§ 88. According to the linguistic tradition, against the background of neutral vocabulary, vocabulary stands out: 1) book-written and 2) oral-colloquial speech. In dictionaries, the first is marked with the label "bookish", the second - "colloquial".

Book vocabulary refers to such words that are used exclusively or mainly in the written and bookish sphere; their introduction into colloquial speech gives it a touch of bookishness. Actually, all categories of words with functional-stylistic coloring, given in the previous section, are included in the book vocabulary, although the latter is not limited to the marked rows of words. In the book vocabulary there is a layer of words with the coloring "bookish" and layers of words with a double coloring: "bookish and official-business", "bookish and scientific", "bookish and journalistic", "bookish and poetic". At the same time, book vocabulary may have various types expressively emotional coloring.

Examples book vocabulary: analogy, abnormal, antipode, apologist, apotheosis, a priori, aspect, association, vandalism, vassal, variation, vote, persecution, statehood, disorientation, dequalification, declarative, unanimity, for, isolation, impulse, quintessence and others. In part, this category of words is close to the vocabulary of general scientific, in part - to common use.

Colloquial vocabulary - these are words that, being literary, give speech a colloquial character. Being introduced into book-written speech, they violate the unity of style. Examples: to gasp, to joke, to stir up, after, to smithereens, fidgety, grumble, waddle, cry, dress up, bungler, reveler, cheap, malicious, greedy, hitch, sucker, mischief, like hot cakes, tenderness, slobber, get sick, push through and etc.

The difference in stylistic coloring between book and colloquial vocabulary is more noticeable when comparing synonyms (where they are available) and against the background of neutral vocabulary. Wed:

Colloquial vocabulary style coloring(characteristic at the same time predominantly oral everyday sphere of communication) is correlated with the colloquial and everyday functional style and has its coloring.

§ 89. At the same time, the vocabulary of oral-colloquial everyday speech can be differentiated according to the “degree of literaryness”. As the name implies, this aspect is normative, not stylistic. However, the layers of the dictionary that make up the colloquial vocabulary are stylistically colored in different ways and differ in their areas of application. Therefore, this aspect can also be considered as a functional-stylistic (in broad sense the words).

According to the “degree of literacy” and the stylistic coloring that accompanies this or that “degree”, the vocabulary of spoken language is represented by the following varieties:

1) the vocabulary itself is colloquial (which has already been discussed), often with a touch of familiarity;

2) colloquial vocabulary.

Actually, colloquial words do not violate the norms of the literary language and are limited only by the sphere of use (oral and household), while colloquial words, as it were, stand on the verge of literary use and even usually go beyond the limits of the literary language. (Colloquialism is usually defined in comparison with dialect vocabulary. Vernacular is the vocabulary of an uncultured urban environment, known and used, unlike dialectal everywhere.) Vernacular is usually divided into rough (non-literary) and rough (permissible in everyday speech).

Examples of non-rude vernacular: rubbish, feeding, sly, idler, miser.; huge, stupefied, cowardly, flimsy", get into a rage, lie, bawl, pinch, catch a cold, reproach, blurt out, yell, strum, spit and etc.

G rubo- colloquial vocabulary(vulgarisms): bullshit, brandakhlyst, pentyukh, belly, snout, bitch, mug, boyfriend, trash, punks; gnaw, rattle, crack(there is), sew up (change.), ride up(with anyone), to bark, to lick(kiss), etc. As you can see, swear words also belong here.

There are also such vernacular words that, violating the norms of the literary language, do not have evaluative and stylistic coloring (except for the signs that determine given word as colloquial-non-literary). Therefore, they are not considered here. Examples of similar words: Vish, vostro, ahead of time, theirs, click, kid, here, go (introductory word), dress up(bargain) call, passion(very), frighten, sickness, helluva lot(very). They are used in fiction for the speech characterization of the characters.

Colloquial vocabulary, although undesirable, is possible in the field of written and book communication and violates only stylistic norms (and even then not always: the use of colloquial words is quite justified in journalism, even in scientific controversy, not to mention fiction). It is known that the modern Russian literary language is characterized by a tendency to spread the means of colloquial speech in various fields communication. Colloquial speech, especially rude speech, is unacceptable in any area. literary speech, with very rare exceptions and with a distinct stylistic motivation. It is used, for example, in journalism - to express indignation or in fiction - as a means of speech characteristics character from a particular social environment. However, in these cases, even in the oral and everyday sphere of communication, the use of colloquial vocabulary should be limited and stylistically motivated. In any case, the speaker should be aware that in such and such a case he uses a colloquial word.

