Stylistically neutral verbs and stylistically colored verbs. Emotionally expressive coloring of words

The stylistic characteristic of a word is determined by how it is perceived by speakers: as assigned to a certain functional style or as appropriate in any style, commonly used.

The stylistic fixation of the word is facilitated by its thematic relevance. We feel the connection of words-terms with the scientific language ( quantum theory, assonance, attributive ); we attribute to the journalistic style words related to political topics ( world, congress, summit, international, law and order, personnel policy ); we single out as official business words used in office work ( following, proper, victim, residence, notify, prescribe, forwarded ).

In the most in general terms functional-style stratification of vocabulary can be depicted as follows:

The most clearly contrasted book and colloquial words (compare: intrude - get in, meddle; get rid of - get rid of, get rid of; criminal - gangster ).

As part of book vocabulary it is possible to single out the words characteristic of book speech in general ( subsequent, confidential, equivalent, prestige, erudition, preface ), and words assigned to specific functional styles (for example, syntax, phoneme, litote, emission, denomination tend to scientific style; election campaign, image, populism, investments - to journalistic; action, consumer, employer, prescribed, above, client, prohibited - to official business).

The functional fixedness of vocabulary is most definitely revealed in speech.

Book words are not suitable for casual conversation.

For example: The first leaves appeared on the green spaces.

Scientific terms cannot be used in a conversation with a child.

For example: It is highly probable that the Pope will enter visual contact with Uncle Petya during the coming day.

Colloquial and colloquial words are inappropriate in a formal business style.

For example: On the night of September 30, racketeers ran into Petrov and took his son hostage, demanding a ransom of 10 thousand dollars.

The ability to use a word in any style of speech indicates its general use.

So, the word house is appropriate in various styles: House No. 7 on Lomonosov Street is to be demolished; The house was built according to the project of a talented Russian architect and is one of the most valuable monuments of national architecture; Pavlov's house in Volgograd became a symbol of the courage of our fighters, who selflessly fought against the Nazis in the slots of the city; Tili-bom, tili-bom, the cat's house caught fire(March.).

In functional styles, special vocabulary is used against the background of common language.

Emotionally expressive coloring of words

Many words not only name concepts, but also reflect the attitude of the speaker towards them.

For example , admiring the beauty of the white flower, you can call it snow-white, white, lilac. These adjectives are emotionally colored: the positive evaluation distinguishes them from the stylistically neutral word white. The emotional coloring of a word can express and negative evaluation called concept ( blond ).

So emotional vocabulary is called evaluative (emotionally-evaluative).

A feature of the emotional-evaluative vocabulary is that the emotional coloring is "superimposed" on lexical meaning word, but is not reduced to it, the purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, the attitude of the speaker to the named phenomenon.

As part of the emotional vocabulary, the following three varieties are distinguished.

1. Words with strong evaluative meaning, as a rule, unambiguous; “the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.” These include the words "characteristics" ( forerunner, forerunner, grouch, idler, toady, slob etc.), as well as words containing an assessment of a fact, phenomenon, sign, action ( predestination, destiny, deceit, fraud, marvelous, miraculous, irresponsible, antediluvian, dare, inspire, defame, mischief ).

2. Polysemantic words , usually neutral in the main meaning, but getting a bright emotional coloring when used metaphorically.

So, about a person they say: hat, rag, mattress, oak, elephant, bear, snake, eagle, crow ; verbs are used in a figurative sense: sing, hiss, saw, gnaw, dig, yawn, blink and under common.

3. Words with suffixes subjective assessment , conveying various shades of feeling: containing positive emotions - son, sun, granny, neat, close, and negative - beards, kid, bureaucracy etc.

Since the emotional coloring of these words is created by affixes, the estimated meanings in such cases are determined not by the nominative properties of the word, but by word formation.

The image of feeling in speech requires special expressive colors.

expressiveness (from Latin expressio - expression) - means expressiveness, expressive - containing a special expression.

On the lexical level this linguistic category gets its embodiment in the “increment” to the nominative meaning of the word of special stylistic shades, special expression.

For example, instead of the word good We are speaking wonderful, marvelous, marvelous, marvelous ; you can say I do not like, but you can find more strong words: hate, despise, loathe .

In all these cases, the lexical meaning of the word is complicated by expression.

Often one neutral word has several expressive synonyms that differ in degree emotional stress(compare: misfortune - grief - disaster - catastrophe, violent - unrestrained - indomitable - violent - furious ).

Vivid expression highlights the words solemn ( unforgettable, herald, accomplishments ), rhetorical ( sacred, aspirations, herald ), poetic ( azure, invisible, chant, unceasing ).

A special expression distinguishes the words playful ( faithful, newly minted ), ironic ( deign, don Juan, vaunted ), familiar ( ugly, cute, poking around, whispering ).

Expressive shades delimit words disapproving (pretentious, mannered, ambitious, pedant ), dismissive (to paint, pettiness ), contemptuous (slander, servility, sycophancy ), derogatory (skirt, squishy ), vulgar (grabber, lucky ), swear words (ham, fool ).

Expressive coloring in a word is superimposed on its emotional and evaluative meaning, and in some words expression prevails, in others - emotional coloring. Therefore, it is not possible to distinguish between emotional and expressive vocabulary. The situation is complicated by the fact that "the typology of expressiveness is, unfortunately, not yet available." This leads to difficulties in developing a common terminology.

Combining words close in expression into lexical groups, we can distinguish:

1) positive words called concepts,

2) words expressing their negative assessment .

The first group will include words high, affectionate, partly playful; in the second - ironic, disapproving, abusive, etc.

The emotionally expressive coloring of words is clearly manifested when comparing synonyms:

The emotional and expressive coloring of a word is influenced by its meaning. Sharp negative evaluation we got words like fascism, separatism, corruption, assassin, mafia .

Behind the words progressive, law and order, sovereignty, glasnost etc. is fixed positive color .

Even different meanings of the same word can differ markedly in stylistic coloring: in one case, the use of a word can be solemn ( Stop, prince. Finally, I hear the speech not of a boy, but of a husband.- P.), in another - the same word gets an ironic coloring ( G. Polevoy proved that the venerable editor enjoys the fame of a learned man, so to speak, on honestly . - P.).

The development of emotional and expressive shades in the word is facilitated by its metaphorization.

So, stylistically neutral words used as tropes get a vivid expression.

For example: burn (at work), fall (from fatigue), suffocate (under adverse conditions), glowing (look), blue (dream), flying (gait) etc.

The context finally determines the expressive coloring: neutral words can be perceived as lofty and solemn; high vocabulary in other conditions acquires a mockingly ironic coloring; sometimes even a swear word can sound affectionate, and affectionate - contemptuously.

The appearance of additional expressive shades in a word, depending on the context, significantly expands visual possibilities vocabulary.

The emotionally expressive coloring of the word, layered on the functional, complements its stylistic characteristics. Emotionally-expressive neutral words usually belong to common vocabulary (although this is not necessary: ​​terms, for example, in emotionally expressive terms, are usually neutral, but have a clear functional fixation). Emotionally expressive words are distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary.

