TRAINING EXERCISES FOR TASK No. 24 USE IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

(1)Recently in funds mass media There was a discussion about what kind of education society needs. (2) Some argued that education should be subordinated to pragmatic goals, because it requires huge material costs. (3) Others (including the author of this article) insisted that education is always socially profitable and the more educated people in a society, the higher its intellectual and cultural potential.

(4) In developed Western countries, education is available to everyone with the appropriate desire, means and efforts. (5) However, freedom in education has another side. (6) This applies to both schools and institutions of higher education. (7) Statistics show that graduates of not only public, but also private schools are not always carriers high culture people of high moral standards.

(8) It is generally accepted that a person with a university degree personifies not only professionalism, but also a high level of culture. (9) But what level of culture can be personified by a university graduate who, when asked by a professor about the role of language in her life, answered: “To tell young people something like that at a party”? ..

(10) The same can be said about other means of influencing the consciousness, behavior of people, especially young people. (11) I mean the media, literature, television, cinema.

(12) I will allow myself a small digression, referring to the Russian classics. (13) Leo Tolstoy is a writer whom I read, one might say, all my life, without interruption. (14) But something makes me reread it again and again, rethinking anew what the novel begins with: “All happy families are alike, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.” (15) And in this, which has become an aphorism and stored in memory with young years phrase appeared to me a generalization that is extremely relevant today. (16) Indeed, why are all happy families alike, and unhappy families are unhappy in their own way? (17) Yes, because we have organized our lives in such a way that in the negative, in evil we are more inventive than in the positive. (18) And we turn the so-called happiness into a routine, and in the name of evil we “creatively” succeed. (19) And therefore evil becomes more attractive. (20) And maybe that's why we are standing in lines to watch another film about the sophistication of all sorts of monsters, vampires, gangsters, looking at cruelty without mental shock.

(21) And all this obliges us to look at ourselves, to rethink our way of life, attitude to each other and to ourselves, not only internally, but also externally. (22) And then, I think, we will understand that we need to remember those times when we did not allow ourselves to walk at home the way we now go out into the street, when instead of an elegant suit we put on T-shirts, when instead of beautiful shoes we are wearing flip flops. (23) And already on the street, at a party, in a restaurant, even in a theater, at a concert you rarely see elegantly dressed people. (24) And if before they always tried to be no worse than others in clothes, now everyone is afraid to be more elegant than others. (25) And we don’t think that this also lowers the bar of our culture, requirements for ourselves, self-respect and respect for others. (26) I think I won’t be mistaken if I say that with an elegantly dressed, smart girl we talk differently and behave differently. (27) And profanity with a T-shirt and flip flops is more combined than with elegant

blouse and shoes.

(28) A criterion for the quality of each person and society can be the aphorism of the great classic A. Chekhov, who stated: “Everything in a person should be beautiful: face, clothes, soul, and thoughts.” (29) So let's save the beautiful - the beauty of our faces, clothes, souls, thoughts.

(According to L.G. Matros *)

* Larisa Grigorievna Matros – Doctor of Philosophy, writer, literary critic.

Exercise 1

L.G. Matros, reflecting on the problem, includes (A) ____ (proposals 3, 20,26). Used in large numbers (B) ___ in sentences 10,11,26 make it possible to list signs, facts, phenomena. Brightness and relevance to reflections on the problem is given by (C) ______ ((proposals 14, 21), as well as the use of (D) ______ (proposals 14,28).

List of terms:

2) antonyms

4) professional vocabulary

6) lexical repetition

7) interrogative sentence

8) comparison

Task 2

“In order to emphasize the topicality, ambiguity of the problem raised, as well as its versatility, L.G. Matros uses the technique – (A)_________ (sentence 2 – 3), as well as a syntactic means – (B)___________ (sentences 4, 6). A technique such as (B) ___________ (sentences 16 – 20), creates the impression of a confidential conversation, which enhances another technique – (D)________ (“because” in sentences 19, 20)”.

List of terms:

1) opposition

2) parceling

3) question-answer form of presentation

4) professional vocabulary

5) epithets

6) lexical repetition

7) interrogative sentence

8) comparison

9) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

Task 3

In sentences 6,20,29, the author uses (A) ______, as well as another syntactic device (B) _____ (sentences 9,16). Techniques (C) _______ (“a generalization appeared” in sentence 15, “it obliges us all” in sentence 21) and (D) ______ (“everyone is afraid to be more elegant than others” in sentence 24) give the journalistic text a special imagery.

List of terms:

2) personification

3) question-answer form of presentation

4) professional vocabulary

5) introductory constructions and introductory words

6) hyperbole

7) interrogative sentence

8) comparison

9) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

Task 4

To give the text artistic figurativeness, L.G. Matros uses such a trope as (A) ________ ("culture bar" in sentence 25, "culture carrier" in sentence 7, "level of culture" in sentence 8, "the role of language" in sentence nine). (B) ______ (“hanging out” in sentence 9), included in the speech of a university graduate in a conversation with the author of the text, indicates the general level of culture of the speaker. In many sentences, the author uses (B)_____. Understanding the scale of the "trouble" of a low level, even educated people, Matros included (D) ____ (sentence 29) in order to call us to a special attitude towards the traditions of society.

2) jargon

3) imperative sentence

4) professional vocabulary

5) introductory constructions and introductory words

6) hyperbole

7) interrogative sentence

8) metaphor

9) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

Task 5

Despite the journalistic style of reasoning, Matros includes in the text (A) _____("profanity" in sentence 27, "aphorism" in sentence 28, "discussion" in sentence 1, "cost-effective" in sentence 3). What general type the speech of the text - reasoning, is proved by the abundance of (B) ___ (sentences 22, 23,27). To strengthen the opposition, the author also uses lexical means - (B) ____ (sentence 17). The presence of a stylistic device (D) ___ (sentences 21-25, 27) is designed to enhance the impression of the read.

2) scientific vocabulary

3) imperative sentence

4) rows of homogeneous members of the proposal

5) introductory constructions and introductory words

6) hyperbole

7) anaphora

8) metaphor

9) antonyms

Task 6

The text of L.G. Matros raises the problem of a low cultural level modern people. To emphasize the importance of this question, the author used (A) ______ (“before - now” in sentence 24 ) and (B) _____"way of life" in sentence 21, "keep in mind" in sentence 11). In sentences 23-24, sentences are skillfully included as a link in the text (B)_____. In order to enhance the expressiveness of speech, the Sailor used such a technique as (D) ___ (in sentences 1,9,15, 23).

2) phraseological units

3) imperative sentence

4) inversion

5) introductory constructions and introductory words

6) hyperbole

7) anaphora

8) single-root words

9) antonyms

Task 7

Writer and lawyer L.G.Matros rise important issues modern society. To make the main idea more clear to the reader, the author often used (A) _____ in the text (in sentence 22: house - street, shoes - flip flops; in sentence 2.3: one - the other; in sentence 14: all - each) and ( B) _____ (sentences 14 and 28). Included in different sentences (B) ____ (for example, in sentences 13,16,26) make it possible to verify the specific type of speech of this text. And the journalistic style of the text and the relevance of the problem require the obligatory nature of such words as: "information, discussion" in sentence 1, "pragmatic" in sentence 2, "profitable, potential" in sentence 3, "elegant" in sentence 27).

1) aphorisms

2) phraseological units

3) imperative sentence

4) inversion

5) introductory constructions and introductory words

6) hyperbole

7) anaphora

8) borrowed vocabulary

9) contextual antonyms

Answers:

Exercise 1

Task 2

Task 3

Task 4

Task 5

Task 6

Task 7

Task 24 USE 2018 in Russian, theory and practice.

To successfully complete task 24, you need to know the means of connecting sentences in the text.

The means of communication in the proposal are conjunctions, particles, pronouns, adverbs, lexical repetitions, word forms, cognate words, synonyms, antonyms (including contextual ones), syntactic parallelism, parcellation.

Changes in 2017-2018

Now the answers can now be from 1 to 3.
Task Formulation:
Among the offer? 20–39 Find one(s) that is(-s) related to the previous one using.... Write the number(s) of this sentence(s?).

Execution algorithm:

1) Read the assignment carefully. If it says: find the sentence associated with the PREVIOUS, then only one preceding sentence should be looked at. If it is written: find a sentence related to PREVIOUS, then you should pay attention to several sentences that are in front of the intended answer.

2) Read the passage of text carefully.

3) Pay attention to the beginning of the sentence, but keep in mind that the linking word can be found in any part of the sentence.

4) Choose the sentence that contains all the means of communication stated in the task.

Pronouns

Discharge	Example	Additional Information
Personal	I, you, he, she, we, you, they, her, us, me, me, you, me	Possessive pronouns, her, him, them, coincide in form with personal pronouns he, she, they in R.p. and V.p. They are easy to distinguish in the text. Compare: Her book was on the table. (Whose book?) - hers. This is a possessive pronoun. I know her well. (I know who?) - her. This is a personal pronoun.
Possessive	Mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, mine, yours, etc.
returnable	myself
pointing	that, those, this, such, so much, this, this
Determinants	all, everyone, any, other, other, each, most, himself
relative	who, what, how much, whose, what, what, to whom, whom	These digits consist of the same words. If these pronouns serve to express a question, then they refer to interrogative pronouns(How old are you?). If they serve to connect parts complex sentence, then they belong to relative pronouns(He asked me how old I am).
Interrogative	who, what, how much, whose, what, what, than, to whom, whom
indefinite	someone, something, someone, something, etc.	Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogative-relative ones with the help of prefixes not- or something-, as well as with the help of suffixes -to-, -or-, nibud-
Negative	nobody, nothing, nothing, etc.

Adverb

Discharge	Example
Mode of action (how, in what way?)	So, in a summer way, comradely
Measures and degrees (How much? What time? How much? To what extent?)	Very much, a little, a little, a little
Places (Where? Where? Where?)	Far, here, somewhere
Time (When? How long?)	Now, the day after tomorrow, always, then
Reasons (Why? For what reason?	Because, blindly, rashly
Goals (Why? For what purpose?)	On purpose, on purpose, on purpose

Particles

The difficulty lies in the fact that graduates often confuse particles with other parts of speech or simply do not see them in the text.

For your convenience, we will write the categories, but you do not need to memorize their names. It is only important to understand examples of them not to confuse them with other parts of speech.

1) Shaping: would, come on (those), let, let, yes. Do not confuse the particle "yes" with the conjunction "yes".

Union: old man and old woman (can be replaced with "and")

Particle: Long live the sun!

2) Negative: not and neither

3) Interrogative: is it, is it, is it

4) Modal: how, what for, hardly, hardly, just, just, just, here, out, after all, after all, even, just, and, exactly, just, directly

The most insidious group, among the particles there are many homonyms with other parts of speech. modal particles introduce additional semantic nuances into the sentence, express a subjective attitude to the message.

Compare:

Something like a movie (preposition) - Did you like it? Seems good (particle)

Let it be funny, but honest (union) - Let him speak (particle)

It is easy to solve the problem (adverb) - You are just an ignoramus (particle)

Unions

Coordinating conjunctions connect homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a compound sentence	Subordinating conjunctions connect parts of a complex sentence
Connecting : and, yes (in the meaning of and), not only ... but also, also, also, and ... and, neither ... neither, how ... so	Explanatory: what, like, like
	Temporary: when, only, barely
	Target : so that, so that, so that, in order to
Opposite: but, yes (meaning but), but, however, however, still	Conditional : if, if, times
	Concessions: although, at least, let
	Comparative : as, as if, as if, as if
Dividers: or, or…or, either, or…or, then…then, either ... or, not that ... not that	Causal: because, since
	Investigative: so

Prepositions

1 ) Derivatives(derived from other parts of speech): thanks to, due to, in spite of, during, as a result, etc.

2) Non-derivatives: about, about, without, by, over, in, etc.

Introductory words

• Separated by commas
• Not part of the offer
• You can't ask them questions.

Examples: maybe, in other words, firstly, fortunately, according to rumors, etc.

For more information, see task number 17

Synonyms- Words that have the same meaning. (beautiful - wonderful)

Antonyms- Words that are opposite in meaning.

Contextual synonyms and antonyms- synonyms and antonyms, which are such only in a certain context, in this case only in the specified fragment of the text.

Parceling

Dividing one statement into several sentences.

Syntax parallelism

Similar structure neighboring proposals.

"Preparation for the exam: task 24"

Introduction ……………………………………………………… 3

Figurative and expressive means of language …………… 5

Phonetic means …………………………………………… 5

Lexical means …………………………………………… 5

Syntactic means …………………………………… 10

Training tasks (option 1) ………………………… 14

Training tasks (option 2) ………………………… 15

Training tasks (option 3) ………………………… 16

Training tasks (option 4)……………………………… 18

Training tasks (texts) …………………………… 22

List of literature for preparing for the exam………48

Introduction.

AT Russian Federation for several years, an experiment on the introduction of the Unified State Examination (USE) took place. And now the Unified State Examination in the Russian language has become a mandatory form of final certification of graduates. To successfully pass the exam, systematic and purposeful preparation is necessary, requiring the repetition of all the main sections of the school course of the Russian language.

The practice of preparing students for the Unified State Examination has shown that the fulfillment of task 24 (B8) causes particular difficulty. It checks the ability to find and correctly identify the figurative and expressive means of the language used by the authors in the texts.