Among the non-literary vocabulary of oral speech, dialectisms should also be mentioned. However, these words, unlike the vast majority of colloquial ones, do not have a stylistic coloring in themselves. They act in a nominative function, they name objects, phenomena. Of course, among dialectisms there are also expressively colored words, but they act as such in the system of dialectal, and not literary speech. So, dialectisms are not a stylistic (or, at least, not specifically stylistic) layer of the vocabulary of a national language, moreover, a non-literary language. Although they are known to be used and are used for stylistic purposes, especially in fiction, most often as a means of creating local color and speech characterization of characters. Dialectisms will not be specifically considered in this book.

However, due to the process of interaction between the literary language and dialects, the gradual involvement of some dialectisms in literary dictionary, and also in connection with the tradition of using dialectisms in fiction, there is a basis for considering this layer of non-literary vocabulary in our classification. From a functional point of view (ie, in terms of its functionality and tradition of use), dialect vocabulary has stylistic potential and can, with a certain reservation, act as one of the stylistic reserves of the dictionary.

AT lexical system it is not uncommon for the same word to simultaneously have several stylistic colors (from the point of view of different stylistic aspects). For example: drink(bookish, rhetorical), builder(bookish, rhetorical), whoopee(book, publ., contempt.), painted(colloquial, derogatory) dunce(colloquial, contempt.), etc.

In addition, there are cases when one or another expressive-emotionally colored word, depending on the context, can modify the shade of its stylistic meaning, i.e. has a kind of ambiguity of shades. For example, in different contextual conditions, the following words can acquire different, sometimes even opposite, stylistic shades - from disapproving or ironic to affectionate (however, they are unable to neutralize): liar, darling, news, brother, fool, respirator, bigwig, take a look etc. Stylistic coloring of vocabulary is a phenomenon and is torical, changing. The changes cover the range of both emotional and expressive and functional and stylistic colors. Among the latter, terms (especially scientific and business) are more stable in terms of color.

Examples of changes in emotional and expressive coloring: battle, battle(from previously neutral and even high they turn into playful and ironic), please(previously respectful - now playful), question(book, solemn - ironic), recline(same), etc.

An example of a change in functional and stylistic coloring: the most humble(previously book-official - now ironic). Wed also the change in the emotional coloring of words in the post-revolutionary period: master, mistress, bureaucrat, official, owner and in post-perestroika: opposition, business, entrepreneur, repentance.

Section 90. All marked offgens of stylistically colored vocabulary are revealed, as mentioned, against the background of stylistically neutral vocabulary and in connection with contextual conditions and stylistic devices. Neutral in this regard is vocabulary that, being used in all areas of communication and genres, does not introduce stylistic shades into them and does not have emotionally expressive appraisal, for example: house, table, father, mother, mountain, strong, blue, read, sew, do, through, right, seventh etc. Neutral vocabulary, which makes up a huge fund of the dictionary, is comprehended, however, as such, usually in its basic meanings and typical (generally accepted and commonly used) conditions of use.

It is neutral in vocabulary and in its most ordinary functioning. At the same time, in live use, especially in spoken, artistic and journalistic speech, the so-called neutral words are capable of acquiring the most diverse and unexpected emotionally expressive and even functional stylistic colors. Thus, in these cases, words turn from neutral to stylistically colored (contextually).

Applied to artistic speech term neutral vocabulary turns out to be conditional and even simply untenable. After all, this vocabulary makes up the vast majority of words in prose works of art(especially in the author's speech). Moreover, with the help of these means (although not only these, i.e. not only lexical ones), the true artist of the word achieves an unusually vivid, impressive imagery. The task of the stylist researcher is precisely to determine the stylistic significance of vocabulary that is neutral in the general language sense.

Vocabulary of colloquial-everyday style

Colloquial vocabulary − these are words that, being literary, give speech a colloquial character. Being introduced into book-written speech, they violate the unity of style. Examples: to gasp, to joke, to stir up, after, to smithereens, fidgety, grumble, waddle, cry, dress up, bungler, reveler, cheap, sly, greedy, hitch, sucker, mischief, like hot cakes, tenderness, slobber, get sick, push through and etc.

The difference in stylistic coloring between book and colloquial vocabulary is more noticeable when comparing synonyms (where they are available) and against the background of neutral vocabulary..

