account the time of stops at all stations and the loss of time for acceleration and deceleration. Route speed is measured in km/day and is determined by the formula

5. Delivery speed- this is the average speed of movement of cargo from the moment it is received by the railway until the moment it is delivered to the recipient:

where l g is the range of cargo transportation; t g - total time location of cargo in transport.

6. Speed ratios:

a) Sectional speed coefficient

b) Cargo delivery speed coefficient

7. Wagon turnover- this is the cycle time of operations from the beginning of one loading to the beginning of another, or from the beginning of one unloading to the beginning of another. This is a universal and one of the main indicators of the quality of the work of railways. The scheme and formula for determining the turnover of a wagon are as follows

where l about - the full run of the car - this is the distance that the car covers during the turn;

l in - car shoulder or distance from one technical station to another;

t those - idle time of the car at one technical station;

k m - coefficient of local work:

t gr - simple wagon under one cargo operation.

8. Working fleet of wagons(R)

9. Average daily wagon mileage

where ∑ n·S o is the number of wagon-kilometers of run of all wagons of the working fleet per day.

- the load on the wagon or axle after carrying out cargo operations, is determined by the formula

- is the average load on a laden wagon or axle over the entire route of the wagon in a laden state

- this is the average load per wagon or axle of all wagons of the working fleet for the period of their run, both in laden and empty condition

where α is the empty run coefficient.

13. Empty run ratio is the ratio of the number of empty car-kilometres to the number of car-kilometres of laden or empty run to the laden run

14. Wagon performance- this is the number of tons per kilometer that falls per day per wagon of the working fleet, the formula for determining the productivity of wagons is as follows

15. Average daily locomotive mileage

where ∑MS is the number of locomotive-kilometers of run of all locomotives serving the train operation;

∑M is the number of locomotives employed in train work.

16. Average train gross weight- is determined by dividing all gross ton-kilometers performed in a given day by locomotive-kilometers

17. locomotive performance- this is the number of gross ton-kilometers per day per locomotive, determined by the formula

W l \u003d Q S l,

where Q is the weight of the train.

18. Cost of transportation is the amount of operating costs per 10 ton-kilometers given

e \u003d E exp / ∑Рl,

where E exp - the sum of operating costs, including all annual costs for wages, costs for materials, fuel, electricity, current cash costs for the average repair of rolling stock and depreciation.

Option No. 234624

1. From-me-not-number-of-len-no-sti on-se-le-tion of the Kursk region-la-sti

Using the given tables, determine in what year in the Kursk region the least pre-you- neck of death over birth-yes-e-mo-stu.

2. From-me-not-the number of-len-no-sti on-se-le-niya of the Kursk region-la-sti

Using the given tables, define-de-li-te ve-li-chi-well mi-gra-ci-on-no-go with-ro-hundred on-se-le- research institute of the Kursk region in 2009

3. The area of ter-ri-to-rii and ex-pl-a-ta-qi-on-naya length of iron-no-to-horny

What is the statement about the change of ex-plu-a-ta-qi-on-the length of the railroad tracks of the general utility -niya right?

1) By 2010, the ex-plu-a-ta-tsi-on-naya length of the railroad tracks of the general use of Ke-me-rov- the Russian region has increased in comparison with 1995

2) From 1995 to 2010, the ex-plu-a-ta-chi-on-naya length of the railroad tracks of the general use of Res-pub- li-ki Ha-ka-sia not-bias-but voz-ras-ta-la.

3) From 1995 to 2010, the ex-pl-a-ta-tsi-on-naya length of the railroad tracks of the general use of Res-pub- Li-ki Bu-rya-tiya not-deviation-but so-beautiful.

4) The largest ex-plu-a-ta-tsi-on-naya length of railways of general use in Za-by- Kal-sky region was in 1995.

