Rosenthal's Handbook of Literary Editing. A Guide to Spelling and Literary Editing

This guide, intended for publishing professionals, primarily editors, but also authors, contains basic information on standard spelling and literary editing.

The guide has the following three sections:

1. Spelling. 2. Punctuation. 3. Literary editing.

The first two sections are built on the basis of the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” published in 1956 and currently in force, which played a large role in streamlining our spelling system and eliminating numerous cases of inconsistency that existed before the publication of the set of rules and created significant difficulties in the work of publishing houses. . However, the general code did not aim to cover all the variety of private, sometimes isolated cases of controversial or dual spelling, which can only be regulated by special dictionaries and reference books that specify the rules of the code.

Publishers and writers face particular challenges in the field of punctuation, where the writer is given a wide choice of punctuation marks. The Russian punctuation system is highly flexible: along with mandatory rules, it contains instructions that are not strictly normative in nature and allow punctuation options necessary to express semantic shades and stylistic features writing. Freedom of choice is expanded due to the "polysemy" of most punctuation marks, that is, the ability to use individual characters in various conditions of semantic and syntactic division of the text and its intonational design. General rules contained in the code, therefore, it is not enough, and reference books should come to the rescue ^. including a variety of material illustrating stylistic functions punctuation.

The material of the first two sections of the handbook covers the entire system of spelling and punctuation, but focuses on the so-called difficult cases. In the field of spelling, this is the spelling of compound words, adverbs, particles not, one or two n in the suffixes of adjectives and participles, the use of capital letters. In the field of punctuation, the rules for setting punctuation marks with homogeneous and isolated members of a sentence are set out in more detail, with introductory words and phrases, in constructions with the union as, in union-free complex sentences, in direct speech.

The requirement for accuracy and clarity of presentation, imposed on the text of any style of speech, can only be met if certain norms of word usage and grammar rules are observed. Relevant regulatory guidance is contained in the third section of this handbook.

At the same time, it is impossible not to take into account that it is precisely in the choice of a word or grammatical form that the writer is given great freedom. The huge wealth of Russian vocabulary, the variety of structures of the grammatical structure of the Russian language create the most favorable conditions for the variant choice of language means, depending on the content of the text, its general stylistic orientation, genre and form of expression. Under these conditions, there is no need to talk about firm "rules" that fetter the author and editor. They are helped by a linguistic flair, an understanding of the subtle semantic and stylistic nuances contained in a particular text, and taking into account some general trends in the development of the Russian literary language in the Soviet era. The best criterion norms is the literary practice of exemplary writers, publicists, scientists and cultural figures. The examples given in the reference book from works of various language styles can serve as the basis for an objective choice that minimizes the "taste approach" to the facts of literary speech.

Spelling of vowels in the root § 1 Checked unstressed vowels Unstressed vowels of the root are checked by stress, that is, the same vowel is written in the unstressed syllable as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the same-root word, for example: try on (measure) a suit, - reconcile (peace) neighbors ; waving (waving) the flag - the industry is developing (development).

Wed different spellings of unstressed root vowels in similar-sounding words: climb (into a pocket) - lick (wounds), boil (potatoes) - open (door), caress (cat) - rinse (mouth), fastened (collar) - fastened (root) ), thin out (shoots) - defuse (gun), belittle (value) - beg (for mercy), etc. .

Note 1.

Vowels o - a in unstressed verb roots perfect look can't validate forms imperfect form to -yvat (-yvat), for example: late (late, although late), cut (cut, although cut out).

Note 2.

In some words foreign origin with a suffix distinguished only etymologically, the spelling of an unstressed vowel cannot be checked with a single-root word if the checked and test vowels are part of suffixes of different origin, for example: subscription (-ment goes back to the French suffix), although subscribe (-irovat goes back to the German suffix); accompaniment though to accompany; engagement, although engagement.

Wed also a similar phenomenon in the composition of a foreign root: to apperceive, although apperception; disinfect though disinfection. The root vowel is preserved in the words injection - to inject, projection - to project and some. others

Unchecked unstressed vowels The spelling of unstressed vowels that cannot be checked by stress is determined by the spelling dictionary, for example: badminton, concrete, twine, can, bodyaga, grease, validol, cheesecake, ventilation, vestibule, ham, vinaigrette, dysentery, drochena, intelligentsia , kalamyanka, kalach, closet, loaf, cuttlefish, holster, layout, burner, head of cabbage, koschey, amulet, magarych, madapolam, obsession, front garden, pantopon, ferry, periphery, minnow, pigalitsa, plasticine, privilege, rump steak, rotaprint , bullfinch, smelt, scholarship, brake, thorny, elixir, overpass and many more. etc. (as the examples show, this includes words regardless of their origin). §3 Alternating vowels 1. In the root gar- -hor- under stress is written a, without stress - O: tan, fumes - tanned, burn.

Exceptions: burnouts, burnt out, burnt (special and dialect words).

2. At the root of zar- - zor-, a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - a: glow, zdrka - lightning, illuminate.

Exceptions: dawn, dawn. - 3. At the root of the braid - - braid (n) - it is written about, if the consonant I follows, in other cases - a: touch, tangent - touch, touch.

4. At the root clan- - clone - a vowel is written under stress in accordance with pronunciation, without stress - o: bow, bow - bow, worship.

