Class hour "Alexander Nevsky - a great personality of Russia". Unknown Alexander Nevsky: was the battle “on ice”, did the prince bow to the Horde and other controversial issues

Class hour about Alexander Nevsky
Quiz Goals:
the formation of students' spiritual and moral values, patriotism, citizenship;
teaching students respect for home country, its historical, national traditions on the example of the feat of life of the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky.
Equipment: recording of A. Prokofiev's suite "Alexander Nevsky", poem by K.S. Simonov " Battle on the Ice”, illustration of P. Korin’s painting “Alexander Nevsky”, books about Alexander Nevsky, drawings by students.
Event progress
Teacher:
in the classroom and extracurricular activities we talked a lot and in detail about the life and military exploits of Prince Alexander Nevsky. Since the 18th century, Saint Alexander has eclipsed and even supplanted almost all the holy princes in official veneration. Emperor Peter, transferring his relics from Vladimir to new capital, on the anniversary of the Peace of Nystad, made him a patron angel new empire. The three emperors who bore his name in the 19th century affirmed the exclusivity of his veneration, causing many temples dedicated to him. Many poets dedicated their works to the exploits of Alexander Nevsky.
Today we will get acquainted with the poem by K.S. Simonov “Battle on the Ice”, dedicated to heroism Russian people in the fight against foreign invaders, we will conduct a quiz about the military exploits of Alexander Nevsky and consider the drawings of our students on this topic.
1st reader:
The prince galloped to the coastal rocks,
Climbing on them with difficulty,
He found a high ledge,
From where you can see everything around.
And looked back. Somewhere behind
Between trees and stones
His regiments are in ambush,
Keeping horses on a leash.
2nd reader:
And ahead, on ringing ice floes,
Thundering with heavy scales,
Livonians are riding in a formidable wedge -
Pig iron head.
The first onslaught of the Germans was terrible.
In the Russian infantry corner
Two rows of horse towers
They crashed through.
3rd reader:
Like angry lambs in a storm,
Among the German cones
Flashing white shirts
Men's lamb hats.
In washed underwear shirts,
Throwing sheepskin coats on the ground,
They rushed into mortal combat,
Gate wide open.
4th reader:
So it's easier to hit the enemy with a swing,
And when you have to die
It's better to have a clean shirt
Dirty with your own blood.
They With open eyes
They marched against the Germans with their bare chest,
Cutting fingers to the bone
Bowed spears to the ground.
5th reader:
And where the spears bent down,
They are in desperate slaughter
They cut through the German system
Shoulder to shoulder, back to back...
Already mixed people, horses,
Swords, axes, axes,
And the prince is still calm
Followed the battle from the mountain.
6th reader:
And, only after waiting for the Livonians,
Having mixed ranks, they were drawn into battle,
He, blazing with a sword in the sun,
He led his squad.
Raising swords of Russian steel,
Bending the spear shafts,
They flew out of the forest with a cry
New York regiments.
7th reader:
They flew over the ice with a clang, with thunder,
Leaning towards shaggy manes;
And the first on a huge horse
The prince got into the German system.
And, retreating before the prince,
Throwing spears and shields
The Germans fell from their horses to the ground,
Lifting iron fingers:
8th reader:
The bay horses got excited,
From under the hooves they raised dust,
Bodies dragged through the snow
Stuck in narrow stirrups.
There was a big mess
Iron, blood and water.
In place of the knights
There were bloody footprints.
9th reader:
Some lay choking
In bloody ice water.
Others rushed away, crouched,
Cowardly spurring horses.
Under them the horses drowned,
Under them, the ice stood on end,
Their stirrups pulled to the bottom,
The shell did not let them swim.
Brelo under sideways glances
A lot of captured gentlemen,
For the first time with bare heels
Diligently slapping on the ice ... Teacher:
Now we will recall the main stages of the life feat of Alexander Nevsky and hold a quiz. There are 21 questions in the quiz, each question has three possible answers, only one of which is correct. The winners of this quiz will be awarded certificates and prizes.
1. In what year was Alexander Nevsky born?
a) 1216
b) 1220
c) 1218
2. What was Alexander Nevsky's patronymic?
a) Vsevolodovich
b) Yaroslavich
c) Andreevich
3. On which river did Alexander Nevsky build fortresses?
a) Kalka
b) Sheloniv) City4. What was Alexander Nevsky's favorite military technique?
a) surprise attack
b) retreat
c) lining up in battle order
5. Where did the Battle on the Ice take place?
a) on Lake Ladoga
b) on Lake Peipsi
c) on Lake Onega
6. With whom, in addition to the Swedes and German knights, the prince had to fight Alexander Nevsky?
a) with the Polovtsy
b) with the Poles
c) with Lithuanians
7. In the form of what mathematical figure did Alexander Nevsky build his army during the Battle of the Ice?
a) a rectangle
b) triangle
c) square
8. Why were hooks distributed to the soldiers of Alexander Nevsky?
a) to pull the knights off their horses
b) to drown the knights
c) to stab the knights
9. What words became the motto of the Order of Alexander Nevsky?
a) for military prowess
b) for faith and Fatherland
c) for labor and the Fatherland
10. What words belong to Alexander Nevsky?
a) “Do not let anyone do dirty tricks so that you are not cursed”
b) “Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword”
c) “What you can do well, don’t forget it, and what you don’t know how to, learn from it”
11. What words are said about Alexander Nevsky?
a) "And God punished under the knife all his enemies"
b) " better heads let us lay down, but we will not shame our land"
c) “Know that the sun of the land of Suzdal has already set”
12. Gavrila Oleksich, one of the soldiers of Alexander Nevsky, was the ancestor of which Russian poet?
a) S. Yesenin
b) A. Pushkin
c) A. Blok
13. For the victory over what troops on the Neva River, Prince Alexander was nicknamed Nevsky?
a) German
b) French
c) Swedish
14. What did the Catholics call the crusaders?
a) "God's princes"
b) "God's nobles"
c) "God's servants"
15. What did Pope Innocent IV offer to Alexander Nevsky in 1246?
a) khan's charter
b) manage South Russia and Kyiv
c) convert to Catholicism
16. Before what battle did Alexander Nevsky order his soldiers to take off their iron armor?
a) before the battle at the mouth of the Izhora (on the Neva)
b) before the Battle of the Ice
c) before the battle on the Protva River17. What was the relationship between Alexander and the Horde?
a) brought gifts to the Horde, reigned under the label of the great khan
b) defeated the Horde
c) organized partisan movement to fight the Horde
18. Where are the relics of Alexander Nevsky kept?
a) in St. Petersburg, in the Alexander Nevsky Lavra
b) in Moscow, in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior
c) in Vladimir, in the Nativity monastery
19. Who established the Order of Alexander Nevsky, one of the highest awards in Russia until 1917?
a) Catherine I
b) Nicholas II
c) Ivan IV
20. Which artist is the author of the Alexander Nevsky triptych, in the central part of which there is a full-length portrait of Alexander Nevsky?
a) P. Korinb) K. Korovin
c) B. Kustodiev
21. Thanks to what TV project in 2008 Alexander Nevsky was recognized the greatest Russian of all times and a national symbol?
a) "Heroes of Russia"
b) "Name of Russia"
c) "Warriors of Russia"
Correct answers to the quiz
1 - b 12 - b
2 - b 13 - a
3 - b 14 - b
4 - a 15 - in
5 - b 16 - b
6 - at 17 - a
7 - b 18 - a
8 - a 19 - a
9 - at 20 - a
10 - b 21 - b
11 - in
Literature
Vilkov V.A., Stepanov Yu.G. All rulers of Russia. Grand Dukes, Tsars, Emperors, General Secretaries, Presidents / V.A. Vilkov, Yu.G. Stepanov. - Rostov n / a: Vladis, 2009. - 544 p.
Russian sovereigns: 862 - 1917. - Smolensk: Rusich, 2005. - 656s.
Fedotov G.P. The Saints Ancient Russia. - M .: Moskovsky worker, 1990. - 269 p.