For completing task 24, from 0 to 4 points can be awarded.

For each correctly indicated digit corresponding to the number of the term from

list, the examinee receives 1 point (4 points: no errors; 3 points:

1 error was made; 2 points: 2 mistakes were made; 1 point: correct

only one digit; 0 points: completely wrong answer (wrong set

digits) or its absence). The order in which the digits are written in the answer matters.. (Official information portal of the exam. (www . age . edu . en ))

When preparing students to perform this type of tasks, it is necessarySpecial attention to give, firstly, the terminological apparatus: knowing the definitions of tropes, stylistic figures and phonetic means by heart is the first step to success in completing a task that is not accidentally assessed by two points. That is why this manual begins with a GLOSSARY OF TERMS.

Secondly, it is necessary to develop in schoolchildren the skills and abilities to find any means in short excerpts from literary texts. To do this, the manual contains four options for tasks for practicing these particular skills and abilities. And finally, the compiler proposed texts, both artistic and journalistic, on the basis of which fragments of reviews were written. They analyze the linguistic features of texts. It is necessary to insert in the places of gaps the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the proposed list.

Most tasks have keys (answers) with which you can quickly check the correctness of their execution.

The manual is addressed to high school students and applicants preparing for the exam, as well as teachers of the Russian language.

Figurative and expressive means of language.

Phonetic means

Alliteration- repetition of consonants. It is a technique for highlighting and fastening words in a line. Increases the harmony of the verse.

Assonance- repetition of vowel sounds.

Lexical means

Trope is a word or expression used in figurative meaning to create an artistic image and achieve greater expressiveness. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes. No work of art is complete without tropes. The artistic word is polysemantic; the writer creates images, playing with the meanings and combinations of words, using the environment of the word in the text and its sound - all this makes up the artistic possibilities of the word, which is the only tool of the writer or poet.

Note! When creating a trail, the word is always used in a figurative sense.

Antonyms- different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning ( good - evil, powerful - powerless). The opposition of antonyms in speech is a vivid source of speech expression, which establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body but strong in spirit.

Contextual (or contextual) antonyms- these are words that are not opposed in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - that's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

Hyperbola- a figurative expression that exaggerates any action, object, phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression: Snow fell from the sky in pounds. In a hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing.

Litotes- artistic understatement: man with nails. Used to enhance the artistic impression. Below a thin bylinochka, you need to bow your head.

Individual-author's neologisms (occasionalisms) - due to their novelty, they allow you to create certain artistic effects, express the author's view on a topic or problem: ... how can we make sure that ourrights were not extended at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn). And kyukhelbekerno and nauseating (A.S. Pushkin).

Irony- this is the use of a word or expression in the reverse sense of the literal, with the aim of ridicule: Where, smart, are you wandering, head? (referring to donkey).

Synonyms- these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: Love is love, friend is friend.

Contextual (or contextual) synonyms- words that are synonyms only in this text: Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

Stylistic synonyms- differ in stylistic coloring, scope of use: chuckled - giggled - laughed - neighed.

Metaphor- a hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. At the heart of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature. For example: I do not feel sorry for the years wasted in vain, I do not feel sorry for the lilac blossom of the soul. In the garden, a fire of red mountain ash burns, But it cannot warm anyone. (S. Yesenin.) "The sleepy firmament disappeared, again dressed the whole frosty world with the blue silk of the sky, perforated by the black and destructive trunk of the gun." (M. Bulgakov. "White Guard").

Expanded metaphor- a detailed transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of being to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. Metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing not handicapped in bringing together a variety of objects or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink the object, reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the individual author's vision of the world.

Metonymy– transfer of values ​​(renaming) according to the adjacency of phenomena. The most common cases of transfer: a) from a person to his any external signs: Is lunch coming soon? asked the guest, addressingto a quilted vest; b) from an institution to its inhabitants: The entire boarding school recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisarev; c) the name of the author on his creation (book, painting, music, sculpture): Magnificent Michelangelo! (about his sculpture) or: Reading Belinsky...

Synecdoche- a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something less included in something more) A kind of metonymy. "Hey beard! And how to get from here to Plyushkin?

Oxymoron- a combination of contrasting words that create a new concept or idea. This is a combination of logically incompatible concepts, sharply contradictory in meaning and mutually exclusive. This technique sets the reader up for the perception of contradictory, complex phenomena, often - the struggle of opposites. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author's attitude to an object or phenomenon: The sad fun continued…; It's fun for her to be sad / So smartly naked (A. Akhmatova)

personification- one of the types of metaphor, when the transfer of a sign is carried out from a living object to an inanimate one. When impersonating, the described object is externally used by a person: Trees, leaning towards me, extended thin arms. Even more often, actions that are permissible only to people are attributed to an inanimate object: The rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden. Silent sadness will be consoled, and joy will reflect friskyly.

Evaluative vocabulary- direct author's assessment of events, phenomena, objects: Pushkin is a miracle.

Paraphrase(s)– use of a description instead of a proper name or title; descriptive expression, turn of speech, replacement word. Used to decorate speech, replace repetition: The city on the Neva sheltered Gogol.

Comparison- one of the means of expressiveness of the language, helping the author to express his point of view, create whole artistic pictures, give a description of objects. In comparison, one phenomenon is shown and evaluated by comparing it with another phenomenon. Comparison is usually joined by conjunctions: as, as if, exactly, etc., but serves for a figurative description of the most diverse features of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give exact description colors: Like the night, his eyes are black. Or: Eyes like stars... Often there is a form of comparison expressed by a noun in the instrumental case: Anxiety snaked its way into our hearts.

There are comparisons that are included in the sentence with the help of words: similar, similar, reminiscent: ... butterflies are like flowers.

Comparison can also represent several sentences related in meaning and grammatically, this is the so-called expanded, branched comparison-image, in which the main, original comparison is specified by a number of others: The stars are out in the sky. With thousands of curious eyes they rushed to the ground, thousands of fireflies lit the night.

Phraseologisms- these are almost always bright expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and pictorial characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc. .: people like my hero have a spark of God.

Epithet- a word that highlights in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or signs. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes in the defined word some of its distinctive properties. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition to another: adjectives: meek face (S. Yesenin); these poor villages, this meager nature ... (F. Tyutchev); transparent maiden (A. Blok); participles: abandoned land (S. Yesenin); frenzied dragon (A. Blok); shining takeoff (M. Tsvetaeva); nouns, sometimes together with their surrounding context : Here he is, the leader without squads (M. Tsvetaeva); My youth! My dove is swarthy! (M. Tsvetaeva). In a work of art, an epithet can perform various functions: to figuratively characterize an object: sparkling eyes, diamond eyes; create atmosphere, mood: gloomy morning; convey the attitude of the author (narrator, lyrical hero) to the subject being characterized: "Where will our prankster ride?" (A. Pushkin). note ! All color designations in a literary text are epithets.

syntactic means.

Anaphora, or monogamy- this is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. It is used to strengthen the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to describe the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings that overwhelm the soul at this moment?

Antithesis- a stylistic device that consists in a sharp opposition of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of a sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, contrast phenomena. It serves as a way of expressing the author's view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

polyunion- a stylistic figure, consisting in the deliberate use of repeating unions for logical and intonational underlining of the members of a sentence (or composed sentences) connected by unions, to enhance the expressiveness of speech: Thin rain was sown on the forests, and on the fields, and on the wide Dnieper(G.); The ocean walked before my eyes, and swayed, and thundered, and sparkled, and faded, and shone, and went somewhere to infinity.(Kor.); Houses burned at night, and the wind blew, and black bodies on the gallows swayed from the wind, and crows screamed above them.(Kupr,).

Asyndeton- a stylistic figure consisting in the intentional omission of connecting unions between members of a sentence or between sentences; the absence of conjunctions gives the statement swiftness: Swedish, Russian, -stabs, cuts, cuts, drumming, clicks, rattle, thunder of cannons, stomping, neighing, groaning ...(P.); Flicker past the booth, women, malcups, shops, lanterns, palaces, gardens, monasteries, Bukharians, sleighs,kitchen gardens, merchants, shacks, peasants, boulevards, towers, Cossacks, pharmacies, fashion stores, balconies, lions at the gates...(P.)

gradation- a stylistic figure, which consists in the consistent injection or, conversely, the weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world! Gradation is ascending (strengthening of the feature) and descending (weakening of the feature).

Inversion- Reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent definition after it, the addition after the control word, the modifier of the mode of action before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, the words are arranged in a different order than is established by grammatical rules. It's strong means of expression used in emotional, excited speech: Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

Composite joint- this is the repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of a word or words from the previous sentence, usually ending it: The Motherland did everything for me. Motherland taught me, raised me, gave me a start in life. A life I'm proud of.

polyunion- a rhetorical figure, consisting in the deliberate repetition of coordinating conjunctions for the logical and emotional highlighting of the enumerated concepts: And the thunder did not strike, and the sky did not fall on the earth, and the rivers did not overflow from such grief!

Parceling- a technique for dividing a phrase into parts or even into separate words. Its purpose is to give speech intonational expression by its abrupt pronunciation: The poet suddenly stood up. Turned pale. The girl spoke non-stop. About Siberia, about happiness, about Jack London (V. Shukshin). Take action, you must act. Cry later. At night. Someday. (N. Ilyina). Here I am in Bykovka. One. I heat the stove, sing songs, play with Spira, who is crazy about the fact that the owner has appeared. It's autumn outside. Late. (V. Astafiev). This year was dark with melted snow. Noisy from the barking of guard dogs. Bitter from coffee and old records. (S. Dovlatov)

Repeat- the conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to enhance the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was a sufferer, a sufferer in the full sense of the word.

Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations- a special means of creating the emotionality of speech, expressing the author's position: Who hasn't cursed the stationmasters, who hasn't scolded them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write in it their useless complaint of oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not revere them as monsters of the human race, equal to the deceased clerks, or at least the Murom robbers? What summer, what summer? Yes, it's just magic!

Syntax parallelism- the same construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author seeks to highlight, emphasize the expressed idea: Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.

Default- this is a turn of speech, which consists in the fact that the author deliberately does not fully express the thought, leaving the reader (or listener) to guess what was not said: No, I wanted... maybe you... I thought it was time for the baron to die.(P.); What did they both think they felt? Who will know? Who skamaybe? There are such moments in life, such feelings... You canjust point - and pass by(T.).

Epiphora- the same ending of several sentences, reinforcing the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: I have been going to you all my life. I have believed in you all my life. I have loved you all my life.

Ellipsis- this is a stylistic figure, consisting in the omission of any implied member of the sentence: We sat down- to ashes, hail- to dust, to swords - sickles and plows(Bug.); Instead of bread- stone, instead of teaching - mallet(S.-SH.); Guys- for axes(A. T.). The use of an ellipsis gives the statement dynamism, the intonation of lively speech, and increases artistic expressiveness.

Training tasks (option 1)

Determine what means of artistic expression are used in the given passages. Distinguish between tropes and stylistic figures of speech.

1. Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova).

2. The darling sits on the porch / With an expression on his face, / And the darling has a face / Occupies the entire porch (Chatushka).

3. A golden cloud spent the night / On the chest of a giant cliff (M. Lermontov).

4. Steppes and roads / The count is not over. / To stones and thresholds / The account was not found (E.Bagritsky).

5. What do you mean, boring whisper? / Reproach or murmur of my lost day? (A. Pushkin)

7. On the heather field, / On the battlefield / Lying alive on the dead / And dead on the living (S. Marshak).

8. Tired platforms make noise with the crowd / And sad eyes envy the cheerful ones. (M.Borzykin).

9. Dear friend, and in this quiet house / The fever beats me. / Do not find me a place in a quiet house / Near a peaceful fire (A. Blok).

10. He was negligent for twenty years, / Not giving birth to a single line (D. Minaev).

11. The sun in the morning into the well of lakes / Looked - there is no month. / It hung its legs on the hillock, / Clicked - there is no month (S. Yesenin).

12. And it would be nice to go over the threshold and rush along the road! .. / What kind of excuse would you think up so as not to learn prepositions? (N. Matveeva).

13. Not alive, he sang, but dying. / The swan sang quieter, sadder (V. Bryusov).

14. And the country of birch calico / It will not lure you to wander around barefoot (S. Yesenin).

15. I see him on the road and in the grotto... / A swarthy hand at the forehead... (M. Tsvetaeva)

16. His beautiful daughter / Old Kochubey is proud (A. Pushkin).

17. I love to fly, falling asleep while awake (A. Pushkin).

18. Burliuk appeared at the school. Kind of cheeky. Lornetka. Syurtuk (V. Mayakovsky).

19. He ran, went to kiss his wife, / blew out tea - up to a thousand glasses ... (V. Mayakovsky)

20. He will give a sign - / And everyone is busy; / He drinks - everyone drinks and everyone screams; / He laughs - everyone laughs; / He furrows his eyebrows - everyone is silent ... (A. Pushkin).

Training tasks (option 2)

Find all possible paths in I. Bunin's poem "Forests in pearl hoarfrost ..."

Forests in pearl hoarfrost. Frosty.

Singing from a telegraph pole

Now fun, now plaintively, now menacingly

Ringing rumble dark fate.

The white valley is silent and listens.

