All significant parts of speech can control. From the history of the doctrine of parts of speech

There are 12 parts of speech in modern Russian: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, verb, participle, gerund, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. Participle and participle are a special form of the verb.

Parts of speech are divided into independent, auxiliary, and interjections are distinguished separately. In Russian, there are also words that do not belong to any part of speech: the words "yes" and "no", modal words, onomatopoeic words. Modal words express the relation of the utterance to reality: undoubtedly, true, fact, certainly, perhaps, probably, maybe, perhaps, tea, it seems, probably, and others. They usually act as introductory words. These are invariable words, not related to other words in the sentence, therefore they are not members of the sentence.

Note. Many scientists do not consider participle and gerund as separate parts of speech and refer to the verb group. According to such scientists, there are 10 parts of speech in the Russian language. In a number school programs(for example, in the textbook by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya) one more part of speech is distinguished: the category of state. Use the material in this article, taking into account your school curriculum.

Diagram of parts of speech

Independent parts of speech are divided into changeable (inflected or conjugated) and invariable. Let's show the parts of speech of the Russian language in the diagram:

Table of parts of speech

Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological features, 3) syntactic role. Morphological features can be permanent and non-permanent. In unchangeable independent parts of speech, service units speech, interjections are only permanent morphological features. Independent parts of speech are members of sentences, service parts of speech and interjections are not. From the point of view of these characteristics, consider the parts of speech of the Russian language:

The pages of independent and service parts of speech contain tables with detailed and comparative description values, morphological features and syntactic role parts of speech. We will show a generalized table of meanings and morphological features of all parts of speech in the Russian language.

Morphological features	Syntactic role
Noun - subject (primary meaning)
Permanent signs: own or common noun, animate or inanimate, gender, declension. Non-permanent signs: case, number.	subject, object, inconsistent definition, circumstance, application, nominal part compound predicate.
Adjective - a sign of an object
initial form - nominative, singular, masculine. Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive. Variable signs: comparative and superlative(for quality), full or short (for quality), case, number, gender (singular).	Definition, nominal part of the compound predicate, predicate (in short form).
Numeral name - the number or order of objects when counting
The initial form is the nominative case. Constant signs: simple or compound, quantitative or ordinal, whole, fractional or collective. Variable signs: case, number (if any), gender (if any)	Quantitative - any member of the proposal. Ordinal - definition, nominal part of the compound predicate.
Pronoun - points to objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them
The initial form is the nominative case, singular. Permanent signs: category (personal, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, possessive, demonstrative, attributive), person (for personal pronouns). Variable signs: case, number (if any), gender (if any).	Subject, definition, object, circumstance.
Verb - action or state of an object
The initial form is an indefinite form (infinitive). Constant signs: appearance, conjugation transitivity. Non-permanent signs: inclination, number, time, person, gender.	An infinitive is any member of a sentence. Personal forms - predicate.
Participle - a sign of an object by action
The initial form is the nominative case, singular, masculine. Permanent signs: real or passive, time, appearance. Variable signs: complete or short form(in the passive), case (in full form), number, gender.	Definition. Brief passive - the nominal part of the compound predicate.
The participle is an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb
The initial form is the indefinite form of the verb. Permanent signs: unchanging form, perfect and imperfect species, transitivity, recurrence. * In a number of school programs, signs of transition and recurrence are not considered.	Circumstance.
Adverb - a sign of the action of an object or other sign
Groups by meaning: adverbs of place, time, mode of action, measure and degree, reason, purpose. Degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative (if any). Immutability.	Circumstance.
Preposition - expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words

union - connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences within a complex
Immutability. Composing and subordinating.	They are not part of the offer.
Particle - contributes various shades meanings into a sentence or serves to form word forms
Immutability. Formative, negative and modal.	They are not part of the offer.
Interjection - expresses, but does not name, various feelings and urges
Immutability. Derivatives and non-derivatives.	They are not part of the offer.

Presentation materials

Materials on parts of speech for the preparation of presentations by students in grades 5-7. Click on the desired picture - it will open in a separate tab, press CTRL + S on a computer or select the save icon on a mobile device to save the picture.
Pictures with a diagram.

Since ancient times, the minds of scientists have been occupied with the question of parts of speech. Plato, Aristotle, Panini, Yaska were engaged in research on them. As for Russian linguistics, the names of V. V. Vinogradov, L. V. Shcherba, A. A. Shakhmatov and others should be noted.