Teacher I.S.Ushakova

Students on a quiz

Drawings about the exploits of A. Nevsky

Berlizova M. shows drawings of students about the exploits of A. Nevsky

Students of group No. 21

Description of the painting about the feat of A. Nevsky

Historians differ in their assessment of his personality and reign, and many secrets are still not revealed. 7 sensitive issues Alexander Nevsky.

Horde: find out the relationship?

On the relationship of Alexander Nevsky with the Mongol-Tatars, there are different points vision. The Eurasianist Lev Gumilyov confused and provoked everyone by writing that in 1251 Alexander Nevsky fraternized with Batu's son Sartak, "as a result of which he became the son of a khan and in 1252 brought a Tatar corps to Russia with an experienced noyon Nevryuy." According to this theory, Alexander confidently created an alliance with the Golden Horde, and this alliance is considered not as a yoke, but as a boon. According to Gumilyov, during the time of Alexander Nevsky there was a political and military alliance of Russia with the Horde.
According to another version, more common, Alexander Nevsky had no other choice, and he chose the lesser of two evils. The pressure of the West, the desire of Rome to spread Catholicism in Russia forced Alexander to make concessions to the East, because he was tolerant of Orthodoxy. Thus, Alexander Nevsky preserved Orthodox Russia.
A completely exotic version is Alexander's selfish aspirations to strengthen his power. Here is how Academician Valentin Yanin looks at it: “Alexander Nevsky, having concluded an alliance with the Horde, subordinated Novgorod to the Horde influence. He extended Tatar power to Novgorod, which was never conquered by the Tatars. .
So what are the true reasons for an alliance with the Horde? And what kind of relationship was it - an alliance or a yoke?

How many wives?

In the life of Alexander Nevsky, it is reported that in 1239 Saint Alexander entered into marriage, taking as his wife the daughter of the Polotsk prince Bryachislav. Some historians say that the princess in holy Baptism was the namesake of her holy husband and bore the name of Alexander. At the same time, one can find reports that there was another wife: "Alexander, the first wife of the prince, Vassa, his second wife and daughter Evdokia, were buried in the cathedral of the Knyaginin Monastery." Here is what is written in the "History of the Russian State" by N.M. Karamzin: "After the death of his first wife, in the name of Alexandra, daughter of Polotsk Prince Bryachislav, Nevsky was married for the second time to Princess Vassa, unknown to us, whose body lies in the Assumption Monastery of Vladimir, in the Church of the Nativity of Christ, where his daughter, Evdokia, was also buried." And yet, the existence of Alexander's second wife raises doubts among both historians and ordinary people honoring the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky. There is even an opinion that Vassa is the monastic name of Alexandra Bryachislavovna. Riddles again?

Priorities: native brother or named?