Subdivisions of expressive-colored vocabulary

D.E. Rosenthal identifies 3 groups of vocabulary:

1) Neutral (interstyle)

2) colloquial

3) colloquial

1. Neutral(interstyle) is a vocabulary that is used in all styles of the language, it is a category of words that are not expressively colored, emotionally neutral.

Interstyle vocabulary is the basis for the vocabulary of both oral and writing.

You can compare the common word lie and words compose, flood, which belong to colloquial vocabulary and have a colloquial and playful character.

2. To colloquial vocabulary include words that give speech a touch of informality, ease, but do not go beyond the literary language. This is the vocabulary of speech. It is characterized by informality and emotionally expressive coloring. Gestures, facial expressions, posture, intonation play an important role in oral communication.

To the group colloquial vocabulary includes words that are different in the way of expression, stylistic coloring, and those whose semantics already contain evaluativeness ( troublemaker, bedlam poseurs etc.), as well as those whose evaluativeness is created by affixes, the addition of bases ( old man, shoemaker, poor thing etc.). Words with subjective evaluation suffixes ( healthy, small, sonny, domina etc.). Familiar words also belong to this vocabulary ( grandma, grandpa, aunt, son etc.).

3. Colloquial vocabulary is on the verge of or beyond the limits of strictly normalized lexical literary speech and is more stylistically reduced compared to colloquial vocabulary, although the boundaries between them are unsteady and mobile and not always clearly defined.

There are three groups of colloquial vocabulary:
Rough- expressive vocabulary grammatically represented by nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs (bore, madman, scoundrel, etc.). The expressiveness of these words shows the attitude to any object, person, phenomenon.
Rough colloquial vocabulary but it is distinguished by a greater degree of rudeness: (snout, bulldozer, mug, etc.). These words have stronger expression and negative attitude to some phenomena.
The colloquial vocabulary includes some words actually vernacular, non-literary , they are not recommended in the speech of cultured people ( just now, I suppose, maybe, having spawned etc.)

The use of stylistically colored vocabulary in speech

The tasks of practical stylistics include the study of the use of the vocabulary of various functional styles in speech - both as one of the style-forming elements and as a different style tool that stands out by its expression against the background of other language tools.

Particular attention should be paid to the use terminological vocabulary, which has the most definite functional and stylistic significance.

Terms- words or phrases naming special concepts of any sphere of production, science, art.

For example: deposit(money or securities deposited with a credit institution for safekeeping); express loan (term loan, provision of valuables in debt); business(entrepreneurial activity, generating income, profit); mortgage(pledge of real estate in order to obtain a long-term loan); percent(payment received by the lender from the borrower for the use of a cash loan).

Each term is necessarily based on the definition (definition) of the reality it denotes, due to which the terms represent a capacious and at the same time concise description of an object or phenomenon. Each branch of science operates with certain terms that make up the terminological system of this branch of knowledge.

The term is usually used in only one area.

For example: phoneme to be - in linguistics, cupola- in metallurgy. But the same term can be used in different areas. In each case, the term has its own special meaning.

For example: Term operation used in medicine, military and banking. Term assimilation used in linguistics, biology, ethnography; iris– in medicine and biology (botany); reversion- in biology, technology, jurisprudence.

Becoming a term, the word loses its emotionality and expressiveness. This is especially noticeable if we compare common words in a diminutive form with the corresponding terms.

For example: cam in a child and cam in car, front sight- a small fly and front sight in the meaning of "a small protrusion on the front of the barrel of a firearm, which serves for aiming", cheeks child and cheeks at a machine gun, etc.

The diminutive form of a common word very often becomes a term. Zubok from the word tooth in the meaning of "a bone formation, an organ in the mouth for grasping, biting and chewing food" and the term clove- cutting tooth of a machine, tool. tongue from the word language in the meaning of "movable muscular organ in the oral cavity" and the term uvula- a small process at the base of the blade of a leaf of cereals and some other plants. Hammer from the word a hammer in the meaning of "a tool for hammering, blows" and the term hammer- one of the auditory ossicles of the middle ear and the name of various percussion devices in mechanisms.

Terminological vocabulary contains more information than any other, so the use of terms in a scientific style is a necessary condition for brevity, conciseness, and accuracy of presentation.

Scientific and technological progress has led to intensive development scientific style and its active influence on other functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. The use of terms outside the scientific style has become a kind of sign of the times.

Studying the process of terminology of speech that is not bound by the norms of scientific style, researchers point to distinctive features the use of terms in this case. Many words that have precise terminological meanings have been wide use and are used without any stylistic restrictions.

For example: radio, television, oxygen, heart attack, psychic, privatization .

Another group combines words that have a dual nature: they can be used both in the function of terms and as stylistically neutral vocabulary. In the first case, they differ in special shades of meanings, giving them special accuracy and unambiguity.

Yes, the word mountain, meaning in its broad, interstyle usage " a significant hill rising above surrounding area ”, and having a number of figurative values, does not imply an accurate quantitative measurement of height. In geographical terminology, where the distinction between concepts is essential mountain - Hill, clarification is given: elevation over 200 m high.

Thus, the use of such words outside the scientific style is associated with their partial determinology.

Go to the next page

Words, in addition to the main meaning (subject-logical), may have additional shades, which are called stylistic coloring. Stylistic coloring includes two varieties: functional-stylistic and expressive-emotional.

The basis of the vocabulary of the Russian language is interstyle words (generally used), which are used in all functional styles, in all genres of written and oral speech in their usual, generally accepted meaning: man, work, house, bread, go, plane, water, do, look, talk, mother, father, day, day, white and many others. Such vocabulary is the building material of any particular text. Against its background, functionally colored vocabulary stands out clearly.

Functional-style coloring of vocabulary

concept functional style The coloring of a word is associated with its attachment to a particular speech sphere and belonging to a certain functional style. In accordance with this, the vocabulary of 1) book (or book-written) speech and 2) oral speech is distinguished.

Book words are used in scientific literature, in business papers, in journalism, in fiction. Vocabulary of scientific, official business, journalistic styles differs. The vocabulary of scientific speech includes general scientific ( argument, methodology, monograph, dissertation, formation, typology, classification, evolution, hypotheticality, review etc.) and highly specialized terminology - the terms of individual sciences, for example, linguistics: morpheme, orthoepy, slang, paronym etc.; logic: illogicality, counterargument, dilemma; forensics: fingerprinting, trasology, expertise; chemistry: reagent, polymer, chloromethylene etc.

Vocabulary officially- business speech has a pronounced functional and stylistic coloring: resolution, residence, visitor, office work, folder, client, memorandum, tenant, function, should, impute, department, demand, ask, official, marriage etc. Its use is limited officially

but-business sphere of communication; the use in other speech spheres must be strictly motivated. In fiction, words with an official business coloring can be a means of a character's speech characteristics, a means of creating humor.

Inappropriately used in colloquial speech, these words become bureaucratic, violate the unity of style and create a terrible disease of speech - clerk. Let us recall the examples given by K. I. Chukovsky: Anty pigeons- clean pigs, they should be canceled; or: Darling, you are a cloaknot limits?or youwhat are you crying about?

