What do the cases answer. Endings and prepositions of the dative case

The Russian language is hard to imagine without cases. They help us to speak, write and read correctly. Total in Russian modern language There are six cases, each case has its own question and its own ending. In order to make it more clear, we will consider each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Cases in Russian

Nominative - answers the questions "who?", "What?". Example: dog, book;
Genitive - answers the questions "who?", "What?". Example: dog, book;
Dative - answers the questions "to whom?", "what?". Example: dog, book;
Accusative - answers the questions "who?", "What?". Example: dog, book;
Creative - answers the questions "by whom?", "what?" Example: dog, book;
Prepositional - answers the questions “about whom?”, “About what?”. Example: about a dog, about a book.

The nominative case is single case in Russian, the question of which is answered by the subject. The genitive case determines belonging, kinship and some other relationships. The dative case defines the exact end point of the action, the addressee of the message. The accusative case denotes the immediate object of the action. The creative defines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging. The prepositional can be presented as a question: “Who are you thinking about, what about?”.

Now you know what questions cases answer.

There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental and prepositional.

What questions do cases answer?. Let's show this on the example of the declension of the word friend.

Nominative case (who? what?) - friend
Genitive case (no one? What?) - friend
Dative case (approached to whom? What?) - to a friend
Accusative case (I see who? What?) - a friend
Instrumental case (happy with whom? What?) - friend
Prepositional case (did they talk about whom? About what?) - about a friend

As far as I know, there are currently a total of six cases in Russian, each of which answers certain questions. In particular, the nominative case answers the questions Who? and What? quot ;, the genitive case answers the questions Whom? and What? quot ;, the dative case answers the questions To whom? and What? quot ;, the accusative case answers the questions Whom? and What? quot ;, the instrumental case answers the questions By whom? and Than, as well as the prepositional case answers the questions About whom? and About what? .

Let's remember 6 cases of the Russian language: nominative ms, parental m-f, dative pf, accusative pf, creative pf, prepositional n.

Each of these cases answers certain questions. For example, we decline animate and inanimate nouns child and table.
1. Nominative: who? child what? table
2. Genitive: whom? child what? table
3. Dative: to whom? to kid what? table
4. Accusative: whom? child what? table
5. Instrumental: by whom? child how? table
6. Prepositional: about whom? about the child about what? about the table
In Russian, there are 6 cases, each of which answers the questions:

1- Nominative case (there is who what?)

2- Genitive case(no who?/what?)

3- Dative case (to give to whom; to what?)

4- Accusative case (see who?/what?)
5- Instrumental case (I create who?/what?)

6- Prepositional case (I think About who about what?)

In russian language cases answer the following questions:
- nominative case - who? what?
- genitive case - whom? what?
- dative case - to whom? what?
- accusative case - whom? what?
- instrumental case - by whom? how?
- prepositional case - about whom? about what?
There are 6 cases in Russian, each of which answers a specific question:
- Nominative- who? what?
- Genitive- whom? what?
- Dative- to whom? what?
- Accusative- whom? what?
- Instrumental- by whom? how?
- Prepositional- about whom? about what?
Remember when we learned the saying, memorizing the colors of the rainbow in childhood: Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting? " Similarly, to quickly learn the names of cases in Russian, it is enough to memorize one slightly funny saying: Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag diapers quot ;.

Since we have already memorized the first letters of six cases, it remains to learn the questions and deal with the ending. Amazing auxiliary words will help us with this.

So let's go!

nominative ( there is each of us who? what mom;

Genitive ( at whom we are looking for advice in difficult moment? what?) - from mom;

Dative ( to give LOVE to whom? what?) - mother;

accusative ( blame(blame) especially in childhood, for their own mistakes whom? what?) - mother;

Creative (I created by whom? what?) - mother;

Prepositional (I think often about com? about what?) - about mom.

Good afternoon, in Russian you can find six cases, each of which has two questions. Below is a photograph showing all six cases, as well as questions depending on the gender of a particular word.

It is desirable to know the name of the cases and what questions they are asked, so I advise you to learn them by heart.

There are only six cases in Russian, they need to be learned by heart in primary school, because you can’t do without them in Russian lessons.

Nominative: who? what?

Genitive: who? what?

Dative: to whom? what?

Accusative: who? what?

Creative: by whom? how?

Prepositional: about whom? about what?

