LITERARY SPEECH

The culture of speech is a section of linguistics, the task of which is to develop rules for using the language. The ability to speak correctly is necessary in order to effectively use speech for communication, whether it be business negotiations or a friendly conversation. The cultural, prestigious, status aspect of speech is very important.

One philosophical saying says: "Speak so that I recognize you." (This refers to the case with Socrates, when a person was brought to him, and he was silent, then Socrates exclaimed: “Say something so that I can know you.”) Indeed, a person’s speech is a litmus test of his education, taste, culture, intellectual level. How to develop your language taste? Let's take the definition Pushkin: “True taste does not consist in the unconscious rejection of such and such a word, such and such a turn, but in a sense of proportionality and conformity.” The development of speech is influenced by two main factors: the speech environment in which the person is located and the education received. There is a concept developing potential of the speech environment - these are the possibilities inherent in the speech of the surrounding people, in the speech that sounds on radio and television. The child learns his native speech by imitating others. This is natural process. For the normal development of human speech, it is necessary that the environment has sufficient developmental capabilities, sufficient developmental potential. The speech of others affects us on a subconscious level. A person voluntarily or involuntarily learns the speech turns and intonations of those whom he hears, and these speech skills are quite persistent. One can observe how an adult, who seems to be fluent in speech, at the moment of excitement suddenly becomes tongue-tied, makes speech errors. It can be assumed that in childhood, by imitation, he learned these incorrect speech patterns, and they were fixed in the subconscious, and then he already formed literary normalized speech, therefore, when his speech is under the control of consciousness, it is correct, and at the moment of excitement in a weakened conscious control of the subconscious gives out incorrect turns of speech once well fixed. If, under conditions of imitation, a person assimilates speech elements spontaneously unconsciously, then during the study mother tongue comprehension of speech units occurs. Good speech is needed not only for the beauty of the syllable, as such, speech is inextricably linked with thinking. One cannot exist without the other. Mastering speech, that is, memorizing the significant elements of the language, and learning to use them for communication, a person simultaneously learns to think. Without the assimilation of speech, a person cannot develop intellectually. Proof of this, there are cases known to science without language education, when babies were fed by animals. Such children are called "Mowgli", they have not formed intelligence and higher emotions. This, of course, is an extreme case, but it is quite obvious that a good speech environment in which a person is brought up and the study of his native language contributes to the development of his thinking and emotional sphere.

Morphological norms. Neglect of the laws of grammar leads the speaker to the sloppy construction of sentences, to the violation of the logical connection and the sequence of thoughts. Without knowing the grammatical rules, the speaker violates the agreement of words in a sentence, incorrectly uses cases, prepositions, and cannot agree on words in gender.

First, let's define the concepts language and speech. Term language used in the meaning of the language system. This is a stock of words, forms of word formation and inflection of syntactic constructions, and speech – it is the process and result of the use of language, it is language in speech activities. Language and speech are interconnected. Speech is built on the foundations of the law of language from linguistic means. The Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world, with its help you can very accurately convey thoughts and the most subtle feelings. The greatest achievement of the speech culture of the people is Russian literary language, which is higher form national language. The highest form, i.e. normalized, exemplary. Gorky defined the literary language as a nationwide language, processed by the masters of the word. Not a single book can be written contrary to the laws of the Russian language. Its content will simply be incomprehensible to readers. The Russian language serves as a single means of expressing thoughts and feelings between people; it includes all the riches of speech and visual means created by the people over the centuries. But in vocabulary of the literary language, not everything that the national language has is selected. Outside literary language remain:

a) dialectisms, dialect vocabulary. Words common in a given area.

b) jargon. Words used in the environment of certain social groups, as well as the so-called organic vocabulary. Words and expressions used in the underworld.

d) abusive obscene words and expressions.

