Why did Stalin refuse to accept the victory parade. Prizes for literary creativity

All perspectives have just been formulated- this was done in the decisions of the XIX Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) - VKP (b), renamed at this congress into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union - CPSU. The congress was held on October 5-14, 1952, and 4.5 months later, on March 5, 1953, Stalin died. According to the rules of the communist system, all decisions of the congress were pre-approved by Stalin.

With these perspectives, everything was simple and clear - build communism which meant producing more and more every year. To this end, party congresses adopted directives for the next 5-year plan for the development of the USSR. Most of these directives were never fulfilled - such voluntaristic tasks as increasing the production of anything by 1.5-2 times, or even by 50%, cannot be simply physically performed.

The 19th Congress also adopted such directives for the Fifth Five-Year Plan. In addition, the Party Program and its Charter were in effect, which also defined goals and objectives. Here, for example, is what was said about Soviet prospects in the Charter of the CPSU, which was amended at the 19th Congress:

“... The main tasks of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union are to build a communist society through a gradual transition from socialism to communism, continuously raise the material and cultural level of society, educate members of society in the spirit of internationalism and establish fraternal ties with the working people of all countries, strengthen active defense in every possible way Soviet Motherland from the aggressive actions of her enemies."

As regards Party programs, then it was just at this congress that they decided to update it - they recognized that since the adoption of the Program in 1919 " fundamental changes have taken place in the area international relations, and in the field of building socialism in the USSR, in connection with which a number of provisions of the program and the tasks of the party set forth in it, insofar as they have already been implemented during this period, no longer correspond modern conditions and the New Tasks of the Party" and in that connection decided to revise it, and to base the revised version on Stalin's article " Economic problems socialism in the USSR.

In this new program, in particular, meant announce the approximate date of building communism, which, in fact, was done, but after the death of Stalin, at the XXII Congress in 1961, when Khrushchev announced that communism would be built by 1980.

And here's what they looked like economic development directives(short exposure) - increase, increase, expand, improve:

"Set Level Up industrial production over five years, by about 70 percent with average annual rate growth of the entire gross industrial output, approximately 12 percent. Determine the rate of growth in the production of means of production (group "A") in the amount of 13 percent and the production of consumer goods (group "B") 11 percent ... Ensure a significant increase in the production of lifting and transport equipment, machines for the mechanization of labor-intensive work, complete equipment for production building materials and automatic equipment for light and Food Industry. To increase the production of new looms. To develop the production of high-performance machines and equipment for the logging, pulp and paper, sawmilling and woodworking industries. When designing new machines, strive to reduce their weight while improving quality. In order to fulfill the tasks for the release the most important types equipment in 1951 - 1955: build and put into operation new plants and complete the reconstruction of existing power engineering plants, rolling equipment, start building new plants for the production of rolling equipment, turbines and boilers; expand existing and put into operation new capacities for the production of oil equipment, handling equipment and complete equipment for the building materials industry; significantly expand the existing and put into operation new capacities for the production of large machine tools, forging and pressing machines, as well as precision measuring instruments and automatic process control devices.

Of course, all these programs, statutes and directives were mainly propaganda in nature and were designed to create the appearance of development and movement forward. There was no question of any alternative options, unless you wanted to end your life very, very soon. Stalin and the party-state nomenklatura were well aware that real politics in the system of sole power is done only by the leader and is done non-publicly. Behind common phrases about the "aggravation of the class struggle" and the "confrontation between socialism and capitalism", it was the leader and only he who decided who to execute and who to pardon, and in which country to start subversive Bolshevik activities - in Poland, Korea or Greece.

In this connection the question of a successor was of the utmost importance, primarily for Stalin himself, who turned 74 in December 1952 and who undoubtedly thought about who would replace him. In the Soviet Bolshevik system there was no mechanism for changing power - the leader was considered an autocrat. The previous change of power took place with his participation, Stalin, immediately after the death of Lenin and stretched out for almost 5 years of cruel reprisals against Trotsky and his supporters. It can be assumed that Stalin now wanted a more calm and orderly transfer of power.