5. In the unstressed root lag- - lies - before g is written a, before jar - o: to offer, adjective - to offer, taxation.

Exception: canopy (semantically it is no longer associated with the root lag- - false-).

6. The root poppy is found in verbs that mean “immerse in liquid”: dip crackers in tea, dip a pen in ink.

The rule applies to derivative words: dipping, blotting paper, waterproof raincoat.

7. At the root, a floating vowel sound can be stressed and unstressed: swim, buoyancy, float. The root of plov is contained in the words swimmer and swimmer; the root is swimming - in the word quicksand.

8. The root is equal - there is in words with the meaning "equal, identical, on a par": equation, compare, equalize (be on a par). The root roen- - in words with the meaning "smooth, straight, smooth": level, coeval, level, level. Wed: trim (make equal) - trim (make even); aligned (made equal) - aligned (made even).

Spelling dictionaries are dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard spelling. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus.

Types of spelling dictionaries:

School - vary in volume depending on whether for primary school or high school they are intended; often accompanied by a statement of spelling rules in the scope of the school curriculum;

Dictionaries-references for press workers -- include difficult cases of writing common nouns and proper names, as well as detailed presentation spelling rules and information required for proofreading and editing work;

Industry - devoted to special terminology;

General (including those devoted to certain spelling problems: the use of letters - before the reform of Russian spelling, Y, uppercase and lowercase letters, the spelling of one or two N, continuous, hyphenated and separate spellings) - are designed for all writers.

It is also important that the spelling of words should be checked according to authoritative dictionaries. The new academic normative "Russian Spelling Dictionary" (M., 1999) refers to general type spelling dictionaries. This dictionary reflects the vocabulary of the Russian literary language in its current state by the end of the 20th century. Compared with the previous "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language", published in 1956-1998. (editions 1-33), the volume of the dictionary has been increased by more than one and a half times (now it contains about 160,000 words and phrases). An innovation that distinguishes the dictionary from the previous edition is the inclusion of words written with a capital letter and combinations with such words, including words that are written in their different meanings and uses both with capital letters and with lower case.

Reference dictionaries are devoted to any spelling difficulties. The dictionary of such a dictionary includes only words in which there is a given orthogram. For example, the dictionary B.Z. Bukchina "Spelling Dictionary: Jointly? Apart? Through a hyphen? (M., 1999), devoted to the problem of continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling of words; dictionary D.E. Rosenthal “Uppercase or lowercase?: An experience of a reference dictionary” (M., 1986). There are dictionaries dedicated to the use of one letter: the dictionary of K.I. Bylinsky The use of the letter Yo: A Handbook (M., 1945).

In connection with the need to optimize the educational process, the task arose of creating various minimums, including spelling and punctuation. See A.V. Tekuchev’s manual “On the spelling and punctuation minimum for secondary school” (M., 1976).

The first serious attempt to codify Russian spelling was the work of Ya. K. Grot " Russian spelling", as an appendix to the book was given a "Reference Index", containing about 3000 words.

On the basis of the "Grotov" spelling in the late XIX - early XX century. a number of spelling dictionaries were developed and published: "Student Pocket Dictionary for Spelling" by V. Kimental (1900), "Spelling Companion Dictionary" edited by M. Altabaev (1913), "Detailed Spelling Dictionary" by V. A. Zelinsky (1914) and etc.

AT Soviet time published "My Dictionary. A Brief Guide to the New Spelling. For Students" by V. Flerov (1918; withstood 9 editions), "A New Spelling Guide with brief interpretation obscure and incomprehensible words and spelling exercises in connection with the development of speech "I. V. Ustinova (1921; withstood a number of editions)," A new reference spelling dictionary for proofreaders, graduates and literary workers "by Ya. S. Khomutov, which included about 100,000 words (1927 and 1929; addition to it - 1930), "Spelling Dictionary" by D. N. Ushakov and S. E. Kryuchkov for secondary school students (1933; reprinted many times), "Spelling Dictionary" by S. P. Redozubov for students elementary school(2nd ed. M., 1957), "Spelling Dictionary" by P. A. Grushnikov (19th ed. M., 1985), etc.

In 1945, a special dictionary-reference book by K. I. Bylinsky, S. E. Kryuchkov and M. V. Svetlaev "The use of the letter e" was published, in 1972 - a dictionary-reference book "Together or separately?" (authors - B.Z. Bukchina, L.P. Kalakutskaya and L.K. Cheltsov, edited by D.E. Rozental; 5th ed. M., 1985), "Capital or lowercase?" D. E. Rosenthal (2nd ed. M., 1985), containing about 8500 words and phrases.

Large dictionaries-applications are available in the "Handbook of the Proofreader" by K. I. Bylinsky and L. I. Sluzhivov (1950), in the "Handbook of Spelling and Punctuation for Press Workers" by K. I. Bylinsky and N. N. Nikolsky (1952; 4th ed. M., 1970), in " reference book proofreader" by K. I. Bylinsky and A. N. Zhilin (1960).

A fundamental manual of this type is the academic "Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by S. G. Barkhudarov et al. (1956; 23rd ed. M., 1984).

In 1997, N. V. Solovyov's dictionary "Russian Spelling: Spelling Reference" was published, and in 1999 - "Russian Spelling Dictionary", the executive editor of which is V. V. Lopatin. The dictionary includes 160,000 words and is currently the most complete representation of the orthographic material of the Russian language, taking into account the growing trends.