And more victorious, brighter and more magnificent

Trembling, burning and shining tail of a peacock

Centicolor diamonds above her.

Training tasks (option 3)

Determine what means of artistic expression are used in the given passages. Distinguish between tropes and stylistic figures of speech

Nature has not woken up yet

But through thinning sleep

She heard spring

And she involuntarily smiled ...

2. "Worms were spinning hair" (D. Kharms).

3. "The sun shines in the sky, and Igor is a prince in the Russian land" ("The Tale of Igor's Campaign")

4. Ships cheerful countries: to what thin. does the highlighted word belong to the means?

5. "Below, like a steel mirror, lakes of jets turn blue."

6. “A golden cloud spent the night

On the chest of a giant cliff,

She left early in the morning

Playing merrily on azure ... ”Name everything bad. means used by M. Lermontov in this fragment.

7. The red sun set

Down to the ground;

I can't see my dear

Until the winter.

8. And you will fall like this,

How a withered leaf falls from the trees!

And you will die like this

How your last slave will die! (Name two remedies in this passage.)

9. Hut-old woman jaw threshold

Chews the odorous crumb of silence.

10. Will burn out with a golden flame

Candle made of body wax

And moon clock wooden

My twelfth hour will croak. : to what thin. does the highlighted word belong to the means?

12. Burliuk appeared at the school. Kind of cheeky. Lornetka. Frock coat. (V. Mayakovsky).

13. He ran, went to kiss his wife, / blew out tea - up to a thousand glasses ... (V. Mayakovsky)

14. Mind and heart - ice and fire - that's the main thing that distinguished this hero.

15 ... how can we ourselves ensure that our rights are not expanded at the expense of the rights of others? (A. Solzhenitsyn)

16. Lomonosov - a genius - a beloved child of nature. (V. Belinsky)

17. Rain splashed bare feet along the paths of the garden.

18. People like my hero have a spark of God.

19. A.S. Pushkin, "like first love", will not be forgotten not only by "Russia's heart", but also by world culture.

20. For the sake of your child, for the sake of the family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

21. Beloved homeland, my native land, should we take care of you!

22. What summer, what kind of summer? Yes, it's just magic!

Answers: 1 - personification, 2 - metaphor. 3 - parallelism, 4 - epithet, 5 - comparison, 6 - epithet, 7 - parallelism, 8 - comparison, parallelism, 9 - metaphor, 10 - metaphor, 11 - oxymoron, 12 - parcellation, 13 - hyperbole, 14 - contextual antonyms , 15 - individual author's vocabulary, 16 - contextual synonyms, 17 - personification, 18 - phraseology, 19 - quotation, 20 - gradation, 21 - inversion, 22 - rhetorical question and exclamation,

Training tasks (option 4)

Determine the means of expression in prose and poetic texts.

The young maiden will change more than once

Dreams are light dreams;

So tree your sheets

Changes every spring. (A.S. Pushkin)

Melo, melo all over the earth

To all limits ... (B. Pasternak)

Again sarcasm. Pitiful, powerless. (Yu. Trifonov)

spring and pernicious spirit. (Ah, Block)

Then everything smells of night violet:

Summer and faces. Thoughts. Every case

Who in the past can be saved. (B. Pasternak)

6. Time flies sometimes like a bird, and sometimes it crawls like a worm. (I.S. Turgenev)

7. It's already evening ... The edges of the clouds have faded

The last ray of dawn on the towers dies (V. Zhukovsky).

8. Dawn with dewy coolness

Knocks down the apples of the dawn. (S. Yesenin)

9. Did you sing all the time? - This business!

So go dance. (I.A. Krylov)

10. I will not break, I will not falter, I will not get tired,

I won't forgive an ounce of my enemies. (O. Bergholz)

11. On the trout river, in the northern province,

Do not shoot ducks in a boat on a blue-gray evening. (I. Severyanin).

12. And the sun is basking on the ice floe. (B. Pasternak).

13. I go out alone on the road. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

14. Like the nights of Ukraine

In the glow of unsunsetting stars,

Filled with secrets

The words of her fragrant lips. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

15. Red brush

The rowan lit up.

Leaves were falling.

I was born. (M. Tsvetaeva)

16. The sounds of the cello twisted, intertwined, grew and filled the frozen hall. (V. Grashin).

17. Let the ocean sleep on sand and gravel.

It is terrible to hear this booming howl in a dream. (R. Burns).

18. Planted trees in the garden.

Quiet, quiet, to encourage them.

Whispering autumn rain. (Base)

19. War - there is no tougher word.

War - there is no sadder word.

War - there is no holier word. (A. Tvardovsky)

20. I wish you to avoid all kinds of troubles, sorrows and misfortunes. (A.P. Chekhov).

21. Whisper, timid breathing,

trill nightingale,

Silver and the ripple of a sleepy stream.

Light of nights, night shadows, Shadows without end... (A.A. Fet).

22. marvelous our world is arranged ... He has an excellent cook, but, unfortunately,such a small mouth that more than two pieces are not may miss; the other has mouth the size of the arch of the chief headquarters but, alas, I must be content with some German potato dinner.

23. Ai, Pug, know that she is strong, that she barks at an elephant (I. A. Krylov).

24. Under it, Kazbek, like a facet of a diamond, shone with eternal snows (M. Yu. Lermontov.).

25. Whisper, rustle or rustle - Tenderness, like the songs of Saadi. (S. A. Yesenin)

26. Women's flattery swan down. (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

27. The night spreads a shadow and the wet shore judges,

The night pulls its golden seine into the distance. (I. Bunin)

28. The old man from the frost brings into the house

A handful of chilled firewood. (D. Samoilov)

29. I don't need someone else's sun,

Foreign land is not needed. (M. Isakovsky).

30. The day was hot, stuffy, like the air over a red-hot stove. (A. Green).

Answers:

1 - comparison, 2 - hyperbole, 3 - parcellation, 4 - oxymoron, 5 - parcellation, 6 - antithesis, 7 - personification, 8 - metaphor, 9 - irony, 10 - gradation, 11 - epithet, 12 - oxymoron, 13 - inversion, 14 - comparison, 15 - metaphor, 16 - gradation, 17 - personification, 18 - personification, 19 - parallelism, anaphora, epiphora; 20 - inversion, 21 - non-conjunction, 22 - hyperbole and litote, 23 - irony, 24 - comparison, 25 - alliteration, 26 - metaphor, 27 - metaphor, 28 - epithet, 29 - lexical repetition, 30 - comparison.

Text #1

(1) Katerina Ivanovna never complained about anything, except for senile weakness. (2) But I knew from a neighbor and from the stupid kind old man Ivan Dmitriev, the watchman at the fire shed, that Katerina Ivanovna was alone in the world. (3) Daughter Nastya has not been coming for the fourth year now - she forgot, therefore, her mother, and Katerina Ivanovna has only a few days. (4) The hour is not even, and she will die without seeing her daughter, without caressing her, without stroking her blond hair of “charming beauty” (as Katerina Ivanovna spoke of them).
(5) Nastya sent money to Katerina Ivanovna, but even that happened intermittently. (6) No one knows how Katerina Ivanovna lived during these breaks.
(7) Once Katerina Ivanovna asked me to take her to the garden, where she had not been since early spring, weakness did not let her.
(8) - My dear, - said Katerina Ivanovna, - you won’t exact from me, from the old one. (9) I want to remember the past, finally see the garden. (10) In it, as a girl, I read Turgenev. (11) Yes, and I planted some trees myself.

(12) She dressed for a very long time. (13) She put on an old warm cloak, a warm scarf and, holding tightly to my hand, slowly descended from the porch.
(14) It was already evening. (15) The garden flew around. (16) Fallen leaves prevented walking. (17) They crackled loudly and moved underfoot, a star lit up in the green dawn. (18) Far above the forest hung the sickle of the month. (19) Katerina Ivanovna stopped near a weather-beaten linden tree, leaned her hand on it and cried. (20) I held her tightly so that she would not fall. (21) She cried like very old people, not ashamed of her tears. (22) “God forbid you, my dear,” she told me, “live to such a lonely old age!” (23) God forbid!
(24) I carefully led her home and thought: how happy I would be if I had such a mother! (according to K.G. Paustovsky)

Exercise:

“K.G. Paustovsky does not instruct his readers, he only strives to be understood. Already in the second sentence, the author uses ___. This is of great importance for the characterization of the heroine. Features of Katerina Ivanovna's speech: appeals, ___, ___ - also emphasize the author's intention. ___ "hung sickle of the month" creates a vivid image. The description of the autumn evening enhances the special intonation of the text.

List of terms:
1) comparative turnover
2) litote
3) phraseological unit
4) irony
5) metaphor
6) parceling
7) question-answer form of presentation
8) expressive repetition
9) rhetorical question
10) exclamatory sentences

Answers: 3, 8, 10, 5.

Text No. 2

(1) I sat on the river bank an old man in a naval uniform. (2) The last pre-autumn dragonflies fluttered over him, some sat on shabby epaulettes, rested and fluttered when the person occasionally moved. (3) He was stuffy, he relaxed his long-long unbuttoned collar with his hand and froze, peered with watery eyes at the palms of small waves patting the river. (4) What did he see now in this shallow water? (5) What was he thinking?

(6) Until recently, he still knew that he had won great victories, that he had managed to break free from the captivity of old theories and discovered new laws of naval combat, that he had created more than one invincible squadron, brought up many glorious commanders and crews of warships.

(7) But hardly ten years have passed since his resignation, and they tried to forget about him in the imperial palace, in the Admiralty, and in the headquarters of the fleets and naval schools. (8) So, Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov, the disgraced Russian naval commander, was ending his life, forgotten by the authorities and naval commanders here, in the center of Russia, in the Tambov region. (9) Forty campaigns he led, he was not defeated in a single battle. (10) The brilliant victories of the Russian fleet under his command made the name of Fedor Ushakov legendary. (11) But few people remembered this then in Russia ...

(12) Contemporaries often do not notice talent, genius, a prophet in their environment. (13) They cannot, and if we recall history, they do not want to highlight the outstanding, their superior abilities of their neighbor. (14) They speak with irritation about such a person, raising him at best to the category of eccentrics and lucky people ...

(15) The sounds of that day mixed up in him, swam one upon another, making him shudder, look around. (16) He recalled distant campaigns and battles. (17) His eyes were open, but his gaze wandered somewhere, along distant roads, bays and harbors, stumbled upon fortress walls and coastal reefs.

(18) The wind came running, trying to wrap up, swaddle the lonely admiral, and he pushed him away with his hand, trying to delay the visions of the past (According to V. Ganichev)

Exercise: Read a fragment of a review based on this text. This fragment analyzes the language features of the text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

"AT. Ganichev recalls the legendary Admiral Ushakov and, with the help of such a syntactic means of expression as _____ (sentences 4, 5), invites the reader to think. _____ (“talent, genius, prophet in his environment” in sentence 12) allows us to judge the scale of the admiral’s personality.

Many sentences of the text are constructed using such a syntactic means of expression as _____ (“lucky people” in sentence 14, “his eyes” in sentence 17), which gives the author’s thoughts a special intonation. _____ (for example, “palms of the waves”; “the wind came running, trying to wrap up, swaddle the admiral”) enhances the impression of reading.

List of terms:

1) comparative turnover

2) a number of homogeneous members

3) phraseological units

4) inversion

5) impersonation

6) parceling

7) epithets

8) litote

9) interrogative sentences

Answers: 9.2, 4, 5

Text No. 3

(1) A young father strictly reprimands his four-year-old daughter for running out into the yard without asking and almost getting hit by a car.

(2) - Please, - he says quite seriously to the baby, - you can walk, but let me or your mother know.

(3) This is not an invention of a feuilletonist, but a genuine, inadvertently overheard conversation.

(4) Or they seriously write in an article about the work of the crew of the space station: “The sampling (!) of samples of exhaled air was carried out.” (5)This fence would not have flown into space if they had not been embarrassed to say simply: the astronauts took samples. (b) But no, undignified!

(7) You hear, you see, you read this - and you want to sound the alarm again and again, cry out, beg, persuade: BEWARE OF THE OFFICE!

(8) This is the most common, the most malignantnaya disease of our speech. (9) Once a rare connoisseur of Russianof the Russian language and the magician of the word Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky branded it with its precise, murderous name. (10) His article was called that - “Office”, and it sounded like truth as SOS(11) I do not dare to say that it was a voice indrinking in the desert: fortunately, there are knights whofor strength, fight for the honor of the Word. (12) But, alas, you need to lookface the truth: the clerk does not give up, he comes,is expanding. (13) This is a cursed and pernicious disease of our speech.(14) Alien, destructive cells grow rapidlyki - hateful cliches that carry neither thoughts nor feelingsproperty, not a penny of information, but only slaughter and oppressliving, useful core.

(15) We are so poisoned by the clerk that sometimes we completely lose our sense of humor. (16) And no longer in a novel, but in life, in the most ordinary setting, a quite modest person seriously says to another: “I express my gratitude to you.”

(17) Remember, at N. Nekrasov in the Arctic Ocean, a flimsy boat floats and the young, pretty Tanya Vanka sings songs? (18) Sings well, dog, sings convincingly ...

(19) Yes, declarations of love must be convincing not only in poetry, but also in prose, otherwise Tanya Vanka will not believe.