But anyone he pointed to as a successor automatically became suicide bomber candidate. Given the extreme Stalinist suspicion and distrust of anyone, as well as the sharpest behind-the-scenes struggle between Stalin's associates, the official successor would not have lasted long.

After the war, Stalin clearly began to look closely at various figures in the Soviet leadership. At first he was promoted to the first roles Zhdanov with whom Stalin even became related - Zhdanov's son married Svetlana Alliluyeva, the leader's daughter. But Zhdanov died unexpectedly in 1948. Then, Zhdanov's henchmen, immigrants from Leningrad, fell into favor with Stalin: Voznesensky and Kuznetsov. But Malenkov, with the help of Beria, organized a provocation, as a result of which the “Leningraders” lost not only their positions, but also their lives.

To XIX Congress a trinity of new Stalinist favorites took shape - Malenkov, Khrushchev and Beria. At the same time, he removed Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov, Mikoyan from himself. However, Stalin introduced many new young people into the Central Committee and the Politburo. The idea was clearly to completely remove the "old men" from the leadership in a few years and bring a new guard to power.

And yet the question of non-personalized successor Stalin quite definitely delivered, only not at the congress, but at the plenum that took place immediately after its completion of the newly elected new composition of the Central Committee.

Here is what it looked like from the words of an eyewitness - a member of the Central Committee and the first secretary of the Kursk Regional Party Committee L. Efremov: “In total, Stalin proposed 36 people to the Presidium and Secretariat of the Central Committee. At the same time, he stressed: “All members of the old Politburo are on the list, except for Andreev. Regarding the respected comrade Andreev, everything is clear: he is completely deaf, he can’t hear anything, he can’t work. Let him heal."

Stalin: No! Release me from my duties Secretary General Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

But there are grated rolls in the hall, they know too well the rules of the game and how the nomination of a candidate other than Stalin can end.

“G.M. Malenkov on the podium: Comrades! We must all unanimously and unanimously ask Comrade Stalin, our leader and teacher, to continue to be the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

L.P. also spoke in support of this proposal. Beria.

Stalin on the podium: Applause is not needed at the Plenum of the Central Committee. It is necessary to resolve issues without emotions, in a businesslike way. And I ask to be relieved of my duties as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. I'm already old. I don't read papers. Choose another secretary.

S.K. Timoshenko: Comrade Stalin, the people will not understand this. We all, as one, elect you as our leader - the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. There can be no other solution."

All standing warmly applauding, supporting Tymoshenko. Stalin stood for a long time and looked into the hall, then waved his hand and sat down.

Nevertheless, Stalin's successors sat in this hall. One of them, Khrushchev, after 4.5 months began an active struggle for power, which stretched until 1957 and during which he cracked down on all of Stalin's closest entourage - Beria, Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich, Voroshilov.

But the next generation of leaders was also sitting in the hall - those who had already replaced Khrushchev and also, as a result, palace coup People: Brezhnev, Kosygin, Suslov, Gromyko, Ustinov.

Why?

Dictatorships simply do not function differently. They live short distances life expectancy of their leader, then a crisis, scrapping and all over again.

Majority politicians times of the USSR preferred to use aliases. They are usually associated with historical events, character traits of the owner or carried other personal reasons. Writers, politicians, scientists became famous precisely under a pseudonym, having managed, if not to keep their real surname a secret, then at least get rid of its use among the people.

The legendary leader of the USSR, Joseph Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili, was no exception. During his lifetime, he had more than thirty pseudonyms - names, surnames, initials, party nicknames. All of them did not arise by chance and carried certain value. The pseudonym under which the cult personality went down in history was the surname Stalin. It is associated with people hard time Great Patriotic War and with the great victory that has been achieved.

This name is associated with mass persecutions and executions, political repression, denunciations and oppression of the people, and at the same time with a period of recovery after the war, development and prosperity of the Soviet Union. Perhaps in the area former USSR there is not a single family whose past would not have a connection with the name of Stalin. Many people think that "Stalin" is real name leader.