In 1999, the AST-Press publishing house prepared and published a series of spelling dictionaries under the motto "Traps of Spelling". Among them: V. V. Lopatin, L. K. Cheltsova, I. V. Nechaeva. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Uppercase or lowercase?; I. K. Sazonova. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. One or two "n"?; B. Z. Bukchina. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. Is it all together? Apart? Through a hyphen? These dictionaries reflect the most difficult cases modern Russian spelling.

Spelling dictionaries are intended for a wide range of users, including teachers of the Russian language, publishing and editorial workers, as well as all those who study the Russian language.

Features and functions

Among the various spelling dictionaries of recent times, such main task which is not the fixation of the correct spelling of words, not the approval of their written form, but the explanation of their spelling. Such dictionaries provide explanations of two types: explanation through rules and explanation through etymology. So, in the books of N.V. Solovyov, each word is provided with a reference to the rule explaining the spelling problem (spelling) in this word.

The vocabulary of this dictionary is qualitatively and quantitatively comparable with the vocabulary of the general spelling dictionary Russian language, i.e. contains words different types with various spelling problems. The relationship between dictionary and rule is also described in a number of smaller dictionaries dedicated to one or more problems.

Another type of explanation is offered by etymological and spelling dictionaries containing only those words whose spelling cannot be explained by spelling rules, but can be justified in one way or another by etymology, spelling in the source language.

"Explanatory Russian spelling dictionary” (OROSS), conceived at the Institute of the Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, contains a versatile explanation of the spelling of words, combining both regular phenomena that fall under the spelling rules, and individual features of the spelling of words.

The practical role of spelling is to serve as a means of writing language communication- makes spelling socially significant. Although it is quite natural for spelling to constantly lag behind the development sound system language, the current spelling rules remain equally binding on all writers, since only under this condition is it possible to completely free communication between members of society using written speech.

Spelling dictionaries and reference books perform many functions. General Functions of this dictionary and reference book - fixing, systematization, accumulation and storage of knowledge about correct spelling word national language transferring this knowledge from generation to generation. Human memory also stores knowledge, but it is limited, it cannot accumulate and store knowledge for centuries. Only a record of accumulated knowledge can save it for posterity. In this sense, the dictionary is the most convenient form of communication of our knowledge.

Spelling dictionaries and reference books

Orthoepic dictionary - a dictionary that reflects orthoepic norm, that is, contemporary literary pronunciation and stress. It differs from the explanatory dictionary in the way the word is described, since it reveals the word only in the orthoepic aspect.

In the dictionary of Sergei Ozhegov and Natalia Shvedova we read: “Orthoepy is the rules literary pronunciation; the very pronunciation. Since there are no stress rules in Russian, it remains to be guided by data from orthoepic dictionaries. You should also not forget that the norms of the Russian language change over time, so the recommendations of different dictionaries may differ.

Behind recent decades along with the work to streamline spelling, a lot of work has been done to streamline pronunciation. Summary essential rules literary pronunciation is attached to the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" by D.N. Ushakov, and the dictionary itself gives the necessary instructions for many words. We find the same indications in the Dictionary of the Russian Language, compiled by S.I. Ozhegov. In 1951, a brochure-dictionary "To Help the Speaker" was published, edited by K.I. Bylinsky indicating stresses in words with unstable pronunciation. On its basis, the Dictionary of Accents for Radio and Television Workers was created (1960, 6th ed. M., 1985; about 75,000 words).

In 1955, a reference dictionary "Russian literary pronunciation and stress" was published, edited by R.I. Avanesov and S.I. Ozhegov, containing about 50,000 words (2nd ed. M., 1959; about 52,000 words). In 1983, the Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language was published. Pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms "(authors S.N. Borunova et al., edited by R.I. Avanesov; 2nd ed. M., 1985). The dictionary contains about 63,500 words, systems of normative indications have been developed, and prohibitive marks have been introduced. A small "Dictionary of pronunciation, stress and shaping" is available in the book of L.I. Skvortsova "Do we speak Russian correctly?". It gives the normative stress and pronunciation, notes the acceptable pronunciation options, and prohibitive marks are given.

In 1997, the “Dictionary of the stresses of the Russian language” was published / F.L. Ageenko, M.V. Zarva, as well as the "Dictionary of the difficulties of Russian pronunciation" / M.L. Kalenchuk, R.F. Kasatkin. The dictionary gives options with marks: permissible, colloquial permissible, obsolete.

Features and functions

The orthoepic dictionary fixes the norms of pronunciation and stress. This dictionary mainly includes words:

• - the pronunciation of which cannot be unequivocally established on the basis of their written appearance;
• - having a movable accent in grammatical forms Oh;
• - forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;
• - words that experience stress fluctuations in the entire system of forms or in separate forms.

The dictionary introduces a scale of normativity: some options are considered equal, in other cases one of the options is recognized as the main one, and the other is acceptable. The dictionary also contains notes indicating the pronunciation of the word in poetic and professional speech.

The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation marks:

• - softening of consonants, i.e. soft pronunciation consonants influenced by subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, -i;
• - changes occurring in consonant clusters, for example pronunciation of stn as [sn] (local);
• - possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, - a [p]; effect, - a [f];
• - solid pronunciation of consonants followed by a vowel e in place of spelling combinations with words of foreign origin, for example hotel, - i [te];
• - lack of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowels in place of the letters o, e, a, which does not comply with the reading rules, for example: bonton, - a [bo]; nocturne, - a [facult. but];
• - features in the pronunciation of consonants associated with the syllable division in words with collateral stress, for example, head of the laboratory [zaf / l], non-cl. m, f.