4. The area of ter-ri-to-rii and ex-pl-a-ta-qi-on-naya length of iron-but-to-rozh-ny

ways of the general use of the pol-zo-va-niya from del-ny re-gi-o-nov of the Russian Federation

Opre-de-li-te gu-st-that of the railway network in Res-pub-li-ke Bu-rya-tia in 2000. Po-lu-chen-ny re-sul-tat district whether they are up to a whole number.

5. Inter-du-na-native mi-gra-tion on-se-le-niya of the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion in 2009-2010.

(Human)

	Number of arrivals in the Russian Federation		Number of ex-Russians
	2009	2010	2009	2010
Total: including:
Ukraine
Armenia
Tajikistan
Azerbaijan

What is the statement, ha-rak-te-ri-zu-yu-sche mi-gra-tion on-se-le-niya between the Russian Federation and the CIS countries in 2009-2010, right?

3) The number of formers from Russia to Ukraine in 2009 exceeded the number of formers in 2010

6. Inter-du-na-native mi-gra-tion on-se-le-niya of the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion in 2009-2010.

(Human)

Opre-de-li-te mi-gra-ci-on-ny growth (total) on-se-le-tion of the Russian Federation in 2010. The answer is for-pi-shi-te in the form of a number.

7. From-me-not-number-of-len-no-sti on-se-le-niya re-gi-o-new Central Federal District in 2008

Using the given tables, define-de-li-te, in which area in 2008 the most the number of arrivals for a hundred-yan-th residence over the number of departed ones.

1) Bel-go-rod-sky

2) Bryansk

3) Vla-di-mir-skaya

4) In-ro-nezh-sky

8. From-me-not-number-of-no-sti on-se-le-niya re-gi-o-new CFD in 2008

Using these tables, determine how many people have reduced the number of people per se Vla-di-mir-sky ob-la-sti in 2008. The answer for-pi-shi-te in the form of a number.

9. Using the given graph-fi-ka, define-de-li-te, in which year it was for-fic-si-ro-va-but the least-number-of-thing at -former-shih to Russia.

10. Using the gra-fi-ka data, determine-de-li-te in-ka-for-tel mi-gra-ci-on-no-go with-ro-hundred on-se-le- niya in Russia in 2011. The answer is for-pi-shi-te in the form of a number.

Inter-du-na-native mi-gra-tion in Russia

11. What is the statement, ha-rak-te-ri-zu-yu-schee mi-gra-tion on-se-le-niya in the Bryansk and Yaroslavl regions in 2011 ., right?

1) The number of former ones from the Yaroslavl region to other regions of Russia was greater than from Bryansk.

2) The number of people who left for a permanent place of residence in other countries from the Bryansk region was less than from the Yaroslavl .

3) The number of arrivals in the Yaroslavl region for a permanent place of residence from other countries was greater than in Bryansk.

4) The number of arrivals in the Yaroslavl region from other regions was less than in Bryansk.

12.

13.
What is the statement, ha-rak-te-ri-zu-yu-sche mi-gra-tion on-se-le-niya between the Russian Federation and the CIS countries in 2009-2010, right?

1) The number of former arrivals to Russia from Armenia in 2009 exceeded the number of former arrivals in 2010

2) The number of former arrivals to Russia from Taji-ki-sta-na in 2010 exceeded the number of former arrivals in 2009

3) The number of ex-from Russia to Ukraine in 2009 was higher than the number of ex-ex in 2010

4) The number of formers from Russia to Azerbaijan in 2010 exceeded the number of formers in 2009

14. Opre-de-li-te ve-li-chi-nu mi-gra-ci-on-no-go with-ro-hundred on-se-le-niya of Russia in 2013. Answer for-pi-shi -te as a number.

15. Using the given tables, define-de-li-te in which re-gi-o-not in 2011 mi-gra-tsi-on- was observed naya loss on-se-le-niya.