Difficulty isolating parts of speech

The parts of speech are the most important and general categories in the grammar of any language. With clarification of the question about them, it begins grammatical description. Speaking of parts of speech, they mean the grammatical grouping of certain units of the language. In other words, certain categories or groups are distinguished in the lexicon, characterized by certain features. However, on what basis should parts of speech be distinguished? What is the distribution of words based on them? Let's answer this question together.

The problem of the essence of parts of speech, as well as the principles of their selection in different languages is one of the most in linguistics. Various and numerous statements on the question of interest to us. Very often they contradict each other and are not clear. Some believe that individual parts are distinguished on the basis of one leading feature, which is inherent in words belonging to a particular grouping. Others believe that the basis for the allocation of parts of speech is a combination of various features, while none of them is leading. If the first opinion is considered correct, then what will be the main sign in this case? Encased in lexical meaning logical category? Or is it itself? Or connection lexical meaning with grammatical category? His syntactic function or morphological nature? And should different parts of speech be distinguished on different or on the same basis?

Agree, there are a lot of questions. Our knowledge of the grammatical nature of words is still not deep enough for their grammatical classification to be built on scientific basis. The division into parts of speech that arose gradually and subsequently entrenched in the tradition various words- this is not a classification. Such a division is simply a statement that there are different groupings of words that are united by some features common to them. The latter are more or less essential, but not always clear.

Isolation of parts of speech in Russian

Modern Russian has a large number of variant morphological forms. Of particular difficulty is the word formation of significant variable parts of speech. Some of their forms were recognized as normative and entrenched in literary language, while others are considered This determines the need in-depth study such a topic as the word formation of significant changeable parts of speech. At school, they usually receive special attention.

Parts of speech are studied in such a section of grammar as morphology. It examines words in terms of their meaning and change. They can vary in numbers, genders, persons, cases, etc. A noun, for example, denotes an object. It can change by cases and numbers. The adjective does not mean an object, but its attribute. It varies by number, gender and case. However, in Russian there are words that do not change in any way. These are, for example, conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs.

Service and independent parts of speech

So, groups of words that are combined on the basis of common features are called parts of speech. However, signs for various groups words are not the same. Distinguish between significant and non-significant parts of speech. The latter are also called office. Significant parts of speech are independent. Both of them perform miscellaneous work. Independent words in a sentence, naming objects, actions, signs, are members of a sentence, while auxiliary words most often connect independent words. Let's consider the latter in more detail.

Pronominal and significant words

Independent parts of speech can be pronominal or significant. Significant words denote signs, objects, actions, quantity, relationships, naming them. Pronouns only point to them, but do not name them. In a sentence, they serve as deputies of the significant. Pronominal words form a separate part of speech called the pronoun. Significant are divided into different parts of speech based on the following features:

Morphological;

Generalized value;

Syntactic behavior (functions and links in the text).

There are at least 5 groups, considering significant parts of speech. These are three names (adjective, noun, numeral), as well as a verb and an adverb. Sometimes the forms of the verb (germs and participles) are distinguished separately. As you can see, parts of speech are lexico-grammatical classes of words. That is, they are distinguished taking into account the syntactic behavior, and the generalized meaning.

Noun

Let's begin to describe the parts of speech of the Russian language (significant) with It includes words that:

1) are common or proper, inanimate or animate, have a permanent generic attribute, as well as non-permanent (for the main part of nouns) signs of case and number;

2) have the meaning of objectivity, therefore they answer the question "what?" or who?";

3) most often in the proposal they are additions or subjects, but they can also be other members of it.

Note that when highlighting nouns, the grammatical features of words are the main ones, and not, for example, their meaning. The main features of significant parts of speech can be different. You will soon see this. As for the meaning of the noun, it is the only part speech, the meaning of which can be very different. Let us turn to examples: a face (girl), an object (a pen), an animal (a dog), an abstract concept (pride), a sign (height), an attitude (inequality), an action (study). These words, from the point of view of meaning, are united by the fact that in relation to them we can ask one question: "what?" or who?" This, in fact, is their objectivity.

We turn to the consideration of the next part of speech - the name of the adjective.

Adjective

This is an independent part of speech, significant. It combines words that:

1) Change in cases, numbers and gender, and some - in degrees of comparison and in brevity / completeness.

2) Designate some non-procedural sign of the subject, and therefore answer the questions "whose?" or "what?"

3) Act in a proposal nominal part SIS (composite nominal predicate) or definitions.

Adjectives always depend on nouns. Therefore, questions to them should be asked from the latter. Adjectives are needed in order to distinguish from the multitude identical items required. Without them, our speech would look like a painting painted in gray paint. Thanks to adjectives, it becomes figurative and more precise, since they allow you to highlight different signs one item.