The purpose of this manual is to help students consolidate their writing skills, prepare for the exam and pass it on the most high score. The book contains the basic rules of Russian spelling and punctuation in accordance with the requirements of the program for studying the Russian language at school. Special attention The book focuses on difficult cases of spelling. The list of words that are difficult to write, given in the book, will help you cope with writing the most difficult texts, and exercises and dictations will test and consolidate your knowledge of the language. The manual will be an indispensable assistant to students, teachers, tutors, as well as to all those who want to improve their knowledge of the Russian language.

Checked unstressed vowels.
The general spelling rule for checked unstressed vowels is not difficult. It says: in unstressed syllables, the same vowels are written that are pronounced in this part of the word when it is under stress. For example: rinse (rinse) your mouth - caress (weasel) the dog; sparse (rare) seedlings - defuse (discharge) a gun.

Wed different spelling of root vowels in words close in sound composition: climb (on a tree) - lick (wound), wrap around (cold) - wrap around (braids around the head), run around (square) - offend (children), fall down (on the ground) - winter (winter crops), boil (mushrooms) - open (gate), shine (lantern) - dedicate (in secret), try on (dress) - reconcile (warring), fastened (collar) - fastened (horse), chew (piece meat) - live (in the city center), flutters (flag) - develops (child), brought (by the hand up the stairs) - swila (nest), sing (songs) - drink (tea), turn gray (become gray) - sit (be in a sitting position), belittle (reduce) - beg (beg), splinter (splinter) - pinch (hand), etc.

CONTENT
SPELLING
Spelling of vowels in root 4
§ 1. Checked unstressed vowels 4
§ 2. Unverifiable unstressed vowels 5
§ 3. Alternating vowels 6
§ 4. Vowels after hissing 8
§ 5. Vowels after C 9
Spelling of consonants in root 11
§ 8. Voiced and deaf consonants 11
§ 9. Double consonants 12
§ 10. Silent consonants 14
Capitalization 15
§ eleven. Capital letters at the beginning of the text 15
§ 12. Capital letters after punctuation marks 15
§ thirteen. Proper names persons 16
§ 14. Names of animals 20
§ 15. Names actors in fables, fairy tales, plays 20
§ 16. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names 21
§ 17. place names 22
§ 18. Astronomical names 25
§ 19. Names historical eras and events 25
§ 20. Names of state and professional holidays, significant dates 26
§ 21. Names of institutions, organizations and enterprises 27
§ 22. Names of documents, ancient monuments, objects of art 30
§ 23. Names of positions and titles 31
§ 24. Names of orders, medals, insignia 32
§ 25. Names in quotation marks 32
§ 26. Compound words and abbreviations 33
§ 27. Conditional proper names 35
Spelling foreign words 35
§ 28. Questions of transcription and transliteration 35
Separating b and b 39
§ 29. Use of b 39
§ 30. Use of b 40
Spelling prefixes 40
§ 31. Vowels Y and I after prefixes 40
§ 32. Prefixes on -З 41
§ 33. Prefix C-42
§ 34. Prefixes PRE- and PRI-42
Vowels after hissing and D in suffixes and endings 43
§ 35. Vowels O and E after hissing 43
§ 36. Vowels after C 44
Spelling of nouns 45
§ 37. Endings of nouns 45
§ 38. Suffixes of nouns 47
Spelling of adjectives 49
§ 39. Endings of adjectives 49
§ 40. Suffixes of adjectives 50
Spelling compound words 54
§ 41. Connecting vowels O and E 54
§ 42. Compound words without connecting vowels 55
§ 43. Spelling compound nouns 56
§ 44. Spelling compound adjectives 59
Spelling of numerals 72
§ 45. Numbers quantitative, ordinal, fractional 72
§ 46. Numeral POL-73
Pronoun spelling 74
§ 47. Negative pronouns 74
Spelling verbs 75
§ 48. Personal endings of verbs 75
§ 49. The use of the letter b in verb forms 77
§ 50. Suffixes of verbs 77
Spelling participles 78
§ 51. Vowels in participle suffixes 78
§ 52. Spelling HH and H in participles and verbal adjectives 79
Spelling of adverbs 83
§ 53. Vowels at the end of adverbs 83
§ 54. Adverbs for hissing 83
§ 55. Negative adverbs 84
§ 56. Continuous spelling of adverbs 84
Section 57. Hyphen adverbs 91
§ 58. Separate spelling of adverbial combinations 92
Spelling of prepositions 95
§ 59. Compound prepositions 95
§ 60. Consolidated and separate spelling prepositions and prepositional combinations 95
Spelling unions 96
§ 61. Continuous spelling of unions 96
§ 62. Separate spelling of unions 100
Particle Spelling 100
§ 63. Separate spelling of particles 100
§ 64. Hyphenization of particles 100
Spelling NOT and NOR 102
§ 65. Spelling NOT with nouns 102
§ 66. Spelling NOT with adjectives 104
§ 67. Spelling NOT with numerals 110
§ 68. Spelling NOT with pronouns 110
§ 69. Spelling NOT with verbs 110
§ 70. Spelling NOT with participles 111
§ 71. Spelling NOT with adverbs 113
§ 72. Spelling NOT with function words 117
§ 73. Spelling NI 117
Spelling of interjections and onomatopoeic words 120
§ 74. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia 120
PUNCTUATION
SIMPLE SENTENCE
Punctuation marks at the end of a sentence and at a break in speech 121
§ 76. Question mark 123
Section 77. Exclamation point 124
§ 78. Ellipsis 124
Dash between sentence members 125
§ 79. Dash between subject and predicate 125
§ 80. Dash in incomplete sentence 130
§ 81. Intonation dash 131
§ 82. Connecting dash 131
Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members 132
§ 83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions 132
§ 84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions 134
§ 85. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions 136
§ 86. Homogeneous members connected by repeated unions 138
§ 87. Homogeneous members connected by pair unions 141
§ 88. Generalizing words for homogeneous members 142
§ 89. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous applications 143
Punctuation marks for repeated words 144
§ 90. Comma with repeated words 144
§ 91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words 145
Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members 146
§ 92. Separate definitions 146
Section 93. Standalone Applications 150
§ 94. Separate circumstances 156
Section 95. Standalone add-ons 162
Punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the sentence 163
§ 96. Specifying members of the sentence 163
Section 97. Explanatory terms offers 164
§ 98. Attaching members of the sentence 165
Punctuation marks for words not grammatically related to sentence members 166
§ 99. Introductory words and phrases 166
§ 100. Introductory and insert sentences 171
§ 101. Appeal 173
§ 102. Interjection 174
§ 103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words 176
DIFFICULT SENTENCE
§ 104. Punctuation marks in a compound sentence 176
§ 105. Punctuation marks in a complex sentence 179
§ 106. Comparative turnover 186
§ 107. Expressions integral in meaning 193
§ 108. Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence 195
DIRECT SPEECH
§ 109. Punctuation marks in direct speech 200
§ 110. Punctuation marks in dialogue 203
§ 111. Punctuation in quotations 203
§ 112 Use of quotation marks 205
§ 113. Combinations of punctuation marks 208
APPS 214
Exercises 214
Dictations 251
Short list of difficult words to write 259
Conditional abbreviations 281.

