The participle denotes a sign of an object by action. Short and full participles: differences

In Russian, there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or a verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verb forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.

In contact with

Morphological features

Let's consider in detail what is participle and participle. Even the ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “participation” in a noun or verb.

Participle

Declines, that is, changes in gender, number, cases, has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having a view:

• checking notebooks ( imperfect species) - the one who checks (what is he doing?);
• checked (perfect form) - the one who checked (what did he do?).

Besides , has a time value. It is a constant feature of data having the form of either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence return form(recognized sya).

It is characterized by the presence of two pledges - passive and real. Passive participles designate a sign of an object that experiences an action on itself (received package - received the package). The real ones reflect the sign of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is the one who runs himself).

From the foregoing, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes a sign of an object by action, manifested in time.

gerund

The term originated in the 18th century, meaning " relation to action”, which is indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, deed). In modern grammar, such a name has a part of speech denoting additional action in relation to the main, expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verb features:

• view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
• recurrence(pretending camping).

Perhaps this is the limit of the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration, but there are numerous differences.

What is the difference

First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline and does not conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no flexion. On the contrary, participle endings are their hallmark.

To distinguish between these verb forms will help the questions they answer:

1. Full Communion(which (th; -th, -th)?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
2. gerund(doing what? doing what? how? how?).

Another difference is different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of circumstance (Bending, winding, a river into the distance.). Brief Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). Complete can be:

• definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, impregnable rocks.);
• part of a composite nominal predicate(The bread was moldy).

Suffixes

The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.

Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.

View	Suffixes	Examples
Perfect	-in, -lice, -shi	Throwing, bending over, saving
Imperfect	-and I); -learn (obsolete forms)	Counting, sneak

It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate the belonging of words to one or another part of speech.

Important! When forming forms perfect look suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: looking, correct: looking.

Participles are not formed from following verbs imperfect form:

• ending in -ch (to save, burn the stove and others);
• having a suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
• run, prick, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.

Condition right choice vowel in present participle suffixes - knowledge of verb conjugation. Table 2.

note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms of the verbs: save, shave, wake up, call, write, drink.

Table 3

Table 4

The choice of a vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:

Spelling with NOT

Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.

In other cases, the gerund with is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix under-, which means “less than expected”, “poor quality”, for example, overlooking the child. Compare: not having finished watching the movie, that is, not finishing watching the movie.

Particle "not" should be written separately with a short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with a complete one in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .

The use of one and two letters "n"

Double letter -nn- in suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:

• prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
• dependent words: steamed in the oven;
• suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, overjoyed;
• the word is formed from a perfective verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.

At the end of short forms, one -n- is always written: based, unpacked.

Separation of syntactically constructions

Often there is such punctuation error - incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, to find the word to which they refer.

Let us find out under what conditions adverbial and participle turnover. Let us give the rules existing in the language with examples.

Participial

Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, stands apart if:

• refers to the personal : Lulled by the tender words of his mother, he slept soundly. Me, who knows every path in surrounding area, appointed senior reconnaissance group.
• stands after a defined noun: A soldier, stunned by a projectile, fell on the battlefield.
• has circumstantial significance of reason or concession: Tired after long road, the tourists continued on their way. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult position.

The children found themselves in a difficult position (why?), because they were left to their own devices.

Participial turnover

Denotes an additional action of the verb-predicate, is a circumstance, always stands apart: Raising the waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.

Important! The exception is revolutions that have passed into the category set expressions, somehow: with bated breath, headlong, sticking out his tongue, through his sleeves.

Compare two sentences:

1. Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (Dog stuck out his tongue).
2. The boy ran with his tongue out (running fast).

In the first case, the sentence contains participial turnover. In the second, the expression "sticking out the tongue" has figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb "quickly", therefore, is one that does not stand apart.

Common grammar mistakes

The most common mistake is the incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:

Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikhe.

The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle "obeyed" explains another word - "man." The correct one sounds like this:

Tikhon was a weak-willed person (what?), Completely obeying his mother - Kabanikhe.

Passive and real participles are often confused:

Among lottery tickets was won.

From the written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word winner.