So, a necessary condition for the existence literary language are its norms. What language norm? This is a uniform exemplary generally accepted use of language elements, words, phrases, sentences. There are rules: orthoepic, lexical, morphological, syntactic. A person begins to master literary norms from the first grades. Do not be literary norms, language could not become a means of human communication, a means of transmitting human experience. Language norms are not invented by scientists, they reflect regular processes and phenomena occurring in the language. Language norms are supported by speech practice. They are created by analyzing journalistic, scientific, fiction, as well as by questioning the population. Pushkin wrote: “The norm does not prescribe laws to the language, but explains and affirms hiscustoms." It turns out that, on the one hand, the norm is stable, stable by definition, on the other hand, it is not some kind of ossified phenomenon. The norm is subject to change, since language is a social phenomenon that is in constant development, like society. Thus, rival norms arise when the old one has not yet gone out of use, but the new one has already become sufficiently entrenched in use. For example, in given time equal norms of stress can be considered cottage cheese and cottage cheese "g, over time, one option will remain normative. Or, as an example, take the word swan. What kind of given word? We read from Pushkin: “Look, a white swan swims over the volatile waters.” In the 19th century, the word was feminine, but now it is masculine. And the words rail, film at the beginning of the 20th century were female, now rail, film masculine nouns. Another example. Thirty, forty years ago, dictionaries fixed the rival norm in the stress of the word simultaneous, now only simultaneous . For example, what is the stress rate in the word along the walls? If the pictures are hanging along the walls then the house numbers on the walls (i.e. difference inside or outside). Why are there variants of norms in the language? The fact is that language develops slowly, gradually, and variants help us get used to new form, make the shift in the norm less painful. In addition, variation in norms may be associated with different styles speeches, for example, book norm "on vacation", "in the shop", colloquial “on vacation”, “in the shop”.

Orthoepy. pronunciation norms.

orfos - correct, epos - speech (Greek). In its main features, orthoepic norms developed in the first half of the 17th century on the basis of the Moscow dialect. Their development was difficult. In the 19th century, the St. Petersburg pronunciation began to compete with the Moscow one. Its main difference was the amplification of the letter (the correspondence of the sound to the letter w[s]gi(Moscow norm ), Steps(Petersburg), sh[s]mpansoe, champagne) pronunciation. This is how the Russian orthoepic system developed in competition and mutual influence. At present, the trend in the development of orthoepy is its convergence with writing, although the gap between orthoepy and spelling is still deep.

There are orthoepic rules, the exception to which are borrowed, but not widely used words from different areas of culture, science, technology, politics, as well as proper names. For example, boa, bonton, Connecticut, Gauguin, godet. In these words, the sound [o] is preserved in the first pre-stressed syllable. In the second prestressed syllable: Bolero, Montparnasse, Rococo, Beaumarchais. In the stressed syllable: Veto, creed, polo, mexico city. In stressed after a vowel: adagio, cocoa, radio, Tokyo, Fidelio. At the beginning of a word: Orpheus, Othello, Oklahoma, Ottawa, Ontario, oasis. Some borrowed non-Russified words are not amenable to assimilation. Fluid, Hong Kong, Hollywood, cortege, phylokinesis, Jacob .

Horse [w] but, boring [w] but, deliberately [w] but, laundry, egg [w] nitsa, Ilyini [w] on, but accurate, urgent, eternal, single, antique, strawberry.

[W] something, not for [w] something, not for [w] something, [w] something, something [w] something, [w] something, something.

Old Moscow norm to [sh'sh '], to [lzh] I, to [lzh] ichek . Petersburg - rain.

Names and patronymics. Their full letter-by-letter reading is appropriate in an official format, for example, awarding awards, nominations, conferring honorary titles. In this case, you should say Alexander Alexandrovich, Maria Alekseevna. In the majority speech situations should speak harshly Mary Leksevna, Lyubov Andreevna. However, rare patronymics ending in "eevna" are pronounced completely Dorofeevna, Korneevna, Eliseevna, Ermolaevna, but Alexa[nn]a, Mikh[aln]a, Pa[ln]a.

Patronymics from names on "ov" are pronounced with contraction Vyacheslav - Vyachesla[ext]a.

In patronymics from names ending in “n”, “m”, “ov” is not pronounced, but a long consonant [nn] sounds. Anto[nn]a or Maxim [ n ] a.