The history of the emergence of the brightest pseudonym I.V. Dzhugashvili

Many legends are connected with the appearance of the pseudonym Stalin.

Some people believe that the source for it was the surname real person, journalist E.S. Stalinsky, who translated into Russian one of Joseph Vissarionovich's favorite poems - "The Knight in the Panther's Skin". At the end of the 19th century, Dzhugashvili himself was engaged in poetry, and, perhaps, decided to take a surname consonant with the author of his favorite work. However, this version runs counter to the character of the world leader, who is accustomed to making only balanced and deliberate decisions.

Stalin from the word "steel"?

So, some put forward the version that the pseudonym "Stalin" is intended to be associated with steel - a hard and durable metal. In the same way we see the character of a revolutionary - persistent and inflexible.

There is a similar Arabic version of origin, according to which the verb "istalla", consonant with the pseudonym chosen by Dzhugashvili, is translated from Arabic as "pull out the sword". Indeed, Stalin was often referred to by his comrades-in-arms as "the naked sword of the revolution."

Perhaps the emergence of the last two legends is not accidental. After all, the name Dzhugashvili is literally translated from Georgian into Russian as "son of steel", from the ancient Georgian "juga" - steel, and "shvili" - son. They characterize politics as strong man with unbending will and desire to fight.

Other opinions about the origin of the pseudonym

It is worth mentioning the less popular versions of the origin, which also have linguistic grounds. According to one of them, if we divide the surname into sta- and -lin, we get two opposite translations: “attack, attack”, and “soft”. Some contemporaries of the leader believe that such a description fits him perfectly. Courteous and gentle with relatives and friends, he was a tough and uncompromising ruler when it came to the interests of the party and the country. Stalin perfectly combined two opposing qualities.

Finally, one of the most rare legends is the reading of the name Stalin as the Arabic "Istalian", which in Russian means "accepting curses". The world leader probably assumed that, admiring him during his lifetime, people would curse the times of his reign after his death. After all, the decisions he made crippled many human destinies and destroyed millions of families. However, he continued to do his hard work, thus ready to take on the curses.

Whatever the reason for choosing a pseudonym, the surname Stalin was firmly attached to the ruler, becoming very successful and fateful for him. It was under her that he entered the history of the Soviet Union, that is what his contemporaries called him and continue to call him until now, and it is her appearance that causes people the largest number questions. Why was Stalin called Stalin? The personality of the world leader is shrouded in many secrets, and this is one of the mysteries that we will never have to solve.

The birth of Koba: an underground nickname or a conscious choice of Stalin

Another pseudonym, under which the head of the people is known to a wide range of people, was the second most popular and beloved by Joseph Vissarionovich - Koba. not preserved in history accurate information about why Stalin was called Koba, but there are several possible explanations for this.

Literary version

According to the literary version, he had a personal hidden meaning for the young Dzhugashvili, who at that time had not yet become a tough and powerful ruler and lived in the Transcaucasus. Iosif Vissarionovich met the name Koba in the patriotic story of the classic of Georgian literature Alexander Kazbegi "The Parricide". The hero of the story Koba, a young mountaineer who is fighting with all his might for the independence of Georgia. Courageous and persistent, he is ready to achieve the goal at the cost of any sacrifice. Perhaps Stalin saw himself the same way - a staunch and fearless native of the people, capable of leading the masses of the people.

It is worth noting that the name of the hero of the novel itself was borrowed by A. Kazbegi from the history of Georgia, and comes from the name of the Persian king Kobades, who conquered Eastern Georgia in the 5th century. Interesting fact- the tsar preached communist views, advocating an equal division of property, for which he was dethroned and imprisoned. But soon released from prison by his beloved woman, he again returned to the throne, continuing to remain an adamant ruler. Historians trace an obvious connection between the biographies of the Koba Tsar and Joseph Vissarionovich.