Cases in Russian respond to case and on semantic questions. On these questions, it is easier to determine the case in the form of which the word is in the sentence or in the phrase. Below is a list of most of these questions with examples.

Case.
- Nominative. Who? - Man. What? - Carrot.
- Genitive. Whom? - Deer. What? - Notebooks.
- Dative. To whom? - Kitten. What? - Spring.
- Accusative. Whom? - Ttu. What? - Winter.
- Instrumental. By whom? - General. How? - Mop.
- Prepositional. About whom? - About a soldier. Oh wm? - About decisiveness.
semantic.
- Nominative. (has no such questions)
- Genitive. Where? - Near the river. Where? - To the lake. Where? - From the steppe.
- Dative. Where? - Meadows. Where? - To the water.
- Accusative. Where? - For the house.
- Instrumental. Where? - Behind the estate.
- Prepositional. Where? - In the snow.
In modern Russian, only six cases. Let's take a look at the words the beauty(inanimate noun) and nightingale(animate noun) with stressed endings:

nominative case who? nightingale, what? beauty- a

genitive case no one? nightingale- I, what? beauty- s

dative case run to whom? nightingale Yu, to what? to beauty e

accusative I see who? nightingale- I, what? beauty- at

instrumental case admire whom? nightingale, what? beauty-oh

prepositional case I think about whom? oh nightingale e, about what? about beauty- e.

At animate nouns the forms of the genitive and accusative plurals coincide, and in inanimate - the forms of the nominative and accusative plural:

no one ?, see who? - nightingales;

what? tables, see what? tables.

In the great Russian language there is six cases, to determine which, everyone has their own grammatical questions:

At nominative case - questions: who what?

At genitive case - questions: who?, what?

At dative case - questions: to whom; to what?

At accusative case - questions: who?, what?

At creative case - questions: who?, what?

At prepositional case - questions: About who about what?

Cases, in Russian, are designed to fill in all possible variations of the declension of words in different contexts. That is, there are exactly as many of them as needed so that each person can build his speech in such a way that it would be possible to fully convey information to others through it.

For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be singular or feminine, masculine or neuter gender, as well as declensions with changing endings. And especially important role in the construction of true statements, it is the cases that play syntactic role and connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in the study of the Russian language it is very important to learn how to identify case form these parts of speech and know what questions the cases answer.

The main cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, in the school curriculum, this topic is given great amount time. First of all, children are introduced to what questions the cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there are still disputes among linguists about this.

Nominative

The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - who? and what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can be the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence it always acts as a subject. For example:

The girl left the room; The sun was setting below the horizon.

also in nominative case can stand nominal part compound predicate. For example:

Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilievich - director.

Also always in the nominative case main member and appeal. For example:

Noise, noise, reeds; Here is the old house.

Genitive

Use genitive can be both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form, it is written R.p.

This form of words has a variety of meanings and syntactic uses. The verbal genitive case can indicate the subject:

in the case when the verb has a negation: not to demolish the head, not to tell the truth;
if the action does not refer to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.

The adjective genitive can indicate whole line relations:

belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll dress;
relation of a whole to a part: hotel room, tree branch;
evaluation or definition of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of the word.

That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.

Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:

Prettier than Natasha whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case certain form declination. For example, the dative case (to whom; to what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.

Mostly the words in this case are used to designate the main subject to which the action is directed.

For example:

Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, an order to subordinates.

AT impersonal sentences words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha was scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative

Questions of the accusative case are similar to questions of other cases, namely, the genitive and nominative. So, for an animated object, this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - what? And quite often, schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, therefore, for the correct definition, first of all, in the sentence it is necessary to highlight grammatical basis. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action completely passes.

For example:

Fishing, cleaning shoes, sewing a skirt, baking a cake.

Also, words standing in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

All summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

Just like other case forms, instrumental questions have two forms for living and non-living things. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. Yes, for animated object instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.

For inanimate object instrumental case answers the question how? For example:

He fed (what?) Bread, gave him water (what?) to drink.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs closely related to names.

Such a case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, can be an image or mode of action, and also have the meanings of time, place, space, and who performs the action. For example:

(what?) with a stick.

The old man propped himself (with what?) on his palm.

The road led (with what?) through the forest.