The vocabulary of the journalistic style primarily includes the words of the socio-political sphere of communication: peace-loving, conversion, confrontation, parliament, action, ratification", newspaper terminology: journalist, reporter, columnist, correspondence, reporting, interview...; a number of words with an abstract meaning: profanity, pretentiously, stumbling, beautiful soul, rhetoric, frailty, verbiage, overthrow, nonsense; polysemantic words used in a figurative sense: beacon, ignite with desire, water artery, soft gold, constellation of talents, space marathon, takeoff of fantasy.

As you can see, the layer of book vocabulary is diverse, and the degree of bookishness of the words included in it is different, so we can talk about purely bookish and moderately bookish words. Highly specialized scientific terms, as a rule, of a foreign language origin; official words with a prefix not (non-delivery, non-provision), with suffixes -they-, -lack of legal consciousness, misunderstanding; verb forms with suffixes - to incriminate, - to incriminate, to inspire, to moralize.

Colloquial vocabulary is used mainly in oral genres: in conversation, casual conversation. It covers groups of words that differ in their "degree of literacy", and hence in the sphere of use. These are actually colloquial words (or colloquial-literary): toothiness, fall ill, lawman, scold, unfortunate, talker, big-eyed, chieftain, vigorous, troublesome, generosity, side by side, trot, stories, spend, crucify, coloring book, potatoes, record book, while, a little, confusion, to be fined, ne'er-do-well, dodger, gimmick, joke and vernacular: man, master, klutz, lumps, come to my senses, damned, rogue, feint, grunt, nerd, grub, stinger, nonsense and etc.

Actually colloquial words correspond to the norms of the literary language, are used in fiction, in journalism, but are unacceptable in scientific papers and business papers, as they violate the unity of style; Basically, they are limited to the oral-everyday sphere of communication. Colloquial words, due to the rudeness of the content or the harshness of the expressed assessment, go beyond the limits of the literary language and are used in a reduced style, in everyday speech (the exception is the protocols of interrogation and confrontation, in which colloquial and slang words are evidence, as they identify the speech of the interrogated). Colloquial vocabulary is heterogeneous, it contains roughly colloquial and swear words: zapivoha, on the sly, grunt, mug, crazy, shalman, shlenda, chatter, add, spoil, foul, mug, nasharmaka, scarecrow(about a human), chantrap, puppy(about a human), bulldozer and etc.

Such words can rarely be used in works of art with a clear stylistic motivation: to characterize the character's speech.

All functionally colored vocabulary is presented in the diagram:

Artistic speech includes various layers of vocabulary: interstyle, journalistic, colloquial. In addition, there are many words characteristic for poetic speech: honest, charm, golden-haired, zau t R a " voice < child, hourly, eke out, transience, military, dust, frying pan, midday, victorious, flame, song, young, kiss etc. Now most of them have a shade of obsolete.

Scientific, official business and colloquial vocabulary in fiction is always strictly motivated.

Expressive-emotionally colored vocabulary

Many words not only name objects and phenomena of reality, but also express their assessment, attitude towards them. “The very objective meaning of the word is to some extent formed by this assessment, and the assessment plays a creative role in changing the meanings,” wrote academician V. V. Vinogradov.

If, naming the name of a lawyer, they use the word next to it lawyer, you will never ask him for help, because he is a bad lawyer. So, the expressive-emotional coloring of words is associated with the expression of feelings and attitudes towards the named phenomena, with the expressive (expressive) possibilities of the word. It is the evaluative moment that creates this or that expressive-emotional coloring in the word: solemnity, rhetoric, familiarity, irony, respect, affection, approval, joke, disapproval, reproach, neglect, contempt. All words with expressive-emotional coloring are divided into two large groups: 1) with a positive assessment (solemnity, rhetoric, respect, affection, approval, joke) and 2) with a negative assessment (familiarity, irony, disapproval, reproach, neglect, contempt, scolding).

Interstyle vocabulary does not have an expressive-emotional coloring, it is neutral. But from interstyle words with the help of subjective suffixes estimates emotionally colored words can be formed: house(neutral) - house(reduce-caress.) - house(reduce"At nothing) - house(increased); book(neutral) - booklet(reduce-caress.) - little book(derogatory); son- reduce-caress.; passion- humiliate; mother- honor .; partisanism- disapproved, policeman contempt.; staff- decrease; scribbler- contempt.; little hand- reduce-caress.; job- humiliate.

Polysemantic words, stylistically neutral in the literal sense, acquire an expressive or emotional coloring in the figurative sense. Wed: son(homeland) - high., bite(to be unaffordable) - joke., nimbus(atmosphere of glory, success) - high., cradle(place of origin, origin of something) - high., comedy(hypocrisy, pretense) - contempt., cow(about a fat clumsy woman) - rudely simple., offspring(descendant) - ironic, altar(fatherlands) - high., bureaucrat(formalist) - disapproved. and others. M. N. Kozhina calls such words situationally-stylistically colored.

Many words in their subject-logical meaning contain an element of evaluation. This is the so-called evaluative vocabulary, for example: stubby (disapproved, ironic) peanut (joking) scribbler (iron.), gimp (disapproved) sucker (neglect.), politician (contempt.), father (honourable), dulcinea (joking, ironic) superficiality (neglect.), empyrean (joking) vaunted (iron.), personal belongings (joking) opportunism (contempt.), dude (disapproved) sovereign (high) boldly (high) backbone (contempt.), sculptor (high) worship (high). Marked words high, used in solemn speech; politician, dulcinea, superficiality, opportunism, defoamer, notorious- in journalism, the rest of the above - in oral, colloquial and everyday speech. Word Russian in the Soviet period it was obsolete, had a litter high, and could be used only on solemn occasions, in appeals. In the post-perestroika years, it moved into the active vocabulary, lost a shade of obsolescence, and, constantly used to refer to the inhabitants of Russia, ceased to be a word of high vocabulary.

Among the evaluative vocabulary, a group of words with pronounced expressiveness stands out. This is a high, solemn vocabulary: year, daring, army, erect, pleiad, beneficence, foremother, cohort, herald, warrior, folk and traditional poetry: razluchnik, daring, finger, fearlessly, tree, transience, oratay (plowman), etc. Expressive coloring, individual characteristics of words are created by the tradition of their use in written speech. The vocabulary of the scientific and official business style does not have an expressive and emotional coloring.

How do the functional-stylistic and expressive-emotional varieties of word coloring correlate with each other? Expressive-emotionally colored vocabulary is distributed between book, colloquial and vernacular. Let's look at examples.

Thus, the variety of “semantic nuances of the word is concentrated and combined in its stylistic characteristics. In the stylistic assessment, a new sphere of semantic shades of words appears, associated with their individual "passport".

In explanatory dictionaries, functionally and emotionally colored words have two labels: dissident (bookish, ironic), stupid (colloquial, disapproved) jester (colloquial, derogatory) thief (simple, contemptuous) vakhlak (simple, disrespectful).

Stylistically colored vocabulary in a lawyer's speech

Colloquial, colloquial and emotionally colored vocabulary is appropriate in the oral speech of the investigator, prosecutor or judge conducting the interrogation, as well as in the conversation of a lawyer or notary with his client. Of all the procedural acts, stylistically colored vocabulary can only be present in the protocols of interrogation and confrontation, if it occurs in the speech of the interrogated and has evidentiary value; in civil law acts, stylistically colored vocabulary is not used.