(20) Meanwhile, in hundreds of stories, novels, essays, translated and domestic, different people on different occasions talk in such a way that it seems: readers are about to respond to the famous loud “I don’t believe!” Konstantin Sergeevich Stanislavsky...

(21) For the hundredth time, let us ask ourselves: who should instill in people a taste, a sense of proportion, a careful attitude to their native language? (22) And at the same time - and a respectful attitude towards the person with whom you are talking?

(23) Who, if not ourselves ?!(According to N. Gal)

Exercise: Read a fragment of a review based on this text. This fragment analyzes the language features of the text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Nora Gal is known for her brilliant translations of the treasures of world, primarily European, literature into Russian. The sharp linguistic instinct of the translator did not allow her to come to terms with the spread of office work in our speech, and in order to show her attitude to this phenomenon, N. Gal uses such a trope as ___ (sentences 8 and 13-14) and a lexical means of expressiveness - ___ (“ murderous" in sentence 9, "cursed and malevolent" in sentence 13, "hateful" in sentence 14). ___ (sentences 7, 12, 14, 20) give dynamics to the text, and ___ (sentences 21-23) reflect N. Gal's conviction that each person is responsible for his native language ",

List of terms:

1) extended metaphor

2) lexical repetition

3) emotionally colored vocabulary

4) rhetorical questions

5) rows of homogeneous members

6) hyperbole

7) anaphora

8) comparative turnover

9) terms

Answers: 1,3,5,4

Text No. 4

Impotence

( 1) He walked along Nevsky Prospekt at eleven o'clock in the morning. (2) It was still not hot on the shady side, solar arrows glided through the foliage on the mirrors of shop windows, purple tides of coolness lurked in deserted porches. (H) It smelled of wet asphalt. (4) Everywhere it was easy, free in the morning ...

(5) Then he noticed that a young man in shabby jeans and a tight white T-shirt was walking towards him with a leisurely gait, sloping shoulders swayed slightly, a firm, hard look was directed forward. (b) The young man, it seemed, did not see anyone and saw everyone walking along Nevsky Prospekt at once, and with only a brief smile he singled out beautiful girls from passers-by.

(7) They moved towards, these two young men, looking in front of them, and when they caught up, short, in a white T-shirt, without turning their heads, without changing the expression of their eyes, with a barely noticeable push of the shoulder hit the shoulder of the other. (8) And he, almost falling from an unexpected blow, felt other people's muscles, so trained, implacable in their arrogance, that, struck by rudeness, flashing with instant anger, he uttered, ready for revenge: “You must ask for apologies, damn it!”

(9) And the guy in worn jeans calmly left, still slightly shaking his shoulders, as if nothing had happened a few seconds ago. (10) And it became clear: the push was not accidental, but the terrible power in his muscles, the whole appearance of a person calmly walking along the avenue made him impregnable. (11) One could imagine how, confident in impunity, Mr. Equanimity would indifferently raise his eyebrows at the sight of the indignation of another person offended by his action, as he would say in a colorless voice: “I don’t understand what you need from me?” - and would immediately strike a secondary blow with this stealthily, playing the role of a victim who is forced to defend himself.

(12) The man who was hit with his shoulder was not timid, he also had determination, but fear of the will of the braver stopped him. (13) The guy, grimacing, rubbed the bruised place, looked back at the receding square back, covered with a sports T-shirt. (14) At that moment, he most of all hated this back, himself and his own humiliating impotence, which nevertheless required an excuse. (15) And thoughts raced through my head: “Why did he tell me? (16) Jealous of white trousers or a more fashionable hairstyle? (17) Proved that he is stronger than me? (18) Why am I timid in front of this stupid, disgusting power?

Exercise: Read a fragment of a review based on this text. This fragment analyzes the language features of the text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The author expresses his assessment with the help of bright ____ (“firm, hard look”, “humiliating impotence”, “colorless voice”, “stupid strength”), _____) (sentence 11) ____ (“muscles ... implacable in their arrogance "). The condition of the offended person is conveyed by ______ "flaring up ... with anger" ... "

List of terms :

1) epiphora

2) epithets

3) opposition

4) metaphor

5) parceling

6) paraphrase

8) comparative turnover

9) personification

Text No. 5

scream

(1) It was a warm, clear autumn day, a soft pinkish haze was poured everywhere in the air, leaves fell from poplars, flew, glided along the pavement asphalt, flashed past the walls of houses warmed by Indian summer on a narrow Moscow street. (2) In this quiet corner, up to the hubs, the wheels of cars were buried in rustling heaps of autumn gold, as if abandoned by the owners and sadly standing for a long time alone along the roadside, dry leaves lay on the wings, on radiators, gathered in heaps on windshields. (3) I walked, listened to the crunch under my feet and thought: “How good is the feeling of this quiet day and how good is the late sunny autumn - its breeze, its wine smell, its leaves on sidewalks and cars, its warmth and its mountain freshness .. .” (4) Where is the answer to this mystery? (5) I have never noticed like this how good nature is in its renewal and loss. (6) Yes, yes, everything is natural, wonderful! ..

(7) And suddenly ... (8) It seemed to me: somewhere a woman was screaming, it was in the house, above these deserted sidewalks, lonely cars covered with leaves.

(9) I shuddered, stopped, raised my head, looking at the windows illuminated by the sun, pierced by an unexpected terrible cry of pain, suffering, as if there, on the upper floors of an ordinary Moscow house, a person was being tortured, forcing him to writhe, wriggle in flour under a red-hot iron . (10) They were all the same, these windows were already tightly closed in pre-winter. (11) The cry of a woman either faded upstairs, then grew with an inhuman scream, a screech and sobs of last despair, which happens before the cold of nothingness and the abyss ...

(12) What was there? (13) Who tormented her? (14) Why? (15) Why did she sob so terribly?

(16) And everything beautiful went out in me: both the blessed Moscow leaf fall, and the light of an autumn day, and the tenderness of the natural beautiful times Indian summer. (17) Happiness suddenly turned into burning ... (18) It seemed that mankind itself was screaming from unbearable pain, having lost the feeling of the great and only good of all that exists - the joy of its unique existence.

(According to Yu. Bondarev)

Exercise: Read a fragment of a review based on this text. This fragment analyzes the language features of the text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“Compositionally, the text is divided into two parts, opposed to each other. In the first, Y. Bondarev, conveying the “tenderness” of the hero “by the beautiful times of Indian summer”, uses ____ (“soft pink haze”, “wine smell” (of autumn), “sunny autumn”), _____ (“in rustling heaps of autumn gold” ) and _____ (“leaves ... gathered in heaps”, “the nature of goodness”).

At the end of the first part, the feeling of admiration intensifies: the author uses _____ (sentence 4). At the end of the text, the author, on the contrary, shows the hero suffering from the thought of imperfection. human being, a hero experiencing a feeling of despair from the inability to help the unfortunate, and this is conveyed with the help of the rhetorical figure _____ (sentence 16).

List of terms:

1) parceling

2) rhetorical exclamation

3) emotional repetition

4) metaphor

5) multi-union

6) epithets

7) impersonation

8) anaphora

9) rhetorical question

Text No. 6

1) The earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun through the infinite Universe. (2) The life-support system on our beautiful ship is so ingenious that it is constantly self-renewing and thus enables billions of passengers to travel for millions of years.

(H) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, cutting down forests, spoiling the oceans. (5) If on a small spacecraft astronauts fussily start cutting wires, unscrewing screws, drilling holes in the skin, then this will have to be qualified as suicide. (6) But there is no fundamental difference between a small ship and a large one. (7) It's only a matter of size and time.

(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. 9) Wound up, multiply, swarm microscopic, on a planetary, and even more so on a universal, scale of being. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to bring a drop of a harmful (from the point of view of land and nature) culture into the green fur coat of the forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic, painful spot is spreading from this place. (12) They scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous administrations.

(13) Unfortunately, just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of the so-called technical progress there are such concepts as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication of man with nature, with the beauty of our land. (14) On the one hand, a person, twitched by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, crowding, a huge flow of artificial information, weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this outside world itself has been brought to such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual fellowship with him.

(15) It is not known how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote? (According to V. Soloukhin)

Exercise: Read a fragment of a review based on this text. This fragment analyzes the language features of the text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“In the first two sentences of the text, a trope such as ____ is used. This image " cosmic body” and “astronauts” is the key to understanding the author’s position. Arguing about how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that "humanity is a disease of the planet." _____ (“they scurry, multiply, do their job, eating away the bowels, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous substances”) convey the negative deeds of man. The use of ____ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said by the author is far from being indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ___ "original" gives the argument a sad ending, which ends with a question.

List of terms:

1) epithet

2) litote

3) introductory words and insert structures

4) irony

5) extended metaphor

6) parceling

7) question-answer form of presentation.

8) dialectism

9) homogeneous members of the proposal

Text No. 7

(1) Once, starlings flew to my watch, October, autumn, rainy, (2) We raced at night from the coast of Iceland to Norway, (3) On a ship lit by powerful lights. (4) And in this foggy world, tired constellations arose ...

(5) I left the cabin on the wing of the bridge, (b) Wind, rain and the night immediately became loud. (7) I raised the binoculars to my eyes. (8) The white superstructures of the ship swayed in the glass,rescue whaleboats, covers dark from the rain and birds - windblown wet lumps. (9) They rushed aroundwaiting with antennas and trying to hide from the wind behind the pipe.

(10) The deck of our ship was chosen by these small fearless birds as a temporary shelter on their long journey to the south. (I) Of course, Savrasov remembered: rooks, spring, there is still snow, and the trees woke up. (12) And everything in general was remembered what happens around us and what happens inside our souls when the Russian spring comes and rooks and starlings arrive. (13) You can't describe it. (14) This brings back to childhood. (15) And this is connected not only with the joy of the awakening of nature, but also with a deep sense of the homeland, Russia,

(16) And let them scold our Russian artists for the old-fashioned and literary plots. (17) And the names of Savrasov, Levitan, Serov, Korovin, Kustodiev hide not only the eternal joy of life in art. (18) It is Russian joy that is hidden, with all its tenderness, modesty and depth. (19) And how simple the Russian song is, so simple is painting.

(20) And in our complex age when the art of the world painfully searches for general truths, when the intricacies of life necessitate the most complex analysis the psyche of an individual and the most complex analysis of the life of society - in our age, artists should all the more not forget about one simple function of art - to awaken and illuminate in a fellow tribesman a sense of homeland.

(21) Let our landscape painters not know abroad. (22) In order not to pass by Serov, one must be Russian. (23) Art is then art when it evokes in a personke feeling, albeit fleeting, but happiness. (24) And we are arranged in such a way that the most piercing happiness arises in uswhen we feel love for Russia. (25) I don't knowDo other nations have such an indissoluble bond betweenaesthetic sense and sense of the homeland?(According to V. Konetsky)

Exercise: Read a fragment of a review based on this text. This fragment analyzes the language features of the text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The starlings awakened in the soul of the author of the text memories of the Motherland and many other warm feelings for which it tries to find exact words, while resorting to the use of such figurative means as ___ (“the trees woke up”), ___ (“I remembered at all” in sentence 12, “I remembered Savrasov ...” in sentence 11) and ___ (“piercing happiness” in sentence 24 ). The position of the author is helped to express such a syntactic means as ____ (sentences 15, 17-18).

List of terms:

1) lexical repetition

2) impersonation

4) parceling

5) epithet

6) rows of homogeneous members

7) colloquial word

8) rhetorical appeal

9) comparative turnover

Answers: 2,1,5,6.

Text No. 8

(1) We studied with Him in the same class during the war in a distant city on the Volga. (2) He was a third-year student, I caught up with Him in the fourth grade in the 43rd year. (3) I was then frail, walked in a quilted jacket, huge boots and dark blue pants, which were given to me by order from American gifts. (4) By that time I had already worn out my pants, and on my backside I had two round patches, like glasses. (5) Nevertheless, I continued to be proud of my pants: then they were not ashamed of patches. (6) In addition, I was proud of the trophy fountain pen that my sister sent me from the army. (7) However, I was not proud of the fountain pen for long. (8) He took it from me. (9) He took everything - everything that was of interest to Him. (10) And not only for me, but for the whole class.

(11) At school, we were given breakfast every day - sticky buns. (12) The headman carried them upstairs in a large dish, and we stood on the upper platform and watched this wonderful dish float to us from the school bowels. (13) I, like everyone else, wrapped the bun in a notebook sheet and put it in my bag.

(14) His blue eyes met me every day around the corner of the school.

15) - Come on, - He said, and I handed Him my bun, on which there were dents from my fingers.

(16) - Come on, - he said to the next one, and Lyoka and Cossack worked next to Him. (17) I came home, and my younger sister and I were waiting for my aunt. (18) Aunt was returning from the market and brought a loaf of bread and potatoes. (19) Sometimes she didn't bring anything.

(20) Once she told me: - Nina brings breakfast, but you don’t. (21) Rustam brings, and all the guys from that yard, and you eat it yourself.

(22) I went out into the courtyard and sat on a broken iron bed near the terrace. (23) In the gray darkening sky, rooks circled over the lindens. (24) What do rooks eat? (25) Insects, worms, air? (26) They are good. (27) Or maybe they also have someone who takes everything for himself? (28) Dive-bombers were walking low over the city. (29) What will happen to me?