Numeral

This is another significant part speech, independent. It includes words denoting numbers, the order of objects when counting, or their number. The numeral answers next questions: "which?" or "how much?" It is a part of speech that combines words based on a common meaning. And the meaning of numerals is the relation to the number. Note that their grammatical features are heterogeneous. They depend on the category according to the value of one or another numeral.

These words play a big role in our life. We measure by numbers time, distance, number of objects and their size, cost, weight. Numerals in writing are often replaced by numbers. However, in documents, for example, it is necessary that the amount be indicated not only in numbers, but also in words.

Adverb

We continue to reveal the question: "What parts of speech are significant?" An adverb denotes a sign of a state, sign, action, rarely - an object. Note that it is immutable. An exception to this rule is only qualitative adverbs ending in -о/-е. All of them adjoin either an adjective, or a verb, or another adverb, that is, they characterize significant parts of speech. Examples: very fast, run fast, very fast. An adverb in a sentence is usually an adverb. Sometimes it can also be attached to a noun. Examples are: racing, Warsaw coffee, soft-boiled egg. The adverb in these cases acts as Adverbs are classified on two grounds - by meaning and by function.

Verb

We turn to the verb, considering the significant parts of speech. This is a word denoting a state (to rejoice), an action (to write), a property (to limp), a sign (to turn white), an attitude (to equal). For different groups verb forms heterogeneous grammatical features. Such a concept as a "verbal word" combines: conjugated forms (impersonal and personal), non-conjugated (participles and participles), as well as the infinitive ( indefinite form). Verbs are very important for speech. They allow us to give a name to different actions.

Participle

As a morphological phenomenon, participles are ambiguously interpreted in linguistics. Sometimes significant words that are participles are considered as separate parts of speech, and sometimes as a form of a verb. They denote a sign of some object by action. The participle combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. It is used in writing more often than orally.

gerund

Let's talk a little about the participle, revealing the topic "Significant parts of speech". These are words that, like participles, can be considered either as special form verb, or as an independent part of speech. The signs of adverb are as follows:

1) The designation of an additional action, so the participle answers the following questions: "what did you do?" or "doing what?"

2) The presence of grammatical features of both the adverb and the verb.

So, we have considered significant parts of speech. verb, numeral, noun and adjective. Sometimes gerunds and participles are also distinguished separately. Now you will not be mistaken when answering the question: "What parts of speech are significant?" However, we suggest that you go further and complete your acquaintance with independent parts of speech by considering the pronoun.

Pronoun

The pronoun is an independent part of speech that indicates signs, objects or quantities, but does not name them. They are different. They depend on which part of speech the pronouns replace in the text. They can be classified according to grammatical features and by value. Pronouns in speech are used instead of adjectives, nouns, adverbs and numerals. They help to combine sentences into a coherent text, to avoid repeating the same words.

So, we examined the independent parts of speech (pronominal and significant), and we briefly described. We invite you to get to know the latter in more detail, since they also play important role in language. We hope you have learned to distinguish between significant and auxiliary parts of speech.

SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF SPEECH and significant words. Parts of speech from their semasiological side, i.e. in terms of their meaning, they are divided into significant and auxiliary. Significant words are distinguished by their specificity, and therefore sound form they can arbitrary attention evoke a vivid representation of the object of which it serves as a sign. Service parts of speech are those in which the meaning of words is deprived of this ability to call representations. Significant words are distinguished by narrowness of meaning, and auxiliary words by breadth. The greatest significance, and therefore the narrowness of meaning, are those that are signs of representations that are distinguished by a richness of signs. In the first place, it is necessary, therefore, to put specific nouns: wolf, stone, water; on the second - abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (width, reading), adjectives and verbs, and on the third, finally, adverbs. This classification of parts according to the decrease in their significance is explained by the fact that the significance of an adjective and a verb is expressed when combined with a noun (deep autumn, silver lily of the valley, a river roars), and adverbs - with the same noun through a verb or adjective (Brothers at that time home returned in a crowd - Pshk., golden-haired Eos, pale pink sunset). Significant words of the 2nd and 3rd degrees in poetic speech give a special brilliance to the performance when they are used as tropes. Functional words differ from significant ones in that the volume of their combination with other words is wider. The pronoun, for example, - he - is applicable to all nouns, the numeral to the account of all objects, and any adjective - wide or golden - used in direct meaning, only to a certain circle. Then the service parts of speech cannot be used as tropes. Service parts of speech according to the significance decreasing in them can be classified as follows: 1) pronoun, 2) numeral, 3) preposition and 4) union.

