Cyrillic letters concept. Modern Cyrillic alphabets of the Slavic languages

Cyrillic letters are used to write numbers exactly according to the Greek system. Some letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, which are absent in the Greek alphabet, are close to Glagolitic in outline. Before the reform of Peter I lowercase letters there was no Cyrillic alphabet in the alphabet, the entire text was written in capital letters:46. This distinguishes the Cyrillic alphabet from the Glagolitic alphabet, where the numerical values did not correspond to the Greek ones and these letters were not skipped.

Golden Age" distribution Slavic writing refers to the reign in Bulgaria of Tsar Simeon the Great (893-927), son of Tsar Boris. Also, judging by the ancient abetsedaria, the letters of the Glagolitic were also called. For attempts to abolish the Cyrillic alphabet, see the article "Romanization". For a long time, the most problematic Church Slavonic, but since version 5.1 almost all the necessary symbols are already present.

The modern Russian alphabet differs significantly from the Cyrillic alphabet. What did the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet look like, what were they called, how did they sound? In addition, Slavic numbers were written in an unusual form for us: not in Arabic numerals, but in letters of the same Cyrillic alphabet.

Cyrillic alphabet. Alphabet matrix of the alphabet of the Slavic alphabet. Reading version.

The Slavic alphabetic number system is a decimal system, but not a positional one; in it, each of the digits of the number corresponds to its own sign - the letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. There is no zero in this system. A number is written as the sum of its hundreds, tens and ones. Of the many options for deciphering the encoded text, let's consider the most pretentious version given in A. Kesler's book "The ABC and the Russian-European Dictionary".

The appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek statutory (solemn) letter - uncial: 45, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes (after Cyril and Methodius).

B is similar in outline to C, U with Sh. The principles of creating digraphs in Cyrillic (Y from ЪІ, OY, iotized letters) generally follow the Glagolitic ones. Cyrillic letters have own names, according to various common Slavic names that begin with them, or directly taken from Greek (xi, psi); the etymology of a number of names is disputed.

What is Cyrillic

The reading of the letters could differ depending on the dialect. The letters Zh, Sh, Ts denoted in ancient times soft consonants (and not hard ones, as in modern Russian); the letters Ѧ and Ѫ originally denoted nasal (nasalized) vowels. For three centuries, the Russian alphabet has undergone a number of reforms. The basis of the modern Russian alphabet is one of the two ancient Slavic alphabets - the so-called Cyrillic alphabet, although the modern alphabet has, of course, changed compared to this ancient alphabet.

By the name of Cyril, one of the two created Slavic alphabets was named. The second alphabet is called Glagolitic. At the heart of the drawing of the letters of the Glagolitic alphabet, according to some scientists, are the letters of Greek cursive writing.

Cyrillic alphabet (Cyrillic)

Sample texts written in Cyrillic and Glagolitic. As for the Cyrillic alphabet, most of its letters are taken from the Greek alphabet. It was compiled in the 9th century. Cyrillic eventually became widespread as the main Slavic alphabet.

Starting from the time of Peter the Great, the Cyrillic alphabet, from which some letters were excluded, was called the Russian civil alphabet. So a slightly modified Cyrillic alphabet formed the basis of our modern alphabet. On the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, the Bulgarian and Serbian letters developed, it is used by Belarusians and Ukrainians. Table “Russian alphabet (Cyrillic). As you can see, the word alphabet is composed from the names of the first letters of the Cyrillic alphabet "az" and "beeches".

This is a direct borrowing into Old Russian from Greek, made up of the names of the first two letters alpha and beta (or vita, in the later Byzantine pronunciation). Cyrillic letters were used to write numbers. It was the so-called alphabetic tsifir. Work with " explanatory dictionary alive Great Russian language» V.I.Dalya.

Consider the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, read their names. The composition of the original Cyrillic alphabet is unknown to us; the "classic" Old Slavonic Cyrillic of 43 letters, probably partly contains later letters (ы, у, iotized). At present, the point of view prevails in science, according to which the Glagolitic alphabet is primary, and the Cyrillic alphabet is secondary (in Cyrillic, the Glagolitic letters are replaced by well-known Greek ones).