Table 3 - Comparison of neutral, bookish and colloquial vocabulary

Vocabulary colloquial style coloring(characteristic at the same time mainly of the oral form of the everyday sphere of communication) correlative with the colloquial and everyday functional style and has its coloring. In this sense, while characterizing vocabulary with colloquial coloring, we continue at the same time characterizing vocabulary in its own functional and stylistic aspect.

However, vocabulary of spoken everyday speech includes more than just words proper colloquial(accompanied in dictionaries by the label "colloquial"), but also colloquial and other kinds of non-literary ones. In this regard, the vocabulary of oral speech as a whole can be differentiated by the “degree of literacy” and by the stylistic coloring that accompanies this or that “degree” the vocabulary of colloquial speech is represented by the following varieties:

1) vocabulary proper colloquial(which has already been discussed), often with a touch of familiarity;

2) colloquial vocabulary.

Actually, colloquial words do not violate the norms of the literary language and are limited only by the scope of use (oral-everyday), while colloquial ones, as it were, are on the verge of literary use and even usually go beyond the limits of the literary language. The vernacular is usually divided into:

rude (at the same time unliterary)

non-rough (acceptable in oral speech).

Vernacular is usually defined in comparison with dialect vocabulary. Colloquial is called vocabulary uncultured urban speech, known and common, in contrast to the dialect, everywhere.

Examples of non-rude vernacular: rubbish, feeding, sly, idler, miser; huge, stupefied, cowardly, flimsy; fuss up, lie, bawl, pinch, catch a cold, reproach, blurt out, yell, strum, spit and etc.

Rough colloquial vocabulary (vulgarisms):. bullshit, brandakhlyst, pentyukh, belly, snout, bitch, mug, boyfriend, trash, punks; gnaw, rattle, crack(there is), sew up(trans.), ride up(with anyone), to bark, to lick(kiss), etc. As you can see, swear words also belong here.

Colloquial vocabulary, although undesirable, is possible in the field of written and book communication and violates only stylistic norms.(and even then not always: the use of colloquial words is quite justified in journalism, even in scientific controversy, not to mention fiction). Colloquial speech, especially rough, is unacceptable in any sphere of literary speech, with very rare exceptions and with a distinct stylistic motivation.

Due to its emotional coloring and a certain degree of literary, or rather, non-literary, vernacular can act as a vivid stylistic means of the language, For example, in journalism− to express indignation or in fiction- as a means of speech characterization of a character from a certain social environment. However, in these cases, even in the oral and everyday sphere of communication, the use of colloquial vocabulary should be limited and stylistically motivated.

In any case, the speaker should be aware that in such and such a case he uses a colloquial word. In the sphere of book and written communication, stylistic motivation is especially necessary: ​​the introduction of vernacular into speech must be justified by both the form and the content of the statement, i.e., due to the context.

So, we can make the following generalizations about lexical features colloquial speech.

1. Vocabulary includes an extensive layer of words that have neutral or bookish synonyms: catch a cold (catch a cold), painting (signature), pay (salary).

2. Many words that are "diminutive" formations for expression different kind expressions: work, stop, clear, cultured.

3. Stylistically neutral words will be able to develop in colloquial style figurative, specific meanings: to take in the meaning of "buy" - colloquial colloquial; hospital in the meaning of "polyclinic" - colloquial.

4. Colloquial vocabulary is opposed to a neutral fund. Many words from the colloquial layer perform an expressive function. The expressive function is the expression of the subjective aspects of human perception real world . Speaking of such words, we mean the presence of connotative semantics in them.

1. Expressiveness in the broad sense of the word, this is everything that has the effect of increased expressiveness (“ burdock» - in relation to obsessive person). Expressivity in the narrow sense is understood as the manifestation in the semantics of the word of the measure and degree of the phenomena of reality. (“weave - go - rush, a lot - a lot - an abyss").

2. Emotionality as a component of connotation, it serves to express an emotional, evaluative attitude to what is called a word.

3. The component is closely related to emotionality. "appraisal". It has a social character. Emotions themselves are divided into positive and negative, depending on the social assessment of the phenomenon that causes them.

First of all, the people themselves are subject to evaluation ( reveler, white-handed), their behavior ( to stagger, to wobble), products of their activities ( daub, sleaze, feast for the eyes), various social phenomena (squabbling, show-off, chaos).

4. Component "imagery" is optional. It is a way of presenting information when it contains hidden comparison, enlivening our ideas about certain phenomena, for example: scoff, fumes, growl, ass, pig, snake, used in relation to a person.