In the text of the law evaluative vocabulary(most often these are polysemantic words used in one of the derived meanings) is part of the terms - the so-called evaluative concepts one . Therefore, lawyers quite often raise the issue

on the ambiguity of legal terms.

Quite often, functionally and expressively-emotionally colored words are found in accusatory and defensive speeches in court. But an indispensable condition for this is the motivation for their use. Remember how S. A. Andreevsky created the image of a frivolous woman through a colloquial word blurted out. In the speech of F. N. Plevako, the colloquial word chatting clarifies the relaxed nature of the actions of the victim, gives them an assessment: Easily and freely, running from subject to subject, the wife chats to her husband about all the interests of the house. In his speech on the case of an old woman who stole a 30-kopeck teapot, an outdated lofty word twelve creates expressiveness, solemnity and at the same time gives the text of speech an ironic tone.

It is interesting to use stylistically colored vocabulary in R. A. Rudenko's accusatory speeches. His speeches on the case of the American spy pilot Powers; in the case of Starukh, who killed the Ukrainian writer Ya. A. Galan, the accusatory speech at the Nuremberg trials is political in nature:

See p. 233.

reveal the policy of the Soviet state and expose the crimes of the Nazis, the criminal actions of Bandera and the espionage activities of American intelligence. Therefore, evaluative vocabulary is simply necessary here. Speaking about the work of Ya. A. Galan, the speaker uses lofty words sang, inspired >; Allied troops are assessed as valiant (high); the love of the people for the motherland expresses through lofty word fatherland ; the patriotism of the Russian people conveys a high word sons great Russia; book word freedom-loving characterizes the desire of peoples for peace.

The speaker reveals his attitude towards the fascists, Bandera and American spies through colloquial vocabulary and words with a negative evaluative meaning: fascist troops are hordes(neglect.), barbaric, rabid(colloquial); Ukrainian bourgeois nationalists - murderers(obsolete-simple), henchmen fascists (colloquial, swearing and contempt.), having black history; This hitler clique, which heart-rendingly(colloquial) yelled(colloquial). BUT Jesuit scumbag(bran.) The old woman took advantage of the cordiality and sensitivity of Yaroslav Galan and committed diabolical(colloquial) crime.

When the use of words with different stylistic coloring is not motivated, then such statements may appear: The rider, carried by fast horses, fell from the chariot and broke his muzzle.

When drawing up procedural acts, it should be remembered that the use of emotionally colored or reduced vocabulary leads to a mixture of styles.

Linguistic terms

style- related to the functional style.

Stylistic- having expressive abilities.

Emotionality- expression of feelings, subjective attitude.

Questions for self-examination

What is the stylistic coloring of a word? What is it made up of? 2. What vocabulary is called interstyle?

What is the functional and stylistic coloring of words connected with? 4. What words make up the layer of book vocabulary? 5. Describe the vocabulary of oral speech. What is the principle of its division? 6. What layers of vocabulary make up artistic speech? 7. What is the expressive-emotional coloring of the word? 8. What two groups is emotionally colored vocabulary divided into? 9. Which of the functionally colored vocabulary does not have an expressive-emotional coloring? 10. Name four groups of expressive-emotionally colored vocabulary. 11. How do the varieties of stylistic coloring of the word relate to each other? 12. What errors are caused by mixing expressive and stylistically colored vocabulary? What is a "clerk"?

Sample lesson planTheoretical part

Stylistic stratification of Russian vocabulary. Neutral (inter-style) vocabulary.

Functionally colored vocabulary: vocabulary of written speech; vocabulary of oral speech.

Emotionally colored vocabulary. The scope of its use.

Errors caused by the inappropriate use of stylistically colored vocabulary.

Practical part

Exercise 1. According to the "Dictionary of the Russian language" (M., 1981. Vol. 1-4), get acquainted with the marks for the words: bullshit, gospel(2nd value), forgetful(3rd value), covenant(1st value), burial, hut, spew(2nd value), speak out, infantilism, evaporate(2nd value), to sully, to stain, to spoil(2nd value), outgoing(3rd value), fiend, clause, scribble, ascetic(2nd value), approacher, zealot, record-breaking.

Exercise 2. Read G. Reznik's defense speech in the Pasko case, highlight the expressive and emotionally colored vocabulary in it, determine its relevance (irrelevance) in the text of a public speech. Report it in practice.

Exercise 3. Make an orientation portrait of a wanted woman who has big expressive black eyes, a small neat nose, plump lips (slightly above which, in the right corner, there is a charming little mole), a radiant smile, lush curly hair. When she left home, she was wearing a knitted pale blue dress. with small blue flowers.

Task 4. Determine the functions of stylistically colored vocabulary in A. F. Koni's accusatory speech in the case of the drowning of a peasant woman Emelyanova by her husband, in F. N. Plevako's defense speech in the Gruzinsky case or in a defense speech

N. I. Kholeva in the case of Maksimenko.

Task 5. Talk to the investigator about his work on drafting the indictment. Try to find out to what extent the investigator's linguistic instinct (linguistic taste) is developed. Express your observations in a presentation at the seminar.

Task 6. Listen to the arguments of the parties in the trial. Track how often and for what purpose judicial speakers use emotionally expressive and colloquial vocabulary. Is colloquial vernacular always appropriate? Summarize your observations.

Exercise 7. Based on your observations on the examples below, draw a conclusion about the appropriateness or inappropriateness of emotionally colored and colloquial vocabulary in procedural acts. Please read Art. 174 and 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation on the language of the protocol of interrogation. Think about the examples in which reduced vocabulary is appropriate.

Exercise 1

1. An unknown person beat the victim. 2. Mr. Berezko stole two trousers from the store. 3. Mr. Kurochkin was detained, who was hanging out near pharmacy No. 16 without a specific occupation. 4. The shaggy, evil dog of Smolyaninov bit the victim on the leg. 5. Despite the persuasion of the citizens, he swore with wild, blatant abuse. 6. Squandering the defendant's property, the plaintiff put forward a demand for the division of property. 7. The actions of the accused are qualified as having caused the victim's painful, unstable disability. 8. 200 chickens were stolen from the dining room. 9. He grabbed Bolshov by the breasts. 10. The theft of a handbag is imputed by Shkurina chokh.

Anyone from such an accusation will get their brains awry. 12. Shkurina's first conviction is trivial. 13. Chegodaeva dragged Shkurina to visit. 14. How else could she react to a bawdy note? 15. Alcoholic Kartsev escaped with a slight fright. 16. "Playing" on the carriageway with Lerner, the defendant Danikovich bit him on the ear. 17. I don’t remember what happened at the wedding, as it was

drunk. 18. Employees of the regional department took an active part in the meeting with drunkards and brawlers. 19. Witness Uglov told the investigator about the events of 22 January.

Exercise 2

1. As a result of the fight, Milyukov was stabbed. 2. Two light green shirts, cut for three light green crepe de chine blouses, were attached as material evidence. 3. At the beginning of this year, need curbed me, that is, my son became very ill. In the name of saving my son, I owed a large sum.