Criminal version

Another, less romantic explanation is connected with the times when the young Dzhugashvili hunted for robberies and was forced to wander around the prison camps. Allegedly, there he was given the nickname "Koba", in prison circles meaning "indomitable".

The pseudonym Koba was more popular in Georgia. When Iosif Vissarionovich moved to the political arena, he became Stalin, and only close comrades called him the old-fashioned Koba, without thinking about the origin of this nickname and without drawing any parallels. The short and capacious surname Stalin turned out to be the most worthy of the great world ruler.

Facts from the history of the reign of the world leader

Stalin took his first political steps back in Georgia, at the beginning of the 20th century, participating in rallies and organizing demonstrations. After meeting the leader of the world proletariat, he absorbed even more revolutionary ideas Lenin and became the leader of the Bolshevik Party. The years of Stalin's rule begin in 1922 with a policy of forced collectivization Agriculture and continued until his death in 1953.

The ruler himself considers the years of the first five-year plan to be the most important in the development of the country. If at the beginning the plan was feasible and brought justified results, then Stalin, inspired by success, increased planned indicators so much so that the situation in the country escalated to the limit and, as a result, resulted in mass riots, arrests and repressions. So why did Stalin call 1929 the year of the great turning point, if internal position in the country was far from optimistic?

Considering the political course of the Soviet Union in the late 20s and early 30s, outwardly the picture really seemed rosy. Thanks to the forced industrialization, the forced collectivization of property on collective farms, the development of extractive industries, as well as the introduction of the strictest economy regime, Russia turned from an agrarian country into an industrial one.

The Victory Parade on June 24, 1945, could not be overshadowed even by heavy rain, which forced the abandonment of the flight of 570 aircraft and the demonstration of workers. There are a lot of interesting things in the history of organizing and holding the Victory Parade ...

Stalin could not stay in the saddle?

An almost official, but still controversial version of Stalin's refusal to accept the Victory Parade is displayed in the memoirs of Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov. According to the marshal, Iosif Vissarionovich summoned him to his place the day before the parade and ordered him to take on the responsibility of hosting the Victory Parade, which Rokossovsky would lead.


Convinced that Zhukov still “had not forgotten how to ride,” Stalin referred to his middle age, and the very next day Georgy Konstantinovich went to the rehearsal of the Parade.
There, according to Zhukov, Vasily, the son of Stalin, told the marshal about how on June 16, 1945, his father could not stay in the saddle and was thrown off by a thoroughbred horse specially selected for him. Fortunately, there were no serious consequences, including for others. According to Vasily, even Budyonny was timid at that moment.
This version of events is considered controversial for the reason that in the first editions of Memoirs and Reflections, Zhukov did not have a description of this scene.
Zhukov's parade speech

The parade speech of Marshal Zhukov has been preserved. There are very interesting marks on it that show professional work over the manuscript. Intonations are marked in the ceremonial speech: the words: “Four years ago, the Nazi hordes of robbers attacked our country” are marked “quieter, more severe”; opposite the phrase "The Red Army, under the leadership of its brilliant commander, launched a decisive offensive" is marked: "louder, with an increase", and so on.

Banner of Victory

The size assault flags standard, and the Banner of Victory lacks a strip 3 cm wide and 73 cm long. There is a version that Alexander Kharkov, a Katyusha gunner from the 92nd mortar regiment, who was on the roof of the Reichstag on May 2, 1945, cut him off as a keepsake.


However, this version does not seem convincing. Then no one knew that it was this canvas, one of many, that would become a symbol of victory and the end of hostilities.
There is another version. In the early 1970s, an elderly woman came to the Museum of the Soviet Army and said that she had served in the political department of the 150th rifle division where the flag was kept. During the demobilization, in the summer of 1945, the women who worked there cut off a strip as a souvenir, cut it into shreds and took apart each one in a small piece. As proof, the woman showed her piece of the great banner.

Was there a banner?