This question is posed to Alexander Nevsky by the 18th-century historian Alexander Tatishchev in his History of Russia. He is trying to understand why the Horde suddenly changed their attitude towards Alexander Nevsky's brother Andrei, who three years earlier was appointed Prince of Kyiv. After all, the son of Batu Sartak in 1246 unexpectedly sent an army against him, led by the commander Nevruy. According to Tatishchev's hypothesis, Alexander was involved in this: he was at that time in the capital Mongol Empire Karakorum and allegedly informed or complained about his brother that he begged for the reign by flattery, and he did not pay tribute in full. And if we take on faith Gumilyov's version that Nevsky fraternized with Sartak, then the commander Nevruy could turn out to be Alexander himself, because the Mongols called Neva Nerva.

There is no convincing answer to this question. It is only known that Alexander was indeed in the Horde during the quarrel, and his brother, having fallen out of favor, was defeated and fled abroad. As a result, Alexander became the new Grand Duke.

Novgorod tribute: good or bad?

In 1252, Alexander Nevsky left Novgorod: his son Vasily now reigns in it, and he himself Grand Duke Vladimirsky moves to the capital. For five years everything goes on as usual, but suddenly the Tatars decide to "tighten the screws", they crave a new tribute and therefore start a population census. The recalcitrant Novgorod does not agree to be "recorded", because formally the Tatars have not captured it. Neither the people, nor the nobles, nor Prince Vasily are going to obey the Tatars ... And then Nevsky makes a knight's move: he puts his son in shackles, cuts off and cuts off the noses, ears, hands, eyes of the nobles ... Since then, Novgorod began to pay tribute Golden Horde. How to evaluate this action? As cruelty and subordination of interests to the Mongols, or as a wise move by an adult ruler who prevented the war between Novgorod and the Horde? Would the Horde go with fire and sword to the unruly lands? Or would the liberation of Russia begin from that moment? History, they say, does not tolerate the subjunctive mood...

Countless army?

The battle on the ice is presented as a battle in which numerous troops were killed. Some historians estimate the army of Alexander Nevsky at 15-17 thousand people, and the German soldiers who opposed him - 10-12 thousand. Sometimes more - 18 thousand to 15.
However, on the 78th page of the Novgorod First Chronicle of the senior version it is written: "... and pada Chyudi was beschisla, and Nemets 400, and 50 with the hands of Yash and brought to Novgorod." The figure grows in the next chronicle, of the younger version: “... and the fall of Chudi was beschisla, and Nemets 500, and others 50 by the hands of Yash and brought to Novgorod.” The Laurentian Chronicle puts the whole story about the battle in three lines and does not even indicate the number of soldiers and those killed. Apparently, this is not important and not significant?
"The Life of Alexander Nevsky" is a more artistic source than a documentary one. It has a completely different angle of view: spiritual. And on the spiritual side, sometimes one person is stronger than a thousand.
So was there an innumerable army? Or does the Battle on the Ice teach us that even in battles, it's not always about numbers?

Arabic script on the helmet

On the helmet of Alexander Nevsky, except for diamonds and rubies - Arabic script, 3rd verse of the 61st sura of the Qur'an: "Rejoice the faithful with the promise of help from Allah and an early victory." In the course of countless checks and examinations, it was established that the “Erichon Hat” was forged in the East (where the Arabic inscriptions come from) in the 17th century. Then, with an opportunity, the helmet ended up with Mikhail Fedorovich, where he underwent “Christian tuning”. It is interesting that the Arabic script also adorned the helmet of Ivan the Terrible, as well as other well-born people. medieval Russia. Of course, we can say that these were trophies. But it is difficult to imagine that the regulated Ivan IV put a used helmet on his crowned head. Moreover, in use by the "basurman". The question of why the noble prince wore a helmet with Islamic inscriptions still remains open.

Why are you counted among the saints?

Prince Alexander Nevsky canonized as a faithful. Because of Soviet propaganda this ruler is most often presented as a successful warrior (he really did not lose a single battle in his entire life!), and it seems that he became famous only for his military merits, and holiness became something of a “reward” from the Church.
Why was he canonized? Not only because the prince did not agree to an alliance with the Latins. Surprisingly, however, through his efforts, for example, an Orthodox diocese was created in the Golden Horde. And the preaching of Christianity spread to the north - to the lands of the Pomors.
To this rank of saints - the faithful - are reckoned the laity, who became famous for their sincere deep faith and good deeds, as well as Orthodox rulers who managed to remain faithful to Christ in their public service and in various political conflicts. "Like any Orthodox saint, the noble prince is not at all an ideal sinless person, but he is first of all a ruler who was guided in his life primarily by the highest Christian virtues, including mercy and philanthropy, and not by a thirst for power and not self-interest."

Purpose: to form in students a sense of patriotism, citizenship, respect for the historical past on the example of the historical figure Alexander Nevsky.

Equipment: multimedia presentation ( Appendix); an excerpt from the poem by K. Simonov “Battle on the Ice”; audio recording of the excerpt “Get up, good people” from S. Prokofiev’s cantata “Alexander Nevsky”;

The course of the classroom.

Uch. - Our Classroom hour we will start with the wonderful words of N. Rylenkov from the poem “Inheritance”.

1 student: 1. Through the fields - meadows of the Dnieper region
A blue mist spreads.
Through the fog I can see the stands (1 slide)
My distant ancestors are Slavs.

2 student: 2. It was inhabited by them
The entire valley.
Here, meeting spring, under the zhito (2slide)
They uprooted the forests.

3 student: 3. Here, under the roar of the old were,
They received guests (3 slide)
Boiled honey, loved friends
And they taught children to be friends.

4 student: 4. Above you - blue through,
Starry sky in letters
For you, not knowing peace,
Monomakh fought with the Polovtsians. (4 slide)

5 student: 5. For you, having met a sharp wind,
Ran into the father's house,
With the Novgorod squad Nevsky
He beat the Teutons on the Chudsky ice! (5 slide)

6 student: 6. And marveled at the neighboring lands
Russian people on a steep path!
Our descendant and our heir,
You know, do you remember that?