Cyrillic Type: Languages: Origin: Creator: Period: Origin: Cyrillic letters Cyrillic




BUT	B	AT	G	Ґ	D	Ђ
Ѓ	E	(Ѐ)	Yo	Є	F	W
Ѕ	And	(Ѝ)	І	Ї	Y	Ј
To	L	Љ	M	H	Њ	O
P	R	With	T	Ћ	Ќ	At
Ў	F	X	C	H	Џ	W
SCH	Kommersant	S	b	E	YU	I
historical letters
(Ҁ)	(Ѹ)	Ѡ	(Ѿ)	(Ѻ)	Ѣ	Ꙗ
Ѥ	ІѢ	Ѧ	Ѫ	Ѩ	Ѭ	Ѯ
Ѱ	Ѳ	Ѵ	(Ѷ)	Eun
Letters not Slavic languages
Ӑ	Ӓ	Ә	Ӛ	Ӕ	Ԝ	Ғ
Ӻ	Ӷ	Ҕ	Ԁ	Ԃ	Ӗ	Ҽ
Ҿ	Ӂ	Җ	Ӝ	Ԅ	Ҙ	Ӟ
Ԑ	Ӡ	Ԇ	Ӥ	Ӣ	Ӏ	Ҋ
Қ	Ҟ	Ҡ	Ӄ	Ҝ	Ԟ	Ԛ
Ӆ	Ԓ	Ԡ	Ԉ	Ԕ	Ӎ	Ҥ
Ԣ	Ԋ	Ң	Ӊ	Ӈ	Ӧ	Ө
Ӫ	Ҩ	Ҧ	Ԥ	Ҏ	Ԗ	Ҫ
Ԍ	Ҭ	Ԏ	Ӳ	Ӱ	Ӯ	Ү
Ұ	Ҳ	Ӽ	Ӿ	Һ	Ҵ	Ӵ
Ҷ	Ӌ	Ҹ	Ӹ	Ҍ	Ӭ	Ԙ
Note. Characters in brackets do not have the status of (independent) letters.

Cyrillic
alphabetsSlavic:Non-Slavic:Historical:

Cyrillic- a term that has several meanings:

Old Slavonic alphabet (Old Bulgarian alphabet): the same as Cyrillic(or Kirillovsky) alphabet: one of two (along with Glagolitic) ancient alphabets for Old Church Slavonic;
Cyrillic alphabets: a writing system and an alphabet for some other language based on this Old Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet (they talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic; call it "Cyrillic alphabetically» the formal union of several or all national Cyrillic characters is incorrect);
Statutory or semi-statutory font: the font in which church books are traditionally printed (in this sense, the Cyrillic alphabet is opposed to the civil, or Petrovsky, font).

Cyrillic-based alphabets include the alphabets of the following Slavic languages:

Belarusian language (Belarusian alphabet)
Bulgarian language (Bulgarian alphabet)
Macedonian language (Macedonian alphabet)
Rusyn language/dialect (Rusyn alphabet)
Russian language (Russian alphabet)
Serbian(vukovica)
Ukrainian language(Ukrainian alphabet)
Montenegrin language (Montenegrin alphabet)

as well as most of the non-Slavic languages of the peoples of the USSR, some of which previously had other writing systems (on a Latin, Arabic or other basis) and were translated into Cyrillic in the late 1930s. See the list of languages with Cyrillic-based alphabets for details.

History of creation and development

See also: Question of seniority of Cyrillic and Glagolitic

Until the 9th century, there is no information about any widespread and ordered Slavic writing. Among all the facts related to the origin of Slavic writing, special place occupies the mention in the "Life of Constantine" of "Russian letters", which during his stay in Korsun-Chersonese he studied before the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet Konstantin-Kirill. This mention is associated with hypotheses about the existence of "Old Russian (wider - pre-Cyrillic) writing", which preceded the common Slavic writing - the prototype of the Glagolitic or Cyrillic alphabet. A direct reference to pre-Cyrillic writing is contained in Chernorizets the Brave in his Legends of Letters ..., (according to the translation of V. Ya. Deryagin): “Before, the Slavs did not have letters, but they read by features and cuts, they guessed by them, being filthy.”

Around 863, the brothers Constantine (Cyril) Philosopher and Methodius from Thessalonica (Thessaloniki) by order Byzantine emperor Michael III streamlined the script for the Slavic language and used the new alphabet to translate Greek religious texts into Slavic: 44. For a long time, the question remained debatable whether it was Cyrillic (and in this case, the Glagolitic is considered a cryptographic script that appeared after the prohibition of the Cyrillic alphabet) or Glagolitic - alphabets that differ almost exclusively in style. At present, the point of view prevails in science, according to which the Glagolitic alphabet is primary, and the Cyrillic alphabet is secondary (in Cyrillic, the Glagolitic letters are replaced by well-known Greek ones). Glagolitic long time in a slightly modified form, it was used by the Croats (until the 17th century).

