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The Dictionary describes about 1500 words that appeared in the Russian language in the first decade of the 21st century and have not yet been recorded in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language. These are mainly borrowings from English, less often German and French. The dictionary will help the reader better navigate this sea of ​​names. It provides the most complete information about a new word: its interpretation, grammatical characteristics, etymological reference is given, in some cases spelling variants are given, sometimes synonyms are indicated.

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The newest dictionary Russian language of the XXI century Shagalova Ekaterina Nikolaevna

E. N. Shagalova The latest explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the XXI century About 1500 words

E. N. Shagalova

The latest explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the XXI century

About 1500 words

FOREWORD

The active borrowing of foreign words by the Russian language, primarily Anglicisms, which began during Perestroika, when new political, economic, social and cultural realities were being formed in Russia, continues at the present time. Foreign lexemes are still an important part of the neological process, on the one hand, participating in the replenishment vocabulary Russian language, on the other hand, being included in complex lexical, word-formation and grammatical relations.

The process of Russia's integration into the international community continues, cultural and business contacts are expanding in the most different levels. All large quantity people are being used English language in their daily lives, studying abroad, communicating with business partners, listening to programs broadcast by international television and radio channels. Youth and professional communities in which the use of English words does not require translation or additional explanations. All these phenomena cannot but influence the Russian language. The influx of borrowings in some areas is so intense that texts and speech become difficult to understand.

"The latest explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the XXI century" includes about 1500 words and expressions, almost half of which have not been described before. The dictionary is a continuation of the previous work of the author ("Dictionary of the latest foreign words(late XX - early XXI centuries)”, published in 2009 and created in the tradition of Russian academic lexicography. In the process of work, such principles of description were developed lexical units, which made it possible to present the maximum full information about the new word. Each word contains information about its grammatical characteristics, about the source language, in some cases spelling variants of the word are given, if available, synonyms are indicated. Our Dictionary has the same parameters for describing new words.

The thematic affiliation of the new borrowed vocabulary has changed somewhat. Develop Computer techologies and computer services (iPad, bot, book reader, webinar, widget, wiki, wikipedia, jeepies, captcha, macbook, podcast, messenger, netbook, task manager, torrent tracker, firewall), new means of communication and telecommunications are being introduced ( bluetooth, wifi, hotspot). Most Attention is currently attracted by mobile telephony, introducing new formats, devices and services ( android, ringbacktone, ringtone, smartphone, touchphone). Social media and live magazines opened completely new way communications and, as a result, entire layers new vocabulary, both borrowed and originated in the Russian language, come into use ( bluk, massfrendding, massfollowing, microblogging, tweet, Twitter, trolling, Facebook, follower, friend). Not only the terminology that accompanies this new social phenomenon, but also colloquial, jargon.

In sports terminology a large number of Borrowed neologisms are fixed in extreme sports, in aerobics and fitness. Wed in kiting - kitetracking, moonwalking, scudding, flysurfing; in fitness and aerobics - bellydance, bodybar, double-step, core-training, rowling; in sports and outdoor games and entertainment - geocaching, hyperbole, no-game, hardball; in diving - dive boat, dive site, dive shop; cave diving, samba; new extreme entertainment: zorbing, parkour, ropejumping, snorkelling, snowrafting, stuntriding, funcarving.

Constantly changing fashion trends, an expanding range of cosmetics and wellness treatments on offer are invariably a source of new vocabulary, including borrowed ones: balconette, bandeau, bodyliner, boxers, brassieres, brush peeling, briefs, gommage, camisole, converse, cryotherapy, crocs, light lifting, monokini, tankini, texturer, fangotherapy, face aerobics, face building. The emergence of new types of residential objects has led to the borrowing of words such as duplex, quadrahouse, lanehouse, townhouse. Advertising and marketing terms, often perceived in the past decade as inclusions, continue to take root in the Russian language: direct marketing, direct mail, copywriting, creative, pre-roll advertising, product placement, hot topic.

On the other hand, not as active as in last decade XX century, the political ( wahhabism, mojigate, neocons) and economic ( benchmarking, grace period, co-brand, cost, low-cost airline, multi-brand, street retail, trade-in) vocabulary.

