Orthoepy basic rules of pronunciation. Topic: Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language

Dialects

Dialects are variations in the system of one language. They are not characterized by global differences in phonetics, vocabulary, syntax, grammar and other aspects of the language, but private ones. Naturally, only one version of a language cannot normally exist and develop. Dialects arise because people living in different territories, but speaking the same language, are exposed to different linguistic influences from neighbors, immigrants, etc. What is orthoepy and dialects is easier to understand with examples: remember the softened "r", which is often pronounced in the Kuban - the influence of Ukrainian, or the "letter by letter" pronunciation of St. Petersburg - a consequence of too a large number literate people.

Literary Russian speech

In Russia, as elsewhere, there is a great variety of dialects. They are even classified into species and subspecies! The most famous are probably Vologda and Kuban. Literary speech is considered to be the pronunciation common in St. Petersburg and Moscow.

Basic rules of orthoepy of the Russian language

a) stun. in Russian sometimes they become noisy (that is, completely deaf) before, in fact, noisy and at the end of a word. Examples: in the word mushroom we pronounce "p", although we write "b" (end of the word);

b) before sonants, voiced and vowels, as well as at the beginning of a word, sounds are sometimes voiced ("s" in the word request).

We will consider the pronunciation separately, since it is it that differs most in different dialects:

a) akanye is the transformation of "o" into "a" in an unstressed position. The opposite phenomenon - okanye - is common in Vologda and other northern dialects (for example, we say "malAko" instead of "milk");

b) hiccup - "e" turns into "and" in an unstressed position (we say vilikan, not giant).

c) reduction - that is, the reduction of vowels in over- or pre-stressed positions, that is, their faster and more crumpled pronunciation. There is no clear difference, as with a stun or a hiccup. One can only observe on our own that we pronounce some vowels longer than others (marmalade: the last "a", if you listen carefully, is pronounced much longer than the first).

What is orthoepy for different languages peace?

Common in Russian morphological spelling- that is, the uniformity of the morpheme throughout the entire process of word formation (exceptions are alternations in the roots and the spelling "s" after prefixes to a consonant). In Belarusian, for example, the system is phonetic: as we speak, so we write. Therefore, for Belarusian schoolchildren to understand what orthoepy is, it is much easier and much more important. Or, for example, in some languages ​​​​of the world (Finnish, Turkish) words are very, very long - it is impossible to pronounce many different vowels in one word. Consequently, the vowels all adjust to one - shock. Over time, this principle passed into writing.

Correct speech

It is even more difficult to master and constantly use than to write correctly, but, nevertheless, this skill is one of the most important for an intelligent person.

Competent oral speech is a guarantee successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in Everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, it is necessary to know and observe the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepy?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech- that's what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials, standing side by side with a surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. All these truncated words when reading must be deciphered, that is, you need to pronounce the word in full.

Use graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may be appropriate only in certain circumstances.

Names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of the full name and patronymic of a person is necessary under different circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Especially often such appeals are used in a working environment and official documents. Such an appeal to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with older and older people.

Most of the Russian-speaking names and patronymics have several pronunciations, which can vary, among other things, from the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is desirable to pronounce the name and patronymic of the interlocutor clearly, as close as possible to writing.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for a method of use that has historically developed in oral speech.

• Patronymics ending in "-evna", "-ievich". In women's versions, it is necessary to observe written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolievich.
• On "-aevich" / "-aevna", "-eevich" / "-eevna". For both male and female options, a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Alekseevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
• On "-ovich" and "-ovna". In the male version, the contraction of the form is permissible: Alexandrovich / Alexandrich. In women's - necessarily full pronunciation.
• In female patronymics formed from names ending in "n", "m", "v", [s] is not pronounced. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce borrowed words

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter "o" in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants before the softening vowel "e" remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with a variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce "e" both firmly and softly: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words, the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to refer to the orthoepic dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now let's take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. To begin with, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name of the rules for placing stress in a word.

In Russian, the stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of a language game, but also provides great opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the function that unfixed stress performs. So it is:

• gives an opportunity for stylistic coloring words (silver - silver) and the emergence of professionalisms (compass - compAs);
• provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (meli - meli, Atlas - atlas);
• allows you to change morphological features words (pines - pines).

Also, the placement of stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word "girl" will refer to the literary, and "girl" - to the neutral.

There is also a class of such words, the variability of stress in which does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a single norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.

Also, the stress in some words may just be an obsolete form. For example, music - music, employee - employee. In fact, you are only changing the accent, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since the existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of the literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a line of poetry sound more even.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. The stress and its correct setting are too extensive and difficult topic, so it is usually taken out in special section and study separately. Those who wish to get acquainted with the topic in more detail and exclude violations of the norm of setting stresses from their speech are advised to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that it can be difficult to speak your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated daily.

The orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language regulate the correct pronunciation of sounds in various phonetic positions, with other sounds, in certain grammatical forms ah and separate words. Distinctive feature pronunciation - uniformity. Orthoepic errors can adversely affect the perception of speech by listeners. They can distract the interlocutor's attention from the essence of the conversation, cause misunderstanding and irritation. Corresponding to orthoepic pronunciation facilitates the process of communication and makes it more effective.

Orthoepic norms determines the phonetic system of the language. Each language is characterized by its own phonetic laws that govern the pronunciation of sounds and the words they create.

The basis of the Russian literary language is the Moscow dialect, however, in Russian orthoepy, the so-called "junior" and "senior" norms are distinguished. The first reflects the distinctive features of modern pronunciation, the second draws attention to the old Moscow orthoepic norms.

Basic pronunciation rules

In Russian, only those vowels that are under stress are clearly pronounced: garden, cat, daughter. Those vowels that are in an unstressed position may lose definition and clarity. This is the law of reduction. So, the vowel “o” at the beginning of a word without stress or in pre-stressed syllables can be pronounced like “a”: from (a) rock, in (a) ron. In unstressed syllables, in place of the letter “o”, an obscure sound can be pronounced, for example, as the first syllable in the word “head”.

The vowel sound “and” is pronounced like “ы” after a preposition, a solid consonant, or when two words are pronounced together. For example, "pedagogical institute", "laughter and tears".

As for the pronunciation of consonants, it is guided by the laws of stunning and assimilation. Voiced consonants facing a deaf sound are deafened, which is feature Russian speech. An example is the word "pillar", the last letter of which is stunned and pronounced like "p". There are many, many such words.

In many words, instead of the sound “h”, one should pronounce “sh” (the word “what”), and the letter “g” in the endings is read as “v” (the words “mine”, “no one” and others).

As mentioned above, orthoepic norms deal with the pronunciation of borrowed words. Usually such words obey the norms available in the language, and only sometimes they can have their own characteristics. One of the most common rules is softening consonants before "e". This can be seen in such words as "faculty", "cream", "overcoat" and others. At the same time, in some words, the pronunciation may vary (“dean”, “terror”, “therapy”).

Orthoepic norms- these are also the norms for setting stress, which is not fixed in Russian. This means that in different grammatical forms of the word, the stress may differ (“hand” - “hand _

9. Norms of stress in modern Russian

stress is an obligatory feature of the word. This is the selection of a syllable in a word by various means: intensity, duration, movement of tone. Russian stress is non-fixed (various places) and mobile (it moves in different grammatical forms of one word). Stress serves to distinguish the grammatical forms of a word. Sometimes stress serves as a sign by which the meanings of a word (homographs) differ. In the accentological norm, there are such concepts as proclitic and enclitic. Proclitic is an unstressed word adjacent to stressed word front. An enclitic is an unstressed word adjoining a word at the back. In addition, there are words in the language with the so-called double stress, these are accentological variants. Sometimes they are equal, often one can be preferred.

Spoken language is peculiar system, which exists in parallel with book speech within the general national language. One French linguist argued (and rightly!) that "we never speak the way we write, and we rarely write the way we speak." And the famous English writer B. Shaw was sure that "there are fifty ways to say" yes "and five hundred ways to say" no "and only one way to write it." One way or another, but the opposition of two forms of language, oral and written, has sufficient grounds. We will not dwell on the features of everyday speech; but let's talk about something else - about the norms of literary stress and pronunciation, without which one cannot speak of literate speech in the full sense of the word.

Orthoepy called the doctrine of the normative pronunciation of the sounds of a given language, a set of rules of oral speech that establish the uniformity of literary pronunciation. This includes issues of stress and intonation, which are important for oral speech.

With loop or with no? aphids?

The question asked in the title will be answered differently by everyone. Some will pronounce no? aphids(which is considered the norm, enshrined in most dictionaries), and others - (and most of them) - with loop.

Most often, fluctuations in stress are explained by the presence of two pronunciation options - book (traditional) and colloquial: ke?ta - keta?, curd? g - your? horn and etc.

The difficulties of Russian stress are connected, as you know, with two of its features. Firstly, it is ambiguous, not associated with a specific syllable in a word, as in some other languages. Secondly, it is mobile, i.e. can move from one syllable to another when changing (declension or conjugation) of the word. It hardly needs to be reminded that the ability to correctly place stress is an essential element speech culture.

Coping with Russian stress is not easy, but difficulties must be overcome. If the accent is initial form many and many words have to be memorized (or checked by looking into reference dictionaries), then in order to determine the place of stress in the derivative forms of words of certain grammatical digits(For example goose or goose?? re?ku or river??) have their own rules.

