Biotesting technique. Guidelines for the use of biotesting methods for assessing water quality in domestic and drinking water supply systems

In Russia, it has not yet been possible to significantly reduce illegal migration, and this situation "still threatens public safety", including in the Far Eastern Federal District (FEFD). This was stated Secretary of the Security Council of the Russian Federation Nikolai Patrushev during a field meeting in Yakutsk, where issues were discussed national security in the DFO.

According to him, in 2017 alone (that is, in just a few months!) About 400,000 people were registered for migration there. foreign citizens(increase 15%). Patrushev did not say what kind of guests from which countries made up this impressive number. But even so it is clear that it certainly could not have done without the Chinese and Koreans.

At the same time, the outflow of the indigenous population from Far East over the past 20 years has amounted to almost two million people - almost 20% of the indigenous population of the region has left. Among the reasons for this is the underdevelopment of social, housing and communal and transport infrastructure, low level income in most sectors of the economy, high dependence on food supplies.

“Employment is of particular concern. rural population. The unemployment rate is high here. Most difficult situation noted in the Jewish autonomous region, Primorsky and Kamchatka territories," Patrushev said.

He noted that so far it has not been possible to significantly reduce illegal migration, “which still threatens public security, is a breeding ground for terrorism, cross-border crime, criminalizes economic relations". These challenges and threats are relevant for the Far Eastern Federal District, where, against the backdrop of a low density of the indigenous population, migration processes are very intense.

In this regard, Patrushev set a number of priority tasks for the participants of the meeting: to strengthen migration control, to intensify work to identify and suppress violations of migration legislation, paying special attention to the fight against corruption, and also to intensify work on the timely identification of persons prone to commit crimes among migrants. illegal actions, including those professing radical religious views.

On the one hand, one cannot but rejoice that the authorities are paying attention to the problems of the Far East, on the other hand, it is not enough to indicate key questions. What is important is how to change the current negative trend. A with practical steps, according to experts, there are big problems in the Far Eastern Federal District due to various circumstances.

Director General of the Institute of Regional Problems Dmitry Zhuravlev notes that the outflow of the indigenous population from the Far East is not only in central regions Russia, but also to China, although there it is incomparably smaller.

- If we are talking about the problems of illegal migration, then in the Far East at least there is an equipped border since the time of the Soviet-Chinese border conflicts. These are not borders with states Central Asia, which often exists only on paper and in the minds of people. Far Eastern illegal migrants do not sneak along the border strip under cover of night. Mostly they come legally. But then they move from the category of guests, traders and tourists to another “category”. Their identification is carried out not only by the FSB, but also by those police units that have replaced the migration service. And I wouldn't say it's very difficult task- "Tourists" do not settle in the forest, but come to cities, do business, open shops.

Therefore, the issue of combating illegal migration is a matter of the consistent activities of the relevant authorities, the implementation of the law, and also the organization of labor, which, in fact, Patrushev said.

That is, no emergency measures are required. We just need to at least eliminate the existing lightweight mechanisms, the functioning of which is explained by the fact that trips to China were, and remain, the main direction of the shuttle business. After all, asking for privileges for ourselves, we gave them to the Chinese.

Another thing is that it actually worked for Chinese business. Actually, this is how densely populated cities appeared from the fishing villages on our borders ...

"SP": - The figures announced in Yakutsk look quite threatening from the point of view of national security ... Are any real measures being taken to correct the situation?

- The outflow of the indigenous population from the Far East is an open secret. People are leaving because in some places there is no work at all. As once a Russian student, answering the question - why do you stay in China, because you are not a Chinese? - answered: here at least some kind of prospect, but there it is not at all.

The problem of the outflow of the population is not a problem of migration, but of the socio-economic situation in the region. It is clear that in our country it is often customary to consider: they say, where I live is bad, but in another place it is good. But the local Far Eastern youth have no confidence that if they stay, they will live a normal life. If the system is not developed, the situation will not only not remain at the level, it will degrade.