5. Since the 1990s appeared and continues to appear new words. Them a large number of constitutes in itself a characteristic of the linguistic state. Sectors of verbal replenishment are also a characteristic of the language and spirit of the era. The modern sector of the greatest verbal replenishment and change are:

· economic sector ( barter, privatization, broker, policy, distributor, marketers, farming and etc.). When such words are used in a colloquial style, the distinction between official and informal speech is erased. It is necessary to name a number of people who came economic words, which are much more related to either colloquial use or jargon: bucks, bank transfer, truckers, wooden, green, threw, cool, lemon, cash, shuttle, shadow. Colloquial, non-literary and slang communication includes words denoting near-legal, sub-legal or illegal trades: authority, killer, drugs, prostitute, porn business, racketeer, terrorist, etc.. Another feature is the inclusion in colloquial speech foreign words. Sometimes they are transferred from foreign languages directly in a foreign chart. In total, the economic dictionary of the era was replenished, if we keep in mind the most common and more or less understandable words, 180-200 new one-word units;

Yielding to the number of economic vocabulary, replenished and political vocabulary (rating, speaker, electorate, impeachment, etc.). However, these words, which are not alien to the everyday sphere of communication, appear more in book and official speech. There are political innovations that stand quite far on the scale of jargon and riskiness: substitute, disassembly, tear. Most of political recruitment over ¾ - words foreign origin, as in economic vocabulary. The language source is still the same Anglo-American;

vocabulary social sphere (and "around") also replenishes the everyday colloquial style: poor, homeless, catastrophe, sponsor, new Russians, socially unprotected, environmentally friendly. A special sector of sociality is healthcare. His innovations: hypnosis, sorcerer, objectors, healer, herbalist, psychic; colloquial words of a household level were eliminated: blat, deficit, broker, get.

modern administrative sphere, in connection with economic and legal, is marked by the words: lawlessness, Gulag (not only in the Stalin era, but also in modern meaning), zone, convict, contractor, bodyguard, etc..d.;

· in the field of education the following words appear: gymnasium, college, lyceum, scouts, exclusive, elite.

· in the field of culture the following words: action movie, video clip, image, jock, couturier, monster, pop, sex symbol, hangout, hit, broadcast, erotica.

· sphere of circulation. Appeal officially rejected "comrade". Moreover, the Russian-speaking uzus is in no hurry to part with it. How would an appeal be approved? "sir", "sir". But the vast majority of the population is in no hurry to use them. Colloquial expressions are still in common use: girl, woman, man. In street style, there is a revived somewhat earlier: brother, brother, countryman.

6. There have been changes in common vocabulary. New words or words with an updated meaning, with an updated context began to be used: anonymity, compensation, disassembly, support (support group), scandal, bodyguards, etc.

7. Spread and spread mat. Its problem is complex: both linguistic and non-linguistic, it cannot be reduced only to the appearance or non-appearance of reserved lexemes and to the promiscuity of their individual bearer. The problem contains a global aesthetic and social component. Swear words are obvious violators of the stylistic system of the language and ethical norms.

The lexical basis of both colloquial and all other styles is made up of commonly used words, common and widespread names of objects, phenomena, qualities, actions and states.

Against the background of commonly used, or, as it is commonly called, neutral, vocabulary, specific words are distinguished that are characteristic of one or another style of speech. AT explanatory dictionaries such words are accompanied by stylistic marks indicating in which style the given word is predominantly used.

So, for example, the words colloquial and everyday styles , speaking mainly in the form of oral speech, are indicated by marks: colloquial and colloquial. To colloquial include words like newsboy, crowd, lots(a bunch of), bickering, indulgence, wait, be greedy; to colloquial- words like razzyava, guy, slapping, to please, to spoil, to act up, to chop off, to fuck, to cock, to mischief, to be stunned, the other day.

The lexical composition of colloquial speech (hereinafter RR) is distinguished by stylistic diversity. With the clear dominance of neutral words, reduced colloquial ( chatter, chatter, big) and even colloquial and slang words (piss off, bullshit). Book words are often found next to similar words ( perpon, precedent) and special ( rotor, gamma globulin). However, much more often than chatting, neutral speak etc. Raspopova T. A. Non-codified socio-evaluative vocabulary and its use in the Russian language of the 80-90s. 20th century AKD / T. A. Raspopova. - Eagle, 1999. - C. 71 ..