When using a gerund, it is important to consider that both actions, main and additional, must refer to one person. If this is not done, we will get similar phrases: Comprehension of the depth of spiritual values, the hero's worldview changed.

The additional action expressed by the gerund does not refer to the hero who performs the action, but to the word "worldview".

Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values ​​of the people, the hero changed his worldview.

For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences, conveying a state, not an action: Having deceived the mother, the children became ill.

Communion and participle: what's the difference? Participle and participle turnover - a simple explanation

Participial

Conclusion

Speech educated person impossible to imagine without verb forms. The first ones help in a detailed, comprehensive characterization of the subject. The second ones make it possible to simplify speech, replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand the participles, you can make your speech beautiful, bright, understandable, which is important for success in life.

Communion is special independent part speech in Russian, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from the verb, but answers questions characteristic of the adjective: what ?, what does ?, what did ?, what did ?. School pupils and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of sacrament. It's permanent morphological trait participles, it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of communion and avoid mistakes, it is important to use the advice and follow the algorithm.

Determine the type of attachment. Recommendations

1. First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part speech combines the features of an adjective and a verb. View can be passive and real. Either the object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
   • actual communion denotes the action of the object, for example: reading - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
     
   • the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: read - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
     
2. You can determine the type of participle by asking appropriate questions to it:
   • what did he do? doing what?- questions of real communion;
     
   • what's being done?- the question of the passive participle.
     
   remember, that this way checks must be combined with a more academic one: on formal grounds that indicate the appearance. However, this method will help you initially focus on certain kind, and then check whether the participle corresponds to it by highlighting the suffix in it.
   
3. Put the participle in full or short form. Notice if the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember important feature type of this part of speech:
   • the real participle in Russian has only a full form, it cannot be put in a short form without violating language norms;
     
   • passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
     
   If your sacrament does not have a short form, it is valid. Sometimes the short form of the passive participle may seem archaic, but you will see that it is quite consistent with the norms of the language. For example: breakable - breakable.

   Real participles are shortened only in some dialects, choosing for this individual words. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
   

4. Please note: passive participles in short form change in Russian by number and gender. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
   
5. Sort the sacrament by composition. It is advisable to make a complete analysis of the word by composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the sacrament that is its formal species attribute. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
   • real participles: suffixes -ash-, -usch-, -yashch-, -sh-, -vsh-;
     
   • passive participles: suffixes -em-, -nn-, -enn-.
     
6. Draw your own summary table of signs of the type of sacrament. Put it all in useful information about different methods of determining the type of this part of speech: on questions, suffixes, the presence of short and full forms. Furnish your table own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information by using different types memory.
   
7. Please note that some participles have long passed into another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent signs items. For example, canned peas. Such words should be parsed as adjectives.
   

Algorithm for determining the species affiliation of the participle
How to determine the type of sacrament correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.

1. Write down on a separate sheet of communion, the type of which you need to determine.
   
2. Remember your table and begin to consider words in accordance with it. To begin, ask a question before the sacrament.
   
3. Check if it has given sacrament short, long form.
   
4. Disassemble the word by composition. Select the suffix and find out what form it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
   
5. Check yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: is it an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs with an object? Make final conclusions and write down the type of sacrament.
   

Follow the recommendations, determine the type of sacrament according to the algorithm, then you can do the job correctly.

Participle(Greek κοινωνία (kinonia) - communion; μετάληψις - acceptance) (- from Greek Εὐχαριστία (eucharist) - thanksgiving) - in which bread and wine are offered in true body and the true Blood of our Lord, after which the believers consume them for forsakenness and for Eternal Life.

AT early church communion was also called the word "kinonia", ( communication), i.e. communication of people with God and in God, i.e. stay in His and .

The Savior Himself said: “He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood has eternal life, and I will raise him up on the Last Day” (). With these words, the Lord pointed out the need for all Christians to have the closest union with Him in the Sacrament of Communion.

Who can a priest not allow to receive Communion?

Those whose sins fall under the Church canons, which prohibit communion. The basis for the prohibition in communion on a certain period there may be a serious sin (fornication, murder, theft, witchcraft, renunciation of Christ, obvious heresy, etc.), or a moral state that is completely incompatible with communion (for example, refusal to reconcile with a repentant offender).