Thus, many monosyllabic nouns male are in shape genitive singular accent on the end; bandage - bandage?, pancake - pancake?, bean - bean?, beaver - beaver?, screw - screw?, harm - harm? umbrella - umbrella ?, whale - whale ?, tuft - tuft ?, fang - fang ?, ladle - bucket ?, mole - mole ?, hook - hook ?, sack - sack ?, tench - tench ?, layer - layer ?, fruit - fruit?, sickle - sickle?, whitefish - whitefish?, stack - stack?, trace - trace? and etc.

Concerning goose, then there are two options for stress - and goose?, and goose. And there are many such words: pond? and pru? yes, rogue? and a cheat, wands? and also? evil, gruzdya? and heavy and etc.

Nouns female in the shape of accusative the singular have partly an accent on the ending, and partly on the basis of:

1) trouble?, tops?, armor?(protective lining) , widow?, spring?, count?, gum?, length?, hole?, snake?, ash?, hut?, pick?, goat?, hole?, sheep?, alder?, saw?, stove? ?, dew?, rock?, saliva?, resin?, owl?, plow?, foot?, country?, stanza?, string?, grass? and etc.;

2) beard, mountain, do? sku, earth, winter, po? ru, sleep and etc.

A number of words have two options for stress: harrow and harrow ?, river and river ?, ke?tu and ketu? and etc.

With an accent on the ending, some monosyllabic feminine nouns of the 3rd declension are pronounced when used with prepositions in and on the in circumstance: in a handful?, on the chest?, in bones?, in blood?, in the night?, on the stove?, in connection?, in the steppe?, in the shade?, on a chain?, in honor? etc. However: on the door? and two? ri, in a cage? and in the cage and etc.

Part of the nouns of the 3rd declension in the form of the genitive plural are pronounced with stress on the base, and part - with stress on the ending:

1) eminences, stupidity, insolence, localities, shepherds, honors, profits, preaching, strands, cuts, joys, pranks;

2) branch? th, handful, position, pole? th, brush? th, fortress? th, blade? th, flat? th, square, tale, role, set, tablecloth, speed, degree, sterlet, shadow slot? etc. However, it is possible: about? Industries and industries? etc. Sometimes prepositions take on stress, and then the noun (or numeral) following them turns out to be unstressed: hour about hour, year about year; before? nights before? semi etc. Most often, the stress is pulled over by prepositions:

On the: on the? leg, on mountain, on hand, on back, on winter, on soul, huh? wall, on head, on side; on the? coast, on year, on house, on nose, on corner, on ear, on day, on night, tooth on? tooth; on the? two, on three, na? six, na? ten, huh? hundred;

Behind: behind? leg, for head, for hair, for hand, for back, for winter, for soul; behind? nose, for year for? city; behind? ear, for ears, for night; behind? two, for three for? six for? ten for? forty, for hundred;

By: on? sea, by field, by forest, by semi, by nose, by ear; on? two, by three, by? one hundred, by two, by three;

Under: up the legs, up the arms, up the mountain, up the nose, down the evening;

From: and? from the nose;

Without: without news, without sense, without a year a week.

However: and? from the sight and from the sight, and? from the house and from the house, and? from the forest and from the forest, on? water and water and etc.

Many short adjectives(without suffixes in stem or with suffixes -k-, -l-, -n-, -ok- in most cases, they have the stress on the first syllable of the stem in all forms except the feminine singular (where it passes to the ending). But some of these adjectives have plural parallel form with accent on the ending: pale, pale?, pale, pale?; close, close?, close, close?; striker, striker ?, striker, striker ?; merry, merry?, merry, merry?; harmful, harmful?, harmful, harmful?; stupid, stupid?, stupid? by, stupid? py?; deaf (deaf), deaf?, deaf?, deaf? hungry, hungry?, hungry, hungry; proud, proud?, proud, proud?; bitter, bitter?, bitter, bitter?; rude, rude?, rude?bo, rude?; thick, thick ?, thick? one hundred, thick? sty ?; cheap, cheap?, cheap, cheap; to? log, debt?, to? long, to? lies; to? horn, road?, to? expensive, road? friendly, friendly?, friendly, friendly?; sorry, sorry, sorry, sorry; alive, alive?, alive? in, alive? you; green, green?, green, green?; strong? pok, strong?, strong? pko, strong? pki?; short, short, short, short, short; young, young?, young, young; right, right?, right? in, right? you; empty, empty?, empty, empty, empty?; rare, rare?, rare, rare?; light, light?, light, light; satiated, satiated?, satiated? those? sen, cramped?, those? clear, those? dreams?; stupid, stupid ?, stupid? by, stupid? py ?; cold, cold?, cold, cold?.