(30) Aunt washed all night. (31) Water flowed behind the screen, splashed, gurgled, Hitler choked in soapy water, aunt crushed him with her knotty hands.

(32) The next day, around the corner, shaking with courage, I grabbed Him by the button and hit him. (33) A few seconds later I was lying in the snow, the Cossack was sitting on top of me, and Lyoka was putting my own breakfast in my mouth.

(34) - Come on, dare, bite!

(35) The next day, when the last lesson ended, I put the notebooks in my bag and looked around. (36) Cossack, Leka and He sat together on the same desk and smiled, looking at me. (37) In my face, they apparently understood that I would again defend my breakfast. (38) Come what may. (39) Let them beat me, I will do it every day. (According to V.P. Aksyonov)

Exercise: Read a fragment of a review based on this text. This fragment analyzes the language features of the text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“The extent of His power is described by V.P. Aksenov already at the very beginning of the text. First of all, this is expressed in the fact that the text uses a pronoun that replaces a proper name. And in sentence 14, the effect is achieved using such a means of expression as _____. His image is inseparable from the figures of faithful vassals who follow Him in everything. They even have a common way of speaking: their lines include _____ (sentences 15, 34). At the same time, such a syntactic means of expressiveness as _____ (sentences 15-16) emphasizes the repeatability, smoothness of their actions ... The more significant is the irrevocable decision of the hero-narrator, which expresses _____ (“come what may”).

List of terms:

1) rhetorical appeal

2) book vocabulary

3) syntactic parallelism

4) verbs in imperative mood

5) epithet

6) phraseological unit

7) antonyms

8) metonymy

9) rhetorical question

Answers: 8, 4, 3, 6.

Text No. 9

(1) One of the most charming childhood memories is the pleasure I experienced when our teacher read aloud to us in the lesson "The Captain's Daughter". (2) These were happy moments, there are not so many of them, and therefore we carefully carry them through our whole lives.

(3) Already a mature person, I read Marina Tsvetaeva's notes about Pushkin. (4) It follows from them that the future rebellious poetess, reading The Captain's Daughter, was waiting with mysterious pleasure for the appearance of Pugachev. (5) It was completely different for me. (6) I waited with the greatest pleasure all the time for the appearance of Savelich.

(7) This hare sheepskin coat, this reckless love and devotion to his Petrusha! (8) Incredible touching. (9) Is Savelich a slave? (10) Yes, he is actually the master of the situation! (11) Petrusha is defenseless against Savelich's all-encompassing despotic love and devotion to him. (12) He is helpless against her, because he is a good person and understands that despotism comes precisely from love and devotion to him.

(13) Even as a child, listening to the reading of The Captain's Daughter, I felt a comic inversion psychological relations master and servant, where the servant is the true master. (14) But precisely because he is infinitely devoted and loves his master. (15) Love is the most important thing.

(16) Apparently, Pushkin himself longed for such love and devotion, perhaps nostalgically dressed Arina Rodionovna in the clothes of Savelich.

(17) The main and invariable sign of the success of a work of art is the desire to return to it, re-read it and repeat the pleasure. (18) Due to life circumstances, we may not return to our favorite work, but the very hope, the dream of returning to it warms the heart, gives vitality. (F. Iskander)

Exercise:

A) sentences 9, 10 B) sentence 11

C) sentence 2 (3rd part) D) sentence 4 (future rebellious poetess)

1) comparison

2) hyperbole

3) question-answer form of presentation

4) anaphora

5) epithets

6) metaphor

7) syntactic parallelism

8) paraphrase

9) rows of homogeneous members

10) gradation

Text No. 10

(1) On the anniversary of the celebration of Pushkin's jubilee, at one of the meetings, I happened to be a witness to a very curious conversation. (2) The deputy head of one of the city districts asked his colleague how they would like to celebrate the anniversary. (3) The official sighed and mournfully drawled: “Yes, we don’t know yet ...”. (4) There was so much agonizing longing in his voice, so much genuine weariness! (5) They forced the poor man to do something in which he sees no point, no benefit.

(6) That's just about the benefits of Pushkin, I would like to talk. (7) In our time, when the market with its exact calculation reigns supreme, it seems to many that the spiritual sphere of a person is insignificant, it can be neglected, it can be ignored. (8) Indeed, an understandable “arithmetic” reigns in life for everyone and everyone: you buy where it is cheaper and better, and the manufacturer, if he does not want to fly into the pipe, will take care to please the consumer. (9) But such clarity and consistency is in fact illusory, those who believe in it are much more gullible and naive than those who believe in the moral powers of the human soul.

(10) “Take care of honor from a young age,” Pushkin bequeathed in his “Captain’s Daughter”. (11) "Why?" - asks another modern "ideologist" of our market life. (12) Why save a product for which there is a demand: if I am well paid for this very “honor”, ​​then I will sell it. (13) Remember the merchant Paratov from "Dowry": "I have<...>there is nothing cherished; I will find a profit, so I will sell everything, anything ... ". (14) And the only obstacle to this deal is the question of price. (15) But what does such a completely reasonable logic lead to in our life? (16) Here, a pharmacy worker is offered counterfeit medicines, and he agrees to sell them not at all because he fiercely wishes harm to people, but simply it is beneficial for him, and the obstacle in the face of "honor", "shame" and other "unnecessities" has been removed. (17) Here is a university teacher for a bribe suits yesterday's loser to the university ...

(18) People step over conscience only because they consider it to be something ephemeral, invented, and the banknotes that they receive in their hands are the completely material basis of well-being. (19) But what does this scanty philosophy lead to, what terrible, already completely material, quite tangible misfortunes do this stupid wisdom, this unscrupulousness, this “disgrace” bring us?

(20) Many perceive the moral appeals of Russian writers as a tedious teaching, not realizing that they are based on the desire to save a person. (21) And the fate of our country, which has all the material prerequisites for becoming one of the richest countries in the world, but which for some reason still remains poor, just speaks of how important the human soul is, how important be honest and conscientious. (According to S. Kudryashov)

Exercise: what means of expression are found in said proposals?

A) proposals 16, 17 B) proposal 6

C) sentences 10, 13 D) sentence 4

1) metonymy

2) litote

3) rhetorical question

4) anaphora

5) epithets

6) metaphor

7) syntactic parallelism

8) quoting

9) rows of homogeneous members

10) gradation

Text No. 11

(1) Nationalism is a manifestation of a nation's weakness, not its strength. (2) It is mostly weak peoples who are trying to save themselves with the help of nationalistic feelings and ideology that are infected with nationalism. (3) But a great people, a people with its great culture, with its national traditions must be kind, especially if the fate of a small people is connected with him. (4) A great nation should help a small one to preserve itself, its language, its culture.

(5) The strong people are not necessarily numerous, but the weak are few. (6) The point is not in the number of people belonging to a given people, but in the confidence and stability of its national traditions.

(7) Fifteen years ago, even before the formation of the Society for the Preservation of Cultural and Historical Monuments, I met three nice and thoughtful young people who, like me, were worried about the neglect in which, especially then, cultural monuments were located. (8) Together we listed what we are losing and what we can still lose, together we were worried, shared our anxiety about the future. (9) I began to say that we do not care enough about the monuments of small nations: after all, the Izhors disappear without a trace. (10) And suddenly my young people frowned: "No, we will only take care of Russian monuments." (11) "Why?" (12) "We are Russians." (13) “But isn’t it Russia’s duty to help those peoples who, by the will of history, have linked their fate with the fate of Russia?”

(14) My boys quickly agreed with me. (15) “You will understand,” I said, “doing good is much more gratifying than doing bad. (16) It's nice to give gifts. (17) In protecting others, in a good attitude towards them, there is strength, self-confidence and there is real power. (18) The faces of the boys brightened up. (19) As if a weight had been lifted from their shoulders.

(20) I spoke, among other things, about how much valuable for world culture the peoples of the Volga region give. (21) The Volga region - understand this! - that is, the peoples living along the great Russian river Volga. (22) Isn't the Volga also a river of other peoples - Tatars, Mordovians, Mari and others? (23) Is it far from her to the people of Komi or Bashkirs? (24) How much we, Russians, received cultural values ​​from other peoples precisely because we ourselves gave them a lot! (25) And culture is like fiat ruble: you pay with this ruble, and it is all in your pocket, and even, you see, there is more money. (According to D. Likhachev)

Exercise: what means of expression are found in these sentences?

A) proposals 21, 24 B) proposal 19

C) proposals 22, 23 D) proposals 1, 5

1) metonymy

2) phraseological unit

3) rhetorical question

4) anaphora

5) epithets

6) metaphor

7) syntactic parallelism

8) antonyms

9) rows of homogeneous members

10) rhetorical exclamations.

Text No. 12

one). Its charm was in the responses, in the sonority of the birch forest. 2) Her charm was that she was by no means herself: she was connected with everything that we saw, felt, and we, and they, these Ryazan mowers. 3) The charm was in that unconscious, but blood relationship that was between them and us - and between them, us and this grain-growing field that surrounded us, this field air that they and we breathed from childhood, this evening time , these clouds in the already pinking west, this fresh, young forest., Full of honey grasses to the waist, wild innumerable flowers and berries, which they constantly plucked and ate, and this big road, its expanse and reserved distance. 4) The beauty was that we were all children of our homeland and were all together and we all felt good, calm and loving without a clear understanding of our feelings, because they are not necessary, should not be understood when they are. 5) And there was also a charm (already completely not realized by us then) that this homeland, this common home of ours was Russia, and that only ee; the soul could sing as the mowers sang in this birch forest that responded to their every breath. 6) The charm was that it was as if it were not singing, but only sighs, chest lifts. 7) She sang one breast, as songs were once sung only in Russia and with that immediacy, with that incomparable ease, naturalness that was characteristic only of the Russian. 8) It was felt - a person is so fresh, strong, so naive in ignorance of his strengths and talents and so full of song that he only needs to sigh lightly in order to respond to the whole forest to that kind and affectionate, and sometimes bold and powerful sonority, which filled his sighs. 9) They moved, throwing scythes around them without the slightest effort, exposing clearings in front of them in wide semicircles, mowing, knocking out a circle of stumps and bushes and sighing without the slightest effort, each in his own way, but in general expressing one thing, doing something united on a whim, absolutely perfect, extraordinarily beautiful. 10) And those feelings that they told with their sighs and half-words along with the echoing distance, the depth of the forest, were beautiful with a completely special, purely Russian beauty.

Exercise: What means of expression are found in this text?

"Sound of a birch forest".

“It was as if it were not singing, but just sighs, the rises of a young, healthy, melodious chest.”

"sang ... with spontaneity, incomparable ease, naturalness."

"a man ... responded to that kind and affectionate ... impudent and powerful."

"feelings .. told with sighs, half-words."

"responding distance".

"deep forest".

"there were children of their homeland."

"well, calmly and lovingly."

"This common home of ours was Russia."

"... her soul could sing like the mowers sang."

"I felt ... fresh, strong, so naive ... full of song."

"afternoon time".

"these clouds in the already pinking west."

“in wide semicircles, exposing glades in front of you”, “field air” (metaphors)

"fresh young forest, full of honey grasses up to the waist, wild innumerable flowers."

Answers: 1 - metaphor, 2 - comparison, 3 - epithets, 4 - metaphor, antithesis, 5 - metaphor, 6 - metaphor, 7 - metaphor, 8 - metaphor, 9 - epithet, 10 - metaphor, 11 - comparison, 12 - metaphor, 13 - epithet. 14 is an epithet, 15 is an epithet, 16 is a metaphor.

List of literature for preparing for the exam

Biserov, A.Yu., Sokolova N.V. The most complete edition standard options real tasks of the Unified State Examination: 2009: Russian language / Biserov A.Yu., Sokolova N.V. - M. - AST: Astrel, 2009.

Kuznetsova, I.A. USE 2009. Russian language. We sell without problems! / I.A. Kuznetsova. – M.: Eksmo, 2008.

Literature: Reference materials: A book for students / S.V. Turaev, L.I. Timofeev, K.D. Vishnevsky - M .: Education, 1998.

Rosenthal, E.D. spelling guide and literary editing/ Golub I.B. - M. Iris-press, 2003.