As for correcting this situation, the problem rests on the fact that it is not clear where to get the funds from and how to use them for the development of the region? At first, they focused on state programs and the investment of budgetary funds. When it became clear that it was not working, they decided to attract private investment. Here the question has already arisen: investments from whom - Russian companies or foreign ones? And how many of them need to be tightened?

In Chita, say, until 1998 there was the headquarters of the Trans-Baikal Military District and there were no serious enterprises. And in order to create something there, you need to correctly assess what to develop?

But investments in the Far East, of course, are very serious. Let's say that the Far Eastern hectare program is now in operation. But, in essence, it boils down to the following: we give you land, and you come with shovels and raise the Far East at your own expense. The maximum that we will do for you is to lead the way ...

But by talking: they say, guys, raise the territory yourself, you won’t move things. Investments must be commensurate economic program. Moreover, with guarantees that they will actually reach the addressees. But as the practice of building the Vostochny cosmodrome has shown, this does not always happen ...

"SP": Is the threat of terrorism in the Far East really real?

“It is clear that this does not mean Muslim terrorism — the Uyghurs are more likely to fight at home than with us. The problem is that the Chinese who come to the Far East are woven into our social fabric, which naturally irritates the local poor population. In this sense, excesses on interethnic grounds, and large-scale ones, are, unfortunately, possible.

For example, in the Trans-Baikal Territory, the topic of Chinese migrants is the most rated, and local politicians use it for PR.

- The situation in the Far East concerns everyone - and law enforcement, and the economic sector, and in general the leadership of the country, which largely condones the situation, - believes Deputy Director of the Institute for Political and Military Analysis Alexander Khramchikhin. - But! When the migration legislation was somewhat tightened in the 2000s and, say, the Chinese began to leave Buryatia, then locals complained that there was no one to work now. And it was impossible to attract Russians and Buryats to the vacant jobs. This is such a specific moment, and not only economic, but I would say also mental.

In general, many factors lead ultimately to a rather unpleasant situation. I'm not even talking about the "sinification" of the Far East - this, obviously, is already happening. And about what could be repeated in a kind of "Kosovo scenario." That is, a sharp change in the demographic balance, followed by political demands.

"SP": - You do not exclude even such a thing?

- Of course, I do not rule it out. Moreover, Chinese territorial claims have not gone away. They are simply pushed into the far box. And it is not necessary for us yet to put forward them to Beijing. And it's not that China is bad or good. He objectively needs expansion due to lack of territory and resources.

The recently adopted concept of demographic policy assumes that 250,000 more people will come to the Far East in the next few years than they will leave. Official statistics for 2015-2016 and the first months of 2017, however, are still ruthless. Despite assurances from the authorities that investments are being made in the Far East, people, as EastRussia found out, are still leaving here.

Photo: Lorna Roberts / shutterstock.com

NOT ONLY ON HOLD

One of the results public policy for the development of the Far East by 2025 should be an increase in the population by 50 thousand people due to natural increase and another 250 thousand people - due to the positive balance of migration. Such indicators are enshrined in the concept of the demographic policy of the Far East adopted on June 28 by the government of the Russian Federation.

Another impressive figure is that by 2025 it is required to provide personnel for at least 100,000 new jobs that investors must create. “Here we are counting on internal migration from other regions of Russia, and also some part will be attracted at the expense of compatriots who live abroad. The program for the resettlement of compatriots will help them reduce the costs of moving. This is an important tool,” explained these days, Deputy Head of the Ministry for the Development of the Far East Sergey Kachaev.

Without touching on the tools proposed to attract 250,000 "new Far Easterners" (let the demographers talk about them), EastRussia tried to assess what is happening now in terms of migration with the "old" Far Easterners.

The task did not look easy, since there is no unified operational statistics on migration for the subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District in the public system of Rosstat. There are six territorial statistical bodies in the Far East: Khabarovskstat (reports on four subjects - the Khabarovsk Territory, the Jewish Autonomous Region, the Magadan Region and Chukotka), Sakhastat, Amurstat, Kamstat, Primstat and Sakhalinstat. Khabarovskstat is responsible for publishing data for the Far Eastern Federal District, but the most recent of them for demographics is for 2015. A study of the official websites of the TU Rosstat shows that they are extremely creative in laying out operational data for the "Population" section: in some regions, the most recent data are figures for January-March 2017, in others - for January-April, in others - for January-May.