The appearance of the Cyrillic alphabet, based on the Greek statutory (solemn) letter - uncial: 45, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes (after Cyril and Methodius). In particular, in the life of St. Clement of Ohrid is directly written about the creation of Slavic writing by him after Cyril and Methodius. Thanks to the previous activities of the brothers, the alphabet received wide use in the South Slavic lands, which led in 885 to the prohibition of its use in the church service by the pope, who fought against the results of the mission of Constantine-Cyril and Methodius.

In Bulgaria, the holy Tsar Boris in 860 converted to Christianity. Bulgaria becomes the center for the dissemination of Slavic writing. Here the first Slavic book school is being created - Preslav book school- Cyrillic and Methodius originals of liturgical books (Gospel, Psalter, Apostle, church services) are copied, new ones are made Slavic translations from the Greek language, original works appear in the Old Slavonic language (“On the writing of Chrnorizets the Brave”).

The widespread use of Slavic writing, its "golden age", dates back to the reign of Tsar Simeon the Great in Bulgaria (893-927), son of Tsar Boris. Later, the Old Church Slavonic language penetrated into Serbia, and at the end of the 10th century it became the language of the church in Kievan Rus.

The Old Church Slavonic language, being the language of the church in Russia, was influenced by Old Russian language. It was the Old Slavonic language of the Russian edition, as it included elements of living East Slavic speech.

Initially, the Cyrillic alphabet was used by part of the southern Slavs, East Slavs, as well as Romanians (see the article "Romanian Cyrillic"); over time, their alphabets diverged somewhat from each other, although the lettering and spelling principles remained (with the exception of the West Serbian variant, the so-called bosančica) generally the same.

Cyrillic alphabet

Main article: Old Church Slavonic alphabet

The composition of the original Cyrillic alphabet is unknown to us; the "classic" Old Slavonic Cyrillic of 43 letters, probably partly contains later letters (ы, у, iotized). The Cyrillic alphabet entirely includes the Greek alphabet (24 letters), but some purely Greek letters (xi, psi, fita, izhitsa) are not in their original place, but are moved to the end. 19 letters were added to them to designate sounds specific to the Slavic language and absent in Greek. Before the reform of Peter I, there were no lowercase letters in the Cyrillic alphabet, the entire text was written in capitals:46. Some letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, which are absent in the Greek alphabet, are close to Glagolitic in outline. Ts and Sh are outwardly similar to some letters of a number of alphabets of that time (Aramaic, Ethiopian, Coptic, Hebrew, Brahmi) and it is not possible to unequivocally establish the source of the borrowing. B is similar in outline to C, U with Sh. The principles of creating digraphs in Cyrillic (Y from ЪІ, OY, iotized letters) generally follow the Glagolitic ones.

Cyrillic letters are used to write numbers exactly according to the Greek system. Instead of a pair of completely archaic signs - sampi and stigma - which are not even included in the classical 24-letter Greek alphabet, others are adapted Slavic letters- C (900) and S (6); subsequently, the third such sign, koppa, originally used in Cyrillic to denote 90, was replaced by the letter Ch. Some letters that are absent in the Greek alphabet (for example, B, Zh) do not have a numerical value. This distinguishes the Cyrillic alphabet from the Glagolitic alphabet, where the numerical values did not correspond to the Greek ones and these letters were not skipped.

Cyrillic letters have their own names, according to various common Slavic names that begin with them, or directly taken from Greek (xi, psi); the etymology of a number of names is disputed. Also, judging by the ancient abetsedaria, the letters of the Glagolitic were also called. Here is a list of the main Cyrillic characters:

Cyrillic alphabet: Novgorod birch-bark letter No. 591 (1025-1050) and its drawing Postage stamp of Ukraine in honor of the Slavic script - Cyrillic. 2005 Letter Inscribed
enumeration Numerical
value Reading Name