Colloquial speech researcher V.D. Devkin considers it necessary to highlight in the vocabulary used in colloquial speech, such elements as:

• 1. General language neutral layer.
• 2. Colloquially colored, associated with "household nomenclature", i.e. irrelevant for official communication.
• 3. Colloquial doublets and synonyms of neutral nominations.
• 4. "Non-dictionary" lexical means used in lively fluent speech as a replacement for regularly used lexemes.

A feature of the vocabulary of colloquial speech is the predominance of the first, second and fourth elements, while the third is insignificant, since colloquially marked words make up no more than 8-10% of the total lexical fund of statements in everyday speech and, more importantly, they are optional for colloquial texts. In most cases, their use is pragmatic, not informational. In the dictionaries of the litter ( unfold.) applies only to colloquial doublets and synonyms of neutral nominations, since they are the least important element in colloquial speech. However, it must be emphasized that the litter in question does not characterize the vocabulary of colloquial speech, but only indicates the impossibility of using this vocabulary in official speech due to its reduced nature.

The main part of the vocabulary is colloquial speech - ordinary, neutral, general literary vocabulary, which is not specific to colloquial speech.

It should be noted that the features of the derivational system of the Russian language in colloquial speech are blurred. On the one hand, the lexical system of colloquial speech is more opposed to the name and the verb. Verbal nouns there are many in colloquial speech, but they lose the ability to express the process, they begin to designate only objects, facts, events. One side, verb forms are used in colloquial speech in the formation of subject nominations.

For example, give me something to rub.

In addition, pronouns are widely used in colloquial speech.

Informal, face-to-face communication that leaves no time for searching for a word creates psychological background for the appearance of momentary occasional designations. In this case, it is easier to form new nouns than new phrases. For example, not story foreign literature, a abroad. This example refers to collapsed combinations, the use of which is also often found in colloquial speech. At the same time, it is not uncommon to use nouns with a shifted meaning, understandable only because the interlocutors have a common base. For example, "Give Mary Vanna" means to give her a telephone receiver (or in household use, this is how they call a medium-sized pan) Vocabulary of the modern Russian literary language. - M.: Publishing house "Nauka", 1988. - C. 199. .

The specificity of colloquial speech is also manifested in the word as a sign. Firstly, the word in colloquial speech usually has a clear focus, it means specific subjects the surrounding world. At the same time, the significative (figurative) meaning of the word is in the background.

"Take it on the table." This is not a table as a type of furniture, but a specific table. In the minds of speakers, there are not images, but concrete objects. The clear direction of the word makes it extremely concrete even in cases of general meaning (bandura, contraption etc.)

Secondly, in colloquial speech, narrowly collective signs are often used, and not the all-Russian code - quickie(instant vermicelli).

It is also possible to use words that are understandable only within a certain institution, within a certain city or country.

For example, the phrase "bobbies are protesting!" in Izvestia for 15.03.02. "Bobby" is a British-only name for police officers. Or the colloquial name DK im. Gorbunov and the market near him sounds like "Gorbushka".

The lexical system of colloquial speech has its own differences. It has almost no synonymous relations. This is due to the fact that in conditions of direct communication it is impossible to search for the most exact word, the inaccuracy of the designation is compensated by understanding from a half-word.

The antonymic relations of colloquial speech are peculiar. Colloquial can get by with a smaller set of words, so a word can act as an unmarked member of many oppositions.

Even more noticeable is the specificity of colloquial vocabulary in its speech functioning.

So, the occasional substantiation of adjectives and adjectives and pronouns is very characteristic of colloquial speech. Consider an example.

• - How will you bring them?
• - On your own.(Here we mean a car) Raspopova, T.A. Colloquial lexical and stylistic means: principles and methods of their use // Structural and semantic analysis of units of language and speech: interuniversity. Sat. scientific tr. - Tula, 1997. - S. 44 - 46.

There is a certain freedom in the use of words: shifted and synonymous meanings of colloquial speech uses the most frequent components synonymous rows, the main representatives of the semantic fields and non-significant vocabulary.

colloquial vocabulary

Words used in informal conversation. Little thing, dirt, squabbles, nonsense, good fellow, hard worker, locker room, shopkeeper, hack, reader; careless, swirling, lanky, real, furious, tricky, current, nimble, broken, feeble; get out, bang; to taunt, start up, impose, stun, brag, chatter, swindle, kink; completely, secretly, playfully, somersault, a bit too much, naked, little by little, in a familiar way, well, a little, like, sort of; yeah, bam, well, wow, oh, fuck.