However, the overall picture is quite clear.

These are statistics, nothing personal.

RUNNING IN 2016

For starters, just one figure about what happened to the population of the Far East in 2015: the very year in which the implementation of new laws designed to stimulate investment was just beginning. At that time, of course, there was no need to talk about any projects implemented within the framework of advanced development territories (TOR) - TOR existed only on paper. New jobs, if created, were not due to amendments to the legislation. And if people from the Far East did leave, it certainly was not because of the failure of the policy implemented by the Ministry for the Development of the Far East.

So, the population of the Far Eastern Federal District on January 1, 2015 was 6,211,021 people, on January 1, 2016 - 6,194,969 people. Total - minus 16,052 people. It does not matter, for reasons of natural loss or migration. Let's just remember.

In 2016, the commissioning of new enterprises began. The rhetoric that life will soon be good in the Far East has been replaced by practice. And from this point of view, it is already interesting to analyze the migration behavior of the population of nine specific subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District. Let us emphasize that the calculations below, calculated on the basis of the data of the Technical Specifications of Rosstat, are not data characterizing the dynamics of the population as a whole, they are only about migration.

	Arrived	dropped out	Migration increase / decrease	Between this and other regions of Russia	Population exchange with CIS countries
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	36715	40868	-4153	There is no data	There is no data
Amurskaya Oblast	28761	32031	-3270	-3380	922
Primorsky Krai	77058	80267	-3209	There is no data	There is no data
Kamchatka Krai	12561	14366	-1805	There is no data	There is no data
Jewish Autonomous Region	4754	6356	-1602	-1675	69
Khabarovsk region	57047	58633	-1586	-4453	There is no data
Chukotka	4280	4796	-516	-594	77
Magadan Region	7543	8045	-502	-1706	1020
Sakhalin region	21971	22458	-487	There is no data	There is no data

Brief conclusions are simple.

First of all, not a single subject of the Far Eastern Federal District showed a positive migration balance in 2016. Alas.

Secondly, judging by the subjects for which such data is available, everywhere the outflow of the population from this particular region of the Far East to other regions of Russia is higher than the outflow of the population in general. Unfortunately, the available figures do not allow us to estimate the share of people leaving one region of the Far East for another in this outflow, that is, migration within the Far Eastern Federal District. But such migration is generally a separate issue.

Thirdly, CIS countries give the Far East only an influx of population.

Finally, the total outflow of the population in 9 subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District for last year, as it is easy to calculate from the table, amounted to 17,130 people. How many of those who left moved inside the Far East - of course, the topic of a special study.

According to Rosstat, the population of the Far Eastern Federal District as of January 1, 2017 was 6,182,679 people. Minus 12,290 people per year. This is better than at the end of 2015, which allowed the authorities at the beginning of this year to declare with optimism: the trends have been reversed, people have begun to leave the Far East less.

WHAT IN 2017?

Let us recall that Rosstat does not have unified data for 2017 for the Far East.

But first, you can analyze the most complete data - the dynamics of migration for January-May of this year. Such indicators are officially published in various sources for six subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District.

	Arrived / left in January-May 2017	Balance for the period 2017	Arrived / left in January-May 2016	Balance for the period 2016
Khabarovsk region	17710 / 19641	-1931	20712 / 19767	945
Primorsky Krai	9430 / 10908	-1478	9791 / 11282	-1491
Chukotka	1218 / 1813	-595	1695 / 1650	45
Amurskaya Oblast	9577 / 10169	-592	There is no data	There is no data
Jewish Autonomous Region	1219 / 1781	-562	1264 / 1817	-553
Magadan Region	3241 / 3292	-51	2697 / 2991	-294

As can be clearly seen from the table, not a single subject of the Far East out of six that published statistical data on migration for January-May, did not show migratory inflow. At the same time, a year earlier, for the first five months, there was an increase in the Khabarovsk Territory and Chukotka. Migration indicators have deteriorated not only in these two subjects, but also in the Jewish Autonomy, and there is nothing to compare them with in the Amur Region. Improved indicators Kolyma and Primorye, but they still have a net outflow.