From-me-not-number-of-l-no-sti on-se-le-niya of not-some-th-o-o-la-stay of Russia in 2011

1) Kursk

2) In-ro-nezh-sky

3) Bel-go-rod-sky

4) Bryansk

16. Using the gra-fi-ka data, determine-de-li-te in-ka-for-tel mi-gra-ci-on-no-go with-ro-hundred on-se-le- niya in Russia in 2009. The answer is for-pi-shi-te in the form of a number.

Inter-du-na-native mi-gra-tion in Russia

17. From-me-no-number-of-no-sti on-se-le-niya in the Vo-ro-nezh-region-la-sti

Using the given tables, determine the year in which in the Vo-ro-nezh-region-la-sti on-blu-da-moose was the least-neck pre-higher-death-no-sti over birth-yes-e-mo-stu.

18. Using these tables, determine how many people have reduced the number of people per se Bryansk region in 2011. The answer for-pi-shi-te in the form of a number.

From-me-not-number-of-len-no-sti on-se-le-niya of not-some-thing-o-la-stay of Russia in 2011 ..

19. In which of the en-re-numbers of re-gi-o-nov ex-plu-a-ta-qi-on-naya length of the railroad tracks of the general pol-zo-va-nia for the period from 1995 to 2010 so-kra-ti-las?

1) Omsk region

2) Res-pub-li-ka Bu-rya-tia

3) Tomsk region

4) Kurgan region

20. Opre-de-li-te gu-hundred-the same-lez-but-to-royal network in the Tomsk region in 2010 Po-lu-chen-ny re-zul-tat district -li-those up to a whole number.

21. Define-de-li-te the share of the city-of-the-se-le-tion in% of the total number-of-no-sti on-se-le-tion Se-ve-ro-Za-pad- no-th fe-de-ral-no-th district, if due to the fact that the number of its population as of January 1, 2013 was composed -la-la 13,718,994 people-lo-age, from some cities-ro-zhan - 11,498,212. th number.

22. In 2010, in the Russian Federation, for various purposes, 59.5 km3 of fresh water was used. Of them:

for irrigation and agricultural water supply - 8.2 km3;

for production needs - 36.4 km3;

for household needs - 9.6 km3.

Ka-ko-va share of use-of-use-bath-water (in%) for production-of-water-station needs from the total volume of use-of-use-of-fresh water in Russia Po-lu-chen-ny re-zul-tat district-li-te up to an integer number.

23. The number of hundred-yan-no-go on-se-le-niya in the districts of the Extreme Se-ve-ra in places, at-equal-nen- to them, on average for 2010, the composition was 10,169,962 people, the number of hundred-yan-no-go rural -se-le-nia 2,255,545 people. Define-de-li-te the share of the city-of-the-se-le-niya (in%) of the total number-of-no-sti on-the-se-le-niya in the region-o-nah Extreme th Se-ve-ra and places-equal to them, on average for 2010. whole number.

24. Using the data of the tables “Production of agriculture in the Russian Federation in 2011”, determine the share of production race-te-ni-water-stva in the total volume of agricultural production. Po-lu-chen-ny re-zul-tat district-li-te up to an integer number.

25. Define-de-li-those, what at-mo-spheral pressure will be observed on the top of the mountain you-with-that 700 meters, if it has under -but its value is 760 mm and it is known that the pressure from me is 10 mm for every 100 m Answer for-pi-shi-te as a number.

26. August 26, 2012 in the Pacific Ocean-and-not off the shores of Central America, the earth was tou-doi 7.4. The epicenter of the earth-le-trya-se-niya was on-ho-dil-sya 125 km south of the Sal-va-do-ra along the coast, and its focus was ras-po-lo- wives at a depth of 50.6 km. The intensity of the earth-la-cracks is assessed in points on a 12-point scale. Mag-ni-tu-da ha-rak-te-ri-zu-et energy, you-de-liv-shu-yu-xia with earth-la-crack-nii, and define-de-la-et -Xia on the Rich-te-ra scale. The intensity of the earth-la-crack in the balls is the more,

1) the greater his magician-no-tu-yes and the deeper his hearth;

2) the more his magnet-ni-tu-yes and the closer to the top of his hearth;

3) the smaller his magician-no-tu-yes and the deeper his hearth;

4) the smaller its magician-no-to-yes and the closer to the top of its hearth.