Difficulties are caused by the placement of stress in a number of verbs in the form of the past tense. Three groups of verbs can be distinguished here:

1) with an accent on the base in all forms: beat - beat, bi?la, bi?lo, bi?li; shave - shave, br? la, br? lo, br? li; blow - blew, blew, blew, blew, blew; reap - sting, sting, la, sting, sting; put - put, put? La, put? Lo, put? Whether; steal - stole, stole, stole, stole; to cover - wings, wings? la, wing? lo, wings; wash - washed, we? la, we? lo, we? whether; knead - kneaded, mumbled, lathered, wrinkled, wrinkled; mouth - fell, pa?la, pa?lo, pa?li; neigh - neigh, neigh? La, neigh? Lo, neigh? sew - sewed, shi? la, shi? lo, shi?;

2) with stress on the basis in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): take - took, took ?, took? Lo, took; to be - was, was?, would? lo, would? vit - pitchfork, pitchfork ?, vi?lo, vi?li; heed - heeded, heeded?, heeded? lo, heeded? to lie - lied, lied?, lied? lo, lied; drive - drove, drove ?, drove? Lo, drove? to fight - tore, tore?, to fight, to fight; live - lived, lived ?, lived? lo, lived? call - called, called ?, called? Lo, called? pour - lil, lil?, whether? lo, whether? whether; drink - drank, drank ?, drank? Lo, drank? swim - swam, swam ?, swam? Lo, swam? to tear - tore, tore?, tore? Lo, tore? take off - took off, took off ?, took off? Lo, took off? Whether; sleep - slept, slept ?, spa? lo, spa? etc. However: take - took, took ?, took? lo ?, took; give - gave, gave ?, yes? lo ?, yes? whether, etc .;

3) with an accent on the prefix in all forms, except for the feminine form (in which the stress goes to the ending): donya?t - got it, got it?, got it?, got it; freeze? - for? measures, froze?, for? froze, froze; busy - occupied, occupied, occupied, occupied; lock? - for? lane, locked?, for? bar, locked? hired - hired, hired ?, hired, hired; start - started, started, started ?, started, started; depart(leave) - o? left, departed ?, o? left, o? left; understand - understood, understood?, understood, understood; understood; arrive - arrived, arrived, arrived?, arrived, arrived; accept - accepted, accepted?, accepted, accepted; cursed - cursed, cursed?, cursed, cursed; to wane - y? was, wane?, y? was, y? were; die? - u? died, died ?, u?.

Some of the verbs allow a parallel form with an accent on the root: live? - lived up to? lived? l, lived up?, lived up? drink up - before? drunk? l, finished drinking?, up? ask - for? yes? l, asked?, for? yes? lo, for? yes? nazhi?t - nazhi?l, nazhila? take away - o? take away? l, took away ?, o? otpi?t - o?tpi?l, drank?, o?tpi?lo, o?tpi?li; give? - yes? l, filed?, yes? raise? t - by? day? l, raised?, by? day? lo, by? day? sell? - pro? yes? l, sold?, sold? yes? lo, sold? yes? live? - lived? lived? l, lived?, lived? lived? lo, lived? shed? t - about? or? l, shed?, pro? or? lo, pro? or? and etc.

A similar phenomenon is observed in some passive participles past tense: in the feminine form, in some cases, the emphasis falls on the ending, in others - on the prefix:

1) taken - taken, taken ?, taken? that, taken? you; vi? ty - vit, vit?, vi? then, vi? you; obsolete - outlived? t, obsolete? begun? started - started? chat, started?, started, started, started? chats; accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted, accepted. However: before? given - before? given, before? given, before? given, before? given; about? given - about? given, about? given?, about? given, about? given; with? given - with? given, given? given?, given? given, given? pro? given - pro? given, sold? given?, sold? given, sold? given; born - born, born, born?, born, born, born; created - created, created, created?, created, created;

2) taken - taken, taken, taken, taken, taken; bred - bred, bred, bred, bred; taken away - taken away, taken away, taken away, taken away; tattered - tattered, torn, torn, torn, torn; for? called - for? called, for? called, for? called, for? called; and? chosen - and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen, and? chosen; iso-dran - iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran, iso-dran; recruited - recruited, recruited, recruited, recruited; called? called - called, called? called, called? called, called; selected? selected - selected? selected, selected? selected, selected? selected, selected; torn off - torn off, torn off, torn off, torn off; recalled - recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled, recalled; picked up - picked up, picked up, picked up, picked up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; interrupted - interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted, interrupted; tidied up - tidied up, tidied up, tidied up, tidied up; called? called - called, called, called, called, called; called - called, called, called, called, called; collected - collected, collected, collected, collected, collected; convened - convened, convened, convened, convened, convened etc. However: requested? given - requested? given, requested? given?, requested? given, requested? given.

In verbs in -ing two groups are distinguished: with an emphasis on and(most of them) and with an emphasis on a:

1) ballot, balm, block, guarantee, debate, orchestrate, disqualify, discredit, debate, dispute, distill, discipline, differentiate? to plan, to plan, to illustrate, to stage, to inform, to qualify, to compromise, to compete, to state, to copy, to liquidate, to maneuver, to decoy, mini? vat, operate, parry, ratify, refine, rehabilitate, register, summarize, scalp, summarize, telegraph, third? exaggerate, exaggerate, formulate, force, photograph, quote, shock, evacuate and etc.;

2) bombard, corrugate, engrave, make up, group, drape, seal, lacquer, march, mask, furnish, seal, premium? t, form? etc. However: gaz? rov? t, normalize? rov? and etc.