Uch. – Today we have gathered with you to talk about our past, present and future. Because without the past there is no future. Since ancient times, Russia has been famous for its heroes, strong, courageous people who love their native land, their homeland. Our country, huge, rich in natural resources, flora and fauna, washed by the seas and oceans, has been attacked by foreign conquerors for many centuries. But all of them received a worthy rebuff, because they were met by courageous Russian warriors under the leadership of talented commanders. We will talk about one of them today. This is the ancient Russian prince Alexander Nevsky. (6 slide)

– In 2008, the TV channel Rossiya organized the TV project “Name of Russia”. This new TV project is a joint public affair, an intellectual and spiritual effort in an attempt to find answers to three questions: “Where are we from? Who are we? Where are we going?". For Russia, such a formulation of the problem is vital and important. For today all of us, one way or another, are working on the construction of a new building for a decent life for all the peoples of Russia. Our great ancestors built the strongest foundation for this common home over the centuries. And therefore it is their names, and not anyone else's, that we remember now.

- The old Russian prince A. Nevsky became a personality - a symbol of Russia, for whom 520,000 Russians voted. From the depths of centuries, an image rises before us historical hero in imagination 19th poet Maykov's century:

“... His hair is up to slender shoulders,
Like a strand of gold, they fell,
Mouths of love breathed
And the speech sounded wise.
Decorated with high valor
And a true hero at heart
Enemies in the midst of the battles were menacingly terrible,
Outside of battles, the saint was a joy.
Always in a strict sense of duty,
He honored the truth with all his heart
And shared the feelings of the heart
Between the Motherland and God…”

- And what do you know about the personality of the famous commander, diplomat, outstanding statesman?

Quiz

Full name old Russian prince. (Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky)

In what century did A. Nevsky live and reign? (in the 13th century)

What year was Nevsky born? (1220)

What city is the birthplace of the prince? (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky)

What kingdom did this city belong to? (Vladimir - Suzdal Principality)

In which city was 16-year-old Alexander appointed prince - governor? (in Novgorod)

What battles with foreigners glorified the great Russian commander? (Battle of the Neva, Battle of the Ice)

What was the name of the lake where the Battle of the Ice took place? (Chudskoe)

In what year did Alexander Nevsky die? (1263)

What city became the last life home of the Russian prince? (Gorodets)

Uch. – I am very glad that you gave the correct answers to most of the questions. And we will find out the correct answers to the rest of the questions today. Let's try to trace the life path of this man, which in truth can be called a feat.

On May 30, 1220, Alexander Yaroslavovich of the Rurik family was born in Pereslavl-Zalessky. Alexander spent his childhood and youth in this city.

(9 slide) A student's speech about the prince's childhood years. (3 min.)

Childhood and adolescence of Alexander Yaroslavich.

The childhood of the boys - princes in those distant times was short. Alexander's early childhood was spent in the princely courtyard. There were games with peers, there was curiosity about the soldiers dressed in iron shirts - chain mail, and their horses, there were voices of incomprehensible prayers in a high and echoing church.

For several years the boy lived according to an old custom in the female half of the house. But then the time came, and the prince was taken away from the mothers and nannies and performed a ceremony called tonsured.

This medieval rite was a very important event in the life of the princes. It meant that childhood was over and marked the transition from childhood to adolescence. From that moment on, the harsh years of study began for Alexander, preparing for the adoption of princely power.

In the Transfiguration Church, which was built under Yuri Dolgoruky, Bishop Simon cut Alexander's curls, sitting on a high pillow. Then, after prayers, the prince was taken out into the courtyard and, in front of all the people, they girded him with a sword and put him on a horse. Immediately, Alexander received from the bishop the first blessing for military service. He did not return to the women's quarters to the nannies. Prince Alexander was taught writing, counting, book wisdom. The main book of Alexander's childhood was the Bible. He knew her well. They introduced him to the knowledge of Russian laws, folk traditions, and the history of their ancestors. But the main thing was the study of military affairs. The prince had to drive a horse and wield weapons no worse than professional warriors. They also taught the prince how to build regiments, how to besiege cities, build siege machines - vices, how to drive regiments through unfamiliar terrain, how to protect themselves from enemy ambushes and set up ambushes for the enemy. He became brave, dexterous, skillful, they said about such people: “He was fed from the end of the spear.” (10 slide)

Uch. - At the age of 16, Alexander became the prince of Novgorod. In 1236, the ceremony of seating on the table was performed in Novgorod at St. Sophia, just before the invasion Mongol Khan Batu. Father instructed Alexander: “The cross will be your guardian and helper, and the sword will be your thunderstorm! God gave you the oldest reign in the whole Russian land!

Russia of that time can be compared with a plowman. He stands, taking his hands off the plow, his gaze is anxious. (11 slide) Two horsemen from the east and west rushed at him. One on a squat horse with an ox-skin shield and a drawn bow, the other in iron armor and with a lance in his hands. The first is the Mongol-Tatars, the second is the German knights - the crusaders.

The young prince began to hastily prepare Novgorod for protection from a possible attack by Batu .(12 slide). By that time, the Mongol-Tatar yoke had been established over Russia. A huge Tatar-Mongol army moved from the east to Russia like a black cloud. It was from this time that Russia began to lag behind a number of European countries.

Destroying the cities
Walked Mongol horde
In one cruel quest
Burn and plunder cities.

