The story of M.A. Bulgakov " dog's heart"reflects the post-revolutionary era of the 20s - the time of NEP. The realistic description of the Soviet reality of this time is combined with the story of the grandiose fantastic experiment of Professor F.F. Preobrazhensky. As a result of surgery on a dog with a pituitary gland transplant human brain the professor manages to get a new creature. There was a "humanization" of the dog - the dog turns into a man. This is evidenced by the entries, called by the author "From the diary of Dr. Bormenthal." At first, it is just a "case history", which describes the initial data of the "patient" - the dog Sharik, the course of the operation, medical appointments. Then the patient's condition changes: his hair falls out, his voice appears, his height increases ... Gradually, he turns into a person, although poorly developed, but able to talk, and then understand others. As a new tenant, the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder, takes him under his wing - he lays the foundations for Sharikov's worldview (on his advice new person chooses a name - Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov). For Shvonder, it is very important to have Sharikov certain influence, because Shvonder is hostile to Professor Preobrazhensky, considering him a bourgeois. Sharikov assimilates his vulgar sociological views quickly: everything is determined by a person's class origin. The maid Zinka is "an ordinary servant, but forsu, like a commissar." Philipp Philippovich, of course, is “not a comrade”: “we didn’t study at universities, we didn’t live in apartments of 15 rooms with bathrooms.” Sharikov quickly learned that "at present, everyone has his own right," but he does not want to understand that he should also have responsibilities. Therefore, he makes many claims to the professor, but is not capable of an elementary feeling of gratitude. Under the influence of Schwonder, he reads books whose contents he does not understand, and everything he does not understand, whether books or theater, is "counter-revolution". Reading Engels' correspondence with Kautsky, he "does not agree" with both, his opinion being simple: "Take everything and divide it up." Shvonder wrote accusatory articles against the professor, Sharikov went further: he learned to write denunciations. Shvonder was surprised to see that Sharikov was getting out of his influence when it came to the need for documents, registration, military registration - Sharikov agrees to “register”, but categorically refuses to fight. When Sharikov drank away the money taken to buy textbooks, Shvonder was finally convinced that Sharikov was a "scoundrel". And yet the socially close Sharikov is more understandable to Shvonder than the class-alien Professor Preobrazhensky. Unlike Shvonder, the professor realized that Sharikov, in his meanness and arrogance, would go much further than his "educator", showing himself to be a worthy "student".

Composition Bulgakov M.A. - Dog's heart

Topic: - “Shvonder is the most important fool” (based on the story of M. Bulgakov “Heart of a Dog”)

The story "Heart of a Dog" is one of the most significant works of M. Bulgakov. It's about unpredictable consequences. scientific discoveries, about the danger of intrusion into the natural course of life. After reading the story, it becomes clear that the worst thing is when the results of scientific discoveries begin to be used by people who are limited, petty vengeful, spiteful, thinking exclusively in slogans. Such a person in the story, of course, is the chairman of the house committee Shvonder.

What is this person doing? As chairman of the house committee, he does not consider it necessary to keep order and cleanliness in the house. It is not for nothing that, having learned about the “residential comrades” moving in, Professor Preobrazhensky complains: “The Kalabukhovsky house is gone! We'll have to leave, but where, you ask? Everything will be like clockwork. At first, singing every evening, then the pipes in the toilets will freeze, then the boiler in the steam heating will burst, and so on. This line of behavior, therefore, has become habitual among people like Shvonder: not to fulfill their direct duties, but to engage in uttering revolutionary phrases. Discussions, meetings, transfusion from empty to empty - all this is Shvonder's bureaucratic element.

Already from the first appearance of Shvonder in the apartment of Professor Preobrazhensky, it is clear that this is a deeply uncultured person: he walks in dirty boots on Persian carpets. But if only this! He turns to Professor Preobrazhensky with an absurd demand to "condense": general meeting decided that the professor might well give up two rooms - a dining room and an examination room, as a result of which the professor would have to eat in the bedroom and operate in the same place where he slaughters rabbits. It is characteristic that such a situation seems quite natural to Shvonder, as well as the fact that the needs of a person are determined not by himself, but by the general meeting. Leveling, disrespect for individuality - these are life principles Shvonder.