27. Using the given tables “The number of people in the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion in 2013”, define de-li- those are the share of rural areas in Russia in 2013 (in%) in the total number of areas in the area. Po-lu-chen-ny re-zul-tat district-li-te up to an integer number.

28. Using the data of the tables “Pas-sa-zhi-ro-ob-rot of the trans-port-that of general use in Russia in 2011 ”, determine the share of the iron-but-to-rozh-no-go trans-port-ta (in%) in the total pas-sa-zhi-ro-obo-ro-te. Po-lu-chen-ny re-zul-tat district-li-te up to an integer number.

Pas-sa-zhi-ro-ob-rot trans-port-ta general-go-pol-zo-va-nia

in Russia in 2011, billion pas-sa-zhi-ro-km

29. Using the data of the tables "Land resources of Russia" determine the share of land (in%), occupied -sa-mi, from the total land area of the country in 2013. Po-lu-chen-ny re-zul-tat district-li-te up to an integer number.

30. Using the given tables “Total land area in the Russian Fe-de-ra-tion in 2006”, define the share personal sub-ownerships and other in-di-wi-du-al-farms of citizens in 2006 (in%) in the total land area of the Russian Federation. Po-lu-chen-ny re-zul-tat district-li-te up to an integer number.

31.

1) Western CBC

2) Eastern CBC

3) Ev-ro-pe-ko-go Se-ve-ra

4) Far away

Tar-ri-fs for electricity in Russia are strong but different-whether for residents of different re-gi-o-nov. So, for example, the cost and bridge of electricity for the townspeople of the Ir-Kut region, living in the apartment -rah with electric three-che-ski-mi pli-ta-mi, comp-stav-la-et 0.68 rubles / kW / h1. This is more than 3 times cheaper than in the neighboring Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

32. Maps of ka-ko-go geo-gra-fi-che-sko-go-re-gi-o-on Russia don’t-ob-ho-di-mo-take to study geo-gra-fi- Che-special-ben-no-sti of the Tyu-men-sky region-la-sti?

1) Far away

2) Ev-ro-pe-ko-go Se-ve-ra

3) Western CBC

4) Eastern CBC

In Tyu-me-ni, where it’s about metal-lurgy and not a mouse-la-whether, in 2013 he began working on an electro-tro-sta-le-pla-ville -ny plant with a project capacity of 550 thousand tons of sort-of-the-th metal-lo-pro-ka-ta. How is the management of an in-ve-store that has invested more than 20 billion rubles in the project? And the fact that the Tyumen region is a treasure trove of black scrap. Pe-re-float it on the spot, don’t you-in-zya for the pre-de-la re-gi-o-na, eco-but-mi-che-ski you-year-but. On the ter-ri-to-rii ob-la-sti every year, but about-ra-zu-et-sya mi-ni-mum 1 million tons of metal-lo-lo-ma. In any case, so much of it on average until the last time-me-no trans-port-ti-ro-wa-li on the iron do-ro- ge, sending-right-lying in-tre-bi-te-lyam of a number of subjects of the Russian Federation and even abroad

33. In 2012, 417,681 century, of which from the CIS countries - 363,955 people, from other countries - 53,726 people. Determine the share (in%) of the number of arrivals in the Russian Federation from the CIS countries in 2012. numbers.

34. In which of the number of re-gi-o-news of Russia is the share of over-boo-lo-chen-nyh lands in the total area of land the biggest?