Misprints and stylistic errors have been corrected in the third edition of the guide, some wording and examples have been changed

Handbook designed for workers means mass media, editors, authors, translators, as well as for the widest range of readers interested in the issues of the culture of the Russian language. Can be used as a guide for applicants.
In preparing the electronic version of the book, materials placed by here
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD
SPELLING

§one. Checked unstressed vowels

§2. Unchecked unstressed vowels

§3. Alternating vowels

§4. Vowels after sibilants

§5. Vowels after c

§6. Letters uh – e

§7. Letter th

II. SPELLING OF CONSONANTS IN THE ROOT

§eight. Voiced and voiceless consonants

§nine. Double consonants at the root and at the junction of the prefix and the root

§ten. Silent consonants

III. USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS

§eleven. Capital letters at the beginning of text

§12. Capital letters after punctuation marks

§thirteen. Proper names of persons

§fourteen. Names of animals, names of plant species, wine varieties

§fifteen. Names of characters in fables, fairy tales, plays

§sixteen. Adjectives and adverbs formed from individual names

§17. Geographical and administrative-territorial names

§eighteen. Astronomical names

§nineteen. Names of historical eras and events, geological periods

§20. holiday names, popular movements, significant dates

§21. Names related to religion

§22. Names of organizations, institutions, enterprises, foreign firms

§23. Names of documents, ancient monuments, works of art

§24. Names of positions and titles

§25. Names of orders, medals, insignia

§26. Titles literary works and media

§27. Compound words and abbreviations

§28. Conditional proper nouns

IV. SEPARATOR Kommersant And b

§29. Use b

§thirty. Use b

V. SPELLING OF PREFACES

§31. Prefixes on h-

§32. Prefixes pre- and at-

§33. Vowels s and and after prefixes

VI. vowels after sibilants and C IN SUFFIXES AND ENDINGS

§34. Vowels about and e after hissing

§35. Vowels after c

VII. SPELLING OF NOUNS

§36. Noun endings

§37. Noun suffixes

§38. Adjective endings

§39. Adjective suffixes

IX. SPELLING OF COMPOUND WORDS

§40. Connecting vowels about and e

§41. Compound words without a connecting vowel

§42. Spelling of compound nouns

§43. Spelling compound adjectives

X. SPELLING OF NUMBER NAMES

§44. Numerals quantitative, ordinal, fractional

§45. numeral floor-

§46. Ways of writing numerals in writing

XI. SPELLING OF PRONOUNS

§47. Negative pronouns

XII. SPELLING OF VERBS

§48. Personal verb endings

§49. Use of a letter b in verb forms

§fifty. Verb suffixes

XIII. PARTICIPLE SPELLING

§51. Vowels in participle suffixes

§52. Spelling nn and n in participles and verbal adjectives and their derivatives

XIV. ADVERB SPELLING

§53. Vowels at the end of adverbs

§54. Adverbs for hissing

§55. Negative adverbs

§56. Continuous spelling of adverbs

§57. Hyphenated adverbs

§58. Separate spelling of adverbial combinations

XV. SPELLING OF PREPOSITIONS

§59. Hyphenated Prepositions

§60. Continuous and separate spelling of prepositions and prepositional combinations