Shvonder's first visit to Preobrazhensky's apartment ends with the disgrace of Shvonder and his relatives. However, the appearance of Sharikov makes the professor vulnerable and causes an attack of violent activity in Shvonder. First of all, he writes a note to the newspaper, where he declares Sharikov the professor's illegitimate son, since his (Shvonder's) limited mind is not able to contain the thought of something unusual, unpredictable.

Shvonder becomes Sharikov's ideologue, his spiritual shepherd. He begins the upbringing of the "new man", again, absurdly. He does not care at all that Sharikov rushes at every cat, peels seeds and uses foul language. The main thing is that Sharikov should know the basics of the new ideology, and he gives him to read the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky, from reading which Sharikov draws the radical conclusion that everything must be divided equally.

Moreover, Shvonder actually calls in social rights professors from

With a world name and yesterday's yard dog. "Document is the most important thing in the world,” says Schwonder. The document turns Sharik into Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov, gives him the opportunity to become the head of the cleaning subdivision, that is, to become a full member of human society.

But Shvonder does not understand that by taking care of Sharikov, he is digging his own grave. Professor Preobrazhensky quite rightly remarks: “... Shvonder is the most important fool. He does not understand that Sharikov is an even more formidable danger for him than for me ... if someone, in turn, sets Sharikov on Shvonder himself, then only horns and legs will remain of him. even based on their own absurd logic, at least to foresee something, in general to think about the consequences of their own actions. He is driven only by the desire to “share everything”, and the meaning of his image in the story is to reveal true nature social system, which he personifies, and to show that in order to be a full member of this system, it is quite enough to learn how to speak and get rid of the tail.

A brilliant surgeon is engaged in profitable rejuvenation operations. But the professor plans to improve nature itself, he decides to compete with life itself and create a new person by transplanting h part of the human brain. For this experiment, he chooses street dog Sharik.
The ever-hungry miserable dog Sharik is not stupid in his own way. He assesses the way of life, customs, and characters of NEP-era Moscow with its numerous shops, taverns on Myasnitskaya “with sawdust on the floor, evil clerks who hate dogs,” “where they played the harmonica and smelled of sausages.” Observing the life of the street, he draws conclusions: "Janitors of all the proletarians are the most vile scum"; “The cook comes across different. For example, the late Vlas from Prechistenka. How many lives did he save? Seeing Philipp Filippovich Preobrazhensky, Sharik understands: “He is a man of mental labor ...”, “this one will not kick with his foot.” I
And now the professor performs the main work of his life - a unique operation: he transplants the pituitary gland of a man to the dog Sharik from a man who died a few hours before the operation. This man - Klim Petrovich Chugunkin, twenty-eight years old, sued three times. “Profession - playing the balalaika in taverns. Small in stature, poorly built. The liver is enlarged (alcohol). The cause of death was a stab to the heart in a pub.” As a result the most complicated operation an ugly, primitive creature appeared who completely inherited the “proletarian” essence of his “ancestor”. Bulgakov describes his appearance as follows: “A man of small stature and unsympathetic appearance. The hair on his head grew stiff ... The forehead struck with its small height. Almost directly above the black threads of the eyebrows, a thick head brush began. The first words he uttered were swearing, the first distinct word: “bourgeois”.
With the advent of this humanoid creature, the life of Professor Preobrazhensky and the inhabitants of his house becomes a living hell. He arranges wild pogroms in the apartment, chases (in his canine nature) after cats, arranges a flood ... All the inhabitants of the professor's apartment are completely at a loss, there can be no even talk of receiving patients. “The man at the door looked at the professor with dull eyes and smoked a cigarette, sprinkling ashes on his shirt-front ...” The owner of the house is indignant: “Do not throw cigarette butts on the floor - I ask you for the hundredth time. so that I don't hear any more swear word. Don't give a damn about the apartment! Stop all conversations with Zina. She complains that you are watching her in the dark. Look!” Sharikov says to him in response: “Something you are painfully oppressing me, dad ... Why don’t you let me live?”
The “unexpectedly appeared ... laboratory” creature demands that he be given the “hereditary” surname Sharikov, and he chooses a name for himself - Polygraph Poligrafovich. Having hardly become a kind of human being, Sharikov becomes impudent right before his eyes. He demands a residence document from the owner of the apartment, confident that the house committee, which protects the “interests of the labor element,” will help him in this. In the face of the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder, he immediately finds an ally. It is he, Shvonder, who demands the issuance of the document to Sharikov, arguing that the document is the most important thing in the world: “I cannot allow an undocumented tenant to stay in the house, and even not registered with the police. What if there is a war with imperialist predators?” Soon Sharikov presents the owner of the apartment with a "paper from Shvonder", according to which he is supposed to be in a professor's apartment living space in 16 square meters.
Shvonder also supplies Sharikov with "scientific" literature and gives him the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky for "study". The humanoid creature does not approve of either author: “They write, they write ... Congress, some Germans ...” He draws one conclusion: “We must share everything.” And he even knows how to do it. “Yes, what is the method here,” Sharikov answers Bormental’s question, “it’s not a tricky thing. And then what: one settled in seven rooms, he has forty pairs of trousers, and the other wanders around, looking for food in trash boxes.
Poligraf Poligrafovich quickly finds a place for himself in a society where "who was nothing will become everything." Shvonder arranges for him to be the head of the sub-department for cleaning the city from stray animals. And now he appears before the astonished professor and Bormenthal “in a leather jacket from someone else’s shoulder, in worn leather trousers and high English boots.” A stench spreads throughout the apartment, to which Sharikov remarks: “Well, well, it smells ... you know: in the specialty. Yesterday, cats were strangled, strangled ... ”