What is Communion?

Archpriest Evgeny Goryachev

Leading. What is Communion? Is this a Mystery? Rite? priesthood? Magic or sorcery?
Father Eugene. Good question. speaks to some extent in a language that is very understandable to all people, but - up to a certain point. After this moment, the language of conventions begins, the language is iconic, the language is sacred. The term "Communion", as well as synonyms: the Eucharist, the Holy Gifts, the Body and Blood of Christ, refer precisely to this. Returning to your question, I would say that, of course, in history, people who were not inside the ritual circle, that is, those who perceived it from the inside, being ecclesiastical, the Sacrament of the Eucharist was perceived both as a rite, and as magic, and as witchcraft . The famous novel by L.N. Tolstoy's "Resurrection" directly indicates that this is something barbaric: "They eat their God." This is something connected with paganism, with some kind of infernal antiquity, it cannot be perceived modern man. But, of course, he does not regard this in the way that external people think about it, and from some time on Tolstoy became external in relation to the Church, but they perceive it as it is taught and Holy Bible, and tradition, and the Installer of this Sacrament is the Lord Jesus Christ. I have already said this word - "sacrament". The Church perceives this as something mysterious, which we cannot fully explain, but simply share the experience of experiencing in this sacred ceremony every Christian who absorbs the Holy Gifts. In short, I would say that the Sacraments differ from other commandments of God in that they do not talk about ethics, but about mysticism. They were given to us precisely in order to make ethics real, not an abstraction, which we look at and say: “Yes, it’s beautiful, yes, it’s right, but I can’t fulfill it.” Everyone probably remembers the fresco of the Sistine Chapel "The Creation of Adam", where the Divine hand reaches out to meet the human hand. So, I would say this: the Sacraments, including Communion, were given by God so that our human weakness would receive support in the Divine fortress. God from eternity stretches out his hand in order to support the weak hand of man. And all the Church Sacraments, starting with Baptism and ending with the Wedding and Unction - they are addressed precisely to this. God supports us, including through the Sacrament of the Eucharist.

Leading. What does "Body and Blood" mean? What is cannibalism?
Father Eugene. This can be perceived as follows, if we proceed from the linguistic context, but if we turn to bible history, then we see that the One who established this Sacrament, our Lord Jesus Christ, refers the listeners to the most ancient Biblical story: “Your fathers ate manna in the wilderness and died, the bread that I will give you will be for you into eternal life.” “Give us this bread every day,” said the Jews. “I am the bread that came down from heaven,” says the Lord Jesus Christ, “whoever eats the Body and drinks my Blood, he will have life in himself.” These terms sound: Body and Blood, but whenever we eat meat, no matter whose: pork, beef, venison, rabbit - we always taste dead separateness. And at the Last Supper, not the dead, but the living Christ pointed to the bread and said: "This is my body." Not the dead, but the living Christ pointed to the cup of wine and said, "This is my blood." What is the essence of the Mystery? In a way inexplicable to man, the whole living Christ was united with this bread and this wine, so we do not partake of a dead separateness, but of the whole living Christ.

Leading. Yet why - Communion?
Father Eugene. Indeed, it is very interesting. Participle. We see in this word, as it were, two sides: a prefix and, in fact, the very root “part”, that is, we join something, become parts of something larger. The apostle Paul said, "Don't you know that you are bodymates with Christ?" What does it mean? In the usual order of laws, we eat so that what we eat becomes us. If a person is not very picky about the amount of food eaten, then you can track on the scales how much he recovered after he sat at the table. In the Church Sacrament, the order of regularities is directly opposite. It is not food that becomes us, but we become what we partake of. That's why we say "Communion", we become part of something bigger.