1) Ar-Khan-Gel region

2) Al-tai region

3) Vol-go-grad-sky region

4) Ka-bar-di-no-Bal-kar-skaya Res-pub-li-ka

Pskov-sko-Chudskaya lakeside lowland races-on-lo-same-na on se-ve-ro-behind-pa-de-Pskov-o-la-sti and protection-nya-et-sya as a water-boo-lot-naya ter-ri-to-riya (area-die) between-du-na-rod-no-th meaning. It has a lot of wide low-lying, trans-walking and upper swamps and many small lakes. They represent a huge source of fresh water, re-gu-li-ru-yut water balance of a wide-no-go re-gi-o on, yav-la-yut-sya is important-my-me-hundred-mi mass-so-in-go-nest-do-va-niya of birds. In the pre-de-lah of the bottom-men-no-sti, protection-nya-is-sya most of the peat-fya-nik-kov of Pskov-sko-Chud-sko-go-bo-lot-no-go-rai-o -on the.

35. Maps of ka-ko-go geo-gra-fi-che-sko-go paradise-o-on Russia don’t-ob-ho-di-mo-take to determine-de-pour a place-to-po- lo-same city of Yaroslavl?

1) Vol-zhya

3) Ev-ro-pe-ko-go Se-ve-ra

4) Central Russia

Novo-Yaro-Slav-sky oil-te-pe-re-ra-ba-you-va-yu-shchy plant (JSC Slav-neft-YANOS) was put into ex-pl-a-ta-tion in 1961. Since 1995, the enterprise has been a part of the oil company "Slav-neft". At the present time, this is one of the largest enterprises from the races (capacity - more than 14 million tons of oil per year). Ac-sort-ti-ment of production for-yes includes auto-mo-bil-ben-zin and diesel top-whether standard -ta euro-5, aviation-ci-on-ny ke-ro-syn and top-li-vo for re-active engines-ga-te-lei, a wide range of oils, bi- tu-we, pa-ra-fi-no-was-ko-production, aro-ma-ti-che-coal-le-in-do-ro-dy, liquefied gases and then-poch-ny fuel oil.

36. Tariffs for electricity in Russia are strong but different for residents of various re-gi-o-news of Russia . So, for example, the cost and bridge of electricity for the townspeople of the Ir-Kut region, living in the apartment -rah with electric three-che-ski-mi pli-ta-mi, comp-stav-la-et 0.68 rubles. kWh This is more than 3 times cheaper than in the neighboring Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

Maps of ka-ko-go geo-gra-fi-che-sko-go-rai-o-on Russia don’t-ob-ho-di-mo-take in order to more de-tal-but study geo- gra-fi-che-sky especially-ben-no-sti of the Ir-kut-sky region-la-sti?

1) Western CBC

2) Eastern CBC

3) Ev-ro-pe-ko-go Se-ve-ra

4) Far away

37. Maps of ka-ko-go geo-gra-fi-che-sko-go-paradise-o-on Russia don’t-ob-ho-di-mo-take, in order to more de-tal-but study re- gi-he, in some kind of race-by-lo-women of the city of Upper Ufa-lei?

1) Vol-zhya

2) Western CBC

3) Eastern CBC

Since 1970, after the re-construction, the Ufa-lei-sky metal-lo-iz-de-liy plant (Upper Ufa-lei Che-lyabin-sky ob-la-sti) you-launch-o-ru-do-va-nie for all pro-from-water-study processes in black metal-lurgy: cok- so-hi-mi-che-sko-go, ag-lo-me-ra-qi-on-no-go, do-men-no-go, sta-le-pla-ville-no-go and pro- kat-no-go. In addition, the plant produces steel and cast-iron castings, forgings, punches, metal-lo-con-structures, etc. -becomes its own production of practically-ti-che-ski on all major metal-lur-gi-ches enterprises of Russia, as well as osu- s-la-et at rates to France, to Turkey, Italy, Ve-li-ko-bri-ta-nia, Belgium, Germany and neighboring countries -not for-ru-be-zhya.