Data for Kamchatka and Yakutia are available only through April:

	arrivals	Dropouts	Growth / loss
Kamchatka Krai	3307	3790	-483
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)	10483	11554	-1071

Data for Sakhalin is only available through March:

However, the lack of more recent information does not change the situation. Unfortunately, in these subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District, according to the results of the first months of 2017, there is a negative balance of migration: people continue to leave more often than they arrive. Conduct qualitative analysis patterns of departing and arriving based on the available data is not possible. But if the features of migration in 2016 remain in force, then more and more people from the CIS countries come to the east of the country, and they leave from here - mainly to other subjects of the Russian Federation.

The first shows that it will not be easy for the state and business to solve the problem of qualified personnel. The second is that the Far East has not yet been made more attractive than more western regions Russia.

BUT if this year's trends continue, the Far East again has every chance to demonstrate a net annual outflow of the population. By 2020, the developers of the concept of the demographic policy of the Far East have set the goal of fixing the population at the current level - at least fixing it. To accomplish this ambitious task, there is nothing left - just a couple of years.

- Adjunct of the Far Eastern Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation (Khabarovsk).

Email: *****@***ru

Keywords Keywords: migration, legislation, constitution, compatriots, repatriation, demography, resettlement, citizens' rights, foreign citizen, refugees.

The work deals with the most sharp questions migration policy in the Russian Federation and in the Far Eastern Federal District in particular.

Based on an analysis of the demographic situation in the Russian Federation and the Far Eastern Federal District, the state legal support migration relations, the reasons for the inefficient implementation of migration policy are identified and a number of measures are proposed to improve the management of migration policy in Russia and in the Far Eastern Federal District in particular.

Problems of external migration in the Far Eastern Federal District and constitutional and legal aspects of their solution

Period Russian history the end of the 20th - the beginning of the 21st century is characterized by radical transformations in all spheres of state and public life. The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 legally fixed fundamentally new priorities and directions for the development of the state, proclaiming a person, his rights and freedoms as the highest value, and their recognition, observance and protection is the duty of the state. One of its features is the legislative regulation of the rights to free movement, choice of place of residence, choice of place of residence.

The Russian Federation is currently an open state, including for citizens of other states, who can freely enter its territory and freely leave it. And this means that objectively there are various kinds of issues related to the movement of foreign citizens and stateless persons on the territory of the Russian Federation. The mobility of the population, one of the forms of which is migration, can be considered from the standpoint of both positive and negative impact on society, but, like any social process, migration carries a positive charge only if it is controlled.

If the state does not control and regulate migration relations in society, then a certain tension may arise, since the growing number of migrants arriving from abroad objectively affects the emerging social problems for the local population and for relevant state structures who, as a rule, are not ready to quickly solve their social, economic, psychological problems, which negatively affects the migrants themselves. Social disorder, lack of work, housing objectively contribute to criminal activity among migrants. Conversely, a sharp and uncontrolled increase in the share of migrants generates a negative response from the local population.

Similar social processes are already taking place in the Russian Federation, especially in those regions where there is an increase in the share of the non-titular population. Since 1992, there has been a steady depopulation of the inhabitants of Russia. The cessation of population growth occurred due to a reduction in both natural and migration growth. The unstable economic situation in the country, the complete liberalization of the emigration regime contributed to the outflow of the able-bodied population of Russia to the most favorable countries. In turn, the wave of inter-ethnic tensions and openly inter-ethnic wars that erupted after the collapse of the Soviet Union caused a significant flow of refugees and displaced persons in the post-Soviet space within the territory of Russia.

The backlog of legislation regulating migration processes in the country, the transparency of borders, the lack of proper experience in the work of executive authorities in the migration sphere also served as reasons illegal migration to Russia, which gradually acquired a massive character, reaching incredible proportions. According to the estimates of the State Statistics Committee of Russia, by 2010 the number of illegal labor migrants is projected to range from 14 to 19 million people.