BUT	1	[a]	az
B		[b]	beeches
AT	2	[in]	lead
G	3	[G]	verb
D	4	[e]	good
HER	5	[e]	there is
F		[zh"]	live
Ѕ	6	[dz"]	green
Ȥ, Z	7	[h]	Earth
And	8	[and]	lower (8-decimal)
І, Ї	10	[and]	and (decimal)
To	20	[to]	what
L	30	[l]	people
M	40	[m]	think
H	50	[n]	our
O	70	[about]	is he
P	80	[P]	peace
R	100	[R]	rtsy
With	200	[with]	word
T	300	[t]	firmly
OU, Y	(400)	[y]	uk
F	500	[f]	firth
X	600	[X]	dick
Ѡ	800	[about]	omega
C	900	[q']	tsy
H	90	[h']	worm
W		[w']	sha
SCH		[sh't '] ([sh'h'])	shcha
Kommersant		[b]	ep
S		[s]	er
b		[b]	er
Ѣ		[æ], [s]	yat
YU		[yu]	Yu
ΙΑ		[ya]	And iotized
Ѥ		[ye]	E iotized
Ѧ	(900)	[en]	Small yus
Ѫ		[is he]	big yus
Ѩ		[yen]	yus small iotated
Ѭ		[yon]	jus big iotated
Ѯ	60	[ks]	xi
Ѱ	700	[ps]	psi
Ѳ	9	[θ], [f]	fita
Ѵ	400	[and], [in]	izhitsa

The names of the letters given in the table correspond to those accepted in Russia for the modern Church Slavonic language.

Many fonts feature obsolete Cyrillic letters; in church books, the Irmologion font designed specifically for them is used.

Russian Cyrillic. Civic font

Main article: Civic font Main article: Pre-revolutionary spelling

In 1708-1711. Peter I undertook a reform of Russian writing, eliminating superscripts, abolishing several letters and legitimizing another (closer to the Latin fonts of that time) style of the remaining ones - the so-called civic font. Lowercase versions of each letter were introduced, before that all letters of the alphabet were capital:46. Soon the Serbs switched to the civil script (with appropriate changes), and later the Bulgarians; the Romanians, in the 1860s, abandoned the Cyrillic alphabet in favor of the Latin script (interestingly, at one time they used a “transitional” alphabet, which was a mixture of Latin and Cyrillic letters). Civil type with minimal changes in styles (the largest is the replacement of the m-shaped letter "t" with its current form) we use to this day.

For three centuries, the Russian alphabet has undergone a number of reforms. The number of letters generally decreased, with the exception of the letters "e" and "y" (used earlier, but legalized in the 18th century) and the only "author's" letter - "e", proposed by Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova. The last major reform of Russian writing was carried out in 1917-1918 ( see Russian spelling reform of 1918), as a result of which the modern Russian alphabet appeared, consisting of 33 letters. This alphabet also became the basis of many non-Slavic languages. former USSR and Mongolia (writing for which was absent before the 20th century or was based on other types of writing: Arabic, Chinese, Old Mongolian, etc.).

For attempts to abolish the Cyrillic alphabet, see the article "Romanization".

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of the Slavic languages

Belarusian Bulgarian Macedonian Russian Rusyn Serbian Ukrainian Montenegrin

BUT

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

BUT

And

With

WITH

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages

Kazakh Kyrgyz Moldavian Mongolian Tajik Yakut

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

BUT

And

With

SCH

Kommersant

BUT

And

With

Kommersant

BUT

And

New

With

SCH

Kommersant

Old (pre-reform) civil Cyrillic alphabets

Bulgarian before 1945 Russian before 1918 Serbian to Ser. 19th century

BUT

And

(І)

With

SCH

Kommersant

(S)

(Ѭ)

(Ѳ)

BUT

(Yo)

And

(Y)

With

SCH

Kommersant

(Ѵ)

BUT

And

With

(SCH)

Kommersant

(Uh)

(Ѳ)

(Ѵ)

(In parentheses are signs that did not officially have the status of letters, as well as letters that fell out of use a little earlier than the indicated date.)