38. Maps of ka-ko-go geo-gra-fi-che-sko-go-paradise-o-on Russia don’t-ob-ho-di-mo-take, in order to more de-tal-but study re- gi-he, in some-rum races-a-lo-same-on the Li-pets-kaya region?

1) Vol-zhya

2) European South

4) Central Russia

Li-pets-kaya region is one of the li-de-ditch in Russia for the production of sa-ha-ra. In 2012, the mod-der-ni-za-tion started-pri-pri-i-tiy from-ras-li, because of some-swarm, the volumes of production-from-water-stvo sa-ha -ra so-hundred-vi-whether only 410.5 thousand tons. t.

39. In the Tomsk region, there is a construction of several new enterprises for the production of wood-weight-but-string-and wood-weight-but-in-lok-no-slabs. At the present time, the share of the region is 6% in the total Russian production of this production. By 2015, after the launch of new enterprises, this share will increase to 15%.

Maps of ka-ko-go geo-gra-fi-che-sko-go-re-gi-o-on Russia don’t-ob-ho-di-mo-take to study geo-gra-fi- Che-sky especially-ben-no-sti of the Tomsk region?

1) Western CBC

2) Vol-zhya

3) Ev-ro-pe-ko-go Se-ve-ra

results

№ p/n	Number	Correct answer

To characterize the degree of saturation of the territory of the region with the transport network, in addition to the absolute dimensions of the length of communication routes, it is important to know and relative performance. A number of such indicators are used. Let's consider the following ones.

An indicator characterizing the density of the network Dt as the ratio of its length L to the area of the territory of the region S:

Usually this indicator is measured in kilometers of network length per 100 or 1000 km. sq. territories;

An indicator characterizing the density of the network Dн as the ratio of its length L to the population N:

This indicator is measured in kilometers of network length per 10,000 inhabitants of the district.

An indicator characterizing the relative density of the network Dtн, determined based on the size of the territory of the region S and the size of its population N:

; .

Considering all of the above, we will carry out calculations for formulas and summarize them in table 2.

table 2

Analysis of the characteristics of the degree of saturation of the territory of the West Siberian region with a transport network

Administrative-territorial unit	Territory, S, thousand km. sq.	Population N, thousand people	Operating length of railways, L, km	Railway density, D

Altai region
Kemerovo region
Omsk region
Tomsk region
Tyumen region

By analyzing the obtained data, it can be concluded that significant difference density of railways in various administrative units that are part of the West Siberian economic region, which is explained by the low population and low development of most of the territory of the West Siberian region; uneven focal nature of its development; concentration of population and production mainly in southern parts districts; trend of increasing the level of economic and social development territories in east-west and north-south directions; an increase in the share of extractive industries when moving to the east and north; lagging behind transport, social complexes, production sectors serving the population, and huge disproportions in the integrated development of the economy.

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To the question What is road density? given by the author Oksana the best answer is

Source:

Answer from 22 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is road density?

Answer from grow up[newbie]
The optimal density of roads can be considered if it provides the minimum costs for transport and at the same time does not occupy the area of valuable agricultural land. At the same time, it is necessary to compare the costs of transport for the existing and projected networks.
Density - the most important indicator characterizing the network of on-farm roads. As a unit of measurement here, it is more appropriate to take the meter per hectare (m/ha) of agricultural land instead of the usual kilometer per square kilometer(km/km2) of the total area, since these roads are relatively short and serve relatively small areas, mainly agricultural land. Based on the total area, the road network is denser in farms where specific gravity more such land. The density of on-farm roads depends on many factors. One of the main ones is the quantity (density) of goods per unit area. For example, in the production of potatoes, there are more than 100 tons of transportation per hectare, including by car 20 ... 30 tons. In addition, they take into account the type of crop rotation, the size of the designed plots, the relief, the soil, the transport used, the existing roads.
When determining the density of on-farm roads, it is necessary to take into account the transportation costs for the transportation of goods from and to the fields along the roads or directly through the arable land (stubble), the loss of products from the area of arable land occupied by roads, as well as the completeness and convenience of servicing people and equipment working in the fields. Since transportation in crop production takes up a large volume, on-farm transport costs will depend on the distance of transportation and the conditions of movement of the vehicle on the road and on arable land (during the sowing period, harvesting row crops) or on stubble (when harvesting grain crops). So great importance when establishing the density of on-farm roads, it has a rational distance of transportation to the road. At the same time, the difference in the cost of transportation on arable land (stubble) without a road and on the road, as well as the requirements for the placement of crop rotation fields, are taken into account.