The Banner of Victory was brought to Moscow on June 20, 1945, but it was never brought to Red Square. It was assumed that at the Parade it would be carried by the heroes who hoisted the banner over the Reichstag - Neustroev, Kantaria, Berest and Yegorov. But they were badly familiar with drill training.


In addition, the majority, including Neustroev, received many serious wounds during the war. At the rehearsals, the standard-bearers were extremely unsuccessful, and it would be strange to appoint others, and there was very little time left for rehearsals. Marshal Zhukov decided not to take out the Banner. It was carried for the first time at the 1965 Victory Parade.
A hero named Dzhulbars
On the historical parade 1945, along with the rest of the military branches, there were units of military dog ​​breeders. The main cynologist of the country, Alexander Mazorev, walked ahead. He was allowed not to mint a step and not to salute.
He was carrying another war hero in his arms - a soldier of the 14th assault engineer brigade, a dog named Dzhulbars. The dog was wrapped in Stalin's overcoat. That was the order of the Commander-in-Chief.


Dzhulbas was an ordinary mongrel, but thanks to his innate instinct, he quickly became an ace of the mine-search service. During it, he discovered 468 mines and more than 150 shells. This saved not only human lives, but also priceless architectural monuments: St. Vladimir's Cathedral in Kyiv, Palaces on the Danube, castles in Prague, cathedrals in Vienna.

“My name will be slandered, many atrocities will be attributed to me. World Zionism will strive with all its might to destroy our Union so that Russia can never rise again. The spearhead of the struggle will be aimed at separating the border regions from Russia. Nationalism will raise its head with particular force. Many pygmy leaders will appear, traitors within their nations ... "
I. V. Stalin

“Stalin is the center, the heart of everything that radiates from Moscow all over the world.”

French writer A. Barbus

65 years ago, on March 5, 1953, the great people's leader Joseph Stalin passed away. The man who was able to revive the Russian empire in the form of the Soviet Union, who won the Second World War, who created powerful armed forces, a nuclear shield for our Motherland, the best science and education in the world.

In "democratic Russia", created in 1991-1993, he was declared a maniac and a bloody dictator. Why is Stalin so hated by various Westerners, liberals and small-town nationalists? The answer is simple. Stalin was a real people's leader who devoted his whole life to solving the global and national problems of Russian civilization and the Russian people. He forced to serve the Motherland without sparing the government and communist party. And after his death, he left no wealth, no accounts in foreign banks, no palaces and villas, no stolen billions and gold. The Soviet superpower became his treasure.

Most importantly, Stalin showed the main path of the future great Russia(USSR) and all mankind - a society of the "golden age", a society of social justice, service and creation. A society where the ethics of conscience dominates, and a person is a creator, a creator, serves the Motherland and the people. Stalin showed an alternative path for the development of all mankind. The masters of the Western project and civilization are building an unjust world order - a global slave, slave-owning, caste civilization, where there is a handful of "masters of life and money", "chosen ones" who are allowed everything, and who have access to genuine knowledge, the most advanced achievements of science, technology, medicine. And the rest of the people are immersed in the darkness of poverty, do not have access to normal education and healthcare, are constantly intoxicated with various drugs: tobacco, alcohol, heavier intoxicants, food surrogates, information-virtual illusions, etc. Their lifespan is deliberately shortened, spirituality , intelligence and the physical state suppressed, lowered to the level of two-legged tools, cattle.

At the same time, Western "elites" are constantly developing and implementing plans to reduce the human "biomass". So that more resources remain "chosen", so that you can create a clean planet, without two-legged "viruses" that kill the Earth. This and unhealthy food, and putting people on drugs, with the suppression of normal immunity and the absence of normal programs for physical and spiritual development of people. This is the creation of a society of stress, where people spin like squirrels in a wheel, extracting resources for a “normal” life, but in reality they ruin their mental and physical health, get addicted to stimulants and intoxicants in order to temporarily forget. This is also a consumer society, which destroys both the planet, its biosphere, and the person himself, as part of a common living system. A person is turned into a consumer animal, completely dependent on the “masters of life”. This is also a system aimed at destroying the reproduction of mankind - propaganda of abortions, contraceptives, ideas of childlessness, homosexual "marriages", various perversions (perverts do not give birth to children), virtual sex, sex robots are next in line, etc.