XVI. SPELLING OF UNIONS

§61. Consolidated spelling of unions

§62. Separate spelling of unions

XVII. SPELLING OF PARTICLES

§63. Separate writing of particles

§64. Hyphenating Particles

Spelling not and neither

§65. Spelling not with nouns

§66. Spelling not with adjectives

§67. Spelling not with nouns

§68. Spelling not with pronouns

§69. Spelling not with verbs

§70. Spelling not with participles

§71. Spelling not with adverbs

§72. Spelling neither

XVIII. SPELLING OF INTERJECTIONS AND EPONOMIC WORDS

§73. Hyphen spelling of interjections and onomatopoeia

XIX. SPELLING FOREIGN WORDS

§74. Transcription of foreign words

Appendix. Transfer Rules

PUNCTUATION

XX. PUNCUNCATION AT THE END OF A SENTENCE AND AT A SPEECH BREAK

§75. Dot

§76. Question mark

§77. Exclamation point

§78. ellipsis

XXI. DASH BETWEEN SENTENCE MEMBERS

§79. Dash between subject and verb

§81. Intonation dash

§82. Connecting dash

XXII. PUNCUNCATION IN SENTENCES WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

§83. Homogeneous members not connected by unions

§84. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions

§85. Homogeneous and heterogeneous applications

§86. Homogeneous members connected by non-repeating unions

§87. Homogeneous members connected by repeating unions

§88. Homogeneous members connected by pair unions

§89. Generalizing words with homogeneous members

XXIII. PUNCIATION MARKS FOR REPEATED WORDS

§90. Comma for repeated words

§91. Hyphen spelling of repeated words

XXIV. PUNCUNCATION IN SENTENCES WITH SEPARATE TERMS

§92. Separate agreed and inconsistent definitions

§93. Standalone Applications

§94. isolated, circumstance

§95. Standalone add-ons

XXV. punctuation marks in sentences with clarifying explanatory and connecting members of the sentence

§96. Specifying members of a sentence

§97. Explanatory members of the sentence

§98. Attaching members of the proposal

XXVI. PUNCTATION MARKS FOR WORDS NOT GRAMMATICALLY RELATED TO SENTENCE MEMBERS

§99. Introductory words and phrases

§100. Introductory and insertive sentences

§101. Appeal

§102. Interjection

§103. Affirmative, negative and interrogative-exclamatory words

XXVII. PUNCIATION MARKS IN A COMPOUND SENTENCE

§104. Comma in compound sentence

§105. Semicolon in compound sentence

§106. Dash in a compound sentence

XXVIII. PUNCIATION MARKS IN A COMPLEX SENTENCE

§107. Comma between main and subordinate clauses

§108. Comma with complex subordinating unions

§109. Punctuation in a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses

§110. Comma at the junction of two conjunctions

§111. Dash in a complex sentence

§112. Colon in a complex sentence

§113. Comma and dash in a complex sentence and in a period

XXIX. PUNCTUATION FOR SPEECH THAT ARE NOT SUDDENDARY SENTENCES

§114. Whole-meaning expressions

§115. Comparative turnover

§116. Comma and semicolon in non-union complex sentence

§117. Colon in non-union complex sentence

§118. Dash in a non-union compound sentence

XXXI. PUNCTIVATION IN DIRECT SPEECH

§123. Dialogue punctuation marks

XXXII. PUNICATION IN QUOTATIONS

§124. Quotation marks for quotes

§125. Ellipsis for quotes

§126. Uppercase and lowercase letters in quotes

XXXIII. USE OF QUOTATION MARKS

§128. Words used in an unusual, conditional, ironic meaning

§129. literary titles, musical works, mass media, enterprises, firms, educational institutions, etc.

§130. Names of orders and medals

§131. Names of brand names of machines, manufactured products, etc.

§132. Names of plant varieties

XXXIV. PUNCIATION COMBINATIONS

§133. Comma and dash

§134. Question and exclamation marks

§135. Quotation marks and other signs

§136. Parentheses and other signs

§137. Dots and other signs

§138. Footnote character sequence

LITERARY TEXT EDITING

XXXV. CHOICE OF A WORD, A STABLE COMBINATION

§139. General principles word choice

§140. Semantic errors

§141. Stylistic mistakes

§142. The use of borrowed words

§143. internationalisms and false friends translator"

§144. The choice of a stable phrase

§145. Stylistic and semantic devices in vocabulary and phraseology

XXXVI. NOUN FORMS

§146. Hesitation in the gender of nouns

§147. Differentiation of meanings depending on generic endings §148. Gender of female names by profession, position, etc.