I didn't bother about a new passport. 5. Based on the foregoing, Korobkov Nikolai Ilyich, born on August 7, 1962 in Gorky, Russian, illiterate, is accused of a crime under

Part 2 Art. 206 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. 6. He began to scream, and my child got scared. 7. In addition, Kirsanov dragged things from home and sold them. 8. The initiator of drinking alcohol at the workplace and during working hours was the head of the party Baikalov. 9. Witness Spiridonov explained that the staff of the first SVHR had scolded him, warned him, but he ignored these warnings and descended to a serious crime. 10. Savkov skipped two days in August and six days in September, for which he was versed in the brigade and on the shop committee. 11. They again went out into the street and, even more intoxicated, began to pester passers-by. 12. The distribution of the plaintiff's things by the defendant was undertaken out of mischievous motives. 13. The victims are Malkov's wife and her parents, who are vitally interested in a permanent stay in a mental hospital. 14. On December 22, 1996 Shelestov, being drunk, committed hooligan acts. 15. Kolesov stabbed the helpless Tarasov several times in the back. Having completed this heinous deed, the criminal fled into the dark forest. 16. The investigation shied away from one accusation to another.

My client still needs to serve out the army.

Task 8. Based on the theoretical and factual material you have collected, prepare a message for lawyers - practitioners about stylistically colored vocabulary. Title it. Formulate the main thesis of your message, compose detailed plan. Use the illustrative material of the practical lesson for the presentation.

Stylistically colored vocabulary

Interstyle vocabulary

Stylistically neutral vocabulary represents the core of the lexical means of the language; it is used in all varieties of oral and written speech. The layer of interstyle vocabulary is made up of words of different parts of speech, denoting the most important concepts for all Russian speakers. In evaluative and expressive terms, interstyle vocabulary outside of contextual use is considered stylistically unmarked. However, this does not mean that it is completely devoid of connotative components. This is evidenced at least by the fact that its use, for example, in the genres of journalistic style, gives the journalistic text figurativeness and expressiveness. The words included in the interstyle vocabulary are characterized by simplicity and general intelligibility, naturalness and clarity. It is with the help of these words that the authors create the most penetrating and sincere literary images. This is important property interstyle vocabulary was also noted by A.P. Chekhov: ʼʼColorfulness and expressiveness in the descriptions of nature is achieved only by simplicity, by such simple phrases as ʼʼthe sun has setʼʼ, ʼʼit has become darkʼʼ, ʼʼit has begun to rainʼʼ. So, the core of the modern Russian language is stylistically neutral vocabulary, ᴛ.ᴇ. vocabulary used in all styles is interstyle.

Stylistically colored vocabulary is divided into two groups: book vocabulary and colloquial vocabulary. Book vocabulary is a significant part of the dictionary of the Russian language. The vocabulary of book styles is heterogeneous. It distinguishes several lexical and stylistic varieties: official business, scientific, newspaper and journalistic, which, in turn, are subdivided into additional subgroups. The selection of such stylistic varieties is due to the main socially significant functions of the language: communication, message and impact. To implement the function of communication, official business and scientific styles are used, and the official business style often performs the function of communication. For example, business telephone conversations are conducted not only for the purpose of communication, but also for communication. The process of active communication is carried out during legal advice, court sessions. Each of the three book functional styles is characterized by distinctive, style-forming features, which are largely determined by the characteristics of the language in general and the lexical-semantic system in particular.

The official business style is characterized by: 1) relatively clear stylistic isolation; 2) ultimate standardization and unification; 3) maximum specificity and absolute accuracy; 4) the stability of genre topics (for example, legislative topics; protocol-diplomatic, documentary-legal; official-documentary; clerical, etc.).

Scientific style has other distinctive features:

1) the generalized abstract nature of the statement; 2) objectivity; 3) convincing evidence of the conclusions.

The newspaper-journalistic style is characterized by the following main differentiating features: 1) the effective nature of publications; 2) consistency of presentation; 3) informative significance; 4) modality objective and subjective; 5) concreteness; 6) actual accuracy.

The listed main non-linguistic stylistic features contribute to the formation of linguistic distinctive features, incl. and lexico-semantic. Let's consider them in more detail.

Official and business vocabulary is more closed and functionally clear in comparison with scientific or newspaper-journalistic ones. Against the general background of interstyle words, such lexical-semantic paradigms as office-business, official-documentary, judicial-legal and diplomatic vocabulary stand out in it. Each of them has its own distinctive features and its own degree of proper functional coloring. So, in the clerical and business industry, various kinds of clichés are especially stable, that is, a standardized and unified expression of thoughts. This allows this group to use pre-prepared printed documents, letterheads, etc. In clerical and business speech, as in other groups of official style, special words are used that refer to the same phenomenon or concept, but in different fields of activity . For example, a person is called differently in official address comrade, citizen, master. He is called a subscriber - at a telephone exchange, a customer - in an atelier, a buyer - in a store, a client - in a hairdresser's, a patient - in a clinic or hospital, a vacationer - in a sanatorium, a passenger - on different modes of transport, etc. Stationery documents also have special names: a book of outgoing (or incoming) documents, a barn book, business book and etc.
Hosted on ref.rf
In all sorts of orders, certificates, etc., they will write to you not to hire, but to enroll; not to give a vacation (or let go to rest), but to provide a vacation. It will be noted that the person does not live in the apartment, but lives. The certificate is not just given, but it indicates that it was issued to such and such (such and such) with the obligatory addition - given for submission there, etc. In this lexical subgroup, abbreviated names of institutions such as research institutes, ATS, SMU are widely used; verbal formations: fencing, sprinkling, watering, living, staying; nominative prepositions

in the case, by virtue of, in accordance with, in relation to, for the purposes of, on the basis of, etc. In official documentary vocabulary (i.e., in decrees, decrees, laws, etc.), words play an important role with an exact, specific meaning, thanks to which objectivity and logical formulations are achieved: instructs, decides, obliges, notifies, recommends, should, it is extremely important, follows and under. Words that have several meanings (especially of a metaphorical or metonymic nature, as well as modal-evaluative ones), as a rule, are not used.

In legal (or judicial-legal) vocabulary, a lot of commonly used words are used, but its specific specification is characteristic of this area: guilt, punishment, violation, accusation; as well as words limited by the specifics of documents: expose (denunciation); conduct an inquiry; excess, attraction; preventive measure; claimant, applicant, submitter, victim, petitioner, accused, witness, accomplice, etc.

Diplomatic vocabulary is characterized by the presence in it of foreign language terms that have become international, as well as native Russian terms and names: attaché, verbal note, credentials, treaty, communiqué, preamble, ambassador, chargé d'affaires, arrive, etc. There are a lot of words with an additional evaluative meaning: a mighty tree of peace, significant milestones, extinguish the hotbed of war. In diplomatic speech (for example, in official notes, messages, etc.) a significant amount of high book vocabulary is used: inspirer, retribution, truly, persecutor, destructive, deed, like-minded, spiteful, evil deed, punishment, death, non-intervention and others abstract book words. Among the most significant distinguishing features of the scientific style at the lexical level is the widespread use of terms. In scientific vocabulary, as well as in business, words that have additional emotionally expressive assessments (joking, ironic, affectionate, familiar, abusive, etc.), that is, words with connotative content, are almost never used. It is worth saying that for scientific vocabulary (as well as for official business) blotches of other style are uncharacteristic (for example, colloquial words, narrow dialects, etc.). The use of words in a figurative sense is extremely rare. If, nevertheless, such lexical units are found in scientific terminological systems, then the vivid imagery inherent in them in the common language is partially lost, although often such term elements still cause associative representations that are characteristic of them in the non-terminological sphere. For example: noble metals (an associative idea of ​​something more valuable than just using the word metal); cirrus clouds, wind rose (in meteorology); bare particle (in physics), etc.