As for the regions, the Far East is one of the most problematic federal district(DFO), since the specifics geopolitical position region has led to a sharp increase in the number of migrants in its territory. In particular, according to the Federal Migration Service, foreign citizens entered the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District in the Khabarovsk Territory in 2007, which is 10% more than in the previous period. At the same time, 139,000 thousand people worked with work visas in the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District in 2007, which is 50% more than in 2006 (69.8 thousand people). If we follow the data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, according to which the ratio of illegal and legal migrants is approximately 1:10, then the total number of foreign citizens working in the territory of the Far Eastern Federal District approaches 1.5 million, which is commensurate with total living in the Far Eastern Federal District Russian citizens.

At the same time, for a long time there has been a downward trend total strength population in the Far Eastern Federal District, including those of working age. Thousands of highly qualified specialists annually emigrate from the district and not only to the western regions of the country, but also abroad. Taking into account the growing natural population decline (mortality is several times higher than the birth rate), the situation becomes critical. In conditions economic crisis When many Russians may lose their jobs, the cheap labor force of illegal migrants is a serious destabilizing factor in the socio-economic situation in the region.

Of course, first of all, the solution to this problem lies in the field of constitutional and legal regulation.

When considering the legislation governing migration processes in the Russian Federation, it is initially necessary to single out the norms of international law. Signature and ratification international agreements and contracts, other documents international law contribute to the implementation of international terms and provisions in the Russian migration legislation.

14. Informational portal for compatriots // “The Motherland is calling. Yes, he can’t accept ... ”, May 14, 2008

15. Statistics of the FMS for the Khabarovsk Territory / Extract from the review of the FMS of Russia on the results of the activities of the territorial bodies of the FMS of Russia in 2008

16. Zatulin, K.mass media/ K. Zatulin // “One can be considered a compatriot who strives for this himself”, 04/19/2008

17. Regional Target Program "On Assistance to the Voluntary Resettlement to the Russian Federation of Compatriots Living Abroad" for 2007-2012 // Law of the Primorsky Territory - KZ.

18. Program "Development of Vladivostok as a center international cooperation in the Asia-Pacific Region”: Decree of the Head of Vladivostok dated April 22, 2009 No. 000 // Official website of the administration of Vladivostokwww. vlc. en

State and Law

Resume: The article deals with the processes of internal labor migration to the Russian Far East. As an analytical base, the paper presents articles by Far Eastern scientists and researchers, and their brief review is made.

Key words: migration processes, Far East, Far Eastern Federal District, internal labor migration.

Migration labor processes have a huge impact for development not only individual regions but also the country as a whole. Immigration, as well as emigration, can improve the situation on the regional labor market, and vice versa, turn it in an unfavorable direction. The purpose of this work is to determine what the situation is in the labor market of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia (FEFD) at the moment.

The population of the Far Eastern Federal District as of January 1, 2015 was 6,211,021 people, as of January 1, 2016 - 6,194,969 people. Total - minus 16,052 people.

			migratory increase/ decrease
The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Amurskaya Oblast
Primorsky Krai
Kamchatka Krai
Jewish Autonomous Region
Khabarovsk region
Chukotka
Magadan Region
Sakhalin region

Table 1. Population dynamics in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2016 (persons)

From table 1, we can conclude that not a single subject of the Far Eastern Federal District showed a positive migration balance in 2016, the total outflow of the population in 9 subjects of the Far Eastern Federal District over the past year amounted to 17,130 people.

The vast majority of migrants are young people between the ages of 15 and 35. In the structure of the outgoing adult population, up to two thirds are persons with higher and secondary vocational education. Together with them, children leave the Far Eastern territories, which makes it difficult for self-reproduction in the long term.

Currently, in the Far East of Russia there is an acute problem of the outflow of the population of working age. Mostly young people leave their native region. In fact, the Far East is becoming a labor exchange for foreign countries and the central part of Russia. As a result, the state is taking a number of measures aimed at developing the Far Eastern Federal District and, accordingly, creating attractive conditions for the able-bodied population. In particular, the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2009 No. 2094-r approved the “Strategy for the socio-economic development of the Far East and Baikal region for the period up to 2025". One of the main conditions for its implementation is the availability of human resources.