Only the northern Pskov and Novgorod remained so far not devastated. (13 slide)

At the same time, Western Europe was a growing threat to Russia. In addition to the German knights, Novgorod was threatened by the Danes and Swedes. They planned a crusade against Eastern Orthodoxy, the purpose of which was to force Novgorod to convert to the Catholic faith. The Swedes were the first to speak, they intended to go to Staraya Ladoga, seize the path along the Neva River. This campaign was led by Birger, the son-in-law of the Swedish king. Swedish king he promised 2/3 of the conquered lands, and promised to bring down the arrogance of the impudent boy Alexander and drive him out of Novgorod. He sent a message to him: “Prince Alexander! If you can, then resist, but I am already here and will captivate your land. Having learned about the invasion of the Swedes, the Novgorodians immediately gathered an army, which was headed by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich: “There are not many of us, and the enemy is strong, but God is not in power, but in truth: follow your prince”

The student reads a story about the Battle of the Neva. (the book "Generals of Russia" p. 10) (14,15,16,17, slides)

Uch. - What do you think, what is the victorious outcome of this battle for Russian soldiers?

Student responses. (The surprise of the attack, the swiftness and onslaught of the prince during the battle. The combination of a military gift with personal courage. Courage, bravery, self-sacrifice of Russian soldiers)

Uch. - Not only the Golden Horde but the Swedes wanted to profit on the Russian lands. The hands of the German knights also itched. They had an alliance called Warband. So the detachments of the Teutons moved to Russia, and after a seven-day siege, they took impregnable Pskov thanks to the betrayal of the posadnik Tverdila Ivankovich and other boyars - supporters of the Germans. ( 18 slide.) Now the turn was behind another Russian city. Veliky Novgorod was the richest and largest in this region. A threat loomed over him. In the spring of 1242, the crusaders moved to Russia. On April 5, 1242, the famous battle took place on the ice of Lake Peipsi. At that time, the prince of Novgorod was not yet 22 years old, but he was already known as a talented commander.

German troops took to the ice, forming a wedge or "pig's head", as they called this battle formation in Russia. This wedge cut into the center of the advanced Novgorod regiment and crushed it, however, when the knights of the Order were tied up in battle, the Novgorodians attacked them from the rear and flanks, holding them in pincers.

– To better imagine the picture of this battle, listen to an excerpt from K. Simonov’s poem “Battle on the Ice”, which he wrote a few years before the Great Patriotic War.

The student reads an excerpt from a poem. (19 slide)

“[…] On Saturday, the fifth of April,
Raw dawn time
advanced considered
Marching Germans dark system.
On caps are feathers of cheerful birds,
Helmets have pony tails.
Above them on heavy poles
Black crosses swayed. […]”

K. S. SIMONOV. BATTLE ON ICE (sounds the 4th part of the cantata by S. Prokofiev)

The prince galloped to the coastal rocks,
Climbing on them with difficulty,
He found a high ledge,
From where you can see everything around.

And looked back. Somewhere behind
Between trees and stones
His regiments are in ambush,
Keeping horses on a leash.

And ahead, on ringing ice floes,
Thundering with heavy scales,
Livonians ride in a formidable wedge
Pig iron head.

The first onslaught of the Germans was terrible.
In the Russian infantry corner
Two rows of horse towers
They crashed through.

Like angry lambs in a storm,
Among the German cones
Flashing white shirts
Men's lamb hats.

In washed underwear shirts,
Throwing sheepskin coats on the ground,
They rushed into mortal combat,
Gate wide open.

So it's easier to hit the enemy with a swing,
And when you have to die
It's better to have a clean shirt
Dirty with your own blood.

They are open-eyed
They marched against the Germans with their bare chest,
Cutting fingers to the bone
Bowed spears to the ground.

And where the spears bent down,
They are in desperate slaughter
They cut through the German system
Shoulder to shoulder, back to back...

... Already mixed people, horses,
Swords, axes, axes,
And the prince is still calm
Followed the battle from the mountain.

... And, only after waiting for the Livonians,
Having mixed ranks, they were drawn into battle,
He, blazing with a sword in the sun,
He led his squad.

Raising swords of Russian steel,
Bending the spear shafts,
They flew out of the forest with a cry
New York regiments.

They flew over the ice with a clang, with thunder,
Leaning towards shaggy manes;
And the first on a huge horse
The prince got into the German system.

And, retreating before the prince,
Throwing spears and shields
The Germans fell from their horses to the ground,
Lifting iron fingers:

The bay horses got excited,
From under the hooves they raised dust,
Bodies dragged through the snow
Stuck in narrow stirrups.

There was a big mess
Iron, blood and water.
In place of the knights
There were bloody footprints.

Some lay choking
In bloody ice water.
Others rushed away, crouched,
Cowardly spurring horses.

Under them the horses drowned,
Under them, the ice stood on end,
Their stirrups pulled to the bottom,
The shell did not let them swim.

Brelo under sideways glances
A lot of captured gentlemen,
For the first time with bare heels
Diligently slapping on the ice ...