Similar groups stand out among the passive past participles formed from verbs in –ing: shape on -and? corresponds to the form on -and?, form on -irova?t- form on -iro?bathroom:

1) block? block - blocked, plan? etc. Type Exceptions: distilled - distilled;

2) bombarded - bombarded, lacquered - lacquered, sealed - sealed - bathed, rewarded - rewarded, formed - formed etc. Respectively: Gazi? Rova? T - Gazi? Ro? Bathroom, Normal? Rova? and etc.

In conclusion, let us recall some words, the placement of stress in which causes difficulties.

and? vgustovsky

bus

autograph

agent

agency

agony

agronomy

alcohol

alphabet

anatomist

anoni?m

apartments and apartments

apostrophe

arbu?z, arbu?za, pl. watermelons

argument ? nt

are ? st

aristocrat ? tiya

asbe ? st

astrono ? m

a ? tlas(meeting geographical maps)

atla ? with(the cloth)

athlete

atomic

scam

pampered bathroom

pamper

barge and barge?

rampant

without y? silence

unprecedented

library

blocked

block? rove, block? ruesh

fear

fraternization

fraternize

delusional

armor(assigning something to someone)

armor?(protective lining made of steel)

bourgeoisie

being?

bureaucracy

gross

sculpture

sculptor

ve?rba

religion? giving

explosive

vision(ability to see)

vision(ghost)

magic?

thief, thief, pl. the thieves

gates

temporary? to

second?

gastronomy

hegemony

hectare

genesis

coat of arms, coat of arms?, pl. coats of arms?

hydroplane

hospital

engraver

grapefruit

grenadier

toast

caterpillar

long-standing

two? native

democracy

department

despot

hyphen

decimeter

activity

diagnosis

dialog

dispensary[se]

extraction?cha

contract, pl. contracts

agreement

call

document

dollar

don?

board?, pl. do?ski, do?juice and doso?k, do?scam and board?m

dramaturgy

nap?

Egyptian

unity

heretic

gland?, pl. same? glands, glands, iron? m

pearl, pl. pearls?

cruelly?

book(attach something to someone)

book(cover with armor)

envious bottom

forever? thai

CONSPIRACY

conspirator

headline

butt? lgo

loan

call? call, call? sh

zai?ndevet and frosty

close up

busy(Human)

busy(house)

zarzha? vet and rust

drought

call? call? sh

health resort

winterer

evil?ba

significance

jagged

hieroglyph

spoiled bathroom

spoil?

chosen one

sculpture

exile

and? for a long time

invention

occasionally

and?canopy

otherwise and otherwise

foreign

pulse

industry

tool

incident

spark

spark and spark

and?

expired

hysteria

run out and (col.) exhaust

flounder and (col.) flounder?

camphor? and camphor

camphor and camphor

catalog

catastrophe

rubber

quarter(part of the city; quarter of the year)

cedar

who? and chum?

ketovy and keto

kilometer

cinema

Cypriot and (col.) tarpaulin?

whale(mustache)

kitchi?

cemetery

pantry

skin?x

whooping cough

college

colossus(giant)

combiner and combine operator

compass

complex

compromise

more beautiful

flint

cooking and chefs? me

kitchen

lasso?

athlete

lazy

lethargy

lithography

lomo?ta

bruise

score

maneuvers

masterfully?

skill?

medications

a little and (col.) finely? m

metallurgy and (colloquial and prof.) metallurgy

meteorologist

mi?grain and (less often) miserable

the youth

monologue

monument

carrot

muscular and muscular

drill?

we?kat

cleaning

on? white

maybe

nave?rx

hex

on? naked(cut off)

naked?(hold checker)

need to take

askew

anvil

tax

intention

nao?tmash

arrears

obituary

dumbness?

hatred

nearby

unsurpassed

Necessé?r[nesese?r]

oil?nickname

newborn

normalize and (col.) normalize

madness?

security

depreciate thread

promised

ease

exchanged

encourage

exacerbate

everyday

ogu? scrap

borrow, borrow

embittered

window?, pl. o? kna, o? con

oligarchy

guardianship

lean on

wholesale

refresh

aware

otku?

partly

pa?

paralysis

parte?r[te]

libel

plowing

ashes?

translated

feathery(clouds)

the loop and (col.) the loop?

glider

mold

tale

whitewashed

induce?

cookery(salt)

immersed(per platform)

immersed(into water; into thought)

donate, donate

subtitle

swept up

poedo?m

poi?mka

porous

briefcase

handrails

pedestal? nt

in the morning?(there is)

at a funeral, at a funeral?