The fairy tales "Aibolit", "Confusion" and "Cockroach" were written (by whom?) by Korney Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following values. With nouns:

instrument of action: beat with a hand, brush;
actor: security of the house by watchmen, release of goods by the seller;
the content of the action itself: study German;
definitive value: sausage with a ring, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of the limitation of the indicated attribute. For example:

He was strong-minded and known for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

Questions of the prepositional case, as well as other case forms, are divided towards living objects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). Words in this case are always used with prepositions, hence the name of the case itself. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes, questions of the prepositional case are always built using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.

Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case

To correctly determine the case form of words and correct use them in speech it is very important to know how cases are connected with questions and prepositions when used various forms words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:

What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, it is they who, by joining nouns, can reveal various meanings the same word.

case	Pretext	Meaning	Example
Genitive	around, because of, before, at	determine the space in which the object is located or in which the action takes place	walk around the park left the house, stand by the tree
Dative	to, by	used to indicate approaching an object, object or place of event	approach a friend go off-road
Accusative	in, for, on	indicate which object the action is directed to	hug your waist, look out the window put on the table
Instrumental	under, behind, over, with	can have many meanings, including indicating directionality certain action and mark the space	fly over the earth walk under the bridge be friends with grandma

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by cases

One of the main themes this section of the Russian language is the theme: "Declination by cases." As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns has an independent character, while adjectives and numerals in the context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them stands.

In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, which makes it easier to decline the word.

Declension of numerals by cases

case	case question	Question for the numeral	numeral
Nominative	who? what?	how many? which?
Genitive	whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth
Dative	to whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth eighth
Accusative	whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth
Instrumental	by whom? how?	how many? what?
Prepositional	about whom? about what?	about how many? about what?	about the eighth about the eighth about the eighth

Target school curriculum- to teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a particular sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. These skills are essential for building competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and a sufficient number of Russian language lessons so that children can not only learn, but well consolidate given material.

Cases of nouns.

The Russian language is hard to imagine without cases. They help us to speak, write and read correctly.
In total, there are six cases in modern Russian, each case has its own question and its own ending.
In order to make it more clear, we will consider each case separately, and also analyze what questions the cases answer.

Nominative case is the only case in Russian, the question of which is answered by the subject.

Genitive case determines belonging, kinship and some other relationships.
Dative case defines the exact end point of the action of the addressee of the message.
Accusative case denotes the immediate object of the action.
Instrumental case determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging.
Prepositional the case can be represented as a question: “Who are you thinking about, what?”.

Nominative case answers the questions "Who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word "there is"


Who? Dog	What? Book	What? Sea

Who? Man	Who? Children	What? Forest

Genitive case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " No"Prepositions: from, to, from, without,at, for, around,beside, beside.


Whom? wolf	What? Stola	Whom? Natasha

What? Toys	What? swamps	Whom? student

Dative case answers the questions “to whom? "," what? »

Auxiliary word " ladies"Prepositions: to, by.


To whom? Athlete	What? Gingerbread	To whom? grandmother

What? road	What? field	To whom? Schoolgirl

Accusative case answers the questions “who? ", "what? »

Auxiliary word " see"Prepositions: in, on, for, about,through.


Whom? bird	What? Beach	What? roof

Whom? shark	Whom? doctor	What? reeds

Instrumental case answers the questions "by whom? ", "how? »

Auxiliary word " I create"Prepositions: under, over, behind, with,before, between.


By whom? as a child	How? home	How? bed

By whom? Bear	By whom? teacher	How? puddle

Prepositional case answers the questions “about whom? ", "about what? »

Auxiliary word " think"Prepositions: in, on, oh, oh, at.


About whom? (O) Mom	About what? (O) Tractor	About what? (O) Mathematics

About whom? (O) giraffe	About whom? (O) dad	About whom? (O) Mouse

In the nominative case, the noun is in the sentence subject.
In the morning Tanya(I. p.) went to the window.

To determine the case of other nouns, you need to:
a) find the word with which this noun is connected in meaning and put a case question from it;
b) by case question determine the case of a noun.
The sparrow thumped the glass with its beak.
pounded(what?) beak (T.p.)
Knocked (on what?) on the glass (D.p.)

Three declensions of nouns.

Feminine, masculine, and neuter nouns have different case endings.
By endings, nouns are divided into three declensions.
To determine the declension of a noun, you need:

Determine the gender of the noun
Select ending in initial form

To 1st declension include feminine and male with endings -а, -я in the nominative case ( winters a, grandfather a, one hundred I ).