Internet resources: Official information portal of the Unified State Examination. www . age . edu . en

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Slides captions:

Figurative and expressive means of language Preparation for the exam. Task B 8

Figurative and expressive means of the language of the trail stylistic figures

Paths are turns of speech in which a word or phrase is used in a figurative sense in order to achieve greater artistic expressiveness. Tropes are: epithet comparison metaphor personification metonymy synecdoche paraphrase hyperbole litote

A metaphor is a word or expression used in a figurative sense. In essence, a metaphor is a folded comparison that can always be “expanded” into a real comparative turn. The metaphorization can be based on the similarity of a variety of signs: By location: on the chest of a giant cliff, the head and tail of the train, the sole of the mountain By color: hair gold, chocolate tan By size, quantity: an ocean of tears, a mountain of books, a sea of ​​​​hands By character sounds: rain drumming, screeching of a saw, moaning of a pine tree, howling of the wind, neighing in response to a joke By degree of value: a pearl of poetry, a golden worker, salt of an article By the impression it makes: a warm welcome, an icy look, a sour mine, sweet speeches By a form: an onion churches, ribbon road

Metaphor makes the image unexpected, memorable. Find a metaphor: A candle will burn out with a golden flame of bodily wax, and the wooden clock of the moon will croak my twelfth hour. (S. Yesenin) A wandering crowd of clouds ... The barge of life has risen. (A. Blok) It's fun to make your way along a narrow path, between two walls of high rye. Remembrance silently before me develops its long scroll. Winter was soft and damp on the roofs. (K. Paustovsky)

Metonymy is the transfer of a name from one object to another on the basis of adjacency (transferring the properties of an object to the object itself). Can be transferred: The name of the premises, the territory of the people living, working there: The whole school came to the stadium to cheer for their team. Moscow is ready to vote for its mayor again. The name of the vessel, containers for its contents: Ate two plates, asked for a third. Have another cup. The name of the substance for a product from it: an exhibition of ancient porcelain; the lady is all in furs. Author's name on his creations: I love Chekhov, Surikov's exhibition; get from Bunin's shelf. The name of the geographical point on what is produced there: she collects Gzhel; forbade the sale of Borjomi The name of the weapon for the actions performed by him: He doomed their villages and fields for a violent raid to swords and fires.

Metonymic substitutions make it possible to make the thought more vivid, concise, expressive, give the depicted object visibility. Find the metonymy: Well, eat another plate, my dear! No, my Moscow did not go to him with a guilty head. Amber on the trumpets of Tsaregrad, Porcelain and bronze on the table, And, the feelings of pampered joy, Perfume in faceted crystal. And hardly anyone in the city slept: At night the cannon thunder rumbled. No sleep! The whole capital prayed that the Neva would return to its shores. The shop windows were lined with antique bronze. The theater is already shining ... The audience listened to every word of the lecturer. I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero.

Explain the basis for the metonymic transfer in the following sentences: A scepter and a golden mantle awaited him. The fox fur coat squealed thinly and piercingly. The entire hall clapped deafeningly. The pen was seething with passion. Truth cannot be obtained with a fist. He returned an old, exhausted man and dropped anchor at the steep ocean shore, where a quiet village dozed peacefully. The multi-storey hall trembled, And, full of young people, the rayok applauded the singer, Then the stalls and boxes.

Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of the quantitative relationship between them: more instead of less, less instead of more. Naming: instead of the whole object, only its parts, or the whole instead of a part, or the singular instead of the plural, or a definite number instead of the indefinite Usually used in synecdoche singular instead of the plural: Even the bird does not fly to him, And the beast does not go.

Find a synecdoche in sentences Where even the strongest will break, there the flexible will bend, but will stand. They forgot the Russian bayonet and the snow, Buried their glory in the desert. We need a roof over our heads. Haven't seen each other for a hundred years. He was buried in the earth's globe, and he was only a soldier. A lone sail turns white ... And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced. Millions of you. We are darkness, and darkness, and darkness. We all look at Napoleons. This is my turn, behind me was a red jacket, and in front of me was this white beret. He is ready to run after every skirt. The suspicious pants were already far away. And it was heard until dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced.

Comparison. This technique consists in likening a phenomenon to another. Comparisons are expressed different ways: Instrumental case and every day leaves with smoke Form comparative degree adjective or adverb the soul of her marshmallow is quieter Turnovers with comparative conjunctions (as if, exactly, as if, that, as if): Crazy years of extinct fun It's hard for me, like a vague hangover. Lexically (using the words similar, alike): Your eyes are like stars

An epithet is an artistic, figurative definition, the purpose of which is not so much to give information as to create an image, to convey the attitude of the author. Epithets are most often adjectives, but often nouns act as epithets (sorceress-winter); adverbs (it stands alone in the wild north); gerunds (waves rush, thundering and sparkling) Epithets are conditionally divided into pictorial (highlight the essential aspects of the depicted) and lyrical (the author’s attitude to the depicted is expressed): “in a cloudy sky” and “images of soulless people flash by” In folklore there are permanent epithets: the sun is red, the wind is violent, good fellow

Paraphrase (periphrase) - a turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features (the king of beasts - the lion, Peter the creation - Petersburg, the Celestial Empire - China Find the periphrase corresponding to the indicated nouns: Muse Winter Prometheus Swede Saber Goose Pushkin Homer Microscope youth Savior Capitol Shining Steel The Sun of Russian Poetry Spring human life Gray-haired sorceress Parnassian goddess Descendant of the brave Vikings Leeuwenhoek's magic device Chained to the rock Titan Immortal creator of the Iliad

Hyperbole is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of size, strength, value. Litota is an expression containing, in contrast to hyperbole, an exorbitant understatement of the size, strength, or significance of a phenomenon. Determine whether the hyperbole or litote is in front of you: Petya fell silent and until the evening was quieter than water, lower than grass. Below a thin bylinochka, one must bow one's head. Tom Thumb. In a hundred and forty suns the sunset was blazing. I live two steps away from the subway. He doesn't have an ounce of talent. A cucumber the size of the Leaning Tower of Pisa stands on the horizon. A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper. Snow fell from the sky in pounds. Some houses are as long as the stars, others as long as the moon.

Stylistic figures: rhetorical question rhetorical exclamation inversion parcellation antithesis anaphora epiphora gradation ellipsis…

Antithesis - a stylistic figure that serves to enhance the expressiveness of speech by sharply contrasting concepts, thoughts, images: Find the antithesis in each of these sentences. 1) Who is created from stone, who is created from clay - and I silver and sparkle. 2) This path is light and darkness, the whistle of robbers in the clearings. 3) And her tears are water, and blood is water, - she washed herself in blood, in tears! Not a mother, but a stepmother Love: do not expect any judgment or mercy. 4) I look into the centuries, I live in minutes. 5) From others praise is what is evil, from you and blasphemy is praise.

Gradation is a stylistic figure consisting in such an arrangement of parts of the statement, in which each subsequent contains an increasing or decreasing semantic or emotionally expressive meaning, due to which an increase or weakening of the impression they make is created. Find a gradation in sentences In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, incomparable look. I knew inaccessible beauties, cold, pure as winter, implacable, incorruptible, incomprehensible to the mind. Glowing, burning, shone huge blue eyes. I hope, I believe: shameful prudence will never come to me. On the mere assumption of such a case, you would have to ... emit streams ... what am I saying! Rivers, lakes, oceans of tears!

Inversion - a stylistic figure consisting in a violation of the usual word order; the rearrangement of the parts of the phrase gives it a peculiar expressive tone Find the inversion in the sentences. With a yoke, he replaced the corvée with an old quitrent with a light one. Love insane anxiety I joylessly experienced. He made excellent meals. He shook my hand in farewell. His sharpness and subtlety of instinct struck me. Here my friend burned with shame.

Rhetorical question- a stylistic figure, the construction of speech, in which the statement is expressed in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not imply an answer, it only enhances the emotionality of the statement, its expressiveness: Who is not affected by novelty? (A. Chekhov.) Polyunion is a stylistic figure. Slowing down speech with forced pauses, polyunion emphasizes individual words, enhances its expressiveness: I will either sob, or scream, or faint. (A. Chekhov.) An oxymoron is a stylistic figure consisting in the combination of two concepts that contradict each other, logically excluding one another: bitter joy, ringing silence, eloquent silence. Find examples of oxymorons in the following sentences. And the impossible is possible, the road is long and easy. But I soon comprehended the mystery of their ugly beauty. Silence rumbles, not hearing my words.

Parallelism is the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech Find examples of parallelism in the following sentences These poor villages, this meager nature is the edge native long-suffering, land of the Russian people. The stars are praying, twinkling and thinning, the month is praying, floating on the azure, light clouds, twining, do not dare to attract storms from the dark earth to them. The misty noon breathes lazily, the river rolls lazily, and the clouds melt lazily in the clear and fiery firmament. I look at the future with fear, I look at the past with longing.

Parcellation is such a division of a sentence in which the content of the statement is divided into several speech units, following one after another after a separating pause: He soon quarreled with the girl. And here's why. (G. Uspensky.) Mitrofanov grinned, stirred the coffee. Narrowed his eyes. (N. Ilyina.) Anaphora - unity of command (scheme A ... A ...), repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of some verses, stanzas or phrases. (“The heat rose like a wall. The heat choked him with its hot hands. The heat drove him crazy ...”) Epiphora is a repetition at the end of a phrase, sentence, line, stanza. Dear friend, and in this quiet house the fever beats me. Do not find me a place in a quiet house Near a peaceful fire. (A.Blok) Anadiplosis (pickup) - repeat last word(groups of words) of the previous sentence at the beginning of the next. (“Then he softly sang a song. The song his mother had taught him.”)

1. In what case is given wrong definition trail? A) Metaphor is a pictorial technique based on the fact that a word or expression is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. B) Metonymy is a pictorial technique based on the fact that a word or expression is used in a figurative sense based on the contiguity of two objects or phenomena. C) Personification is a pictorial technique based on the transfer of the features of an object or concept to a living being. D) Comparison is a visual technique based on comparing one phenomenon or concept with another.

2. In what case is the wrong definition of the figure given? A) Antithesis is a visual technique based on a sharp opposition of opposite concepts, positions, images. B) Anaphora is a visual technique based on the repetition of a word or group of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences. C) Inversion is a visual technique based on changing the usual word order in a sentence. D) Gradation is a visual technique based on the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a feature.

3. In what case is an incorrect definition of a figurative and expressive means given? A) An oxymoron is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradicting each other. B) Litota is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant underestimation of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action. C) Parceling - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image. D) A paraphrase is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase.

4. Indicate what type of trails the expression "scattering stars" refers to. A) metaphor B) paraphrase C) hyperbole D) litote

5. Indicate which path is used in the expression " It seems that all of Moscow has gathered on the square". A) metaphor B) synecdoche C) epithet D) metonymy

6. Indicate which trope is used in the expression "didn't eat a crumb." A) metaphor B) comparison C) hyperbole D) litote

7. Indicate what type of tropes the expression “priests of Themis” refers to (about workers in the justice system). A) metaphor B) paraphrase C) metonymy D) personification

8. Indicate what type of trails the expression "Land of the Rising Sun" refers to. A) metaphor B) metonymy C) paraphrase D) hyperbole

9. Indicate which figure of speech is used in the expression "The rich feast on weekdays, and the poor mourn on holidays." A) gradation B) inversion C) oxymoron D) antithesis

10. Indicate what figure of speech is used in the expression of M. Gorky "A petrel, similar to black lightning, proudly flies over the gray plain of the sea." A) metonymy B) comparison C) antithesis D) oxymoron

Determine what means of expression is used The car, buzzing and shaking, rushed along ... the roads. Amusing soldiers from the royal grooms, falconers, and even from young men of elegant surnames, Peter I now had about three hundred people. Alas! He does not seek happiness and does not run away from happiness! Whisper, timid breathing, trills of a nightingale ... A. historicisms B. Lexical repetition C. Personification D. Phraseologisms E. Epithet 1 in 2 a 3 b 4 e

Determine what means of expression is used. He was buried in the globe of the earth, and he was only a soldier. Oh! Summer red! I would love you if it were not for the heat, and dust, and mosquitoes, and flies ... Three! Three bird! Who made you up? A curly-haired lamb walks in the blue grass for a month. A. Question-answer form of presentation. B. Hyperbole. B. Polyunion. D. Rhetorical question. E. Comparison 1 b 2 c 3 d 4 e

Determine what means of expression is used They brought out horses, I didn’t like them. I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees. I am for a candle - a candle in the stove. I'm for a book - that run. Now I have become more stingy in desires. My life, or did you dream of me? A. Gradation B. Inversion C. Oxymoron D. Rhetorical appeal E. Syntactic parallelism 1 b 2 a 3 e 4 d

Determine what means of expression is used Here, the wild nobility, without feeling, without the Law, appropriated by a violent vine both the work, and the property, and the time of the farmer. Love, hope, quiet glory did not long deceive us, youthful amusements disappeared, like a dream, like a morning mist ... Oh, you, preserved by fate for sweet love rewards; love with priceless tears will your return be blessed. As long as we burn with freedom, as long as our hearts are alive for honor, my friend, let us dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses! A. Antithesis B. Lexical repetition C. Polyunion D. Rhetorical exclamation E. Epithet 1 v 2 e 3 e 4 d

Determine what means of expression is used. Fading, withering summer is red; clear days fly away; the mist of the rainy night creeps in the slumbering shadow. I see, my friends! An unoppressed people and Slavery, fallen at the behest of the tsar, and enlightened Freedom over the fatherland Will the beautiful Dawn rise at last? Hooray! A nomadic despot is galloping to Russia. The Savior weeps bitterly, and with him all the people. I am yours - I exchanged the vicious court of Circe, luxurious feasts, fun, delusions for the peaceful noise of oak trees, for the silence of fields, for free idleness, a friend of reflection A. Anaphora B. Gradation C. Lexical repetition D. Rhetorical question E. Sarcasm 1 to 2 d 3 e 4 a

Read the fragments of the review based on the proposed text. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. (1) One of the mysterious and perhaps tragic features of life is that, as we grow up, we forget amazingly quickly. state of mind childhood, shades of these states. (2) In rare high moments, childhood in us comes to life. (3) But do we feel in the everyday course of days an understanding of childhood as something spiritually close, completely dear? (4) How many can repeat after Saint-Exupery: “I am from the land of childhood...”? (5) "Children are poets, children are philosophers," says J. Korczak. (6) Poets, because they rejoice greatly and mourn greatly; philosophers, because they tend to think deeply into life. (7) And then? (8) Where does it go? (9) Why, when the small ones become big, are poets and philosophers a rarity? (E. Rich) The main theme of this passage can first be identified by ______, which are repeated many times in the first paragraph. E. Bogat's text is permeated with regret that people, growing up, lose their "mental state of childhood." Encouraging readers to think about the issues raised, the author uses _______ (sentences 3, 4, 8, 9). E. Bogat tries to convey his feelings with the help of well-chosen ______ (“mysterious and tragic features of life”, “high minutes”, “amazingly fast”, etc.). To justify his position, the author resorts to ________ (sentence 5). List of terms: 1) metaphor 2) phraseological unit 3) keywords 4) syntactic parallelism 5) rhetorical question 6) quotation 7) hyperbole 8) inversion 9) epithets 10) comparative turnover

Read the review snippet. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the gaps with the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.