Under Stalin, a just state and society began to be built in the USSR, a society of service and creation, a society with the dominance of the ethics of conscience. Hence the most powerful spiritual impulse of the people, which made it possible not only to create a superpower, to win the most terrible war in the history of mankind, but also to eliminate all the consequences of the most severe world massacre, to create a socialist camp, which made it possible to resist Western world based on its colonies and semi-colonies. Popular support made it possible to build an independent National economy that provided everything you need Soviet people and even support allies, create the best armed forces in the world, eliminating the threat of a new open large-scale attack on the USSR-Russia for several generations (most of the inhabitants of Russia live in the world only thanks to this foundation), create the world's best science, education, a system that reveals creative, creative potential of children and youth and much more.

During the life of Joseph Vissarionovich, the common people idolized him. Songs were sung about him, monuments were erected to him, cities and large enterprises were given his name. Stalin and his government accepted a ruined and devastated Russia, which went through the catastrophe of the former development project in 1917. The Bolsheviks (Russian communists), contrary to popular belief, had practically nothing to do with this catastrophe, they had simply taken power in the deceased " old Russia". Offered to the people new project- Soviet civilization, which was in the interests of the vast majority of the people. Managed to create a Soviet superpower - returned most of the lands lost during the years of unrest, defeated Japan and Germany, whom they lost royal Russia. Soviet Union included in its sphere of influence half the planet, including China. During the years of Stalin's rule, the national economy was rebuilt, which became more efficient than in the countries of the leaders of the capitalist world, advanced industries were created that only the most advanced powers had - aircraft building, shipbuilding, mechanical engineering, machine tool building, chemical industry, military-industrial complex, rocket science. Created a nuclear and created a foundation space industry. Unemployment was eliminated, education and health care became free and publicly available. Children from poor peasant families, who had no chance under capitalism, became professors and marshals, aces pilots and ministers under socialism.

Under the leadership of Stalin, the Second World War was won, when the masters of the West allowed to take power in Europe German Nazis led by Hitler. The masters of the West were afraid of the Soviet project. Russia was becoming an alternative center of a new just world order. Sympathy of a large part of mankind, the best people The lands were on the "sunny" side Soviet civilization. As a result, in fact, the "European Union" was created, headed by Germany, and all its power - military-technical, demographic and economic - was thrown against the Soviet civilization, which challenged the dominance of the West over the planet. However, the Russian (Soviet) army defeated a strong and cruel enemy. Eastern and part Central Europe, including East Germany, entered the sphere of influence of Moscow. The Soviet Union defeated militarist Japan, taking revenge for the disgrace Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 and regained its influence on Far East. With our help, the Communists won in China and the Celestial Empire recognized the USSR as its “big brother”.

Stalin did not flinch in the face of the atomic threat from the United States, which conducted a bloody "test" nuclear weapons in Japan. Moscow had such powerful armed forces that the United States and Britain and their allies did not dare immediately after the end of World War II to start a “hot” Third world war(although there were plans). Soon Moscow created its atomic bomb and rapidly created a first-class nuclear arsenal. The West started the "cold" World War III - the information-ideological, economic, secret war of special services, the war on the territory of other countries (Korean War, etc.).

Therefore, our enemies in the West and Russian Westernizers, who betrayed the USSR and the ideals of socialism, social justice, hate Stalin. They created a mass of black myths to slander the great national leader. However, the truth finds its way even in an atmosphere of total lies. Therefore, the image of Stalin is now again popular among the Russian people. During his reign, people had faith in social justice, in the future of the people and the country. A powerful economic, scientific, technical, educational, cultural and military foundation was created, which allowed Russia to survive to this day.