§149. Gender of indeclinable nouns

§150. Features of the declension of some words and phrases

§152. Genitive singular noun endings male -and I) –-u(-u)

§153. Accusative forms of animate and inanimate nouns

§154. endings prepositional singular masculine nouns -e –-y

§155. endings nominative case plural masculine nouns -s(s) –-and I)

§156. Genitive plural endings

§157. endings instrumental singular and plural

§158. The use of the singular in the meaning of the plural and the plural in the meaning of the singular

§159. The use of abstract, material and proper nouns in the plural

§160. Noun suffix variants

XXXVII. FORMS OF ADJECTS

§161. Complete and short forms quality adjectives

§162. Variant Forms full and short adjectives

§163. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

§164. Use of possessive adjectives

§165. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases nouns

XXXVIII. NUMBER FORMS

§166. Combinations of numerals with nouns

§167. The use of collective nouns

§168. Numerals in compound words

XXXIX. USING PRONOUNS

§169. Personal pronouns

§170. Reflexive and possessive pronouns

§171. Definitive pronouns

§172. Indefinite pronouns

XL. USE OF VERB FORMS

§173. Formation of some personal forms

§174. View form options

§175. Returnable and non-returnable forms

§176. Participle forms

§177. Forms of gerunds

XLI . BUILDING A SIMPLE SENTENCE

§178. Offer types

§179. Predicate forms

XLII. ORDER OF WORDS IN A SENTENCE

§180. Grammar word order

§181. Semantic word order

XLIII. AGREEMENT OF THE PREDICT WITH THE SUBJECT

§183. Predicate with a subject that has a collective noun in its composition

§184. The predicate with the subject is a quantitative-nominal combination (counting turnover)

§185. Agreement of the predicate with the subject, which has an application

§186. Predicate with subject type brother and sister

§187. Predicate with subject-pronoun interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative

§188. The predicate with the subject - indeclinable noun, a compound word, an inseparable group of words

§189. Link coordination with nominal part predicate

§190. Predicate agreement with homogeneous subjects

XLIV. ALIGNMENT OF DEFINITIONS AND APPENDICES

§191. Definition with a common noun

§192. Definition with a noun that has an application

§193. Definition with a noun depending on the numerals two, three, four

§194. Two definitions with one noun

§195. Definition with nouns - homogeneous members

§196. Application alignment

§197. Applications- geographical names

XLV. CONTROL

§198. Non-prepositional and prepositional management

§199. Preposition choice

§200. Choice of case form

§201. Complement case with transitive verbs with negation

§202. Management with synonymous words

§203. Various prepositional forms with one control word

§204. Stringing the same shapes

§205. Control with homogeneous members of the proposal

XLVI. PROPOSALS WITH HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS

§206. Unions with homogeneous members

§207. Prepositions with homogeneous members

§208. Errors in combinations of homogeneous members

XLVII. COMPLEX SENTENCES

§209. Conjunctions and allied words

§210. Mistakes in complex sentences

XLVIII. PARALLEL SYNTAX CONSTRUCTIONS

§211. Participle turnovers

§212. Participle turns

§213. Constructions with verbal nouns

XLIX. COMPLEX SYNTACTICAL WHOLE (PROSE STROPHE)

§214. Functional-semantic types of text in a complex syntactic whole

§215. Ways of communication between sentences in a complex syntactic whole

§217. Stylistic techniques for using a complex syntactic whole

§218. Errors in the construction of complex syntactic integers

L. FIGURES

§219. Shapes based on repetition

§220. Figures built on changes in the arrangement of parts syntactic constructions

§221. Figures associated with a change in the volume of an utterance

§222. Rhetorical figures

L.I. TEXT EDITING TECHNIQUE

The concept of text

§224. Forms of someone else's speech

§225. Relations between the subject and addressee of speech

Logical and semantic analysis of the text

§227. Language means of transferring logical-semantic relations

§228. Techniques for identifying and verifying logical and semantic relationships

§229. Basic logical errors and how to eliminate them

Work on language and style

§230. Editing units and their processing order

§231. Ways to identify grammatical and stylistic errors

§232. The most common lexical and stylistic mistakes and shortcomings

§233. Types of editing

§234. Conventional signs proofreading

RUSSIAN LITERARY PRONUNCIATION

L II . BASIC RULES OF RUSSIAN LITERARY PROnunciation

§235. Pronunciation of vowels

§236. Pronunciation of some consonants

§237. Pronunciation of individual grammatical forms

§238. Features of the pronunciation of names and patronymics

§239. Pronunciation of loanwords

III. FEATURES OF THE RUSSIAN STRESS

§240. Russian word stress

§241. Stress in individual grammatical forms

Preparing the text for voicing

§242. Pausing

§243. Text intonation

APPENDIX. Basic encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books

Memory. Tatyana Grigorievna Vinokur -

philologist-enthusiast, colleague, person...
FOREWORD
This publication is based on the materials of the "Handbook of Spelling and Literary Editing" by D.E. Rosenthal, withstood 5 editions. In this guide, not only have the sections “Spelling” and “Punctuation” been revised and updated, but also included completely new section"Russian Literary Pronunciation". The section “Literary text editing” was also replenished with new chapters: “Complex syntactic whole”, “Shapes”, “Text editing technique”, and the chapter “Word selection, sustainable combination" has been completely redesigned.

The guide is intended for media workers, publishers, authors, translators, for those who are engaged in referent, advertising, information, public activities that require universal skills in the design of various genres of messages and public speaking to an audience. The handbook is also of interest to a wide range of readers interested in the culture of Russian written and spoken language.

The sections "Spelling" and "Punctuation", covering the entire system of spelling and punctuation, are based on the normative and still valid "Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation (1956)". The main attention is paid to the so-called "difficult cases", which traditionally raise questions from writers. This is, first of all, the use of uppercase and lowercase letters, which is largely due to socio-historical changes that affect the choice of one form or another (in particular, the spelling of names associated with religion, which is becoming increasingly greater value in the life of society); this is the spelling of compound words, adverbs, continuous or separate spelling of the particle not , one or two n , etc. In the field of punctuation - punctuation marks with isolated, clarifying, explanatory and affiliate members sentences, introductory words, between parts of an allied complex sentence. The conditions of use and the expediency of variable punctuation marks are considered in detail.