One of the significant works in the work of M. Bulgakov is the story "Heart of a Dog". It was completed in 1925, but became available to the reader only in 1987.
The plot is based on the semi-fantastic story of the transformation of a dog into a man. An eminent scientist, a world-famous luminary, Professor Preobrazhensky has been dealing with the problems of body rejuvenation all his life. Final result experiment was to be the creation of a new, perfect man. Together with Dr. Bormental, Philip Philipovich performs a unique operation - he replaces the brain of a dog with the cerebral pituitary gland of a deceased man.
The forever hungry, homeless dog Sharik, after the operation, takes on a human form and becomes Polygraph Polygraphovich Sharikov. But this experiment cannot be called successful. Not at all the result the professor wanted to see.
And here the social and moral problems of the story come to the fore. Revolutionary reality destroys the "human", the humane in man. Everyone passed from the dog to Sharikov worst qualities: he snaps, catches fleas, bites, runs after cats. From the person the same inclinations remained.
What kind of person was this? “Klim Grigoryevich Chugunkin, 25 years old, single. Non-partisan, sympathetic... Sued three times and acquitted... Theft. Profession playing the balalaika in taverns ... ". That is, Sharikov was given the genes of a brawler, a criminal and a drunkard.
This is just one side of the problem. The second, more serious, is the environment in which Sharikov was formed, the revolutionary reality of those years. Preobrazhensky tried to educate the "new man" in the spirit of the intelligentsia, to instill in him his way of life. But more participation in the "formation" of Sharikov's personality belongs to the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder. Preobrazhensky only thought of suggesting to his ward to read Robinson Crusoe, as he was already ahead of the “red agitator”, who suggested “this ... Like her ... correspondence of Engels with this ... like him - the devil - with Kautsky."
According to these words of Sharikov, one can already judge his narrow-minded mind. The response was extraordinary: “Bormenthal stopped a fork with a piece of white meat halfway, and Philipp Philippovich spilled the wine. Sharikov at that time contrived and swallowed vodka. The astonishment of the heroes is understandable: the underdeveloped man speaks of such a serious political document as "The Correspondence between Engels and Kautsky." What Preobrazhensky cannot achieve as an educator, Shvonder, who occupies the same level with Sharikov, could easily do. Therefore, the “newborn” is more familiar with short command slogans and quotations from Engels.
Sharikov is a narrow-minded, rude, selfish creature. He is disgusting to normal people not only externally, but also internally. Instead of gratitude to his “parent”, he claims to have a living space, rudely insults and informs the relevant authorities.
Sharikov cannot be called completely stupid and narrow-minded. He perfectly feels the benefits of living at Preobrazhensky, since here you can “eat” for free. And when they tried to kick Sharikov out of the apartment, he showed “three papers”: green, yellow and white, issued by the housing association, confirming the right to live in apartment number five. It turns out that Sharikov arranged everything in advance, which speaks of his grasp of life.
Polygraph Polygraphovich is not as simple as it might seem at first. He never misses his advantage. Sharikov got a job not as a simple worker, but as the head of a subdepartment for cleansing the city from stray cats. Interesting is his opinion military service: "I'm not going to fight anywhere! .. I'll take it on record, but to fight - shish with butter." It is surprising how quickly he found the reason for refusing to serve in the army: “I was seriously wounded during the operation,” Sharikov whined gloomily, “you see, how they beat me,” and he pointed to his head. A very fresh surgical scar stretched across his forehead. In another place, the hero explains the reason for the appearance of the scar in a different way, as a wound received in years civil war on the Kolchak fronts.
Every day the subject becomes more and more arrogant. Scientists have no choice but to return it to its former appearance.
The story "Heart of a Dog" is tragicomic. Fantasy, reality and satire intertwined in it. The appearance of Sharikov reflects the shortcomings of the new social system, which M. Bulgakov did not accept.