Abstract words such as: absolutism, abstraction, activation, argumentation, lack of evidence, impeccability, unsystematic (systemic), wandering, being, interpenetration, interaction, modification are often used in scientific vocabulary; inclusion, introduction, excitement, revival, depth (thoughts, research).

Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is also heterogeneous. It highlights following groups:

Words that have a socio-political meaning: humanity, democracy, dictatorship, idea, ideology, class, communism, communist; worldview, public, party, political, etc.
Hosted on ref.rf
The words of this group are widely used to implement both the function of the message (i.e., the informative function) and the function of influence. Οʜᴎ have stylistic connotations. Vocabulary characterized by sublimity: immortality, dominion, retribution, hostility, coming, destructive, daring, atrocity, punishment, martyrdom, unshakable, inevitable, overwhelm, reproach, fulfillment, creativity, companion, stronghold, creator, tribune, procession, etc.
Hosted on ref.rf
These words are more actively used in propaganda publications. In addition to high words, propaganda publications widely use figurative and metaphorical meanings of commonly used words and many lexical expressive means (epithets, metaphors, metonymies, antitheses, etc.). This noticeably distinguishes newspaper and journalistic vocabulary from the functional lexical subsystems of book styles considered above.

The third lexical group includes words that, in the process of their use in journalism, develop new meanings, mainly of a qualitative and evaluative nature: propaganda (imbued with the spirit, the idea of ​​​​agitation), journalistic (socially acute, topical), state (imbued with ideas, interests of the state) and etc.

Against the general background of stylistically colored vocabulary, colloquial vocabulary stands out, the main area of ​​\u200b\u200buse of which is oral speech. Since in oral communication not only the speaker’s thoughts, but also his emotions (and sometimes emotions prevail) are revealed with the greatest completeness, the presence of a certain connotation, emotionally expressive coloring is characteristic of the colloquial type of vocabulary. The degree of expressiveness should be minimal: electric train, record book, reading room, potatoes, rings, but in most cases stylistic ʼʼcolloquialismʼʼ is accompanied by bright emotional and evaluative coloring: tall, junk, smack, troublemaker. As part of colloquial vocabulary, some thematic groups can be distinguished: colloquial and literary vocabulary (correspondence student, concrete, reader, debtor, whiner, luck); colloquial and everyday (hard worker, anonymous, tyrant, doctor, handicraft, grumble, old man); colloquial and professional (hypertensive, ascorbic acid, castor oil, change house, utility room). Colloquial words are close to the colloquial vocabulary group, which are outside the literary language and violate the norms, incl. and norms conversational style. These words are distinguished by a pronounced negative appraisal, vulgarity (swindle, red-faced, nerd, ferret). Colloquial words have characteristic features: the presence of certain, typical suffixes and prefixes: -shchin-, -dexterous-, -nya-, -ag-, -sha-, -un-, -ug-, -an– ( obiralovka, grouping, egalitarianism, chatter, goner, hard worker, announcer, greedy, crybaby, slobber).

Stylistically colored vocabulary - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Stylistically colored vocabulary" 2017, 2018.

Stylistic means - language units, tropes and figures of speech, as well as stylistic devices The used when expressing the style. S. s. are presented at all levels of the language structure, the most richly - at the lexical level.

The morphological-stylistic paradigm, in comparison with the lexical-stylistic one, does not play any significant role in the stylistic system of the language. These are some case variants that differ in function. - stylistic coloring (colloquial, book) against the background of neutral means and due to oral or writing speech, this or that sphere of communication, the tradition of use. Eg. , characteristic of the speech (and even vernacular) are synonymous options: im. plural number of nouns of the 1st declension (engineers, turners, drivers, contracts); genus. units real numbers and collective nouns with a partitive meaning (give some sugar, honey, tea; tea, honey, sugar), genus. pl. numbers from zero ending nouns of the 1st declension (tomato, orange, apricot; hectare, gram, watt) and some. other. In some cases, recently there have been stylistic shifts in coloring: the partitive without changing the meaning of the statement can be replaced by gender. case (cf .: a spoonful of sugar - a spoonful of sugar, a kilogram of honey - a kilogram of honey).

Stylistic and morphological pairs are also found in verb forms ah (I'm afraid - I'm afraid, I'm weaving - weaving), as well as in the participles of owls. view (having said - having said, taking - having taken) from the coll. - colloquial coloring of the second members of the pairs, while the first ones belong to book and written speech. Some variants are more expressive (for example, synthetic and analytical forms superlatives adjectives like the strongest - the strongest, the most detailed - the most detailed); the second members of the pairs, often being phraseologized (cf .: the smallest details, the worst enemy, the kindest soul), are less common than the former.

However, the stylistic characteristic of morphology cannot be limited only to the phenomena stylistic synonymy. K S. r. m. include morphological means with a certain func. - stylistic coloring. Eg. , present the timeless verb is widely used in scientific. style (cf., e.g., Carbon is quantitatively the most important part plants); present the moment of speech is more characteristic of the language of the artist. literature and colloquial speech; for business texts - present. obligations (for example, an exchange is made under an exchange agreement). The figurative use of the forms of present. time, taking into account the scope of their use, contributes to the manifestation of the leading function of a particular style.

Funkts. -stylistic specialization of morphological means is expressed, firstly, in the degree of frequency of use of certain grammatical forms and categories in different functions. styles and, secondly, in connection with the meanings of grammatical forms with one or another funkt. style, with its specificity.

K S. r. m. can be assigned some forms and categories of a noun. Thus, the category of genus is not indifferent for funkts. style: in office. - business and scientific texts cf. the genus, as especially abstractly generalized in its meaning, is the most common. More rare nouns cf. kind in the and artist speech. In poetic speech, gender acts as a sign of gender through personification. In office -del. speech is preferable to the use of forms muzh. gender to designate persons of wives. sex (Ivanov's laboratory assistant, Petrov's cashier), and in the speech. speech - female kind (laboratory assistant, cashier).

The use of forms pl. the number of substances. and abstract nouns is characteristic of scientific. style, as well as for professional speech (depth, climates, illumination, brightness, landing). Wed special expression of the utterance associated with the use in colloquial. speech forms pl. numbers in the meaning of the singular (And what do they teach you there at your universities?).

Unit the number of nouns is used in a generalized collective sense in the scientific. speech (Pine grows on well-drained soils); This usage is quite typical for the public as well. speech (What excites the viewer?; Produce what is needed for the consumer), as well as for colloquial speech, for example. , The berry is well born this year. The fish are not biting well today.

The forms of adjectives also have a certain inclination to one or another area of ​​communication: usually there is a synonymy of full and short forms of adjectives, a synonymy and doublets of short forms, a synonymy of degrees of comparison. The forms of degrees of comparison are stylistically significant: the simple form of the comparative has a neutral stylistic coloring, respectively, any function is used in texts. -style sphere of speech. The complex form gravitates toward bookish speech and is used in science and affairs. speech (eg, higher carbon content).