Female patronymics formed from names into solid consonants l, r, s, t, d not subject to compression . Vladimirovna, Markelovna, Fedotovna, Borisovna, Arnoldovna. In male patronymics, formed from names into solid consonants l, r, s, t, d, " ov" is not read Boris [ych], Anton [ych].

Andre[ich], Anatol[ich].

The pronunciation of some male names along with the patronymic differs, for example, the name Alexander in combination with a patronymic that begins with a consonant is pronounced without the last two consonants Alexa[n] Nikola[ich], Alexa[n] Serge[ich]. If the patronymic begins with a vowel sound, the name is pronounced in full Alexander Anatolievich, Alexander Ivanovich.

The name Mikhail is pronounced in full, but in combination with a patronymic, contraction works Mikh[al] Petrovich, Mikh[al] Nikolaevich.

The name Pavel, especially in combination with a patronymic, starting with a consonant sound, sounds completely Pavel Petrovich, Pavel Maksim[ych].

Of particular difficulty is the reading of soft consonants before the soft "E". Text, decade, tenor. Abnormal reading of a solid consonant in this case gives unnaturalness and mannerism pension [e] r, peony [e] r. However, in many non-rutified borrowed words, consonants are not softened kup[e], kaf[e].

We suggest remembering a group of words in which the consonants before the “E” are pronounced softly: academy, brunet, bacterium, bas-relief, hypotenuse, debate, debut, motto, disinfection, disorganization, disorientation, decade, dean, recitation, declaration, decoration, demi-season, demobilization, despotism, hyphen, context, compress, corrector, coffee, specific, crater, cruiser, cracker, cream, credo, xerox, museum, nylon, neologism, cologne, patent, progress, regression, reserve, repression, term, flannel, trout, choreography, overcoat, express. In words energy, energy both hard and soft pronunciation is allowed.

And here is a group of words in which the consonant before the “E” is pronounced firmly: ast[e]nia, as[e]ptika, Berthold Br[e]ht, bijut[e]riya, bizn[e]s, Biz[e], bizn[e]smen, beefsht[e]ks, burim[ e], but[e]rbrod, Wat[e]rloo, wat[e]rline, wat[e]rpolo, gene[e]tika, gene[e]sis, geod[e]zia, corrugation[e], grade[e]r, D[e]kart, mayon[e]z, Mon[e], men[e]dzher, maitre d [e]l, mot[e]l, orchid[e]ya, from[e ]l, part[e]r, paste[e]rization, pat[e]tika, pro[e]kt, pro[e]ktion, pure[e], ind[e]ks, int[e]gral, caf[e], konap[e], code[e]ks, kond[e]nsat, conc[e]nsus, Kont[e]in[e]r, cup[e], but compartment, las[e] p, M[e] rim[e], Musset, r[e]quiem, r[e]le, Somers[e]t Mo[e]m, jurisprud[e]ntion, t[e]ndncia, t[ e]st, forvat[e]r, fort[e]piano, fricade[e]lki, chrysant[e]ma, citad[e]l, shad[e]vr, chimp[e], Shop[e]n , highway [e], pcs [e] psel, pcs [e] mpel, ex [e] ma, ex [e] rsis, ext[e]rn, est[e]tika.

Words with an accent on "E", "Yo". Scam, being, the past year, but bled, firebrand, guardianship, faded, ridge, helmet, modern; whitish, faded, fade, w[o] lch, w[o] lchny, w[o] excretory, w[o] excretion, w[o] gallstone disease, but choleretic, priest, but kzendtsa, kzendzy, crossbill, maneuver , maneuverable, maneuverability, but maneuverable, worthless, brought, raznos[o] stny.

accent rules, accent rules.

The Russian language is characterized by the complexity of stresses. Each independent word has its own stress, two-syllable words, in addition to the main stresses, have their own secondary accents, For example electrocardiogram. The abuse of side stresses is characteristic of vernacular and professional speech. In Russian, the stress is different, i.e. can fall on any part of the word and movable. Most words have a steady stress, but there are words with a transitional stress. This comes from distinguishing between different concepts, for example, atlas and atlas; shallow and shallow. However, some movement in the word of stress does not form either a new word or a new grammatical form, then vibrations arise, and one has to think how to say it correctly. This is aggravated by the fact that in one form the word has an accent on one part of it, and in another form the same word should be accented in a different place, for example money to money. The Russian literary language seeks to avoid fluctuations in stress, one of the options is sanctioned, and the other is expelled as incorrect. put, lighten, millimeter , more beautiful. In colloquial speech, stress deviations in words are quite numerous.