Uch. - Four hundred knights were killed, 50 were taken prisoner. Some of the captured crusaders were undressed and barefoot, because during the battle they threw off their heavy clothes and shoes, trying to escape. Now, forgetting about their high titles and nobility, they dejectedly wandered along the road, kneading the melted snow with their feet. Until that time, the Teutonic Order did not know such a defeat. Soon an ambassador appeared from the order with a renunciation of claims to the Russian lands and with a request to release the captured knights. Since then, the knights have looked to the East with fear. They remember Lake Peipsi. And the words of Alexander Nevsky were also remembered

- What words spoken by the prince became "winged"? (Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword. The Russian land has stood and will stand on that)

(20 slide)

Why were the Russians able to defeat the knights? (Love for the Motherland, courage, courage of Russian soldiers; Alexander Nevsky's military talent: surprise and attack, took into account the peculiarity of the terrain, the strengths and weaknesses of the enemy, smashed the enemy in parts)

Novgorod and Pskov lands became free and retained their independence when Russia groaned under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars. But then Alexander Nevsky could not oppose the Golden Horde, because. Russia did not have the strength to resist the Mongols. In those conditions, the policy of cooperation between Alexander Yaroslavovich and the Horde authorities was very far-sighted, because because it helped to avoid unnecessary bloodshed and new pogroms.

- 1263 year. Alexander Yaroslavovich is 43 years old. But military campaigns, the struggle with the princes for power, exhausting trips to the Horde and negotiations with the khans undermined his health. On the way home from another trip to the capital of the Golden Horde, the city of Saray, Prince Alexander realized that before capital city he can't get. In small Gorodets he took monastic vows and a day later, on November 14, he died. (21 slides)

The Holy Synod at a meeting on May 27 in St. Petersburg blessed the opening of the Fedorovsky Monastery in the city of Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod Region. In this monastery he took monastic vows and died Saint Alexander Nevsky. At the moment, the monastery is being actively restored. It is assumed that the Fedorovsky Cathedral of the monastery will be consecrated by Patriarch Kirill in September 2009 during the Alexander Nevsky days (September 9-12, 2009). The monastery was completely destroyed during the Soviet era. Only two cell buildings survived.

– The student reads the poem by A. Maikov “Death of Alexander Nevsky”

Night outside and frost.
Month - two rainbow light
crown around it...
The sky is like a celebration.
In the hegumen's cell - a spectacle of sorrow and tears ...

Quietly the abbot stands before him at prayer.
Quietly the boyars stand in the corners.
Quiet and motionless lies head to the images
Prince Alexander, covered with a black schema ...
Quietly the lamp before the image of the Savior burns ...
The prince lies motionless.
The wonderful face lit up with beauty.
Quietly the abbot approached him and with a trembling hand
His heart felt him and his forehead -
And, sobbing, he exclaimed: “Our sun has set!”

Uch. - On the tomb of Alexander Nevsky, the words of M.V. Lomonosov:

“... to the Grand Duke
Alexander Nevsky,
Rossov zealous defender ...,
Who tamed barbarism in the east,
Deposed envy in the West…”

The name of Alexander Nevsky will forever remain in people's memory. Grateful Russia, in honor of recognizing the merits of Prince Alexander Nevsky, 117 years after his death, elevated Alexander Nevsky to the rank of saints. And in 1547, Metropolitan Macarius proposed to establish a celebration of the holy blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky throughout Russia. The church council accepted and confirmed this position.

By order of Peter 1 in early XVIII century in St. Petersburg, the Cathedral was built in the name of the Holy Trinity and St. Alexander Nevsky, where his relics were transferred.

(23 slide)

Catherine 1 in 1725 established an order in honor of the holy noble Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky. Order of Alexander Nevsky, 1725 Three Russian monarchs from the Romanov dynasty were named Alexanders.

During the Great Patriotic War, on June 29, 1942, in recognition of the greatest merits of Prince Alexander, the "Order of Alexander Nevsky" was established. They were awarded to officers and generals of the Soviet Army for personal courage and heroism, for skillfully conducted military operations, for the highest patriotism.

For military exploits during the Great Patriotic War against the Nazis, thousands of soldiers were awarded the Order of A. Nevsky. In 1995 in our country State Duma The law "On the days military glory Russia”: “In all ages, the heroism, courage of the soldiers of Russia, the power and glory of Russian weapons have been an integral part of the greatness Russian State. The days of military glory of Russia are the days of glorious victories that played decisive role in the history of Russia and in which Russian troops earned themselves the honor and respect of their contemporaries, and the grateful memory of their descendants. famous expression Alexander Nevsky “Whoever comes to us with a sword will die by the sword. The Russian land has stood and will stand on that” is not only a warning to all opponents and enemies of Russia, but also calls to live in peace and harmony, resolving all issues at the negotiating table, and not on the battlefields

(24 slide) Today we made a fascinating journey into the past of our Motherland. I think that this communication will help us understand that in all epochs the true purpose of a person was to love the Motherland, to create for its sake, to create. And I would like to end our class hour with the words:

To be a patriot... What does it mean?
And that means love the motherland,
And it's honest, disinterested
To serve the beloved fatherland.
To love his gray-haired story,
Holy faces of Russian mothers,
Which more than once a year is evil
They escorted their own children into battle.
Teaching children to be proud of their family
And his honor to observe and preserve,
To be the best part of the Russian people,
Which no one could crush.

750 years have passed since the death of Prince Alexander Nevsky, one of the brightest Russian rulers. Historians differ in their assessment of his personality and reign, and many secrets are still not revealed. So, 7 sharp questions to Alexander Nevsky.