A different ratio for simple and complex shapes superlatives. simple form is somewhat bookish in nature (the deepest, tightest), often has expressive meanings (see above), while the complex is more neutral (cf. the deepest, tightest), hence it is commonly used.

Synonymy of full and short forms of adjectives is possible in the predicative function, while they differ semantically: long form, as a rule, expresses a permanent sign (Sick mother), and a short one - temporary (Mother is sick). However, in scientific of speech, short forms are widely used, denoting constant properties, qualities of an object ( musical sounds complex; The eye is especially sensitive; Cells are poor in protoplasm). Business speech is characterized by short forms with the meaning of obligation, or prescription (Voting must be done for each candidate; Calling experts is mandatory; The court is obliged to resolve cases on the basis of laws).

Personal pronouns are mostly stylistically neutral, but a certain func. - they have a stylistic coloring (for example, the pronouns of the 1st and 2nd letters are almost absent in official - business speech, on the contrary, they prevail in colloquial speech). In certain speech situations transposition of their forms is possible: in scientific. speech is widely used so-called. "author's we" (in the meaning of 1 person singular - the author), for example. : In the second chapter, we already talked about this. Uncommon for scientific. speech form 1st l. units numbers (to avoid indiscretion) is widely used in colloquial. style; in some genres. speeches, for example. , in orders, official letters, I am omitted, which gives the statement a categorical character (cf .: I order, I approve). Wed also the omission of the pronoun of the 1st l. pl. numbers in official documents (We bring to your attention ...; We inform you that ...; We inform ...).

Such a capacious, constructive and flexible part of speech as a verb is especially rich in synonymous possibilities and has a wide range of stylistic and expressive shades, which makes it possible to choose and use verb forms and categories in a particular area of ​​communication.

The personal forms of the verb are rich in synonymy, the possibilities of transposition of forms, which helps to express expressive shades. So, the form of the 2nd l. units numbers in a generalized personal meaning (instead of the 1st l. unit of number) gravitates towards the sphere of thin. and unfold speech. Wed : Sometimes you think, you think - what just doesn’t come to mind! Specific for razg. speech use of the form of the 3rd l. units numbers instead of the 1st l. units numbers, eg. : I don't want to, they tell you! The forms of the 3rd letter are also expressive. units numbers used instead of the 2nd l. units numbers that are also characteristic of dec. speeches, for example. : What are you doing for time? Everyone has already left, but he sits and does not think to go.

The impersonal nature of affairs. speech causes an almost complete absence of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person and the corresponding forms of the verb, except for the genre of the statement, where the 1st l is used. (Please allow ...), as well as the genre of the order (I order ...).

K S. r. m. include numerous cases figurative use tense forms of the verb, and it is characteristic that various tense forms tend to one or another sphere of communication, in addition, the frequency of their use is also important.

That. , contrary to the initial ideas of researchers, morphology has a wide range of stylistic means.

Word-building means in Russian. languages ​​also reveal their specificity in various functions. varieties of speech.

So, for scientific , official -del. and public styles are characteristic affix ways word formation and composition, which "contributes to the maximum preservation of the motivating basis and therefore the "transparency" of the structure of the word" (Vinogradova V.N., 1984, p. 180). In book speech, nouns with suf are productive. -(e)nij(e), -tij(e), -acij(i), -ost, -ism with the meanings of an abstract action or quality (detachment, taking, cosmization, alienation, asceticism, etc.); with prefixes anti-, de-, dis-, counter-, super- (antisubstance, dehumanization, imbalance, counterarguments, superconductivity, etc.). Of the verbs, derivatives with suf are active here. -ova(t), -izovat(t), -irova(t), -izizat(t), -tstova(t), e.g. : objectify, polarize, fetishize, resonate, etc. In all varieties of book speech, the formation of compound words is productive, combining the meanings of a generic and specific feature, which is especially important for terminology, for example. : lightning protection, drought-resistant, location.

In unfolding style stand out specifically coll. means not used in book speech: truncation (teacher, unsuccessful, corresponding member, head, naive, fan, extreme, etc.); nouns with suf. -k (a), -uh (a), -ach, -ik, -nick (ambulance, chernukha, stricter, eyeball, etc.); verbs with suff. -nicha (t), -anu (t), as well as with prefixes you-, on-, from-, times-, to-, from-, denoting the intensity of the action (to be smart, fine, rejoice, avoid, rejoice, etc. ). In addition, the names of the faces of wives are widely used here. gender such as commandant, doctor, deputy, mathematician, as well as expressive-evaluative words with suf. -un, -ak(yak), -k(a), -l(a), -(a)k(a), conveying approval, irony, contempt, humiliation, and other meanings depending on the situation of the statement, for example.

: a brawler, a big man, a proud man, bigwigs, a reveler, etc.

In the artist texts, on the one hand, fewer motivated words than in scientific. , official -del. and public On the other hand, the internal form of the word is actualized here by the unusualness of the word-formation structure and the use of this structure to express figurative meanings.

In connection with the general restructuring of the language modern media, their democratization, there is an activation in the formation of words that meet the new needs of society, as well as occasional words as expressive elements of the text. Of the elements of bookish speech, nouns on -ization (Ukrainization, voucherization) are especially productive, often with prefixes de-, re- with the meanings of destruction, destruction, refusal (de-Russification, remilitarization). The use of prefixes post-, after-, denoting a new period in development (post-Soviet, post-August), prefixes anti- and pro- (antisocial, pro-American), prefixes and prefixoids, pseudo-, quasi-, pseudo-, para-, near-, expressing falsity, fakeness (quasi-money, parascience, near-presidential). The element of colloquial and slang speech that has overwhelmed the media is manifested, in particular, in the activity of truncated adjectives and nouns (informal, interregional, exclusive, genies), colloquial abbreviations (demrosses, humanitarian aid), in the expressive combination of multi-style or multilingual stems and affixes (dissiduha, herbalifer, image maker).

The foregoing allows us to conclude that the word-formation system of Rus. language has a very rich stylistic resources.

The stylistic resources of vocabulary include 1) means of verbal imagery - lexical and syntactic; 2) lexical synonyms; synonymy is associated with the possibility of choosing one language tool appropriate in this context; 3) special language units stylistically colored in the system, including emotional and expressive vocabulary; 4) lexical units limited use: dialectisms, colloquial words, professionalisms, as well as archaisms, neologisms, etc.; 5) phraseology: phraseology, as a rule, is more expressive than its synonymous word or free phrase.

The means of verbal imagery include, first of all, tropes: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, figurative comparison, epithet, hyperbole, etc., as well as syntactic-poetic figures: anaphora, epiphora, etc. Tropes are lexical-semantic phenomena, these are different cases of using a word in a figurative sense, however, as you know, not every figurative meaning for modern linguistic consciousness is figurative.