Rhyming memos:

Phenomenon calls on Wednesdays

Having accepted an agreement by years,

He gave an escort to the experts

Airport petition.

Like our Martha

There are striped scarves!

They ate cakes for a long time -

The shorts didn't fit!

The bell ringer is ringing

They ring the bell

So that you can remember correctly.

Don't bring us curtains

We'll put up blinds.

Baba Thekla was digging beets,

and Coco Chanel loved sorrel.

Stylistics

Examples of normative literary vocabulary with dialectal synonyms for these words: squirrel (veksha), sundress (ponyova, shabala), wolf (biryuk), tong (stag), bucket (korets), washcloth (vehotka), talkative (talkative), exchange gifts (gift), cook food (cook), children (children).

Lexical redundancy: Programoverhaul apartment buildings includes 357 objectsoverhaul .

Examples of elevated, middle and reduced style: marvelous, beautiful, cool; step, go, shlendrat; kiss, kiss, kiss.

Examples of grammatical inconsistencies: we dine, he has a wife - obsolete dialect.

Violation of lexical compatibility: A new roof was installed on the warehouse and in kindergarten No. 103.

Conjugation violation: "Contemplative Beauty"- from the early texts of the poet, musician and singer Diana Arbenina.

Inappropriate use of clericalism: Opportunity to turn to Godvisit service is important for every believer.

Wrong word choice: Deputy Chief of the Internal Affairs Directorate of Perm Konstantin Strict,shrugging off that the analysis will take more than one hour, and did not satisfycuriosity deputies.

Misuse foreign words:The administrations of the Leninsky and Kirovsky districts did a good job,outsider recognized as the administration of the Sverdlovsk region.

Misuse and inappropriate use speech stamps:In the nine months of 2007, there was aimprovement trend criminal environment.

Misuse special vocabulary: Every Saturdaycleric Temple holds a service.

Incorrect use of phraseology: At this time, on the stage, they paid tribute to the friendly teaching staff..

Semantic ambiguity: Bush said he was just as simple a Texas girl as Condoleezza Rice..

Connection in a homogeneous series of logically incompatible concepts:

The hall of the Palace of Culture of Railwaymen, where the anniversary celebration of school No. 25 took place, was full to the brim with graduates, teachers, congratulations and the smell of flowers.

Split predicate: factory workersexport generated garbage.

I am statements, We are statements

To avoid misunderstandings in communication with parents, it is advisable to emphasize the independence of your decision or observation, to say “I”: “I think that today Alyosha can go for a walk without a jacket”, and not to generalize, applying pressure on mom or dad: “It’s warm today , you have to go without a jacket. In the event that the teacher wants to emphasize that the responsibility for doing something lies with the parents, it is better to use the pronoun "you": "You need to make sure that Zhenya does not get his hand wet, he was vaccinated today."

If the teacher needs to demonstrate his solidarity with the parents, to show that he is interested in helping the child, it is advisable to choose the pronoun "we": "We can help Dima quickly adapt to new conditions."

6.Sandwich principle.

You can also use the “sandwich principle” to tell parents about a child’s behavior that caused dissatisfaction with a teacher or caregiver: good information about the child should be preceded by a bad one, and the end of the conversation takes place again on a “good” note. The first part of the conversation is preparing emotional background to accept the second, during which the teacher speaks only about the act, and not about the personality of the child, does not generalize information, does not make a “diagnosis”. The third step includes identifying strengths child, which can become a support for the search constructive solution Problems.

PR: first sing a swan song, and then try to find solutions together

PR: today your Alyosha took the rake from Dima, and even hit him at the same time! (you know, the guys show such diligence, this is definitely your merit, thank you for teaching the guys to help and work. But, unfortunately, they often show aggression if they don’t share the tools.)