Distribution in the world

The diagram shows the prevalence of the Cyrillic alphabet in the world. Green - Cyrillic as the official alphabet, light green - one of the alphabets. Main article: List of languages with alphabets based on Cyrillic

Official alphabet

On the this moment Cyrillic is used as the official alphabet in the following countries:

Slavic languages:

Non-Slavic languages:

Used informally

The Cyrillic alphabet of non-Slavic languages was replaced by the Latin alphabet in the 1990s, but is still used unofficially as a second alphabet in the following states[ source not specified 325 days]:

Cyrillic encodings

Alternative encoding (CP866)
Basic encoding
Bulgarian encoding
CP855
ISO 8859-5
KOI-8
DKOI-8
MacCyrillic
Windows-1251

Cyrillic in Unicode

Main article: Cyrillic in Unicode

In Unicode version 6.0, there are four sections for Cyrillic:

Code range name (hex) description

There are no Russian letters with an accent in Unicode, so you have to make them compound by adding the character U + 0301 (“combining acute accent”) after the stressed vowel (for example, ы́ é ю́ я́).

For a long time, the Church Slavonic language was the most problematic, but starting from version 5.1, almost all the necessary characters are already present.

For a more detailed table, see Cyrillic in Unicode.

400

410

BUT

And

420

With

SCH

Kommersant

430

well

and

about

440

with

sch

450

460

470

480

490

4A0

4B0

4C0

4D0

4E0

4F0

500

510

520

2DE0

ⷠ

ⷡ

ⷢ

ⷣ

ⷤ

ⷥ

ⷦ

ⷧ

ⷨ

ⷩ

ⷪ

ⷫ

ⷬ

ⷭ

ⷮ

ⷯ

2DF0

ⷰ

ⷱ

ⷲ

ⷳ

ⷴ

ⷵ

ⷶ

ⷷ

ⷸ

ⷹ

ⷺ

ⷻ

ⷼ

ⷽ

ⷾ

ⷿ

A640

Ꙁ

Ꙃ

Ꙅ

Ꙇ

Ꙉ

Ꙋ

Ꙍ

Ꙏ

A650

Ꙑ

Ꙓ

Ꙕ

Ꙗ

Ꙙ

Ꙛ

Ꙝ

Ꙟ

A660

Ꙡ

Ꙣ

Ꙥ

Ꙧ

Ꙩ

Ꙫ

Ꙭ

ꙮ

꙯

A670

꙰

꙱

꙲

꙳

꙼

꙽

꙾

ꙿ

A680

Ꚁ

Ꚃ

Ꚅ

Ꚇ

Ꚉ

Ꚋ

Ꚍ

Ꚏ

A690

Ꚑ

Ꚓ

Ꚕ

Ꚗ

Notes

Skobelkin O. V. Fundamentals of paleography. - Voronezh: VSU Publishing House, 2005.
["Tales about the beginning of Slavic writing", M., "Nauka", 1981. p. 77]
Istrin, Viktor Alexandrovich: 1100 years Slavic alphabet, M., 1988. p.134
1 2 3 4 Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian language. Graphics and spelling. - 2nd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1976. - 288 p.

Links

Slavic languages and encodings ()
Where did Slavic writing come from
To the history of the Russian alphabet
Cyrillic encodings

Technical note: Due to technical limitations, some browsers cannot display the special characters used in this article. Such characters may be displayed as squares, question marks, or other meaningless characters depending on your web browser, operating system and set installed fonts. Even if your browser is capable of interpreting UTF-8 and you have installed a font that supports a large Unicode range, such as Code2000, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode or one of the free Unicode fonts, you may need to use a different browser as browser capabilities often differ in this area. Scripts of the world Consonant script of Abugida /
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Aramaic Arabic Jawi Ancient Libyan Jewish Nabataean Pahlavi Samaritan Syrian Sogdian Ugaritic Phoenician South Arabian

Балийское Батак Бенгальское Бирманское Брахми Бухидское Варанг-кшити Восточное нагари Грантха Гуджарати Гупта Гурмукхи Деванагари Кадамба Кайтхи Калинга Каннада Кхмерское Ланна Лаосское Лепча Лимбу Лонтара Малаялам Манипури Митхилакшар Моди Мон Монгольское Нагари Непальское Ория Паллава Ранджана Реджангское Саураштра Сиддхаматрика Сингальское Соёмбо Суданское Тагальское Тагбанва Такри Тамильское Телугу Тайское Тибетское Tocharian Hanunoo Hunnic Sharada Javanese

Boyd cursive Kharoshthi Canadian syllabary Meroitic Pitman cursive Pollard Sorang Sompeng Tana Thomas cursive Ethiopian