Leading. Can everyone take communion?
Father Eugene. Of course, yes, but for this it is necessary to meet several conditions. Of course, a person must be baptized, because the pass, forgive me for this image, to participation in the mystical life of the Church, the pass to the rest of the Sacraments, is precisely baptism. The Church cannot allow an unbaptized person to the Sacrament, because this would be violence against him. If he did not show his desire to be a Christian, to offer him a purely Christian pastime, spiritual mysticism, this would be a violation of his freedom. But, even if a person was baptized in childhood, but lost faith or perceives Communion as a magical rite, or he has some other motives and considerations in this regard, then the Church recalls that Communion in this case can not only ennoble and heal man, but it can be to his detriment. By the way, Judas, a participant in the Last Supper, also took communion, and it is said about him that "with this piece Satan entered him." Why? The greatest shrine, which should both ennoble, and transform, and heal, at the same time becomes for Judas the path to worse life. Because in his heart he already carried the desire to betray the Savior. The priest, leaving with the Eucharistic chalice, always utters the same words: "Come with the fear of God and with faith." With faith that it is indeed the Body and Blood of Christ. And with fear, because one can take communion not for improvement, not for healing, but for judgment and condemnation.
As far as reality is concerned, it seems to me that Christian tradition divided into two unequal camps, and Orthodoxy went in the middle between them. Protestants began to say that Communion should be perceived as a kind of symbol, behind which there is no reality, as a convention. Christ speaks of himself in the Gospel as a door, but we do not perceive him as a door. Talking about a vine, that doesn't mean He's a vine branch. So Communion is a convention and nothing more. There is another extreme, which perceives this as a naturalism of hypertrophied form: it is meat and blood. In this case, indeed, it is legitimate to speak of anthropophagy, this is cannibalism in pure form. As I have already said, Orthodoxy chooses the middle way, which does not dare to say that it is only a symbol. It is a symbol, but behind this symbol is reality. And he does not dare to speak of naturalism, because in this case we partake of dead separateness. I repeat: the living Christ enters into a person in order to transform him, but everything depends on the state of the soul in which the person takes communion. Every person can take communion if he is baptized, but the fruits of this Communion depend on the moral component of each individual person.

Leading. If a person is baptized and believes in the truth of the Holy Gifts, is it necessary to observe any additional conditions in order to receive communion?
Father Eugene. Quite right, such conditions are necessary. If a person is baptized, and if at the same time he does not doubt that this is the Body and Blood of Christ, the Holy Gifts, nevertheless the Church requires additional preparation from him. It consists in attending worship, reading the Holy Scriptures, and finally, in fasting. Why is this needed? When we sit down at a regular table, in best case we read a short prayer, and at worst, we simply cross ourselves and eat food, nothing more. But the fact is that no matter how the Holy Gifts and any other products are related in their substantial form, this is food, in the end. We still say that this is a special food, and since it is special, then our preparation for it is expressed in the fact that we tune our soul in a certain way. After all, the body and soul are very closely connected. We commune in order to get a result in the soul, but before we partake, we act on our body and on our soul so that the Holy Gifts cause the necessary echo. Not in the sense that this is some kind of magic: I subtracted so many prayers or fasted, and then the grace of the influence of the Holy Gifts will be such and such, but if I did less, there will be less. No, but because we prove to God - as, say, we prove our love to the bride, our care to the sick mother - we prove to God that we tremble before this Sacrament. We are afraid to defile the gift that God has given us with our unworthiness. Although, of course, the painful perception of the topic of unworthiness should not lead us to the area where a person, due to pseudo-piety, does not receive communion at all. I think that if you perceive Communion as a medicine, then a person, approaching the cup, keeps in his mind one simple thought: "I am not worthy, Lord, make me worthy."

Leading. How often do you need to take communion?
Father Eugene. If we talk about the church-legal side, then if a person prays, tries to fulfill the commandments, reads the Holy Scriptures, does good deeds, but does not take communion, then we are talking only about a greater or lesser degree of his falling away from the fullness of the Church. Because the Lord said, "If you do not take communion, you will not have My life in you." If we talk about the technical side of things, then it seems to me that this mood, which I mentioned, the desire to meet with God, to meet in order to fulfill the commandment and receive renewal - it should be multiplied by an internal self-disciplining attitude. Why? Because there can be addiction in this case too, if a person, figuratively speaking, steps into Communion, opening the door with his foot, then he needs to take a break. When he takes communion with trepidation and feels that this trembling has not left his soul, he can do this at least every week.