Humor.

Humor - if appropriate, insert an anecdote:

Pr: dad picks up the child in the evening. Hello, Elena Ivanovna, I'm for Ira. Oh, you know, Ira has already been taken away. Maybe take Nastya. Today we have a promotion: take Nastya, you get Seryozha as a gift. Smooth transition to the first topic of the meeting: we thank our dear parents for keeping the working hours kindergarten. And if in the morning you manage to come before charging, then all the guys will receive a charge of vivacity and will be more successful throughout the day!

Parable Pr: the parable of the eagle family - the topic of the consultation is the education of independence in children 3-4 years old.

Illustrations from children's life: pr - children are very imitative, if one child rides in a group, as if on a horse, then another 2-3 horses will definitely jump nearby.

Public speaking experience.

Sometimes teachers who do not have sufficient experience in interacting with parents and who also have certain personality traits (shyness, self-doubt, etc.), think with fear about the upcoming conversation with any mother or grandmother, and even more so about speaking at parent meeting. For those who experience insecurity and even fear of public speaking, some recommendations have been developed:

r train the skill of confident speaking in practice as often as possible;

r record and listen to your speeches on audio and videotape, analyze them;

r be yourself, as your relatives and colleagues know you;

r accept what mishaps when public speaking possible for everyone;

r keep your composure;

r get out of difficult situations with dignity;

r forgive yourself for a mistake (then others will forgive too).

In cases of particular anxiety, it is advisable to take care of several "blanks" of the beginning of the conversation in advance.

different types listeners.

There are three types of people with characteristic features of interaction with other people for each of them: “visuals”, “audials”, “kinesthetics”. Visuals are people who perceive most information through vision. People who perceive most of the information through the auditory analyzer are referred to as "audials". Those whose leading channel of perception of information are feelings, sensations, are called "kinesthetics".

Ability to recognize Various types people, depending on the dominant channel of perception, and speak with people in their language, using their active dictionary - important factor successful communication in the parent-teacher system.

All listeners can be divided into four groups:

1. Those who don't listen. They "turn off" the speaker and think about extraneous things, getting little from speech.

2. Those who listen halfway. Their way of listening is close attention, then in its complete absence. They understand fragments of speech, but do not perceive the idea as a whole.

3. Those who listen with passive perception. They accept without objection what the speaker says. Due to the lack of a critical attitude to speech, they practically do not correlate it with their own experience.

4. Those who listen thoughtfully. This type of listener, called the critical listener, gets the most out of the speech.

Obviously, only members of the fourth group possess the skills of rational listening. Do not be upset if you see people in the audience who do not listen to you!!! Even if your communication will be useful to at least one person, then it has not been in vain.

PR: You can emphasize the importance of parents by saying: "You are the main teachers in your child's life." Thus, placing responsibility on them.

It is important to turn to parents for advice, not instructions (Such handmade by our mothers, participated in the exhibition Christmas decorations! Dads, keep up - can you help us clear the area of ​​snow? we have nowhere to go)

The ability to hear and listen.

Another equally important and one of the fundamental factors influencing the effectiveness of the interaction between the teacher and parents is the ability to listen and hear the interlocutor.

"The best way to help a person feel their worth is active listening focused on their problem."

Listening carefully will also help us get important information from parents.

Openness, an open posture, a smile, attention to words - this is an active listener, a parent will want to communicate with such a teacher!!!

What are the principles of effective listening? The principles of effective listening are based on the knowledge and use of the factors that determine its effectiveness. In addition to the factors mentioned above, more it depends on the readiness and willingness of the person to listen. This in turn is determined by the combination following factors:

1) the attitude of listeners;

2) interest of listeners;

3) motivation of listeners;

4) emotional condition listeners.

Let's take a closer look at each of these factors.

Listener attitude. Effective listening requires an objective, open-minded, cooperative attitude from listeners. Self-confident people are usually bad listeners. Due to their own prejudice, they do not want to hear the opposite opinion. The same person can be objective on one issue and subjective on another. Many find it difficult to remain objective if their personal interests are affected in the speech. We become unteachable when we think we know the final answer to any question and lose interest in speech.