I cannot allow an undocumented tenant to stay in the house, and even not registered with the police. And suddenly a war with imperialist predators?

I'm not going to fight! Sharikov suddenly barked gloomily into the cupboard.

Are you an anarchist - an individualist? Shvonder asked, raising his eyebrows high.

I am entitled to a white ticket, Sharikov replied to this ...

The scary thing is that the bureaucratic system does not need the professor's science. It costs nothing for her to appoint anyone as a person. Any nonentity, even an empty place - to take and appoint a person. Well, of course, having issued it in an appropriate way and reflect it, as it should be, in the documents.

It should also be noted Shvonder, chairman of the house committee, who bears no less responsibility than a professor for a humanoid monster. Shvonder supported social status Sharikov, armed him with an ideological phrase, he is his ideologist, his "spiritual shepherd".

The paradox lies in the fact that, as it is already clear even from the above dialogue, by helping a being with a "dog's heart" to establish itself, he is also digging a hole for himself. Setting Sharikov against the professor, Shvonder does not understand that someone else can easily set Sharikov against Shvonder himself. It is enough for a man with a dog's heart to point out anyone, say that he is an enemy, and Sharikov will humiliate him, destroy him, etc. How does it remind Soviet time and especially the thirties... Yes, and these days it is not uncommon.

Shvonder, the allegorical "black man", supplies Sharikov

"scientific" literature, gives him to "study" the correspondence between Engels and Kautsky. An animal-like creature does not approve of either author: "They write, they write ... Congress, some Germans ...", he grumbles. He draws one conclusion: "We must share everything."

Do you know the way? - asked the interested Bormental - Yes, what's the way, - becoming talkative after vodka, Sharikov explained, - it's not a tricky thing. And then what: one settled in seven rooms, he has forty pairs of trousers, and the other hangs around, looking for food in trash boxes.

So lumpen Sharikov instinctively "smelled" the main credo of the new masters of life, all Sharikovs: rob, steal, take away everything created, as well as main principle created, the so-called socialist society - a general leveling, called equality. What this led to is well known.

Sharikov, supported by Shvonder, is becoming more and more unrestrained, hooligans openly: To the words of the exhausted professor that he will find a room for Sharikov to move out, the lumpen answers:

Well, yes, I'm such a fool to move out of here, - Sharikov answered very clearly and showed the dumbfounded professor Shvonder's paper that he was supposed to have a living area of ​​16 meters in the professor's apartment.

Soon "Sharikov embezzled 2 chervonets in the professor's office, disappeared from the apartment and returned late, completely drunk." He came to the Prechistensky apartment not alone, but with two unknown persons who robbed the professor.