"Significant Parts of Speech" in books

PARTS OF SPEECH.

From book Oratory the author Davydov GD

1. Parts of speech (name, verb, pronoun)

From the book Philosophy of the Name author Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich

1. Parts of speech (name, verb, pronoun) The word never exists in isolation, otherwise it would cease to be a word and would become an accidental sign. how cosmic significance words, its symbolic basis is only a certain, dimensionless, point in the world everything, and

3. Grammatical sentence: "parts of speech" and "parts of a sentence"

From the book Philosophy of the Name author Bulgakov Sergey Nikolaevich

B) Parts of speech.

From book international language. Preface and complete textbook. Por Rusoj. [corrected] author Zamenhof Ludoviko Lazaro

B) Parts of speech. 1) There is no indefinite member; there is only definite (la), the same for all genders, cases and numbers.2) A noun always ends in o. For education plural the ending j is added. There are only two cases: nominative and

Parts of speech

From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(NA) author TSB

5. Parts of the rhetorical development of speech

From the book Rhetoric author Nevskaya Marina Alexandrovna

5. Parts of the rhetorical development of speech Parts (canons) of the rhetorical development of speech were determined in antiquity. Their composition has not undergone significant changes over the centuries. In total, there are five canons (stages of rhetorical action): 1) finding or

5.14. Morphological and syntactic word formation (transition from one part of speech to another)

author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

5.14. Morphological and syntactic word formation (transition from one part of speech to another) The appearance of new lexical items as a result of the transition of a word or a separate word form of one lexical and grammatical class to another lexical and grammatical class or transition

6.4. Parts of speech as the main lexical and grammatical categories of words

From the book Modern Russian. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.4. Parts of speech as the main lexical grammatical ranks words In any language, all words are distributed according to certain groups. Such groupings of words are called parts of speech. The distribution of words into parts of speech occurs according to three principles: 1) semantic; 2)

6.30. Transition of adjectives to other parts of speech

From the book Modern Russian. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.30. Transition of adjectives into other parts of speech Adjectives can also pass into other parts of speech, mainly into nouns (substantiation) and adverbs (adverbialization).

74. Parts of speech

From the book Style Exercises by Keno Raimon

74. Parts of Speech Nouns: noon, park, Monceau, playground, bus, line S, man, neck, felt, braid, tape, individual, neighbor, leg, times, passenger, hassle, place, hour, station, San, Lazare , friend, neckline, coat, help, tailor, button. Adjectives: back, filled,

Chapter 3 Parts of Speech

From the book Treasure for a copywriter [Technology for creating exciting texts] author Slobodyanyuk Elina Petrovna

Chapter 3 Parts of Speech The power of speech lies in the ability to express a lot in a few words. Plutarch In order to improve the quality of each minimal text block - a sentence - it is necessary to carefully study its contents. “A writer must be able to feel words internally,

Planning the visual part of speech

From the book Persuasion [Confident Speaking in Any Situation] by Tracey Brian

Planning the visual part of the speech As you prepare your speech, you should also think about the visual elements that you can use to illustrate your thoughts and ideas and make them more vivid and visual.

Chapter 1. Parts of speech in English and Russian, or let's talk about "beads"

author Gorodnyuk Natalia

Chapter 1. Parts of speech in English and Russian, or let's talk about "beads" Lesson 1.1 Beads and beads or a ballad about how the language works N: Let's get started. How are you, Vasily? Are you ready to plunge into the unforgettable world of the language and its features? Q: Of course, how not to be ready?

Lesson 1.3 The three main parts of speech

From book English grammar with Vasya Pupkin author Gorodnyuk Natalia

Lesson 1.3 The three main parts of speech N: Well, Vasily, do you remember all the parts of speech? Q: Natalia, to be honest, not quite. For a very long time I lost the habit of thinking in a school way, thoughts go the other way, but I try. N: This is completely normal, over time everything will settle down

Lesson 1.6 Remaining parts of speech: adverb, adjective, numeral

From the book English Grammar with Vasya Pupkin author Gorodnyuk Natalia

Lesson 1.6 The remaining parts of speech: adverb, adjective, numeral N: Vasily, I propose to analyze all the remaining parts of speech that we have not touched. V: Let's get started. N: Let's start with the adjective. The name is an adjective, both in Russian and in English language answers the question "which one?

Significant parts of speech

Independent (significant) parts of speech
grammatical classes of words that name fragments of reality (object, event, sign) and have a special system of form formation and inflection, which is determined by grammatical semantics. In Russian, independent parts of speech - noun, verb, adjective, adverb, numeral.