The changes relate to the graphic appearance and the use of previously borrowed vocabulary. Many words moved from the periphery of the language to the center, became familiar to the ear, ceased to be written in quotation marks, acquired a stable graphic appearance and began to be used figuratively, which indicates their rooting in the Russian language. Compare: There are no accidents in the biography of a great writer. Writer - he is hypertext, a statement in time and space.(Gazeta.ru 11/19/10). He[George Bush]…tried to install in Iraq a democratic software, clearly inappropriate for this type gland.(Gazeta.ru 13.10.06). The most successful example tuning repertoire turned out to be La bohème. A modest production in 1996 with mise-en-scenes like “enters from the left, leaves to the right” turned out to be comfortable for debuts.(Izv. 03.02.10).

In some cases, the systematically repeated figurative use of words indicates the gradual formation of borrowed innovations figurative meanings. This phenomenon can be seen in the example of the word upgrade:…« upgrade Communist Party "ended without really starting"... (NI 07.06.04). What will happen and what other political upgrade can get political system if the popularity of the authorities suddenly begins to fall significantly, it is not very clear now.(Gazeta.ru 21.11.08).

Words previously recorded in lexicographic reference books are borrowed in new meanings or new meanings are formed in the bowels of the Russian language. So, in the dictionary the word vamp is given both in the meaning of ‘fatal woman’, and to denote a special style of make-up; at the word multiplex new value is fixed ‘ a set of television and radio broadcasting channels transmitted over a single digital channel'; while borrowing presentation increasingly common in the meaning of ‘ a sequence of slides prepared using a special program (often PowerPoint)’.

Values polysemantic words, recorded earlier, are not given in the Dictionary if the words were not actively used in these meanings during the described period. In these cases, new values ​​are given. Yes, for the word duplex the dictionary does not give the meaning of ‘hardware-implemented double-sided printing’, but gives three new meanings in which the word is often found on the pages of modern periodicals: ‘the mode of operation of transceiver devices (modems, network cards, walkie-talkies, telephones), in which they can transmit and receive information simultaneously’; ‘an apartment located on two levels’ and ‘a house intended for two families’.

Some words, which were presented in the author's previous dictionary as polysemantic, are now interpreted unambiguously, having absorbed all the previously distinguished meanings into a single interpretation. Since the borrowing of words occurs in specific linguistic and everyday contexts, initially narrow, often special meanings are formed in the borrowing language, the connection between which is not obvious to native speakers of the receiving language. Instead of the three meanings noted earlier for the word cartridge, this edition provides one general ‘interchangeable functional element of some. devices’, and such narrower meanings as ‘replaceable unit in copiers, printers, etc., containing consumables (powder, dye)’ and ‘replaceable computer unit with built-in microcircuits used as external memory’ are excluded. Mastering the word in Russian and expanding the contexts of occurrence led to the restoration semantic links characteristic of the borrowing prototype in the source language and to the formation of a single meaning.

The Dictionary also reflects such a phenomenon as the design of previously borrowed words, which were found exclusively in the graphics of the source language, by means of the Russian language ( outlook, google, skype, screenshot, youtube). The dictionary also includes lexemes that have long been known in the Russian language and are recorded in lexicographic reference books. It's about about words that have gone beyond the narrow sphere of use and received wide use on the pages of periodicals, but not always clear to the reader: adat, azan, kafir, prayer, niqab, hijab, hizba. Some borrowings that used to refer exclusively to the realities of other countries have lost restrictive marks such as ‘in the USA’, ‘in some Western countries' etc.

Borrowed words are actively included in word-formation relations in the system of the Russian language. In the Dictionary, this phenomenon is reflected through the description of foreign language elements that form Difficult words as initial or supporting components. Wed google-: google-analytics, google-application, google-locator, google- discussions, google-interpreter; multitouch-: multitouch-display, multitouch-gesture, multitouch-a game, multitouch-interface, multitouch-navigation, multitouch-region, multitouch-sensor, multitouch-technology, multitouch-control, multitouch-device, multitouch-screen, multitouch-language; phishing-: phishing-attack, phishing-the address, phishing-scam, phishing-fraud, phishing-resource, phishing-message, phishing-Technics; … gate: Yeltsin gate, zipper gate, iran gate, crankcase gate, color gate, skate gate, korea gate, kravchuk gate, kremlin gate, moji gate, monica gate, plutonium gate, fear gate, uranium gate, Yanaev gate, UNOS- gate and many others.

The appendix to the Dictionary contains widely used foreign words and phrases found in periodicals in the graphics of the source language: App Store, Blu-ray, Firefox, Gmail, Google Chrome, hands-free, iTunes Store, Open Office, Picasa, USB etc.

The dictionary is aimed at the widest audience.

Shagalova E. N.

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