Finest hour for Polygraph Poligrafovich was his "service". Disappearing from the house, he appears before the astonished professor and bormental as a kind of young man, full of dignity and respect for himself, "in a leather jacket from someone else's shoulder, in shabby leather trousers and high English boots. The terrible, incredible smell of cats immediately spread over the entire front "To the dumbfounded professor, he shows a paper that says that Comrade Sharikov is the head of the subdepartment for cleaning the city from stray animals. Of course, Shvonder put him there. When asked why he smells so disgusting, the monster replies:

Well, well, it smells ... it is known: in the specialty. Yesterday

cats were strangled - strangled ...

So Bulgakov's Sharik made a dizzying leap: from stray dogs to orderlies to clean up the city from stray dogs / and cats, of course /. Well, persecution of their - characteristic all Sharikovs. They destroy their own, as if covering up the traces of their own origin...

Sharikov's next move is an appearance in the Prechistina apartment together with a young girl. "I sign with her, this is our typist. Bormental will have to be evicted ... - Sharikov explained extremely hostilely and gloomily." Of course, the villain deceived the girl, telling stories about himself. He behaved with her so ugly that a grandiose scandal broke out again in Prechistenka's apartment: white heat the professor and his assistant began to protect the girl...

The last, final chord of Sharikov's activity is a denunciation-libel about Professor Preobrazhensky.

It should be noted that it was then, in the thirties, that denunciation became one of the foundations of a "socialist" society, which would be more correctly called totalitarian. Since only a totalitarian regime can be based on a denunciation.

Sharikov is alien to conscience, shame, morality. He lacks human qualities except meanness, hatred, malice ...

It is good that on the pages of the story the sorcerer-professor managed to reverse the transformation of a monster man into an animal, into a dog. It is good that the professor understood that nature does not tolerate violence against itself. Alas, in real life The Sharikovs won, they turned out to be tenacious, crawling out of all the cracks. Self-confident, impudent, confident in their sacred rights to everything, semi-literate lumpen brought our country to the deepest crisis, because the Bolshevik-Shvonder thesis of the "great leap socialist revolution", a mocking disregard for the laws of the development of evolution could only give rise to Sharikovs.

In the story, Sharikov returned to the dogs, but in life he went a long way and, as it seemed to him, and others were inspired, glorious way and in the thirties and fifties he poisoned people, as once, by the nature of his service, stray cats and dogs. Throughout his life, he carried dog anger and suspicion, replacing them with an unnecessary

dog loyalty. Entering into intelligent life, he remained at the level of instincts and was ready to adapt the whole country, the whole world, the whole universe, in order to satisfy these bestial instincts. He is proud of his low origin. He prides himself on his low education. He is proud of everything low, because only this raises him high - above those who are high in spirit, who are high in mind, and therefore must be trampled into the mud so that Sharikov can rise above them. You involuntarily ask yourself the question: how many of them were and are among us? Thousands? Tens, hundreds of thousands?

Outwardly, the balls are no different from people, but they are always among us. Their inhuman nature is just waiting to be revealed. And then the judge, in the interests of his career and the fulfillment of the plan for solving crimes, condemns the innocent, the doctor turns away from the patient, the mother abandons her child, various officials, for whom bribes are already in the order of things, these are politicians who, at the first opportunity to grab a tidbit, drop the mask and show their true nature, ready to betray their own. Everything that is most lofty and holy turns into its opposite, because the non-human has awakened in them and tramples them into the mud. Coming to power, a non-human tries to dehumanize everyone around, because non-humans are easier to control, they have all human feelings replaced by the instinct of self-preservation.

In our country, after the revolution, all conditions were created for the emergence huge amount Sharikov with dog hearts. The totalitarian system is very conducive to this. Probably due to the fact that these monsters have penetrated into all areas of life, that they are now among us, Russia is experiencing now Hard times. The Sharikovs, with their truly canine vitality, no matter what, will go everywhere over the heads of others.

The heart of a dog in union with the human mind is the main threat of our time. That is why the story, written at the beginning of the century, remains relevant today, serving as a warning to future generations. Today is so close to yesterday... At first glance, it seems that outwardly everything has changed, that the country has become different. But the consciousness, stereotypes, way of thinking of people will not change either in ten or twenty years - more than one generation will pass before the Sharikovs disappear from our lives, before people become different, before there are no vices described by Bulgakov in his immortal work . How I want to believe that this time will come!