thing

reward

claimant

precedent

approximate(to something)

approximate(close)

sentence

dowry

prizes?

conscript? to

invocative(item, age)

invocatory(calling)

adapted

force

principle

acquisition

damn(cursed)

damn(hated)

pro?seka and (less often) pro?sec

percent

alias

developed? th (child), developed? I (industry)

developed (provisions developed in the report)

developed (curl)

crayfish and (colloquial) shell

get angry, get angry

revolver

belt

rust? vet and rust?

novel

mine

lead, lead, lead

ru?slo

lynx

soot? and sa?zhen

salute? be, salute? eat

sanitation

centimeter

beet

flog, past sek, sekla?, seklo?, sekla?(chopping)

strong

silage

symmetry and symmetry

an orphan?, pl. orphan companies

folded(from details)

folded(possessing one or another physique)

happening

swept away

sable? knowledge

perfect(perfected)

perfect(made)

modern

cosas?in

concentration

means, pl. facilities

stable

status

statute

a statue

shorthand

table?r

vessel

happy[sl]

customs

dancer

cottage cheese and (col.) cottage cheese

those?

terror

those fattels and meatballs?

brindle

tyranny

then? plivny

nausea?

trainer

litigation

coal, genus. u?look and coal?

carbonic(from coal)

carbonic(from injection)

Ukrainian

dead

simplification

aggravate and help? beat

uti?l, uti?la

thickened

discounted

facsimile

porcelain

fireworks

phenomenon and phenomenon

fetish

philanthropy

philately

forum

foundation

ha?nzhestvo

chaos(in ancient Greek mythology)

chaos and chaos(mess)

surgery

cotton(plant)

cotton(hit)

cotton

move? mystery

move? hide, move? hide

host?

sleek and sleek

ridge?t

Christian

chronograph

chronometer

cement

citrus

Gypsy

shepherd? n, shepherd?

che?rpat

chassis?

seamstress?

chauffeur

headquarters?(pl.)

sorrel

dandies? ha

smartly?

alkaline

pinch

excursion

expert

expert

export

epigraph

epilogue

Yuro? marvelous

yurt

language(pertaining to the verbal expression of thoughts)

linguistic(referring to an organ in the oral cavity)

barley

Look up to the speaker!

Of course, we will talk about the exemplary literary pronunciation of radio and television announcers, professional dramatic artists.

Normal pronunciation plays huge role in the course of communication between people. Any deviation from the norm in this area distracts the listener from the content of the statement, interferes with its correct perception, and causes a feeling of dissatisfaction. Literary pronunciation and stress are the most important components of sounding speech. Therefore, it is necessary to know the basic rules for pronunciation of unstressed vowels, voiced and voiceless consonants, individual sound combinations and grammatical forms.

A large role in our language is played by nasal consonants [m] and [n] and smooth consonants [l] and [p], with which a significant part of the words of the language begin; these consonants have great sonority and musicality. The appearance in the speech of the multitude soft sounds explains such phonetic feature language, as a softening of consonants before vowels front row[and] and [e].

In Russian words, difficult-to-pronounce combinations of sounds are almost absent, as a result of which speech acquires such valuable qualities like lightness and fluidity.

Great importance has a mobile multi-place stress, due to which, in combination with intonational diversity, rhythm, musicality, and expressiveness of speech are created.

A few words about the development of Russian literary pronunciation. Its historical basis is Moscow speech, which developed in the first half of the 17th century. By this time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow "dialect" the basis of literary pronunciation: "The Moscow dialect is not only for the importance capital city, but for all its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ... "

With the development of the Russian national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character of nationwide pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way, in its main features, has been preserved at the present time as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

However, it is impossible not to take into account the fact that over the past century there have been fundamental changes in all areas of the life of our people, that the literary language has become the property of many millions of the masses of the people and, thereby, the composition of the native speakers of the literary language has significantly expanded. Significantly changed, especially in the second half of the 20th century, the national and social composition population of Moscow, - in short, conditions were created for the "shaking" of some of the former orthoepic norms and for the emergence of new pronunciation options that coexist today with the old norms.

It should also be taken into account that the styles of the literary language differ from each other not only in terms of vocabulary and grammar: the differences between them also extend to the area of ​​pronunciation. So, we can talk about two varieties of pronunciation style - book style (high), which finds its expression in public speaking, lectures, etc., and a colloquial style, manifested in everyday speech, in everyday communication. These styles are respectively associated with vocabulary - bookish and colloquial. And between these two styles is the neutral style of pronunciation.

If we ignore the vocabulary and evaluate only phonetic side speech, then two styles are distinguished: full, characterized by a clear pronunciation of sounds, a slow pace of speech, and incomplete, characterized by less thoroughness in the pronunciation of sounds, more rapidly speech.

What can interest us in the field of pronunciation? First of all, those cases that obey the literary norm. Then there are such cases when pronunciation options are acceptable, of which one is still preferable and can be recommended: this means the choice between the options old and new, bookish and colloquial. In short, the same question is being solved: “What is the best way to say it?”