Even an outspoken enemy of the Union and an implacable anti-communist, the famous British Prime Minister W. Churchill, speaking in the House of Commons on December 21, 1959, on the day of Stalin's 80th birthday, recognized his outstanding role in the world: “He was the most outstanding personality, impressing our changeable and cruel time of the period in which his life passed. Stalin was a man of extraordinary energy and unbending willpower, sharp, cruel, merciless in conversation, to whom even I, brought up here in the British Parliament, could not oppose anything. Stalin above all had a great sense of humor and sarcasm and the ability to accurately perceive thoughts. This force was so great in Stalin that he seemed unique among the leaders of all times and peoples. Stalin made the greatest impression on us. He possessed deep, devoid of any panic, logically meaningful wisdom. He was an unsurpassed master of finding a way out of the most hopeless situation at difficult moments along the way. In addition, Stalin, at the most critical moments, as well as in moments of triumph, was equally restrained and never succumbed to illusions.

from the expanses of tyrnet

What do the words “crest”, “katsap” and “moskal” mean?
Vitaly Skobelsky Master (1242), Issue resolved 9 years ago
Dear friends!
Regarding the discussion around one of my questions, I want the Russians to understand the difference between a Muscovite, a katsap and a katsalap. The word "moskal" initially did not carry anything offensive. So, starting from the time of the formation of Muscovy, we called representatives of this principality: “Moscow - Moscow”, but then, as is often the case in other languages, the letter “v” in this word that interfered with pronunciation was “erased”. So it turned out "Moskal"! By the way, later they began to call all the Great Russians, and especially the soldiers of the Russian army, including the Ukrainians who served there. And so they said: "Zabryly in Muscovites." But in general, the dictionary of Boris Grinchenko, published, by the way, in 1908 (!) And approved by the Russian Imperial Academy Science gives the following "decoding":

Moskal is a Great Russian, a soldier, a kind of flax that does not snap itself out, a kind of garlic.
Moskalenko is the son of a Great Russian, the son of a soldier.
Moskalenya is a child-Great Russian, a child of a soldier.
Muscovites - become Russified.
Moskalivna is the daughter of a Great Russian soldier.
Moskalnya - Great Russians.

Ivan Kotlyarevsky even has a play "Moskal - charivnyk" sorcerer), which was successfully staged in Russian theaters, and in the center of the plot is a soldier Russian army(by the way, Ukrainian).

The word "katsap" is also quite literary and is interpreted in the same dictionary as follows:

Katsap - Great Russian.
Katsapenya is a Great Russian child.
Katsapka is a Great Russian.
Katsapsky - Great Russian.

How did the word "katsap" come about? It is known that during the heyday of the Cossacks, the “highest peep” of Ukrainian fashion was a luxurious mustache and a crest on a shaved head (hence, by the way, “Khokhols”), while in Muscovy beards were traditionally “fashionable”, with which he finally finished only Peter I, who tried with the help of an ax to "bring" appearance Muscovite to European.

Although the very "fashion" for beards was also associated with a purely territorial, or something, affiliation: among the peoples of the more northern peoples, shaving did not enjoy special honor also because beards were additional "thermal insulation". Thus, the Cossacks made fun of the Muscovites, comparing them with goats, and since in Ukraine a goat is a tsap, they were said about them: “like a tsap” - “katsap”.

Therefore, "katsap" and "crest" are, in fact, two special purely external signs
Muscovites and Ukrainians.

And only the word "katsalap" was considered abusive, because they contemptuously called "rude Great Russians, Great Russian peasants".

I only ask you not to be offended, since it often happens on this site as well: before you figure something out and understand a different point of view, they begin to swear. This is not from a great mind.

By the way, the representative of the President of Ukraine in the Crimea is General Gennady MOSKAL.

PySy Comrades! Request. We don't insult each other. We do not pay attention to provocateurs. The audience here is smart. GOOD LUCK EVERYONE!
LET'S LIVE IN PEACE! Mickey Mouse