Dictionary-reference linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "colloquial vocabulary" is in other dictionaries:

TALKING VOCABULARY- CONVERSATIONAL VOCABULARY. Lexical units used in colloquial speech, for example, in a casual informal conversation. It is one of the categories of the vocabulary of the literary language, along with bookish and neutral vocabulary. R. l. ... ...

colloquial vocabulary- Words with colloquial stylistic coloring that stand out against the background of neutral and bookish vocabulary: big man, good-natured man, talker, flyer, cheat, devil, mongrel. Spoken words this type permissible within certain limits in literary speech ...

colloquial vocabulary- - see Stylistically colored vocabulary ... Stylistic encyclopedic Dictionary Russian language

VOCABULARY- VOCABULARY. See colloquial vocabulary... New dictionary methodological terms and concepts (theory and practice of teaching languages)

reduced vocabulary- Reduced vocabulary is divided into two categories: 1) colloquial vocabulary 2) colloquial. In dictionaries, stylistic marks are used to designate colloquial and colloquial lexemes. and simple. Colloquial vocabulary is used in ... ... Terms and concepts of linguistics: Vocabulary. Lexicology. Phraseology. Lexicography

reduced vocabulary- Reduced vocabulary is divided into two categories: 1) colloquial vocabulary and 2) vernacular. In dictionaries, stylistic marks are used to designate colloquial and colloquial lexemes. and simple. Colloquial vocabulary is used in casual ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

See colloquial vocabulary... Dictionary of linguistic terms

vocabulary- (another Greek λεξικος verbal λεξις word, expression, figure of speech) A set of words that make up what l. language. 1) (vocabulary). The whole set of words that make up the literary language or dialect. 2) A set of words, ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Vocabulary- (from the Greek λεξικός referring to the word) the totality of the words of the language, its vocabulary. This term is also used in relation to individual layers of the vocabulary (household, business, poetic vocabulary, etc.), and to refer to all words, ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

It is a collection of all lexemes (words) that exist or existed in German. Like one of the levels language structure German vocabulary is studied by German lexicology and word formation. AT common understanding vocabulary is ... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Grammar, . This monograph is a continuation of the collective monograph " Colloquial speech in system functional styles modern Russian literary language. Vocabulary" (M.: URSS, 2008). She ...
• Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language, . This monograph is a continuation of the collective monograph "Colloquial speech in the system of functional styles of the modern Russian literary language. Vocabulary" . It contains summaries...

The concept of low style and reduced vocabulary. Colloquial vocabulary and its varieties. Spacious vocabulary. Vulgarisms. Swear words.

So, as already mentioned, stylistically colored vocabulary is divided into high (which we have already considered) and reduced. Words with reduced stylistic coloring are predominantly colloquial vocabulary. This is vocabulary that is used in an atmosphere of relaxed conversation, not constrained by any circumstances and conventions. This vocabulary is often expressive, expressive, emotional.

In reduced vocabulary, two layers are usually distinguished: colloquial and colloquial vocabulary.

To colloquial vocabulary include words that, while giving speech ease, are devoid of rudeness at the same time. For example, with the label " unfold." Dictionaries list the following words:

Apparatchik .Razg. Government worker.

wasted .Razg. Without achieving anything, in vain.

milksucker .Razg., neglect. One who is too young to judge something.

youngster .Razg., scorn. A person, usually young, suspicious or dangerous to others.

Strum .Razg. Play a musical instrument.

We see that often the stylistic label "colloquial." accompanied by some expressive-evaluative mark: " joker.», « despises.», « neglected." and etc.

Indeed, many colloquial words are emotionally and expressively colored. The very presence of expressive coloration also colors the vocabulary stylistically, making it non-neutral, and, more often, downward. Therefore, one of the signs of colloquial words is their emotional coloring: playful, affectionate, ironic, etc. ( granny, little boy, house, hut- caress; rhymes- irony; writing, domina- disdainful, contemptuous).

Colloquial vocabulary also includes words with a figurative predicative-characterizing meaning: hat("slugger"), crow("rotosey"), bear("clumsy person") elephant("goof"), a fox("cunning") hare("coward"), lair, lair,pigsty(“bad housing”).

However, this does not mean that all spoken words are emotionally colored - most of them do not have emotional coloring ( usher, soda, go home, potatoes). A sign of such colloquial words is often word-building elements (for example, suffixes) characteristic of colloquial speech: -sh- ( hairdresser, secretary, doctor); -to- ( reading room, locker room, "Literature"); -onk-/-enk- ( little eyes, little hands, money) and etc.