Horde: find out the relationship

There are different points of view on the relationship between Alexander Nevsky and the Mongol-Tatars. The Eurasianist Lev Gumilyov confused and provoked everyone by writing that in 1251 Alexander Nevsky fraternized with Batu’s son Sartak, “as a result of which he became the son of a khan and in 1252 brought the Tatar corps to Russia with an experienced noyon Nevryuy.” According to this theory, Alexander confidently created an alliance with the Golden Horde, and this alliance is considered not as a yoke, but as a boon. According to Gumilyov, during the time of Alexander Nevsky there was a political and military alliance of Russia with the Horde.
According to another version, more common, Alexander Nevsky had no other choice, and he chose the lesser of two evils. The pressure of the West, the desire of Rome to spread Catholicism in Russia forced Alexander to make concessions to the East, because he was tolerant of Orthodoxy. Thus, Alexander Nevsky preserved Orthodox Russia.
A completely exotic version is Alexander's selfish aspirations to strengthen his power. Here is how Academician Valentin Yanin looks at it: “Alexander Nevsky, having concluded an alliance with the Horde, subordinated Novgorod to Horde influence. He extended Tatar power to Novgorod, which was never conquered by the Tatars. Moreover, he gouged out the eyes of dissenting Novgorodians, and there are many sins behind him. ”
So what are the true reasons for an alliance with the Horde? And what kind of relationship was it - an alliance or a yoke?

How many wives?

In the life of Alexander Nevsky, it is reported that in 1239 Saint Alexander entered into marriage, taking as his wife the daughter of the Polotsk prince Bryachislav. Some historians say that the princess in holy Baptism was the namesake of her holy husband and bore the name of Alexander. At the same time, one can find reports that there was another wife: “Alexander, the first wife of the prince, Vassa, his second wife and daughter Evdokia, were buried in the cathedral of the Knyaginin Monastery.” Here is what is written in the “History of the Russian State” by N.M. Karamzin: "After the death of his first wife, named Alexandra, daughter of Prince Bryachislav of Polotsk, Nevsky was married for the second time with Princess Vassa, unknown to us, whose body lies in the Assumption Monastery of Vladimir, in the Church of the Nativity of Christ, where his daughter, Evdokia, was also buried." And yet, the existence of Alexander's second wife raises doubts among both historians and ordinary people who honor the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky. There is even an opinion that Vassa is the monastic name of Alexandra Bryachislavovna. Riddles again?

Priorities: sibling or named?

This question is posed to Alexander Nevsky by the 18th-century historian Alexander Tatishchev in his History of Russia. He is trying to understand why the Horde suddenly changed their attitude towards Alexander Nevsky's brother Andrei, who three years earlier was appointed Prince of Kyiv. After all, the son of Batu Sartak in 1246 unexpectedly sent an army against him, led by the commander Nevruy. According to Tatishchev's hypothesis, Alexander was involved in this: he was at that time in the capital of the Mongol Empire, Karakorum, and allegedly informed or complained about his brother that he begged for the reign with flattery, and he did not pay tribute in full. And if we take on faith Gumilyov's version that Nevsky fraternized with Sartak, then the commander Nevruy could turn out to be Alexander himself, because the Mongols called Neva Nerva.

Novgorod tribute: good or bad?

In 1252, Alexander Nevsky left Novgorod: now his son Vasily reigns in it, and the Grand Duke of Vladimir himself moves to the capital. For five years everything goes on as usual, but suddenly the Tatars decide to “tighten the screws”, they crave a new tribute and therefore start a population census. Recalcitrant Novgorod does not agree to be "accounted for", because formally the Tatars have not captured it. Neither the people, nor the nobles, nor Prince Vasily are going to obey the Tatars ... And then Nevsky makes a knight's move: he puts his son in shackles, cuts off and cuts off the noses, ears, hands, eyes of the nobles ... Since then, Novgorod began to pay tribute Golden Horde. How to evaluate this action? As cruelty and subordination of interests to the Mongols, or as a wise move by an adult ruler who prevented the war between Novgorod and the Horde? Would the Horde go with fire and sword to the unruly lands? Or would the liberation of Russia begin from that moment? History, they say, does not tolerate the subjunctive mood...

Countless army?

The battle on the ice is presented as a battle in which numerous troops were killed. Some historians estimate the army of Alexander Nevsky at 15-17 thousand people, and the German soldiers who opposed him - 10-12 thousand. Sometimes more - 18 thousand to 15.
However, on the 78th page of the Novgorod First Chronicle of the senior version it is written: "... and pada Chyudi beschisla, and Nemets 400, and 50 with the hands of Yash and brought to Novgorod." The figure grows in the next chronicle, of the younger version: "... and the fall of Chudi was beschisla, and Germans 500, and others 50 by the hands of Yash and brought to Novgorod." The Laurentian Chronicle puts the whole story about the battle in three lines and does not even indicate the number of soldiers and those killed. Apparently, this is not important and not significant?
"The Life of Alexander Nevsky" is a more artistic source than a documentary one. It has a completely different angle of view: spiritual. And on the spiritual side, sometimes one person is stronger than a thousand.
So was there an innumerable army? Or does the Battle on the Ice teach us that even in battles, it's not always about numbers?

Arabic script on the helmet

On the helmet of Alexander Nevsky, in addition to diamonds and rubies, there is an Arabic script, the 3rd verse of the 61st sura of the Koran: "Please the faithful with the promise of help from Allah and an early victory." In the course of countless checks and examinations, it was established that the “Erichon Hat” was forged in the East (where the Arabic inscriptions come from) in the 17th century. Then, with an opportunity, the helmet ended up with Mikhail Fedorovich, where he underwent “Christian tuning”. Interestingly, the Arabic script also adorned the helmet of Ivan the Terrible, as well as other well-born people of medieval Russia. Of course, we can say that these were trophies. But it is difficult to imagine that the regulated Ivan IV put a used helmet on his crowned head. Moreover, in use by the "basurman". The question of why the noble prince wore a helmet with Islamic inscriptions still remains open.

Why are you counted among the saints?