hegumen Peter (Meshcherinov):
The gospel proclaims to us the words of Christ: I came that they may have life and have it abundantly (). I am the way and the truth and the life (). The Lord, wishing to join us to Himself, to give us this “abundant life”, chose for this not some kind of mental-intellectual or aesthetic-cultural way, but the simplest, most natural way for a person – through eating.
As food enters us and dissolves in us, penetrates to the last cell of our body, so the Lord wanted to penetrate us to our very last molecule, unite with us, partake of us, so that we would partake of Him to the end.
The human mind refuses and is unable to understand the terrible depth of this action of God; verily, this is the love of Christ, which surpasses all understanding (cf.).

priest Alexander Torik:
It should be noted that in individual cases, usually for the lack of faith of the priest or those praying, the Lord allows a miracle to happen - bread and wine to become real human flesh and blood (such cases are even provided for in the priestly “Misal Book” in the instruction for priests, called “Teaching News”, in the section on unforeseen cases).
Usually, after some time, flesh and blood again take on the form of bread and wine, but an exception is known: in Italy, in the city of Lanciano, for many centuries, Flesh and Blood with miraculous properties have been stored, into which bread and wine were put on the Divine Liturgy ().

saint († 1923):
“Communion more often and do not say that you are unworthy. If you talk like that, you will never take communion, because you will never be worthy. Do you think that there is at least one person on earth who is worthy of communion of the Holy Mysteries? No one is worthy of this, and if we do receive communion, it is only through the special mercy of God. We are not created for communion, but communion is for us. It is we, the sinners, the unworthy, the weak, who need this saving source more than anyone... I often commune you, I proceed from the idea of ​​bringing you to the Lord, so that you feel how good it is to be with Christ.”

holy righteous John of Kronstadt:
It is a disaster for the soul to not partake of the Holy Mysteries for a long time: the soul begins to stink of passions and sins, the strength of which increases as we do not come to the Sacrament of Communion for a long time.

Everyone knows how mysterious and difficult our Russian language is to learn. It "has" a huge number of parts of speech and their various forms. Short and full participles are particularly difficult. Features Let's look at these verb forms in more detail.

Peculiarities

Linguists have not yet decided what place in morphology to give participles. The authors of textbooks on the Russian language have completely different attitudes to this issue. Some argue that it is only a form of the verb, which expresses not only the action, but also its attribute. Others say that it is quite independent and refer it to parts of speech. But one thing is known: short and full participles are simply indispensable for our speech. Without them, we will endlessly use the word "which". For example:

A singing person is a person who sings.

A sick child is a child who is sick.

The work done is the work that has been done.

Having various dependent words with it, the sacrament is part of participle turnover decorating our speech.

For example: The wind blowing from the sea refreshed my face.

Full form

One of the features of this part of speech is the ability to form forms. More than adjectives, it is not subject to any part of speech.

The full and short forms of participles differ both grammatically and syntactically. How not to confuse them? The full form is called passive participles, which usually answer the question "what". They are called passive because in their meaning they imply an action performed by someone.

It is impossible to form short ones from it.

Example: Acquired - acquired, resolved - resolved.

Short and complete perform different syntactic functions. All because they have different goals. The full form, answering the question "what", is a definition. This is its main similarity with the adjective.

Therefore, the participle, which is part of the turnover, is usually called a separate definition.

Don't forget about punctuation marks. If it includes only full forms, stands after the word being defined, then in this case commas must be placed on both sides.

The forest, shrouded in haze, is very beautiful.

If the turn comes after the main word, then in this situation commas are not put in any case: Job done on time was approved.

short form

As we managed to find out, short and full participles are in many ways similar, but they play different roles in sentences.

This form is formed by cutting off the endings from the full one and adding other endings: carried out - carried out(removed -th and part of the suffix, adding -a).

Consider the proposal: The trip was paid for. short form the full participle "paid" is no longer a characteristic of the attribute by action. Now she herself shows the process, being part of the predicate. Thus, the short form plays the role of the main member of the sentence.

The main feature is that short and full participles can change by gender. Written - written, laid - laid, lost - lost.

It's not that hard to tell them apart. A correctly asked question for the sacrament will help to easily distinguish the short form from the full one.