One of the results of the state policy for the development of the Far East by 2025 should be an increase in the population by 50 thousand people due to natural growth and another 250 thousand people due to a positive balance of migration. Such indicators are enshrined in the concept of the demographic policy of the Far East adopted on June 28, 2017 by the government of the Russian Federation.

According to the Far East Consulting Center (DCC), the Far East is a stable consumer of foreign labor and the number of foreign citizens entering on work visas will increase.

In accordance with the federal target program innovative development In Russia, the strategic goal of the Far Eastern Federal District is to create a dynamically developing socio-economic system of an innovative type. The team of authors in their study examines in detail the mechanisms for attracting students, graduate students and young scientists to solving the problems of innovative development of Russia until 2020.

For the Far East, it is especially important here to preserve its own population and create favorable conditions for reducing its natural and artificial loss.

To date, a number of problems and features that exist in the labor market of the Far Eastern Federal District have been identified, namely:

- aging of qualified personnel;

- the outflow of the population, among which a large percentage of young people;

- imbalance in the volumes and profiles of training specialists with the needs of the labor market;

- unemployment of graduates with higher education;

– low level of wages in working specialties;

- insufficient development of entrepreneurial activity;

- absence educational centers training and retraining in entrepreneurial activity.

According to the results of a survey conducted by DCC specialists on May 20, 2011, the key factors that influence the outflow of the population and do not contribute to its resettlement to the Far East are: low wages (58.3%), lack of prospects for professional growth(37%), high food prices (33.9%), poor conditions for giving birth and raising children (28.7%), expensive housing (26.7%), lack of business development prospects (25.6%), problems of climate and ecology (14.4% and 12.8% respectively).

Today there is an urgent need for personnel of engineering and technical specialties. Water, gas, heat, energy supply organizations require renewal and rejuvenation of employees. Also lack labor resources available in the livestock sector, in the construction industry, in aircraft and shipbuilding enterprises.

At the same time, the state is implementing a number of programs for the socio-economic development of the Far Eastern Federal District. For example, priority development areas are being created that will allow socio-economic development of the region to a new level.

In order to improve the process of settling the Far Eastern territories, special attention should be paid to information coverage of the development programs of the Far Eastern Federal District, all priority areas in which migrants can realize their potential.

List of sources and literature

1. Demographic yearbook of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Statistical compendium / Sakha (Yakutia) stat. – Yakutsk, 2016.

2. Migration of the population of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Statistical collection: in 2 volumes / Sakha (Yakutia) stat. Volume 2. - Yakutsk, 2015.

3. Pestereva N.M., Savinkina L.A., Tsvetlyuk L.S. Some features of the labor market and the strategy for the development of labor resources in the Primorsky Territory // Education. The science. Scientific personnel. - 2014. - No. 2.

4. Sidorkina ZI Immigration in the Far East of Russia: history and modernity. Natural and technical sciences, No. 6, 2009.

5. Sidorkina Z. I., Belskaya E. E. Current state socio-economic development of municipal territories (on the example of the Bikinsky district Khabarovsk Territory) // Geosystems and their components in Northeast Asia: evolution and dynamics of natural, natural-resource and socio-economic relations. Materials Vseros. scientific-practical. conf. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2016.

6. Sukneva S.A. Demographic development potential of the population of the northern region. - Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2010.

7. Sukneva S.A. Migration processes in the northern region // Bulletin of Moscow University. Series 6: Economy. - 2010. - No. 1.

8. Sukneva S. A., Barashkova A. S. Influence of migration trends on the dynamics of marriage processes in the North-East of Russia // Regional economy: theory and practice. - 2016. - No. 8.

9. Shuvalova, I.K. Migration processes in the Far East of Russia: experience, problems and development prospects / I.K. Shuvalova // Humanitarian research in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. - 2013. - No. 3 (23).

10. Shuvalova, I.K. Factor analysis migration activity in the Russian Far East / I.K. Shuvalova // Bulletin of ZabGU. - 2014. - No. 05 (108).