Prince Alexander Nevsky canonized as a faithful. Due to Soviet propaganda, this ruler is most often presented as a successful warrior (he really did not lose a single battle in his entire life!), And it seems that he became famous only for his military merits, and holiness became something like a “reward” from Churches.
Why was he canonized? Not only because the prince did not agree to an alliance with the Latins. Surprisingly, however, through his efforts, for example, an Orthodox diocese was created in the Golden Horde. And the preaching of Christianity spread to the north - to the lands of the Pomors.
This rank of saints - the faithful - includes lay people who have become famous for their sincere deep faith and good deeds, as well as Orthodox rulers who managed to remain faithful to Christ in their public service and in various political conflicts. “Like any Orthodox saint, the noble prince is not at all an ideal sinless person, but he is first of all a ruler who was guided in his life primarily by the highest Christian virtues, including mercy and philanthropy, and not by a thirst for power and not self-interest.”

Catherine Oaro

There were many glorious heroes in the history of the Russian state. One of these is Alexander Nevsky. His role in history is enormous. The activities of the prince largely determined historical destiny Russia. What Alexander Nevsky became famous for, we will explore further.

Youth

Alexander's date of birth is May 30, 1220. His father Yaroslav was respected in Russia and especially in Novgorod.

Starting from the 30s of the 13th century, Yaroslav took his son with him on campaigns. So Alexander was tempered and imbued with true patriotism.

In 1236-1240 Alexander rules Novgorod. From the moment Batu attacked and the death of Prince Yuri, Alexander became the sole ruler of the city. At this time, he defends the borders of Novgorod from the invasion of Western enemies: Germans, Lithuanians, Swedes. Answering the question about what Alexander Nevsky became famous for, it should be said that it was the feats of protecting the city borders that brought him world fame.

Political course

What did Alexander Nevsky become famous for, what did he do for Russia?

The prince left his mark on history as a brilliant military leader, diplomat and political figure. He ruled the Russians in such a way as to help them not provoke the Mongol-Tatars into regular raids.

The talent of a military leader helped Alexander save the northwestern borders of Russia from destruction and the imposition of Catholicism. The prince protected Russia from the raids of the Mongol-Tatars, establishing friendly ties with the Horde.

The prince's father was poisoned, his mother died. Alexander got married. The Germans at this time conquer the Baltic states, enslaving all the local peoples and destroying the Russians. The Swedish-German invasions became a real threat to Russia.

In 1240 the Swedish army attacked the Russians. The Swedes invaded the banks of the Neva, not expecting the Russians, believing that all their forces were defeated by the Horde. Despite this circumstance, Alexander convened an army and drew up a military plan.

Legendary battle

In a fierce fight, Alexander struck Birger. The prince's servant, Ratmir, died. Novgorod and Suzdal warriors became famous for centuries. The Swedes did not expect an attack, so they fled in fear, having lost numerous forces. Among the Russians, only 20 soldiers fell.

The victory brought fame to the prince, and after the battle they began to call him Nevsky.

Novgorod was saved, but the Germans and the Teutonic Knights still posed a threat to Russia. Soon the Germans took Izborsk and Pskov. Novgorodians were seriously afraid for their position and urgently called Alexander Nevsky to their place.

Battle on Lake Peipsi

Let's continue talking about Alexander Nevsky. What is he famous for?

The prince agreed to return to Novgorod, on the way he freed Pskov. The Germans withdrew towards Lake Peipsi, where another incident occurred. famous event, which was later called the Battle of the Ice.

The German army lined up in a blunt wedge called a "pig". In this form, the soldiers could easily crush the Russian infantrymen. Alexander knew this very well, so he did not hold back the German attack. He strengthened the flanks of his troops, placed the cavalry on the sides. The prince himself with his retinue stood behind the main regiment.

The German “pig”, having broken through the “brow”, was met by the Nevsky squad and lost its power. The Russians instantly destroyed the enemy army. Telling about the victories in which battles Alexander Nevsky became famous, they usually name these two biggest battles- Battle of the Neva and Battle of the Ice.

The prince approached Pskov, where he was greeted as a winner. The Order was forced to retreat and return all previously conquered territories.

After the victories described, the commander fought the Swedes and Lithuanians for a long time - until they abandoned their desire to conquer the Baltic states. This is what Alexander Nevsky became famous for.

Russian-Horde Union

Despite the successes, the position of Russia was still precarious. Alexander Nevsky seeks to conclude a friendly alliance with the Horde.

What Alexander Nevsky became famous for, children today are told in history lessons. The prince worked hard and did a lot for the Russian land. He fought against enemies from the West, prudently established relations with the Horde.

The political course of Nevsky gives rise to many disputes among historians. His confrontation with Westerners usually does not cause complaints. But the alliance with the Horde is estimated ambiguously. Often Nevsky is called almost the main enslaver of Russia, guilty of Horde yoke. Alexander is accused of being friends with the khans.

In any case, the personality of Alexander Nevsky is unique in history. He looked back at the affairs of his father, but did much more for Russia.

At the end of his journey, Alexander took the schema - the strictest monastic vow. Later, the church referred the prince to the saints.

To this day, people remember the prince as a symbol of valor, courage and spiritual brightness.

Summing up, one should once again list what Alexander Nevsky became famous for:

The commander won the battle on the Neva and on Lake Peipsi.
The prince was a cunning diplomat in alliance with the Horde.
The foreign policy of the prince was to protect Russia from enslavement by Westerners.

Now you can easily answer the question: "What made Alexander Nevsky famous?" It is impossible to talk about it briefly, but in in general terms the essence of the issue is disclosed in the article.

Undoubtedly, the image of this Russian hero will not fade over time, and his glory will be eternal.