Russian language is rich large quantity various parts speeches that help build a competent and logical text. But we cannot imagine native speech without participles, forms of the verb, which contain its features, and adjectives. Participles are a synthesized part of speech that has a large number of expressive possibilities, can perform different functions in a sentence. It must be studied in the course of the school curriculum.

in participles

First of all, it is necessary to define the Participle is called verb form, combining the signs of an adjective and a verb and answering the questions what? which? The participle characterizes the action and its sign at the same time. So you can briefly explain what the words related to this part of speech are - this is leading, screaming, knowing, becoming, living, readable and many others.

Since the participle is inseparable from the adjective, they have some common features. So, participles can change in numbers, gender and cases. It is important to note that both short and full participles have these features. Examples of words that have these features, bringing them closer to adjectives: dreaming - dreaming (change by birth), recognizing - recognizing (singular and plural), composed - composed - composed (change in cases: nominative, genitive and dative, respectively).

Signs of a verb in a participle

Since the participle is one of the forms of the verb, these two parts of speech are closely related and have a set common features. Among them, one should note the appearance (perfect - said, imperfect - speaking), recurrence and irrevocable (laughing, removed), pledge (passive - prepared, real - aging). Transitivity and intransitivity is another sign that characterizes the sacrament. Examples of words that are transitive are cleaning (room), reading (newspaper), intransitive - downtrodden, inspired.

A special point is the presence of participles of time. It must be remembered that this part of speech has only the past and present tenses. Participles do not have a future tense form.

Valid participles

This group of participles names the action that the object itself performs. But what is it in practice? Examples of words of this category - frightening, whispering, lived, screaming, flying, etc.

In a sentence, the real participle describes an action that develops simultaneously with the one that names the predicate (for example: Mother is watching a child play).

Special situation with real past participles. What action describes a particular participle can be judged after determining from which it is formed. So, if the real participle is formed with the help of the corresponding suffixes from the perfect verb, then the action occurred before the other, called the verb. For example, there is a student in the class who has decided test. The participle is formed from the verb "decide" (what to do?) - the perfect form. There is a student in the class doing a test. AT this case The sentence uses an imperfect participle.

Passive participles

Another variation of this part of speech is the passive participle. Examples of words that fall into this category might be: created, purchased, dressed, built in, driven, etc.

This type of participle describes an action that is performed on an object. In turn, the process that calls the participle can occur both simultaneously with what the predicate is talking about, and end earlier, nevertheless have a connection with the present moment.

Very often, both in speech and in literature, one can find a passive participle with a dependent word. Examples of such phrases: a work written by a composer, a music track listened to by a music lover, etc.

Connection with other parts of speech

The participle can be transformed into other parts of speech under the influence various processes contributing to the development of the Russian language. So, the participle can be substantiated into a noun (it is necessary to pay attention to such words as commander, future, which answer questions who? and what?).

Another important concept is the adjectivized participle. Examples of words that have been affected by this process are fried, mature, intimate, innate, etc. A completely logical question arises: how to distinguish a participle from an adjective in each specific case? One of the main signs that will help separate these parts of speech is to find a participle with a dependent word. Examples of such words: potatoes fried in a pan, an act of resentment, etc.

Parsing participles in the topic "Morphology"

In the course of studying each part of speech as in school curriculum, as well as in curriculum of any philological faculty there are tasks for parsing a particular word in a sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the part of speech to which the given lexical unit, and correctly parse. So, let's try to parse the sacrament. How to determine that the word is a representative of this particular part of speech? You just need to know the typical participle suffixes. Examples of words containing suffixes -usch-, -yushch (participating, thirsty), -ash-, -yash- (hurrying, sleeping), -vsh- (becoming), -t- (deceived), -enn-, -nn - (built-in, recognized), -om-, -em- (adored, led), - all these are participles, real and passive, past or present tense.

So, parsing a participle consists of substituting a question for it (most often which one?), identifying it as a participle, indicating initial form male, singular in nominative case, the definition of the verb and the suffix with which it is formed from it. It is also obligatory to indicate the type, the presence of recurrence and transitivity, pledge, tense, form (short or full), gender, number, case and declension, in this particular sentence.