Literature and language. Modern illustrated encyclopedia. - M.: Rosman. Under the editorship of prof. Gorkina A.P. 2006 .

Significant parts of speech

SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF SPEECH and significant words. Parts of speech from their semasiological side, i.e. in terms of their meaning, they are divided into significant and auxiliary. Significant words are distinguished by their concreteness, and therefore their sound form can, with arbitrary attention, evoke a vivid representation of the object of which it serves as a sign. Service parts of speech are those in which the meaning of words is deprived of this ability to call representations. Significant words are distinguished by narrowness of meaning, and auxiliary words by breadth. The greatest significance, and therefore the narrowness of meaning, are those that are signs of representations that are distinguished by a richness of signs. In the first place, it is necessary, therefore, to put specific nouns: wolf, stone, water; on the second - abstract nouns derived from verbs and adjectives (width, reading), adjectives and verbs, and on the third, finally, adverbs. This classification of parts according to the decrease in their significance is explained by the fact that the significance of an adjective and a verb is expressed when combined with a noun (deep autumn, silver lily of the valley, a river roars), and adverbs - with the same noun through a verb or adjective (Brothers at that time home returned in a crowd - Pshk., golden-haired Eos, pale pink sunset). Significant words of the 2nd and 3rd degrees in poetic speech give a special brightness to the presentation when they are used as tropes. Functional words differ from significant ones in that the volume of their combination with other words is wider. The pronoun, for example, - he - is applicable to all nouns, the numeral to the account of all objects, and any adjective - wide or golden - used in its direct meaning, only to a certain circle. Then the service parts of speech cannot be used as tropes. Service parts of speech according to the significance decreasing in them can be classified as follows: 1) pronoun, 2) numeral, 3) preposition and 4) union.

Iv. Lyskov. Literary Encyclopedia: Dictionary literary terms: In 2 volumes / Edited by N. Brodsky, A. Lavretsky, E. Lunin, V. Lvov-Rogachevsky, M. Rozanov, V. Cheshikhin-Vetrinsky. - M.; L.: Publishing house L. D. Frenkel, 1925

See what "significant parts of speech" are in other dictionaries:

Significant parts of speech- SIGNIFICANT PARTS OF SPEECH and significant words. Parts of speech from their semasiological side, that is, from the side of their meaning, are divided into significant and auxiliary. Significant words are distinguished by their specificity, and therefore sound ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

See Parts of Speech...

The modern classification of parts of speech in Russian is basically traditional and is based on the doctrine of eight parts of speech in ancient grammars. Classification of parts of speech " Russian grammar"M. V. Lomonosov ... ... Wikipedia

The main lexical and grammatical categories, according to which the words of the language are distributed on the basis of signs: a) semantic (generalized meaning of an object, action or state, quality, etc.), b) morphological ( morphological categories… … Vocabulary linguistic terms

Part of speech (tracing paper from Latin pars orationis) is a category of words in a language, determined by morphological and syntactic features. In the languages of the world, first of all, the name is opposed (which can be further divided into a noun, an adjective, etc. ... Wikipedia

Parts of speech- Parts of speech are classes of words in a language that are distinguished on the basis of the commonality of their syntactic (see Syntax), morphological (see Morphology) and semantic (see Semantics) properties. Significant Ch. river differ. (noun, verb, adjective… Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

The main classes of words in a language, distinguished on the basis of the similarity of their syntactic (see Syntax), morphological (see Morphology) and logical-semantic (see Semantics) properties. Significant Ch. river differ. (noun, verb, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Parts of speech- classes of words obtained as a result of the analysis of vocabulary based on the unity of functions. (syntactic), formal (morphological) and contain. (semantic) signs. Number of Ch. R. in different languages. different. Modern Russian grammar usually highlights 10 C.R.: name ... ... Russian humanitarian encyclopedic dictionary

significant words- One of the main classes, along with service words, into which parts of speech are divided. Significant words can be members of a sentence. They stand for separate concepts. They differ from service words in purpose, type of meaning and ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Part of speech- ▲ view word part of speech grammatical types words. substitute words of a part of a sentence. important parts of speech. names verb adverb. adverbial. adverbialization. service words. service parts of speech. union. concessive union. ... ... Ideographic dictionary Russian language

Books

Spanish grammar. Collection of exercises, Kiselev Alexander Valentinovich. The proposed collection contains exercises on the main topics of grammar Spanish for incomplete high school. It deals with significant and service parts of speech, various ...