Sometimes colloquial vocabulary is divided into colloquial-everyday, colloquial-literary and colloquial-vernacular (M.I. Fomina), according to the degree of reduction, however, the criteria for such a division are not entirely clear and stable, therefore, in dictionaries, all colloquial vocabulary is noted equally. It is not always possible to distinguish between colloquial vocabulary and even more reduced - vernacular.

colloquial vocabulary , unlike colloquial, either has a shade of rudeness ( shabby, belly, steal, eat, sleep, show off, zenki, lair), or non-normativity ( seem, instead, to forgive, the other day, just now, in half, without fail). Lexical vernaculars of the latter type, as violating the norm of the literary language, are usually taken out of the literary language and considered as an independent social sublanguage - urban vernacular, as already mentioned). The colloquial vocabulary of the first type (it is called roughly colloquial, colloquial colloquial or literary colloquial) cannot be taken out of the literary language, because. the language will then lose one of its expressive means - such vernacular words are brightly expressive and semantically capacious (they briefly call the whole dissected concept, which, using interstyle words, would have to be expressed by a number of words or sentences). Let's see how A.P. Evgeniev (“Dictionary of synonyms”, preface) the presence of expressive coloring in colloquial synonyms: “If the word eyes only names the instrument of vision, then the word peepers serves as an expression of disdain. Word burkaly, except for an expression of disdain, contains a certain characteristic: these are bulging, inexpressive eyes.

The issue of vernacular is thus solved in linguistics ambiguously. First of all, the question is whether or not vernacular is included in the literary language (even in the most reduced stylistic layer of vocabulary). According to one point of view, vernacular (both of them) is outside the literary language (D.N. Ushakov, A. Kalinin) and is between literary language(colloquial speech) and dialects; according to another point of view, both vernaculars are part of the literary language as the lowest stylistic variety of vocabulary (I.S. Ilyinskaya); according to the third point of view (Yu.S. Sorokin, A.N. Gvozdev), the first vernacular, as not violating the norm, enters the literary language as a stylistically reduced layer of vocabulary, and the second vernacular remains outside the literary language as non-normative. Yu.S. Sorokin only calls the first vernacular, and the second - urban koine. Disputes about whether or not colloquial speech is included in the literary language ceased after the publication in 1973 of an article by F.P. Filin "On the structure of the Russian literary language". In it (and subsequent works) F.P. Filin showed that there is not one, but two spaces.

The first is the language means used by all educated people for a rough, reduced image of the subject of thought ( show off, hag, skiff). Such vernacular is a stylistic means of the literary language, i.e. it enters the literary language as a stylistically reduced layer of vocabulary.

The second vernacular is non-literary. This is the speech of people (mainly urban residents) who are not well educated, who have not mastered the literary language enough. These include linguistic phenomena all levels (phonetic, lexical, grammatical: choice, who is extreme, lays down, pay the fare), which an educated person under no circumstances can use, unless deliberately, imitating the speech of illiterate people, for the purpose of a language game. Unlike the first vernacular, the use of which is conscious, the second vernacular is used unconsciously, as the only way to express thoughts, which is at the disposal of an illiterate person who has no idea about the culture of speech.

Thus, vernacular-1 (colloquial vocabulary, literary vernacular) should be distinguished from vernacular-2 (urban vernacular, non-literary vernacular), which we considered when we talked about the social differentiation of vocabulary.

Unfortunately, in explanatory dictionaries, both vernaculars are not always distinguished, although the second one should not have a place in them at all. For example, words like make-believe,to there(non-literary vernacular) are marked "simple." along with the words dohlyak,horloder,zhivoglot(literary vernacular). This is due to the fact that vernacular has not yet been sufficiently studied, and there are no clear criteria for distinguishing not only literary and non-literary vernacular, but even colloquial and colloquial vocabulary. So in the same dictionary there, doctor regarded as vulgarity, and this way, watchman like colloquial words.

Colloquial vocabulary, as well as colloquial, also sometimes has distinctive word-building elements: suffixes -yaga-, -uga-, -nya-, etc .: hundred, bandyuga, cunning, chatter, chatter etc.

A colloquial word can only have one of the following meanings:

Raven. 2.transfer. About people seeking to take advantage of smth., plundering smth. ( simple, contempt.).

cudgel 2.transfer. Oh stupid stupid person (simple, swear).

As you can see, sometimes in dictionaries for the litter " simple." added, as in the case of colloquial vocabulary, expressive marks: " rude.», « bran." etc. For example:

bulge (rough, simple) Bulge your eyes.