Accommodation railway network on the territory of Russia has developed extremely unevenly. This is due not only to the vast territory of the country, but also to the large territorial differentiation in its population, level and type economic development.

Total length of railway tracks is 148 thousand km, of which 87 thousand km are public roads, and 61 thousand km are departmental roads. (1996)

Railway network density in Russian Federation small - 5 km per 1000 km2, so the traffic density of the railways is very high.

The most dense and extensive network of railways is located in the European part of the country. Here, with the exception of the Northern economic region, the density of public railways is several times higher than the average European level (51 km per 10,000 km2): it varies from 136 km in the Volga-Vyatka to 276 km in the Central Chernozemny region.

The configuration of the network located in the European part of the country is radial-ring with the center in Moscow. The main highways depart from the Moscow railway junction in the direction of Donbass, Odessa, Chop, Baku, Kazan, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd, Tashkent, Minsk, Riga, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk and other cities.

For Eastern Siberia and the Far East are characterized not only by the low density of railways (respectively 21 km and 14 km per 10,000 km2), but also by their exclusive location in the southern, most developed regions. Railway construction in the north Western Siberia in the 7080s, it reduced the contrast in the level of saturation of its territory with railway networks (36 km per 10,000 km2, including 17 km in the Tyumen region).

Here the railway network has a pronounced latitudinal direction with little branching. The most important highway connecting the Center with the Urals, Siberia and Far East, is the Transcontinental Railway: Moscow - Ryazan - Ruzaevka - Syzran - Samara - Ufa - Chelyabinsk - Irkutsk - Chita - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok with a length of 9332 km. The Baikal-Amur Mainline Ust-Kut - Komsomolsk-on-Amur was built. Of great importance for Russia are the South Siberian and Central Siberian railway lines passing through the territory of Kazakhstan. The Tyumen-Surgut-Urengoy section operates in the meridional direction.

AT last years due to the severe socio-economic crisis and the lack of investment, railway construction in Russia is practically not carried out. Only two are under implementation major projects: in the north, the construction of the Arctic Highway continues: Labytnangi-Bovanenkovskaya to ensure the development gas fields Yamal, and in the east - the Amur-Yakutsk mainline: BerkatitTommot-Yakutsk to provide the mining centers of Yakutia.

Passenger transportation is unprofitable. There is a degradation of the transport economy, the development of the railway network has slowed down. The supply of rails, sleepers, Vehicle. There are not enough funds for settlements with suppliers. The collapse of the USSR and the rupture of transport and economic ties had grave consequences. For example, even a section of the Trans-Siberian Railway passes through the territory of the neighboring state of Kazakhstan, not to mention the Central Siberian and South Siberian highways. And these are the busiest highways serving Russia's East-West communications. The section of the road through Tyumen, bypassing Kazakhstan, according to technical and economic data, is not able to pass the cargo of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and even more so to take at least part of the cargo of the Central Siberian and South Siberian Railways. All this requires the solution of a number of urgent problems associated with new railway construction to ensure reliable transport links in the directions of the Center-North Caucasus and European part countries-Siberia, passing through the territory of the Russian Federation.

Irrational transportation by rail transport persists, as they are associated with shortcomings in the location and development of production in many sectors of the country's economy.

Main directions of development railway transport are developed within the framework of the integrated program "Transport of Russia".