“In the sphere of creative interests of the writer and publicist Vladimir Soloukhin were, first of all, history and culture home country. For example, in this excerpt from the essay, V. Soloukhin discusses the issue of the influence of television on the traditions of the people. Calm, measured intonation and (A)_____ (“how they consume, what they consume” in sentence 13) emphasize the author’s interested and at the same time thoughtful attitude to the problem. In order to identify the severity of the problem, the writer uses such a trope as (B) _____ (“gray spot” in sentences 7 and 9) and such a lexical means of expressiveness as (C) _____ (“consumer” - “active, lively, creative " in sentence 12). (D)_____ (sentences 24-26) reflects the desire of V. Soloukhin to involve the reader in joint reflections on the role of television.

List of terms:

1) rhetorical question

2) lexical repetition

3) colloquial vocabulary

4) terms

5) contextual antonyms

6) metonymy

7) question-answer form of presentation

8) comparative turnover

9) inversion

Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:

A	B	AT	G

(1) In the editorial office they told me: since you are going to the village anyway and will live there for some time, please take an interest in the TV. (2) I promised.

(3) Of course, I also had some attitude towards TV. (4) I immediately remembered my conversation with an English farmer, whose hospitality I once took advantage of. (5) He then called television a disaster, especially for his young daughters.

- (6) The TV generates passivity! - got excited farmer. - (7) Just think, my daughters, instead of practicing the violin or piano, instead of reading and developing their imagination, instead of collecting butterflies or medicinal herbs, instead of embroidering, they sit all evenings staring at it gray spot. (8) Time passes, it seems to everyone that everyone is busy with business or, at least, skillfully use leisure. (9) But then the gray spot goes out and that's it. (10) Emptiness. (11) Nothing is left, nothing has been added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride ...

(12) Considering that televisions do not play the first role in the formation of future generations, I nevertheless once wrote an article “Creator or viewer?” in the sense that if earlier in the village they sang themselves, now they only listen to how they sing, if before they danced themselves, now they only watch how they dance, and so on, that is, a consumer attitude towards art is gradually developed instead of active, lively, creative.

(13) Now it was necessary to ask how they consume, what they consume and what are the wishes in the field of consumption.

(14) With such and such data and with a questionnaire in my pocket, I looked around, standing in the middle of our village. (15) It now has thirty-three houses. (16) Antennas rise above eleven roofs. (17) The first TV set was bought in 1959, the last one a week ago.

(18) It turned out that cinema is in the first place in terms of interest. (19) 3 themes of the production, that is, performances. (20) In third place - football, "Club of Travelers", singing, concerts, "Spark".

(21) It is interesting that, so to speak, the smallest number of points, namely round zero, was received, on the one hand, by symphonic and any orchestral music and even opera, and on the other hand, conversations on agricultural technology and generally special agricultural programs. (22) This is worth thinking about. (23) Imagine a program about the basics of versification. (24) Do you think poets would listen and watch it? (25) Not at all. (26) It would be more interesting to all non-poets who want to touch on the secrets of an alien profession. (27) So the story of harvesting tea or cultivating the soil is more interesting for an urban person.

(According to V. Soloukhin)

Text source: Unified State Examination 2010 Federal bank of examination tasks.

FIPI Bank Block No. C169BB

Explanation (see also Rule below).

Let's fill in the blanks.

“In the sphere of creative interests of the writer and publicist Vladimir Soloukhin were, first of all, the history and culture of his native country. For example, in this excerpt from the essay, V. Soloukhin discusses the issue of the influence of television on the traditions of the people. Calm, measured intonation and lexical repetition(“how they consume, what they consume” in sentence 13) emphasize the author’s interested and at the same time thoughtful attitude to the problem. In order to reveal the acuteness of the problem, the writer uses such a trope as metonymy(metonymy is a method of artistic shaping, which consists in bringing together, correlating and connecting images according to the similarity of content. As a result, an imaginary replacement of one meaning with another (renaming) occurs, a new image is born, in which, however, the features of the original ones are preserved and easily recognized) and such lexical means of expression contextual antonyms("consumer" - "active, lively, creative" in sentence 12). (in sentence 24 the author asks a question, and in sentences 25, 26 he answers it himself) reflects the desire of V. Soloukhin to involve the reader in joint reflections on the role of television.

Answer: 2657.

Note: This task, like many others, does not indicate what type of tool it is. And so it is, and so it will be. See the “Rule” for the task, understand where the sentence level is, and where the word level is. And everything will work out!

Answer: 2657

Relevance: Used in 2015-2017

Difficulty: normal

Rule: Language means of expression. Task 26, Language means of expression. Task 26

1.Epithet

adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), (I. A. Bunin).

-nouns (M. Gorky);

-adverbs alone tense

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns

what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-: Nightingale vocabulary rumbling not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave

greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

3.Metaphor and etc.

1) general language("erased"):

2) artistic

And the stars fade diamond thrill

AT painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

And eyes blue, bottomless

Metaphor happens not only single

4. Personification

. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy

He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

(A. S. Griboyedov);

The city was noisy

6. Synecdoche kind of metonymy

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase

8. Hyperbole (N. V. Gogol)

thirty five thousands

9. Litota less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony (I. A. Krylov)

find in task 22!

11. Synonyms eyes(neutral) - eyes

12. Antonyms

Lies happen good or evil,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms

);

).

disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

);

);

party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: ; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

boyar, oprichnina, horse brow - forehead, sail - sail blog, slogan, teenager).

16. Rhetorical question

.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation

That was in the morning of our years -

Alas!

18. Rhetorical appeal

My friends!

Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

Epiphora

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

joy!

joy!

joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup

he fell down on the cold snow

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

21. Inversion

damp dungeon great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling (R. Rozhdestvensky); And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union when unions are omitted

When polyunion

But and grandson, and great-grandson, and great-great-grandson

24.Period

(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

26. Gradation Increasing gradation

(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining

Descending gradation

He brought the tar of death

27. Oxymoron sweet torment

There is melancholy cheerful

But their ugly beauty

28. Allegory Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences

ANALYSIS OF THE MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

The purpose of the task is to determine the means of expression used in the review by establishing a correspondence between the gaps indicated by the letters in the text of the review and the numbers with definitions. You need to write down matches only in the order in which the letters go in the text. If you do not know what is hidden under a particular letter, you must put "0" in place of this number. For the task you can get from 1 to 4 points.

When completing task 26, you should remember that you fill in the gaps in the review, i.e. restore the text, and with it semantic, and grammatical connection . Therefore, an analysis of the review itself can often serve as an additional clue: various adjectives of one kind or another, predicates that agree with omissions, etc. It will facilitate the task and the division of the list of terms into two groups: the first includes terms based on the meaning of the word, the second - the structure of the sentence. You can carry out this division, knowing that all means are divided into TWO large groups: the first includes lexical (non-special means) and tropes; into the second figure of speech (some of them are called syntactic).

26.1 A TROPWORD OR EXPRESSION USED IN A PORTABLE MEANING TO CREATE AN ARTISTIC IMAGE AND ACHIEVE GREATER EXPRESSION. Tropes include such techniques as epithet, comparison, personification, metaphor, metonymy, sometimes they include hyperbole and litotes.

Note: In the task, as a rule, it is indicated that these are TRAILS.

In the review, examples of tropes are indicated in brackets, as a phrase.

1.Epithet(in translation from Greek - application, addition) - this is a figurative definition that marks a feature that is essential for a given context in the depicted phenomenon. From a simple definition, the epithet differs in artistic expressiveness and figurativeness. The epithet is based on a hidden comparison.

Epithets include all the "colorful" definitions that are most often expressed adjectives:

sad orphan land(F.I. Tyutchev), gray fog, lemon light, silent peace(I. A. Bunin).

Epithets can also be expressed:

-nouns, acting as applications or predicates, giving a figurative description of the subject: sorceress-winter; mother - cheese earth; The poet is a lyre, and not only the nurse of his soul(M. Gorky);

-adverbs acting as circumstances: In the north stands wild alone...(M. Yu. Lermontov); The leaves were tense elongated in the wind (K. G. Paustovsky);

-gerunds: the waves are rushing thundering and sparkling;

-pronouns expressing the superlative degree of this or that state of the human soul:

After all, there were fighting fights, Yes, they say, more what kind! (M. Yu. Lermontov);

-participles and participle turnovers : Nightingale vocabulary rumbling announce the forest limits (B. L. Pasternak); I also admit the appearance of ... scribblers who cannot prove where they spent the night yesterday, and who have no other words in the language, except for words, not remembering kinship(M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin).

2. Comparison- This is a visual technique based on the comparison of one phenomenon or concept with another. Unlike metaphor, comparison is always binomial: it names both compared objects (phenomena, features, actions).

Villages are burning, they have no protection.

The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,

And the glow like an eternal meteor,

Playing in the clouds, frightens the eye. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

Comparisons are expressed in various ways:

form instrumental nouns:

nightingale stray youth flew by,

wave in bad weather Joy subsided (A. V. Koltsov)

Comparative form of an adjective or adverb: These eyes greener sea ​​and our cypresses darker(A. Akhmatova);

Comparative turnovers with unions like, as if, as if, as if, etc .:

Like a predatory animal, to a humble abode

The winner breaks in with bayonets ... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

Using the words similar, similar, this is:

Into the eyes of a cautious cat

Similar your eyes (A. Akhmatova);

With the help of comparative clauses:

Golden foliage swirled

In the pinkish water of the pond

Just like a light flock of butterflies

With fading flies to a star. (S. A. Yesenin)

3.Metaphor(in translation from Greek - transfer) is a word or expression that is used in a figurative sense based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena on some basis. In contrast to comparison, in which both what is being compared and what is being compared is given, a metaphor contains only the second, which creates compactness and figurativeness of the use of the word. The metaphor can be based on the similarity of objects in shape, color, volume, purpose, sensations, etc.: a waterfall of stars, an avalanche of letters, a wall of fire, an abyss of grief, a pearl of poetry, a spark of love and etc.

All metaphors are divided into two groups:

1) general language("erased"): golden hands, a storm in a teacup, mountains to move, strings of the soul, love has faded;

2) artistic(individual-author's, poetic):

And the stars fade diamond thrill

AT painless cold dawn (M. Voloshin);

Empty skies transparent glass (A. Akhmatova);

And eyes blue, bottomless

Blooming on the far shore. (A. A. Blok)

Metaphor happens not only single: it can develop in the text, forming whole chains of figurative expressions, in many cases - covering, as if permeating the entire text. This is deployed, complex metaphor , an integral artistic image.

4. Personification- this is a kind of metaphor based on the transfer of signs of a living being to natural phenomena, objects and concepts. Most often, personifications are used to describe nature:

Rolling through sleepy valleys, Sleepy mists lay down And only the horse's clatter, Sounding, is lost in the distance. The autumn day went out, turning pale, Rolling up fragrant leaves, Taste a dreamless dream Half-withered flowers. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

5. Metonymy(in translation from Greek - renaming) is the transfer of a name from one object to another based on their adjacency. Adjacency can be a manifestation of a relationship:

Between action and tool of action: Their villages and fields for a violent raid He doomed swords and fires(A. S. Pushkin);

Between the object and the material from which the object is made: ... not that on silver, - on gold ate(A. S. Griboyedov);

Between a place and the people in that place: The city was noisy, flags crackled, wet roses fell from the bowls of flower girls ... (Yu. K. Olesha)

6. Synecdoche(in translation from Greek - correlation) is kind of metonymy, based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. Most often, the transfer occurs:

From less to more: Even a bird does not fly to him, And a tiger does not go ... (A. S. Pushkin);

Part to whole: Beard, why are you still silent?(A.P. Chekhov)

7. Paraphrase, or paraphrase(in translation from Greek - a descriptive expression), is a turnover that is used instead of a word or phrase. For example, Petersburg in verse

A. S. Pushkin - "Peter's creation", "Beauty and wonder of midnight countries", "city of Petrov"; A. A. Blok in the verses of M. I. Tsvetaeva - “a knight without reproach”, “blue-eyed snow singer”, “snow swan”, “almighty of my soul”.

8. Hyperbole(in translation from Greek - exaggeration) is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: A rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper(N. V. Gogol)

And at that very moment couriers, couriers, couriers... you can imagine thirty five thousands one couriers! (N.V. Gogol).