If we talk about the main trend in the development of Russian literary pronunciation, then this is the convergence of pronunciation with spelling. The explanation of this process should be sought primarily in such socio-cultural factors as the general literacy of the population, wide use funds mass media, craving for a book, etc. Acquaintance with the literary language (including standard pronunciation) begins mainly at school. And before the eyes of children from the first days of training, there is always a graphic image of a word, which, with a tenacious childhood memory, is firmly remembered and leaves its mark on pronunciation.

Maybe you noticed the double pronunciation of the suffix -sya / -sya- with soft [s '] and hard [s]? The old Moscow norm recommended solid pronunciation(it is preserved to some extent on the theater stage, in the speech of radio and television announcers): scared[sa], strive[sa], combat[with], I hope[with]. Currently, the pronunciation with soft [s '] prevails. It is not difficult to explain this change. Even at school, children learn that in letter combinations Xia and camping vowel and letter " soft sign"indicate the softness of the pronunciation of the preceding consonant (this is illustrated by examples: [s'a] d, ve[with']). How can a student know what verb forms this provision does not apply and that they -sya sounds like [sa], but -ss- how [with]? Much easier to remember general rule, and you can safely pronounce the indicated suffixes (postfixes) softly.

According to the old norm (not yet completely lost), adjectives in -hy, -hy, -hy (strict, distant, quiet) and verbs in - nod, - nod, - nod (stretch, push, push) were pronounced without softening the back-lingual consonants [g], [k], [x] and with a weakening (reduction) of the subsequent vowel (in place of the letter and a sound was pronounced between [a] and [s]). But the schoolboy knows that in the words [g'i] vigor, [k'i] vat, [x'i] three these consonants, according to the laws of Russian pronunciation, sound soft, and there is no need to inform him that in some grammatical forms this rule is not observed. So general position it extends to special cases. In this case, you can also safely use the new “soft” norm.

You can point to other changes in pronunciation, explained by the same reason - the influence of spelling. Yes, spelling LJ according to the previous norm, it was pronounced as a long soft [zh ']. But the hissing [g] is by nature hard, and it is not surprising that words like reins, buzz now more and more often pronounced with a solid long [g].

Under the influence of spelling, the pronunciation of the letter combination has changed ch. Earlier in book words ( endless, eternal, exact etc.) combination ch was pronounced in accordance with the spelling, but in everyday words - like [shn] ( measles[sn] left, plum[sn] th etc.). Today's pronunciation ch as [shn] was preserved in a few words: of course, boring, laundry, fiddling, mustard plaster, birdhouse, scrambled eggs and etc.

Let us dwell on two more cases: on the pronunciation of double consonants and words foreign origin. Matching the pronunciation of words gamma - grammar, mass - massage, we notice that double consonants between vowels are pronounced as a long sound if the accent precedes the double consonant ( ha?mma, ma?sa). If the stressed syllable is after double consonants, then they are pronounced as a simple (not long) sound ( grammar? tika, mass?). Hence the difference in the pronunciation of words with double consonants:

1) with a long consonant at the root, the words are pronounced: va? nna, g? mma, group? ppa, cape? lla, ka? ssa, massa, program? mma, then? etc.;

2) with a simple (short) consonant, the words are pronounced at the root: cancel, assistant, influenza, group, correspondent, saturday, terra? sa, terror, tunnel etc.

A long consonant is also pronounced at the beginning of a word before a vowel ( quarrel, loan) and at the junction of morphemes: prefixes and roots ( carefree, seated) or root and suffix ( deep, equestrian).

In the pronunciation of words of foreign origin, we are interested in the pronunciation of unstressed about and pronunciation of consonants before e.

According to the rules of Russian phonetics in place of the letter about in the first pre-stressed syllable [a] is pronounced (compare the literary pronunciation of the words water, leg, time etc.). But in some words of foreign origin, the literary norm recommends pronunciation in accordance with the spelling, i.e. in words boa, bordeaux, necklace, hotel, foyer, highway etc. on the spot about pronounce [o]. AT individual words ah( poet, sonnet, phonetics etc.) in place about along with the pronunciation [o] (book version) there is the pronunciation [a] (colloquial version).

As you know, in Russian words (as well as in borrowed words that have long been included in the Russian language), the consonant before e pronounced softly: [b '] white, [in'] cheat, [d'] day, [l’] UTB,[m'] ena, [n'] no, [P'] first, [with'] ery etc. However, in words of foreign origin, insufficiently mastered by the Russian language and perceived as borrowed, the consonant before e not mitigated: for example: ice[b] erg, en[t] enna, [d] elta, ka[f] e, porridge[n] e, ku[P] e, summary[m] e, ti[R] e, chimp[h] e, highway[e].