The listener's attitude can be influenced by his knowledge and experience on the subject under discussion.

Literary speech

normalized speech used by educated people

Explanatory translation dictionary. - 3rd edition, revised. - M.: Flinta: Science. L.L. Nelyubin. 2003 .

See what "literary speech" is in other dictionaries:

Literary Prize - Literary Prize encouragement of achievements in the field literary creativity, which regularly and according to certain rules formulated in the charter of the award, appoints a circle of experts (also elected according to the rules or appointed by the founder ... ... Wikipedia

Oratory speech- a kind of public speech, which is functionally and structurally opposed to colloquial, private, "everyday" communication. In contrast to colloquial speech, the exchange of more or less simple and short replicas (separate fragmentary ... ... Literary Encyclopedia

Literary encyclopedia in 11 volumes.- Literary encyclopedia in 11 volumes. Literary encyclopedia: In 11 volumes (M.), 1929 1939. Vol. 1 / Kom. Acad.; Literature, Art and Language Section; Ed. board: Lebedev Polyansky P.I., Lunacharsky A.V., Nusinov I.M., Pereverzev V.F., Skrypnik I.A.; Answer… Literary Encyclopedia

Speech (disambiguation)- Speech is an ambiguous term: Speech is a historically established form of communication between people through language structures created on the basis of certain rules. The process of speech involves, on the one hand, the formation and formulation ... ... Wikipedia

book speech- Literary, as a rule, written speech, which has the following properties: 1) general literary and specific book writing language means; 2) codification; 3) functional styles of speech ... Vocabulary linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Speech (newspaper)- This term has other meanings, see Speech (meanings). Speech Speech Founded February 23, 1906 Cessation of publications August 1918 Political affiliation ... Wikipedia

Literary journalism- Literary journalism (Eng. Creative nonfiction) is a genre in which a reporter's texture is drawn up in a writer's style using traditional literary devices. Contents 1 Literary journalism in Russia ... Wikipedia

speech- units The process of speaking, the activity of the speaker, who uses the language to interact with other members of the language community. R. autologous. Speech without paths. R. external. In theory speech communication: speech process ... ... Educational dictionary of stylistic terms

Literary criticism- evaluation and interpretation of a work of art, identification and approval of the creative principles of a particular literary direction; one of the types of literary creativity. L. to. proceeds from the general methodology of the science of literature (see ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Speech of the St. Petersburg newspaper- a large daily political and literary newspaper published in St. Petersburg. since February 23, 1906 with the close participation of P. N. Milyukov and I. V. Gessen. Publisher Yu. Bak; editor O. E. Buzhansky, later P. A. Khariton. Body constitutionally ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary F. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Books

• Antiquity of the Russian land. Historical and archaeological research, biography, scientific and literary correspondence, notes and diary of memoirs of Ivan Mikhailovich Snegirev. Volume I, . St. Petersburg, 1871. Printing house of F. S. Sushchinsky. Typographic cover. The safety is good. The front cover is missing. We offer you a posthumous collection ...

LITERARY LANGUAGE, supra-dialect subsystem (form of existence) national language which is characterized by such features as normativity, codification, multifunctionality, stylistic differentiation, high social prestige among native speakers of a given national language.

The literary language is the main means of serving the communicative needs of society; it is opposed to non-codified subsystems of the national language - territorial dialects, urban koine (urban vernacular), professional and social jargon.

The concept of a literary language can be defined both on the basis of the linguistic properties inherent in a given subsystem of the national language, and by delimiting the totality of carriers of this subsystem, separating it from the general composition of people who speak this language. The first way of definition is linguistic, the second is sociological.

V.V. Vinogradov. Literary language (philology.ru)
Literary language - mutual language writing of one or another people, and sometimes several peoples - language of official business documents, schooling, written and everyday communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form usually written, but sometimes oral. That is why the written and bookish and oral and colloquial forms of the literary language differ, the emergence, correlation and interaction of which are subject to certain historical patterns.