11. Shuvalova, I.K. Problems of regulation of migration in early XXI century / I.K. Shuvalova // Bulletin of the open legal institute. -2012. -№2(3).

Electronic resource:

12. The main reasons for the outflow of the population // "Far Eastern Consulting Center", expert and analytical site /

Despite the unique natural resources and exceptionally profitable geographical position Far Eastern Federal District, its socio-economic condition cannot be considered prosperous. The district's economy is characterized by disproportions, underdevelopment fuel and energy base, insufficient development of such basic industries as ferrous metallurgy and engineering. In the last ten years, there has been a decline in production. All subjects of the Federation that are part of the Far Eastern District are subsidized.
The prospects for the development of the district in market conditions are associated with the development of new natural resources and further formation of the South Yakutsk territorial production complex.
In the future, in the BAM area, it is possible to create another complex, which will be based on the development of ferrous metallurgy based on coking coals of South Yakutia and iron ore deposits in this area.
The Zeya-Svobodnensky complex will be further developed on the basis of power engineering, the timber and woodworking industries, mechanical engineering, and the extraction of tin and other minerals. The Zeya HPP was put into operation. By 2010, the construction of the Bureyskaya, Nizhne-Bureiskaya and Vilyuiskaya HPPs will be completed, and the capacities of the Ust-Srednekanskaya HPP will be commissioned. After 2010, construction of the South Yakutsk hydropower complex and the Mokskaya HPP is planned to begin. On the basis of the Bureyskaya HPP and the development of coal from the Urgalskoye deposit, the Urgalsky TPK will be created. The energy base of the new complex will become more powerful due to the construction of a thermal power plant. New branches of mechanical engineering will emerge (production of road machines), and a powerful repair base will be created. Based on the use of the richest forest resources forestry and wood-chemical industries will begin to develop.
In the area of ​​the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, it is planned to create a powerful chemical complex based on West Siberian oil, oil from the Sakhalin shelf, Yakut natural gas, South Yakut coals, local apatites and phosphorites of the Udsko-Selemdzha region.
Northwest of Komsomolsk-on-Amur are large deposits tin - Burzhalskoye and Komsomolskoye and the plant is already operating, which should be expanded in the future.
On the eastern section of the BAM route, the Sovgavan TPK is being formed. Sovetskaya Gavan will turn into a powerful transport hub
Far East. The port is being reconstructed. A ferry crossing to Sakhalin through the Tatar Strait Vanino-Kholmsk was introduced.
The ship repair and fish processing industries are developing.
In the future, it is planned to develop about 40 million hectares of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga. It is planned to increase timber harvesting to 6 million m3 (mainly spruce, fir). New construction in the Far East region will require the development of a powerful construction base. The construction of a number of new cement plants and other objects of the construction industry.
At present, the South Yakutsk TPK continues to develop, a powerful coal mine, an enrichment plant, and the Neryungri State District Power Plant have been built.
The South Yakutsk TPK is formed on the basis of a combination of high-quality coal and iron ore. In the river basin Aldan, 80-100 km north of the Stanovoy Ridge, not far from the South Yakutsk high-quality iron ores, is the South Yakutsk coal basin. The coals are different high quality and suitable for coking. Chulmakanskoye, Neryungri and other deposits have been explored here. The seam thickness at the Neryungri deposit exceeds 50 m. At the Chulmakanskoye deposit, coal seams have a horizontal strike. A mine with a capacity of 6 million tons of coal per year was put into operation in the South Yakutsk basin.
Near the coal basin is the Aldan iron ore basin with iron content in ore up to 42%. The most studied are the Taezhnoye, Pionerskoye, and Sivaglinskoye deposits, whose reserves amount to 2.5 billion tons.
In the basins of the Olekma and Chara rivers, magnetite quartzites have been explored; this makes it possible to create in the future a large base for ferrous metallurgy in the Far East.
It is expected to maintain the leading role of the Far Eastern Federal District in the gold mining industry. This is due to the presence of explored and probable reserves and gold mining. More than 400 gold deposits have been discovered in the Republic of Sakha alone. A number of new deposits have been explored in the Magadan region in the Chukotka autonomous region, in the Amur and Kamchatka regions, the Khabarovsk Territory.
The diamond mining industry will continue to develop successfully in the Far East. It is one of the largest diamond mining centers in the world. Over 80% of the country's industrial and probable diamond reserves are concentrated here.
Significant deposits of apatite, large deposits of mica, corundum, shale and other minerals have been discovered in the zone of the South Yakutsk mineral complex.
The BAM-Tynda railway and its continuation from Tynda to Berkakit give Yakut coals access to the BAM and the Trans-Siberian Railway. High-quality coking coal from the South Yakutsk basin will be supplied to metallurgical plants in the southern regions of the Far East, as well as for export to Japan. Their export to Japan will go through major port Eastern, but the use of Yakut coals in southern regions Far East are limited by it high price.
In the future, it is possible to improve the structure energy balance as a result of increased use of natural gas. The gas resources of the Far Eastern Federal District are estimated at 10 trillion m3. Production of Yakutian gas in the amount of 35-40 billion m3 is forecasted with its transportation through the main gas pipeline of large diameter Ust-Vilyui - the south of the Far East with access to the Pacific coast. The implementation of this project would make it possible to abandon the development of inefficient coal enterprises in the south of the Far Eastern Federal District.
However, development richest resources The Far East requires huge capital investments. Therefore, a priority investment program is needed for the region and attraction of foreign investment, primarily from neighboring states - Japan, China, South Korea. At present, there is already a decision on the joint development of the oil resources of the Sakhalin shelf with Japan. An agreement was signed with China on the demarcation of the state border along the Amur, the joint exploitation of a number of river islands; joint ventures will be established. We have already spoken about the creation of the Nakhodka free economic zone, which is successfully developing and bringing considerable dividends to the region.
Non-ferrous metallurgy will take the leading place in the prospective development of the district. It is planned to expand geological research, it is planned to increase the pace of preparation for the exploitation of new mineral deposits, to expand coal production by 1.5 times through the reconstruction and construction of new mines. Particular attention is paid to the development of the electric power industry by increasing the capacity of the Bureyskaya HPP, reconstructing the Ussuriyskaya HPP, the Partizanskaya State District Power Plant and a number of thermal power plants. In Kamchatka, in the future, it is planned to build a cascade of hydroelectric power plants of small capacity on the river. Tolmachevo.
In the coming years, it is planned to increase the production of oil and gas condensate on Sakhalin, including through the development continental shelf, as well as in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The gold and diamond mining industry has great prospects.