Co. 2nd declension are masculine nouns with zero ending in the nominative case and neuter with endings -about, -e in the nominative case ( table, rain, sparrow her, floor e, sea e ).

To 3rd declension include nouns female with soft sign at the end and with a null ending in the nominative case ( horse, night, spruce).

To determine the declension of a noun in indirect case, you need to find its initial form.

For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be the only or plural, feminine, masculine or neuter, as well as declensions with changing endings. And it is cases that play a particularly important role in the construction of true statements, which show the syntactic role and connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in the study of the Russian language, it is very important to learn to determine the case form of these parts of speech and to know what questions the cases answer.

The main cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, a huge amount of time is devoted to this topic in the school curriculum. First of all, children are introduced to what questions the cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there are still disputes among linguists about this.

Nominative

The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - who? and what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can act as the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence it always acts as a subject. For example:

The girl left the room, the sun was setting over the horizon.

Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of the compound predicate. For example:

Nikita is mine son - Alexander Vasilyevich - director.

Also always in the nominative case is the main member and the appeal. For example:

Noise, noise, reeds - Here is an old house.

Genitive

The use of the genitive case can be both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form, it is written R.p.

This form of words has a variety of meanings and syntactic uses. The verbal genitive case can indicate the subject:

in the case when the verb has a negation: do not take off your head, do not tell the truth -
if the action does not refer to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.

The adjective genitive can indicate a number of relationships:

belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll dress-
relation of a whole to a part: hotel room, tree branch-
evaluation or definition of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of the word.

That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.

Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:

More beautiful than Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case a certain form of declension is used. For example, the dative case (to whom; to what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.

Mostly the words in this case are used to designate the main subject to which the action is directed.

For example:

Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, an order to subordinates.

In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha was scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative

Questions of the accusative case are similar to questions of other cases, namely, the genitive and nominative. So, for an animated object, this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - what? And quite often, schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, therefore, for a correct definition, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action completely passes.

For example:

Fishing, cleaning shoes, sewing a skirt, baking a cake.

Also, words standing in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

All summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

Just like other case forms, instrumental questions have two forms for living and non-living things. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. So, for an animated object, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.

For an inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question how? For example:

He fed (what?) Bread, gave him water (what?) to drink.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs closely related to names.

He beat the dog (with what?) with a stick.

The old man propped himself (with what?) on his palm.

The road led (with what?) through the forest.

The fairy tales "Aibolit", "Confusion" and "Cockroach" were written (by whom?) by Korney Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:

instrument of action: beat with a hand, brush with a brush -
actor: security of the house by watchmen, release of goods by the seller -
the content of the action itself: learn German language
definitive value: sausage with a ring, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of the limitation of the indicated attribute. For example:

He was strong-minded and known for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case

For the correct definition of the case form of words and their correct use in speech, it is very important to know how cases are associated with questions and prepositions when using various forms of words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:

What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, it is they who, joining nouns, can reveal different meanings of the same word.

case	Pretext	Meaning	Example
Genitive	around, because of, before, at	determine the space in which the object is located or in which the action takes place	walk around the park left the house, stand by the tree
Dative	to, by	used to indicate approaching an object, object or place of event	approach a friend go off-road
Accusative	in, for, on	indicate which object the action is directed to	hug your waist, look out the window put on the table
Instrumental	under, behind, over, with	can have many meanings, including indicating the direction of a particular action and denoting a space	fly over the earth walk under the bridge be friends with grandma

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by cases

One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the topic: "Declination by cases". As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns has an independent character, while adjectives and numerals in the context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them stands.

In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, which makes it easier to decline the word.

Declension of numerals by cases

case	case question	Question for the numeral	numeral
Nominative	who? what?	how many? which?
Genitive	whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth
Dative	to whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth eighth
Accusative	whom? what?	how many? what?	eighth eighth
Instrumental	by whom? how?	how many? what?
Prepositional	about whom? about what?	about how many? about what?	about the eighth about the eighth about the eighth

The purpose of the school curriculum is to teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a particular sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. Such skills are very important for the construction of competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and a sufficient number of Russian language lessons so that children can not only study, but consolidate this material well.

Attention, only TODAY!

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