Difficult to say otherwise linguistic phenomenon, which would be understood as differently as a literary language. Some are convinced that the literary language is the same public language, only "polished" language masters, i.e. writers, artists of the word; supporters of this view primarily have in mind the literary language of modern times and, moreover, among peoples with a rich artistic literature.

Others believe that the literary language is written language, bookish language opposing living speech, spoken language. The basis of this understanding is the literary languages ​​with ancient writing (cf. the recent term "newly written languages").

Still others believe that the literary language is a language that is generally significant for a given people, in contrast to the dialect and jargon, which do not have signs of such general significance. Proponents of this view sometimes argue that the literary language can exist in the pre-literate period as the language of folk verbal and poetic creativity or customary law.

Kolesov VV Old Russian literary language.- L .: Publishing house Leningrad. un-ta, 1989.
Long disputes as to whether the modern Russian literary language is based on Church Slavonic or Russian, with scientific point views are pointless both in essence, and in content, and in terms of references to authorities.

Obnorsky's hypothesis is a continuation and development of Shakhmatov's theory in new historical conditions when based on in-depth study Russian dialects (started by Shakhmatov) and historical development of the Russian language, the real significance of church texts in the formation of the Russian literary language became clear. The object of study also expanded: for Shakhmatov it was mainly phonetics and grammatical forms, while for Obnorsky - grammatical categories, semantics, style. AT last years this point of view is thoroughly argued (Filin, 1981; Gorshkov, 1984) and does not need to be defended. There is no alternative.

The term "literary language" in its origin turns out to be associated with the concept of "literature", and in its etymological understanding - "based on the letter", that is, on the letter, in fact, written language. Indeed, the medieval literary language is only the language of writing, a collection of texts for literary purposes. All other features of the literary language follow from this abstract definition through the term and therefore seem logical and understandable.

The diverse terms that have accumulated on the subject of study are, in fact, only an attempt to get out of vicious circle formal logic: signs of the concept are considered as signs of a non-existent object, and the object is defined through the same signs of the concept. Literary - non-literary, written - oral, folk - cultural (even cult, in last case in general, there are many synonyms), processed - raw, as well as polysemantic and therefore indefinite in meaning - system, norm, function, style. The more such definitions (which seem to clarify our idea of ​​the object), the more the concept of "literary language" is emptied: the introduction of each subsequent one increases the content of the concept so much that it reduces its scope to the limits of insignificance.

Of the many definitions that exist in science, the definition of the literary language as a function of the national language seems to be the most acceptable; therefore, the literary "language" is a literary variety of the use of the Russian language, and not independent language(Gorshkov, 1983). Such an understanding of the literary language lies in line with the Russian scientific tradition and is determined by the historical approach to the problem of the literary language. At the same time, it explains the development of various spheres of "cultural speaking", justifying the existence of the very term "literary language" - since the latter is indeed typical shape the existence of a folk (national) language, and not speech in the narrow sense of the word. Historically, there has been a displacement of colloquial forms by more and more improved "cultural" forms of the language; the selection of linguistic forms as the structure of the native language develops and constitutes the content of this historical process.

Literary language is the basis of speech culture (Rhetoric - distedu.ru)
The literary language is the highest form of the national language. It is the language of culture, literature, education, means mass media. It serves various areas human activity: politics, science, legislation, official business communication, household communication, international communication, print, radio, television.

Among the varieties of the national language (vernacular, territorial and social dialects, jargons), the literary language plays a leading role.
The main features of the literary language:
- processing (a literary language is a language processed by masters of the word: writers, poets, scientists, public figures);
- sustainability (stability);
- mandatory for all native speakers;
- normalization;
- Availability functional styles.

D. A. Golovanova, E. V. Mikhailova, E. A. Shcherbaeva. Russian language and culture of speech. Crib

(LIBRUSEK - lib.rus.ec)
THE CONCEPT AND FEATURES OF THE LITERARY LANGUAGE

Literary language is the national language of writing, the language of official and business documents, school education, written communication, science, journalism, fiction, all manifestations of culture, expressed in verbal form (written and sometimes oral), perceived by native speakers of this language as exemplary. Literary language is the language of literature in the broadest sense. Russian literary language functions as in oral, as well as in writing speech.