K S. r. Syntax can include some special cases of using the main and secondary members of a sentence, homogeneous members, stylistically significant structural and semantic varieties of sentences, means of communication, word order, and some other syntactic phenomena. These phenomena are characterized by a rich synonymy. Eg. , if for book speech (scientific and off. - affairs., partly public.) Predicates expressed by phraseological verb-nominal combinations are characteristic, then for conversation. and artist - monosyllabic simple verbal predicates parallel to them (takes part - participates, gave an answer - answered, examined - examined). Bright unfold. character is simple verbal predicate, expressed by the infinitive (And he run; She screams again. Wed neutral: He rushed to run; She began to scream), verbal interjection (And he jumped out the window), a complicated simple verbal predicate with repeating components (waits, waits, we don’t wait let's wait, he doesn't know, he made it so good, he lies lying down). Some types of nominal predicate bundles (is, is, etc.) are typical for book speech.

The use of a number of homogeneous members is a phenomenon of bookish and written speech; it is not typical of colloquial speech. Writers and publicists use homogeneous members in various stylistic functions: from pictorial (for detailed description) or solemnly elevated (in the period) to humorous (with intentional association of heterogeneous concepts as homogeneous members, for example: "... An engineer and a coward, a bourgeois and unsympathetic, Vasily Ivanovich Lisovich ..." - Bulgakov). Homogeneous Members are widely used, in addition, in the scientific. speech, in descriptions of the properties of phenomena, objects of study, as well as in office. -del. texts, where they are usually arranged in a special way - using numbering.

K S. r. with. in the field of management is the synonymy of prepositions, for example. : about the trip, about the trip (book) - about the trip, about the trip (neutral) - about the trip (colloquial); at the end (book) - after the end (neutr.). The synonymy of causal prepositions is rich; e.g. , in scientific texts use more than a dozen only nominal prepositions that serve to express various shades of causal relationships: due to, in view of, depending on, due to, in connection with, due to, etc. The bright stylistic coloring of book speech (of. .) have nominative prepositions of late formation: in business, in the region, along the line, in part, etc. Often they lead to undesirable heaviness and "dryness" of the utterance style. Satirists resort to the use of constructions with similar prepositions in order to stylize and ridicule clerical speech.

Book flavor brings to the statement the use of participles and participle turns, in contrast to the relative clauses with them.

A special expression is created by the distant location of a separate definition or application relative to the word being defined: "It is fanned by a thing with drowsiness, the half-dressed forest is sad" (Tyutchev); "Sons of the beloved victory, the Swedes are rushing through the fire of the trenches" (Pushkin).

Veliko stylistic meaning word order. Inversion (from Latin inversio - permutation, reversal) is a rearrangement of the components of a sentence that violates their usual order. The direct word order is stylistically neutral, while the inverse word order has expression and therefore turns out to be stylistically significant. Expression has, for example. , inversion of the nominal predicate (Wonderful tonight!). Inversion is widely used in art. and public speech.

The use of structural-semantic varieties of sentences usually has a certain attraction to one or another area of ​​communication. So, in unfolding speech, in contrast to book-written, incomplete sentences are common. Functionally labeled many one-part sentences. Eg. , impersonal sentences, denoting natural phenomena or the human condition (Glooming; Can't sleep), are used almost exclusively in colloquial. or artist. speech. Generalized personal sentences expressing judgments general, are characteristic of folk speech (You can’t help grief with tears). Infinitive constructions make up the fund of coll. syntax (We will go tomorrow; Soon to take an exam), while the impersonal sentences synonymous with modal words must, should, etc. are characteristic of book speech (scientific and deed.). Incentives infinitive sentences, on the contrary, bear the seal of officiality (Send documents to the dean's office; Consider the lost diploma invalid). Scope of use nominative proposals- Mostly an artist. speech and some genres of journalism, where these constructions perform special function creating a figurative picture ("Whisper, timid breathing, trills of a nightingale, silver and the swaying of a sleepy stream ... "- Fet).

Complex sentences are especially frequent in bookish speech, which is consistent with its features such as logicality, intellectuality. The most bookish character is distinguished by complex sentences that contribute to the unambiguous and emphasized expression of logical connections, which is especially important for scientific. speech. However, some types of complex structures in more characteristic of other functions. spheres. So, in art. texts is much higher than in the scientific. , percentage of offers with subordinate places and time, since they are associated with the narrative style of presentation, typical of the artist. works. For unfolding speech is more characteristic of an essay, as well as connecting connections, which corresponds to the unpreparedness of this speech, the optional establishment of strict logical relations in it.

In every produced literary language vocabulary is stylistically distributed. There are neutral words, i.e., those that can be used in any genre and style of speech (in oral and written speech, in public speaking and in a telephone conversation, in a newspaper article and in poetry). These are the words of the main vocabulary fund in direct meanings: forehead, eye, earth. Other words can be either " high style"(brow, eyes, eat), or" low"(clothing, belly, eat, squabble, junk). Within one or another style (except neutral!) There may be their divisions: in " high"- poetic, rhetorical, pathetic, "academic"; in " low"- colloquial, familiar, vulgar, etc.

In the Russian literary language, sources " high» styles can be Slavicisms(not the forehead, but the forehead, not the lips, but the mouth) and Greek-Latin and other international words(not an invader, but an occupier, not component, but the ingredient, etc.). Sources " low» styles can be customized original Russian words(not clothes, but clothes, not Evdokia, but Ovdotya or Avdotya1). Likewise the words " low"styles are taken from vernacular, dialects and jargons (not a hut, but a hut, not a girl, but a girl).

Stylistically colored vocabulary - it is book, colloquial, scientific, official business and journalistic.

13. What does grammar study. Grammatical semantics, grammatical technique, grammatical paradigmatics

Grammar- branch of linguistics, including: morphology(description internal system the words), semantics(studies the meaning of language units), syntax(a set of rules for constructing phrases and sentences), phonology(studies the minimum semantic unit of the word), phonetics(a branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of speech). Syntax studies the structure of sentences and phrases, and morphology regulates the rules of word formation from the point of view of various parts of speech.

Grammar as a science is a branch of linguistics, which studies the grammatical structure of the language, the patterns of constructing correct meaningful speech segments in this language (word forms, syntagms, sentences, texts). Grammar formulates these regularities in the form of general grammatical rules.

Speaking of grammar as a science, they distinguish: historical grammar- a science that studies the structure of words, phrases and sentences in development through a comparison of various stages in the history of a language; descriptive grammar- a science that studies the structure of words, phrases and sentences in synchronous terms.

By the depth of the study of verbal forms grammar is divided into formal and functional. Functional grammar studies grammatical meanings, while formal grammar studies grammatical means. Universal Grammar contains rules that apply to all languages ​​and language groups. Private grammar studies the grammatical rules of one particular language.

Grammarsemantics - linguistic discipline within morphology describing morphological values, or inside word forms. Opposed morphemics as an area describing morphological means languages and device outside word forms.

Intragrammar stand outparadigmatics andsyntagmatics . Grammar paradigmatics covers the similarities and differences of grammatical units, their combination, on the one hand, into grammatical paradigms based grammatical oppositions with lexical identity (for example, table, table, table, table, etc.; see grammatical categories), and on the other hand, grammar classes based on grammatical similarities with lexical differences (for example, a table, a house, a city, a person, etc.; see parts of speech).

Grammatical syntagmatics covers general patterns compatibility grammatical units with each other as part of larger units top level- morphemes in the composition of a word, words in a syntagma, syntagmas in a sentence, sentences in a text, that is, the rules for combining grammatical units in grammatical structures and, accordingly, the rules grammatical articulation these structures into parts ( constituents).