The section "Literary text editing" is devoted to such important issues of style as an adequate choice of words and phraseological units, normative usage grammatical forms, synonymy of parts of speech and syntactic constructions. Particular attention is paid to the forms and means of expressing the author's position in the text using various speech and textual means, as well as the methods of working with the text, its construction, design, editing.

In the new section devoted to the basics of Russian literary pronunciation, along with the basic rules necessary for mastering the culture of oral speech, there are also guidelines for speaking in front of an audience, for pausing the sounding text, intonation, logical stress. It is assumed that the skills of competent literary pronunciation will contribute to improving the culture of speech, the level of which in recent times causes concern.

The Directory includes as an appendix a list of basic dictionaries, encyclopedias and reference books that can be recommended to the reader for a more in-depth acquaintance with the issues of interest to him, to check difficult cases of using language units.

The illustrative material is presented by examples from the Russian classical and modern literature, as well as from works of the most recent time, from newspaper and magazine publications of the 80–90s, translations from foreign languages into Russian.

Nowadays, when the literary language is experiencing strong influence colloquial (and even slang) vocabulary, often invading the language under the slogan of emancipation and "democratization" offered. The reference book will help the speaker and writer to correctly select the language means, it is expedient to build the statement and the text as a whole, and most accurately and fully convey its content to the listener and reader.

The authors thank the researchers of the Russian Language Institute Russian Academy Sciences, teachers of the Department of the Russian language of the Moscow Linguistic University, employees of the Moscow Synodal Library of the St. Danilov Monastery, who made a number of valuable comments, which were taken into account in the preparation of this publication.

SPELLING
The spelling of words in Russian is subject to the rules set out in this section. In those cases where the spelling is not based on the rules, one should refer to normative dictionaries(see appendix at the end of the book).
I. ROOT SPELLING

Ditmar Elyashevich Rosenthal (December 19, 1900, Lodz, Kingdom of Poland, Russian empire- July 29, 1994, Moscow, the Russian Federation) - Soviet and Russian linguist, author of numerous works on the Russian language.

Candidate pedagogical sciences(1952), professor (1962).

Dietmar Rosenthal was born in Lodz (Poland) to a Jewish family. In his early youth he lived in Berlin, where his father worked. In Moscow since 1914. Until 1918 he studied at the 15th Moscow (Warsaw) gymnasium. Since 1918 - at Moscow University (graduated in 1923 with a degree in Italian), Institute National economy named after K. Marx (graduated in 1924); then - in RANION (1924-1926; graduate student, researcher).

From 1922 to 1923 he taught at the secondary school, from 1923 at high school(Workers' Faculty named after Artyom, 1923-1936). Further places of work - the philological faculty of the 1st Moscow State University, since 1927; Moscow Polygraphic Institute, 1940-1962; Faculty of Journalism. Professor, Head of the Department of Stylistics of the Russian Language, Faculty of Journalism, Moscow State University in 1962-1986. For a long time he headed the faculty group of television and radio announcers of the USSR.

Rosenthal created a textbook Italian for universities, Russian-Italian and Italian-Russian dictionaries; translated into Russian the works of Italian writers.

Rosenthal was not an academic specialist in the linguistics of the Russian language, the degree of candidate of pedagogical sciences was awarded to him honoris causa for the textbook of the Italian language. Nevertheless, he is considered the founder (together with Professor K.I. Bylinsky) of practical stylistics, one of the main developers and interpreters of the rules of modern Russian spelling.

Author of more than 150 textbooks (published since 1925), manuals, reference books, dictionaries, popular books, as well as research papers on the Russian language, speech culture, stylistics, spelling, and linguodidactics.

Books signed with the name of D.E. Rosenthal, continue to be published in revised editions.

The Russian language was not for D.E. Rosenthal to his relatives: he spoke German with his father, and Polish with his mother and brother. In total, he knew about twelve languages, including Italian, Latin, Greek, English, French, Swedish.

Books (12)

The book teaches students in an accessible and entertaining way about expressive means of the Russian language, revealing the secrets of the use of words, their compatibility, the rules and subtleties of the use of grammatical forms. For high school students.

When breakage occurs public structures, legal consciousness, culture, intellectual and spiritual life of society, language is at the epicenter of all these upheavals. And therefore, reviving the spirituality of our society, it is necessary to think about good speech, preserve the richness of the Russian language and learn how to use it.

The book tells about the features of correct Russian speech, helps to avoid common speech errors. On interesting examples of high artistic skill Russian writers, poets, publicists are shown a variety of stylistic devices enhancing the expressiveness, emotionality of speech.

The book is addressed to everyone who seeks to improve the culture of speech, to master the art of public speaking, develop a sense of style.

Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language

The "Dictionary ..." contains about 20,000 words representing difficulties of a different nature.

The reader will receive information about the spelling, pronunciation, word formation, learn the grammatical and stylistic characteristics of the word, possible compatibility, word management.

Modern Russian

The manual contains all sections of the modern Russian language course: vocabulary and phraseology, phonetics and graphics, spelling and orthoepy, word formation, morphology and syntax. All theoretical information are illustrated by examples from works of fiction, journalistic, popular science literature.

Various exercises of a training and creative nature are given to consolidate the material.