With a weak supply of the district railways special meaning acquires a branch under construction with a length of 70 km from BAM to the Chiney deposit of titanomagnetite, vanadium and copper-platinum ores, located in the Kovdor mountains. The construction of the Amur-Yakutsk railway line from Neryungri (BAM) to Yakutsk continues. At present, this road has been brought to Aldan.
The federal authorities have developed and are implementing a number of state programs for the development of individual regions of the Far East.
The priority economic tasks of the Far Eastern Federal District are the transfer of thermal power plants to more efficient gas fuel, their reconstruction and capacity building. In the near future, this problem will be solved through the construction of a main gas pipeline from the Kovykta gas field in the Irkutsk region to the Far East and neighboring states - China, Japan, etc.
Most promising direction in the economic development of the district is the development of industry for the extraction and processing of natural raw materials through the conversion of the defense complex, the enterprises of which are saturated in the region. Tasks set further development market relations, the creation of a market infrastructure, the sociologization of the economy through structural adjustment, the development of free economic zones, the solution of environmental and demographic problems and expansion of transport and economic ties with other regions and foreign countries. The task of all-round development of small business, joint ventures with neighboring countries should become a priority in the region.
Questions for self-control Which subjects of the Federation are included in the Far Eastern Federal District? Describe the natural resources of the Far East. List the leading branches of market specialization of the Far East. What role does FEZ "Nakhodka" play in the development of the Okrug's economy? What are the main tasks and prospects for the development of the economy of the Far East?