Such litters are usually rudely colloquial and abusive vocabulary ( vulgarisms), standing on the verge of the literary language.

The recently observed stylistic decline in speech, its vulgarization and even the free use of obscene or invective vocabulary (cursing, obscenities) - although understandable from a social point of view, as a reaction to the prohibitions and slogans of the past, but, ultimately, is associated with lack of culture , with a well-known loss of artistic and aesthetic speech ideal. The danger of vulgarization and jargonization of speech (and even fiction) is that it is superimposed on spiritual standardization and poverty, speaks of the involuntary psychological subordination of those who speak the worldview "lesson", "punks", "thieves in law". Therefore, attempts to include some profanity in general dictionaries(as it was done in latest editions"Dictionary of the Russian language" by Ozhegov-Shvedova) are unjustified - there are special dictionaries for this. L.I. Skvortsov, in connection with such a situation, raises the question of the "ecology" of the language, i.e. its cleanliness and preservation.

Thus, the stylistically colored vocabulary indicates, first of all, the limitation of its use within the framework of a certain functional style. However, as already mentioned, there is an opinion that the stylistic coloring of a word (as well as the expressive one) is a component of the semantics of the word, a stylistic connotation, and the very presence of this connotation marks the word, highlighting it against the background of neutral vocabulary. In this case, one speaks not of a functional-stylistic stratification of vocabulary, but of a vocabulary with expressive-stylistic coloring (as opposed to nominative, neutral). However, at the same time, emotionally expressive coloring ( despise, despise, despise, caress) is not always distinguished from the stylistic ( lofty, poetic, colloquial, simple), which is not entirely true. Emotional coloring - an expression of the speaker's attitude to the object of speech (positive or negative) - is an obligatory component of meaning, which can be expressed not only by litter, but also verbally, in a dictionary definition. For example: horse, nag -colloquial, neglected. to the horse / bad horse. Stylistic coloring, on the other hand, is only used in a certain style and is not a component of meaning, therefore it is expressed only by a mark, cf .: eyes (high.) - the same as the eyes; to lie (simple.) - to lie.

The stylistic stratification of vocabulary, as already mentioned, is marked in general explanatory dictionaries with the help of special stylistic marks pointing to the features of the stylistic functioning of the word. Actual in this sense is, as already noted, the absence of a litter. For example: eyes - without litter (neutral, interstyle word), eyes (high, outdated.),Zenki (simple, rough). However, the system of stylistic labels is still far from perfect, as evidenced by the fact that each dictionary has its own system of stylistic labels. Moreover, many dictionaries include stylistic marks that indicate the historical perspective of the word (such as "obsolete"), and the scope of the word's use (such as "region"), which is not entirely true and is an extension of the use of the term. Actually, stylistic marks should still be considered marks that indicate only stylistic coloring the words: colloquial, simple, bookish, high, poet. etc.

Concluding the conversation about the various characteristics of the vocabulary of the Russian language, it should be noted that in dictionaries some words often combine different characteristics: neglected." and " simple.», « outdated." and " high." etc. (For example: Abode .Old and tall. Same as housing

Indeed, many characteristics are closely related to each other. So, regional words usually fall into the stylistically reduced layer of the vocabulary of the literary language (vernacular). obsolete words passive vocabulary is usually used in high style. Special vocabulary (terms) - belonging to the book style, etc. Therefore, the markedness of vocabulary in explanatory dictionaries (with the help of special marks) reflects the real stratification of vocabulary by sphere and activity of use and stylistic coloring. Therefore, using an explanatory dictionary, you can determine the place of any word in the vocabulary of the language.

Each word of the dictionary, therefore, occupies a certain place in the lexical system of the language and can be characterized according to the four parameters indicated: origin, social sphere of use, dynamics of use, stylistic coloring. Consider what was said on the example of an excerpt from the “Song of prophetic Oleg» A.S. Pushkin and present the characteristics of the vocabulary of this text in the form of a table (see table No. 4):

Table 4. Vocabulary composition of the text.

word	origin	sphere	dynamics	style
	primordial	commonly used	active
	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
is going	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
		commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
		commonly used	active
take revenge	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch)
unreasonable	primordial	commonly used	obsolete (arch.)
to the Khazars…		commonly used

All information on this topic is summarized in the reference diagram

(See *Appendix 2. Reference schemes.Scheme number 5. Vocabulary Russian language ).