A very small conclusion

Our joint journey into the world of language is over. But before each of you there are wide opportunities to continue it independently: there are no limits to the study mother tongue.

It is appropriate to recall the statement of the famous French philosopher and writer Voltaire: “Learning several languages ​​is a matter of one or two years; and it takes half a lifetime to learn to speak your own language properly.”

Plan:

1. Tasks of orthoepy.

2. Modern orthoepic norms.

3. Russian literary pronunciation and its historical foundations.

4. General and private rules of orthoepy.

5. Deviations from pronunciation norms and their causes.

Orthoepy - it is a set of rules for pronunciation of words. Orthoepy (Greek orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech) is a set of oral speech rules that establish a uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepic norms cover phonetic system language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in the modern Russian literary language, their quality and changes in certain phonetic positions. In addition, the content of orthoepy includes the pronunciation of individual words and groups of words, as well as individual grammatical forms in cases where their pronunciation is not determined by the phonetic system.

Orthoepy is a term that is used in 2 meanings:

1. A set of rules that establish the unity of pronunciation in a literary language (this is the rule of literary pronunciation).

2. A branch of linguistics adjacent to phonetics, which describes theoretical basis, norms of the literary language in terms of pronunciation. Oral speech exists as long as human society. In antiquity and even in the 19th century. each locality had its own peculiarities of pronunciation - these were the so-called territorial dialect features. They have survived to this day.

In the 19th and 20th centuries, there was an urgent need for a unified literary language, including unified, general rules for pronunciation. So science began to take shape. orthoepy. It is closely related to phonetics. Both sciences study sounding speech, but phonetics describes everything that is in oral speech, and orthoepy characterizes oral speech only in terms of its correctness and compliance with literary norms. Literary norm - this is the rule of thumb language units. These rules are obligatory for everyone who speaks the literary language.

The norms of the literary language are formed gradually, and the possession of norms is a difficult and complex task, which is facilitated by the wide development of means of communication. The norms of the literary language, including pronunciation, are laid down at school. Oral literary speech has the same rules, but it is not uniform. She has some options. There are currently three pronunciation styles:

1. Neutral (medium) This is normal, calm speech. educated person who owns literary norms. It is for this style that orthoepic norms are created.

2. Book style (currently rarely used, in scientific oratorical introductions). This is characterized by increased clarity of pronunciation.

3. Colloquial-colloquial literary style. This is the pronunciation of an educated person in unprepared situations. Here you can deviate from the strict rules.

Modern pronunciation evolved gradually, over a long period of time. The modern pronunciation was based on the Moscow dialect. The Moscow dialect itself began to be created in the 15-16 centuries, in in general terms formed in the 17th century. In the second half of the 19th century, a system of pronunciation rules was formed. Norms based on Moscow pronunciation were reflected in the stage speeches of Moscow theaters in the 2nd half of the 19th century. These norms are reflected in the 4-volume explanatory dictionary edited by Ushakov in the mid-30s and the Ozhegov dictionary was created. These norms are not fixed. Moscow pronunciation was influenced by: a) Petersburg and Leningrad norms; b) some norms of book writing. Orthoepic norms change.

By their nature, pronunciation norms are divided into two groups:

1. Strictly required.

2. Variant allowable norms

Modern orthoepic norms include several sections:

1. Rules for the pronunciation of individual sounds.

2. Rules for the pronunciation of combinations of sounds.

3. Rules for the pronunciation of individual grammatical sounds.

4. Pronunciation rules foreign words, abbreviation.

5. Rules for setting stress.

The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features in more retains the old, traditional features, reflecting the historical path traveled by the literary language. Historical basis Russian literary pronunciation are the most important linguistic features spoken language cities of Moscow, which were formed in the 1st half of the 17th century. By the indicated time, Moscow pronunciation had lost its narrowly dialectal features, combining the pronunciation features of both the northern and southern dialects of the Russian language. Acquiring a generalized character, the Moscow pronunciation was a typical expression of the national language. M.V. Lomonosov considered the Moscow “dialect” to be the basis of literary pronunciation: “The Moscow dialect is not ... ... for the importance of the capital city, but also for its excellent beauty, it is rightly preferred by others ...”

Moscow pronunciation norms were transferred to other economic and cultural centers as a model and there they were assimilated on the basis of local dialect features. This is how the peculiarities of pronunciation developed in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18-19 centuries. at the same time, there was no complete unity in the Moscow pronunciation: there were pronunciation variants that had different stylistic coloring.

With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. The orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved to this day in all its main features as stable pronunciation norms of the literary language.

Literary pronunciation is often called stage pronunciation. this name indicates the importance of realistic theater in the development of pronunciation. When describing pronunciation norms, it is quite legitimate to refer to the pronunciation of the scene.

All orthoepy rules are divided into: public and private.

General rules pronunciations cover sounds. They are based on phonetic laws modern Russian language. These rules are binding. Their violation is considered a speech error. These are the following.