9. Litota(in translation from Greek - smallness, moderation) - this is a figurative expression containing an exorbitant understatement of any sign of an object, phenomenon, action: What tiny cows! There is, right, less than a pinhead.(I. A. Krylov)

And walking importantly, in orderly calmness, The horse is led by the bridle by a peasant In large boots, in a sheepskin coat, In large mittens ... and himself with a fingernail!(N.A. Nekrasov)

10. Irony(in translation from Greek - pretense) is the use of a word or statement in a sense opposite to the direct one. Irony is a type of allegory in which mockery is hidden behind an outwardly positive assessment: Where, smart, are you wandering, head?(I. A. Krylov)

26.2 "Non-special" lexical figurative and expressive means of the language

Note: The tasks sometimes indicate that this is a lexical means. Usually in the review of the task 24 example lexical means is given in brackets either as a single word or as a phrase in which one of the words is in italics. Please note: these funds are most often needed find in task 22!

11. Synonyms, i.e. words of one part of speech, different in sound, but the same or close in lexical meaning and differing from each other either in shades of meaning, or in stylistic coloring ( brave - brave, run - rush, eyes(neutral) - eyes(poet.)), have great expressive power.

Synonyms can be contextual.

12. Antonyms, i.e. words of the same part of speech, opposite in meaning ( truth - lies, good - evil, disgusting - wonderful), also have great expressive possibilities.

Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Lies happen good or evil,

Compassionate or merciless,

Lies happen cunning and clumsy

Cautious and reckless

Captivating and joyless.

13. Phraseologisms as a means of linguistic expression

Phraseological units (phraseological expressions, idioms), i.e. phrases and sentences reproduced in finished form, in which the integral meaning dominates the values ​​of their components and is not a simple sum of such meanings ( get into trouble, be in seventh heaven, a bone of contention) have great expressive potential. The expressiveness of phraseological units is determined by:

1) their vivid imagery, including mythological ( the cat cried like a squirrel in a wheel, Ariadne's thread, the sword of Damocles, Achilles' heel);

2) the relevance of many of them: a) to the category of high ( the voice of one crying in the wilderness, sink into oblivion) or reduced (colloquial, colloquial: like a fish in water, neither sleep nor spirit, lead by the nose, lather your neck, hang your ears); b) to the category of language means with a positive emotionally expressive coloring ( store as the apple of an eye - torzh.) or with a negative emotionally expressive coloring (without the king in the head is disapproved, the small fry is neglected, the price is worthless - contempt.).

14. Stylistically colored vocabulary

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of stylistically colored vocabulary can be used:

1) emotionally expressive (evaluative) vocabulary, including:

a) words with a positive emotional and expressive assessment: solemn, sublime (including Old Church Slavonics): inspiration, coming, fatherland, aspirations, secret, unshakable; sublimely poetic: serene, radiant, spell, azure; approving: noble, outstanding, amazing, courageous; affectionate: sun, darling, daughter

b) words with a negative emotional-expressive assessment: disapproving: conjecture, bicker, nonsense; disparaging: upstart, delinquent; contemptuous: dunce, cramming, scribbling; swear words/

2) functionally-stylistically colored vocabulary, including:

a) book: scientific (terms: alliteration, cosine, interference); official business: the undersigned, report; journalistic: report, interview; artistic and poetic: azure, eyes, cheeks

b) colloquial (everyday-household): dad, boy, braggart, healthy

15. Vocabulary limited use

To enhance expressiveness in the text, all categories of vocabulary of limited use can also be used, including:

Dialect vocabulary (words that are used by the inhabitants of any locality: kochet - rooster, veksha - squirrel);

Colloquial vocabulary (words with a pronounced reduced stylistic coloring: familiar, rude, dismissive, abusive, located on the border or outside the literary norm: goofball, bastard, slap, talker);

Vocabulary professional (words that are used in professional speech and are not included in the system of the general literary language: galley - in the speech of sailors, duck - in the speech of journalists, window - in the speech of teachers);

Slang vocabulary (words characteristic of jargons - youth: party, bells and whistles, cool; computer: brains - computer memory, keyboard - keyboard; soldier: demobilization, scoop, perfume; jargon of criminals: dude, raspberry);

Vocabulary is outdated (historicisms are words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the objects or phenomena they designate: boyar, oprichnina, horse; archaisms are obsolete words that name objects and concepts for which new names have appeared in the language: brow - forehead, sail - sail); - new vocabulary (neologisms - words that have recently entered the language and have not yet lost their novelty: blog, slogan, teenager).

26.3 FIGURES (RHETORICAL FIGURES, STYLISTIC FIGURES, FIGURES OF SPEECH) ARE STYLISTIC TECHNIQUES based on special combinations of words that are beyond the scope of normal practical use, and aimed at enhancing the expressiveness and descriptiveness of the text. The main figures of speech include: rhetorical question, rhetorical exclamation, rhetorical appeal, repetition, syntactic parallelism, polyunion, non-union, ellipsis, inversion, parcellation, antithesis, gradation, oxymoron. Unlike lexical means, this is the level of a sentence or several sentences.

Note: In the tasks there is no clear definition format that indicates these means: they are called both syntactic means, and a technique, and simply a means of expression, and a figure. In task 24, the figure of speech is indicated by the number of the sentence given in brackets.

16. Rhetorical question is a figure in which a statement is contained in the form of a question. A rhetorical question does not require an answer, it is used to enhance the emotionality, expressiveness of speech, to draw the reader's attention to a particular phenomenon:

Why did he give his hand to insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe false words and caresses, He, who from a young age comprehended people?.. (M. Yu. Lermontov);

17. Rhetorical exclamation- this is a figure in which an assertion is contained in the form of an exclamation. Rhetorical exclamations strengthen the expression of certain feelings in the message; they are usually distinguished not only by special emotionality, but also by solemnity and elation:

That was in the morning of our years - Oh happiness! oh tears! O forest! oh life! Oh the light of the sun! O fresh spirit of birch. (A. K. Tolstoy);

Alas! a proud country bowed before the power of a stranger. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

18. Rhetorical appeal- This is a stylistic figure, consisting in an underlined appeal to someone or something to enhance the expressiveness of speech. It serves not so much to name the addressee of the speech, but to express the attitude towards what is said in the text. Rhetorical appeals can create solemnity and pathos of speech, express joy, regret and other shades of mood and emotional state:

My friends! Our union is wonderful. He, like a soul, is unstoppable and eternal (A. S. Pushkin);

Oh deep night! Oh cold autumn! Silent! (K. D. Balmont)

19. Repeat (positional-lexical repetition, lexical repetition)- this is a stylistic figure consisting in the repetition of any member of a sentence (word), part of a sentence or a whole sentence, several sentences, stanzas in order to draw special attention to them.

The types of repetition are anaphora, epiphora and catch-up.

Anaphora(in translation from Greek - ascent, rise), or monotony, is the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of lines, stanzas or sentences:

lazily hazy noon breathes,

lazily the river is rolling.

And in the fiery and pure firmament

The clouds are lazily melting (F. I. Tyutchev);

Epiphora(in translation from Greek - addition, final sentence of the period) is the repetition of words or groups of words at the end of lines, stanzas or sentences:

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely.

What is a day or a century

Before what is infinite?

Although man is not eternal,

That which is eternal, humanely(A. A. Fet);

They got a loaf of light bread - joy!

Today the film is good in the club - joy!

Paustovsky's two-volume book was brought to the bookstore joy!(A. I. Solzhenitsyn)

pickup- this is a repetition of any segment of speech (sentence, poetic line) at the beginning of the corresponding segment of speech following it:

he fell down on the cold snow

On the cold snow, like a pine,

Like a pine in a damp forest (M. Yu. Lermontov);

20. Parallelism (syntactic parallelism)(in translation from Greek - walking side by side) - an identical or similar construction of adjacent parts of the text: adjacent sentences, lines of poetry, stanzas, which, when correlated, create a single image:

I look to the future with fear

I look at the past with longing... (M. Yu. Lermontov);

I was your ringing string

I was your blooming spring

But you didn't want flowers

And you didn't hear the words? (K. D. Balmont)

Often using antithesis: What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land?(M. Lermontov); Not the country - for business, but business - for the country (from the newspaper).

21. Inversion(translated from Greek - rearrangement, reversal) - this is a change in the usual word order in a sentence in order to emphasize the semantic significance of any element of the text (word, sentence), to give the phrase a special stylistic coloring: solemn, high-sounding, or, conversely, colloquial, somewhat reduced characteristics. The following combinations are considered inverted in Russian:

The agreed definition is after the word being defined: I am sitting behind bars in damp dungeon(M. Yu. Lermontov); But there was no swell on this sea; did not flow stuffy air: brewing great thunderstorm(I. S. Turgenev);

Additions and circumstances expressed by nouns are in front of the word, which includes: Hours of monotonous fight(monotonous strike of the clock);

22. Parceling(in translation from French - particle) - a stylistic device that consists in dividing a single syntactic structure of a sentence into several intonation-semantic units - phrases. At the point of division of the sentence, a period, exclamation and question marks, ellipsis. In the morning, bright as a splint. Terrible. Long. Ratny. The infantry regiment was destroyed. Our. In an unequal battle(R. Rozhdestvensky); Why is nobody outraged? Education and healthcare! The most important spheres of society's life! Not mentioned in this document at all(From newspapers); It is necessary that the state remember the main thing: its citizens are not individuals. And people. (From newspapers)

23. Non-union and multi-union - syntactic figures based on intentional omission, or, conversely, conscious repetition of unions. In the first case, when unions are omitted, speech becomes compressed, compact, dynamic. The depicted actions and events here quickly, instantly unfold, replace each other:

Swede, Russian - stabs, cuts, cuts.

Drum beat, clicks, rattle.

The thunder of cannons, the clatter, the neighing, the groan,

And death and hell on all sides. (A.S. Pushkin)

When polyunion speech, on the contrary, slows down, pauses and a repeated union highlight words, expressively emphasizing their semantic significance:

But and grandson, and great-grandson, and great-great-grandson

They grow in me while I myself grow ... (P.G. Antokolsky)

24.Period- a long, polynomial sentence or a very common simple sentence, which is distinguished by completeness, unity of the theme and intonation split into two parts. In the first part, the syntactic repetition of the same type of subordinate clauses (or members of the sentence) goes with an increasing increase in intonation, then there is a separating significant pause, and in the second part, where the conclusion is given, the tone of voice noticeably decreases. This intonation design forms a kind of circle:

Whenever I wanted to limit my life to a domestic circle, / When a pleasant lot ordered me to be a father, a spouse, / If I were captivated by the family picture for at least a single moment, then, it would be true, except for you, one bride would not be looking for another. (A.S. Pushkin)

25. Antithesis, or opposition(in translation from Greek - opposition) - this is a turn in which they are sharply opposed opposite concepts, positions, images. To create an antithesis, antonyms are usually used - general language and contextual:

You are rich, I am very poor, You are a prose writer, I am a poet.(A. S. Pushkin);

Yesterday I looked into your eyes

And now - everything is squinting to the side,

Yesterday, before the birds sat,

All larks today are crows!

I'm stupid and you're smart

Alive and I'm dumbfounded.

O cry of women of all times:

"My dear, what have I done to you?" (M. I. Tsvetaeva)

26. Gradation(in translation from Latin - a gradual increase, strengthening) - a technique consisting in the sequential arrangement of words, expressions, tropes (epithets, metaphors, comparisons) in order of strengthening (increasing) or weakening (decreasing) of a sign. Increasing gradation usually used to enhance the imagery, emotional expressiveness and influencing power of the text:

I called you, but you did not look back, I shed tears, but you did not descend(A. A. Blok);

Glowing, burning, shining huge blue eyes. (V. A. Soloukhin)

Descending gradation is used less often and usually serves to enhance the semantic content of the text and create imagery:

He brought the tar of death

Yes, a branch with withered leaves. (A. S. Pushkin)

27. Oxymoron(in translation from Greek - witty-stupid) - this is a stylistic figure in which usually incompatible concepts are combined, as a rule, contradictory to each other ( bitter joy, ringing silence etc.); at the same time, a new meaning is obtained, and speech acquires special expressiveness: From that hour began for Ilya sweet torment, lightly scorching the soul (I. S. Shmelev);

There is melancholy cheerful in the scares of dawn (S. A. Yesenin);

But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery. (M. Yu. Lermontov)

28. Allegory- allegory, the transfer of an abstract concept through a specific image: Must defeat foxes and wolves(cunning, malice, greed).

29.Default- a deliberate break in the statement, conveying the excitement of the speech and suggesting that the reader will guess what was not said: But I wanted ... Perhaps you ...

In addition to the above syntactic expressive means, the following are also found in the tests:

-exclamatory sentences;

- dialogue, hidden dialogue;

-question-answer form of presentation a form of presentation in which questions and answers to questions alternate;

-rows of homogeneous members;

-citation;

-introductory words and constructions

-Incomplete sentences- sentences in which a member is missing, which is necessary for the completeness of the structure and meaning. Missing members of the sentence can be restored and context.

Including ellipsis, that is, skipping the predicate.

These concepts are considered in the school course of syntax. That is probably why these means of expression are most often called syntactic in reviews.