Signs of literary language:

1) the presence of writing;

2) normalization is a fairly stable way of expression that expresses the historically established patterns of development of the Russian literary language. Normalization is based on language system and enshrined in the best samples literary works. This method expressions are preferred by the educated part of society;

3) codification, i.e., fixedness in scientific literature; it is expressed in the presence grammar dictionaries and other books containing rules for the use of the language;

4) stylistic diversity, i.e., the variety of functional styles of the literary language;

5) relative stability;

6) prevalence;

7) general usage;

8) general obligation;

9) compliance with the use, customs and capabilities of the language system.

The protection of the literary language and its norms is one of the main tasks of the culture of speech. Literary language unites the people in terms of language. The leading role in the creation of the literary language belongs to the most advanced part of society.

Each of the languages, if it is sufficiently developed, has two main functional varieties: the literary language and live colloquial speech. Alive colloquial speech each person masters early childhood. The assimilation of a literary language occurs throughout the development of a person, right up to old age.

The literary language should be generally understandable, that is, accessible to perception by all members of society. The literary language must be developed to such an extent that it can serve the main areas of human activity. In speech, it is important to observe the grammatical, lexical, orthoepic and accentological norms of the language. Based on this important task linguists is to consider everything new in the literary language from the point of view of correspondence general patterns language development and optimal conditions for its functioning.

The history of the study of styles originates in ancient times. In Russian literature, ancient theories were transformed into the theory of "three calms" by M.V. Lomonosov. From school course it is known that high style includes "pathetic" words like creator, transform, priceless, to low - words like screw up, henchman, to the middle - all other words. However, the theory of "three calms" described only the language works of art. The language of everyday communication and vocabulary outside the literary language have not been the subject of researchers' attention, although the system of functional styles has developed a long time ago (for example, the basics of formal business style were laid down in agreements with the Greeks as early as the 10th century, and scientific and journalistic styles began to take shape in the 18th century).

The modern system of styles is schematically presented in fig. 3.1.

Rice. 3.1.

The outer circle is the border of the common language. Its core is a neutral style, which is the basis of any statement, no matter what style it belongs to. At the center of the system is a codified literary language, represented by four styles: three bookish ( official business, scientific and technical, journalistic) and colloquial.

The language of fiction (note that not all researchers consider it a separate style) can not only use all the richness of the native language, but also include elements of other languages.

Outside the literary language are such layers of Russian vocabulary as dialects, vernacular, jargon, slang, slang. There is also lunch, obscene, vocabulary (mat). However, although it arouses some interest among researchers and is even presented in various dictionaries, and in recent times increasingly common not only in live individual programs, but also fiction we'll leave it aside. We hope that neither the creators of the texts nor the editors will need this vocabulary in the near future.

To what extent is it necessary for an editor to know the layers of the language beyond the literary? Let's formulate general terms and Conditions, in which the use of non-literary vocabulary is acceptable. Dialects(a language specific to a certain area, such as northern or southern regions Russia), vernacular(the speech of people who are not familiar with the norms of the literary language), jargon/slang/slang(speech certain groups: thieves, youth, professional, etc.) can be included in articles, reports or speeches only as quotes, to create a special flavor associated with the subject of speech and (or) character language personality image object. However, vernacular and jargons, with their undoubted expressiveness, are still limited in their ability to express more or less complex thoughts and feelings, and therefore their place in the framework of literary speech is a distant periphery.

Styles of book speech

Book speech is a tool for creating texts in the areas of formal communication: official business, scientific, journalistic. Oral communication is not excluded here (direct orders to subordinates, scientific reports, public speeches, interview), but written forms are more commonly used.

Literary speech is primarily official business and scientific styles that are characterized by rigor and dispassionate presentation. Their task is information, therefore, reports must be objective, capable of verification, for example, in the course of scientific discussion or litigation on official documents: agreements, contracts, instructions. In these styles, special words are used - terms, which are strictly defined and understood unambiguously.