Avestan Agvanian Armenian Bassa Byutkhakukia Vagindra Hungarian Runes Glagolitic Gothic Gregg Shorthand Greco-Iberian Greek Georgian Gyirokastro Deseretian Old Permian Old Turkic Cyrillic Coptic Latin Mandaic Asia Minor International Phonetic Manchu Nko Oberi-Okaime Ogamic Ol-chiki Runes Northern Etruscan Old Nubian Somali Old Mongolian (Tifinagh) Fraser Elbasan Etruscan Hangul

Braille script Morse code Moon script Optical telegraph Semaphore alphabet International Code of Signals Prison alphabet

Astec Dunba Mesoamerican Mi'kmaq Mixteq Nsibidi Tokapu

Chinese: Traditional Simplified Chi-nom Kanji Hancha
Chinese derivatives: Khitan Zhuang Jurchen
Logo-syllabic: Anatolian and Cuneiform Maya Tangut
Logo-consonant: Egyptian writing (hieroglyphics, hieratics, demotic)

Afaka Wai Geba Old Persian I Katakana Kikakui Cypriot Kpelle Linear B Man'yogana Nyu-shu Hiragana Cherokee Yugtun

Paleospanish Zhuyin

Quipu Knot letter in China

Biblical Vinca Ancient Canaanite Issyk Cypro-Minoan Cretan hieroglyphs Linear A Mishteq Indus Valley Jiahu Urn Fields Proto-Elamite Rongorongo Voynich Manuscript Proto-Sinaitic Tablet from Dispilio Phaistos Disc Elamite Linear

Mnemonics shorthand Media: Paper Clay tablets Papyrus Parchment (Palimpsest)

Ј , ј (title: ye, jota) - the letter of the extended Cyrillic alphabet, the 11th letter of the Serbian and the 12th letter of the Macedonian alphabets, is also used in the Altai, until 1991 - in the Azerbaijani alphabets. Reads like [j]; in Altaic it means [ɟ] or .

The southern Slavs use both instead of the traditional letter Y, and in combinations ya, Yes, Yo, ји, yu, replacing the letters of iotated vowels that were abolished from Serbian writing (see the table of Russian transcription of Serbian letters in the article "Serbian Cyrillic alphabet").

The letter was introduced into the Serbian script by Vuk Stefanović (then not yet Karadzic). Initially, in his grammar of the Serbian folk language of 1814, he used the style Ї, which he later changed to Ј - that is, he used the Latin iot in its German sound meaning, at first leaving two dots above the letter. From the very beginning, the introduction of the "Latin" letter into Slavic writing was severely criticized, but over time, "justifications" were found: the J-shaped outline in the cursive of the 17th-18th centuries. sometimes had a Cyrillic letter I, which in some cases (at the beginning of words and between vowels) was pronounced exactly like [y].

The Serbian letter J was introduced into the newly created Macedonian alphabet on December 4, 1944, as a result of a vote by members of the “Philological Commission for the Establishment of the Macedonian Alphabet and Macedonian literary language" (8 votes "for", 3 "against").

The letter was used in some of the writing options offered in mid-nineteenth century for the Ukrainian language. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were ideas of translating the Russian language into more phonetic system letters that also used this letter.

Code table

Encoding Case Decimal
code 16-rich-
code Octal-
code Binary code


Unicode	uppercase	1032	0408	002010	00000100 00001000
Unicode	Lowercase	1112	0458	002130	00000100 01011000
ISO 8859-5	uppercase	168	A8	250	10101000
ISO 8859-5	Lowercase	248	F8	370	11111000
KOI-8 (some version)	uppercase	184	B8	270	10111000
KOI-8 (some version)	Lowercase	168	A8	250	10101000
Windows 1251	uppercase	163	A3	243	10100011
Windows 1251	Lowercase	188	BC	274	10111100

In HTML capital letter can be written as Ј or Ј, and lowercase as ј or ј.

Cyrillic alphabet. What was the name of all the letters of the alphabet in Cyrillic?

Cyrillic alphabet of the era of the oldest Slavic manuscripts (late 10th - 11th centuries).

Cyrillic letters have their own names.

How do the main characters of the Cyrillic alphabet sound?

The letter "A" - the name "az";

archeometer

But the letter "B" is not "gods", but "BUKI" - LIE is not necessary.

But WHY the letters had such strange names, not a single philolukh will answer you.

He will not answer because the letters are named in the Holy language of the original Bible - in Hebrew. Without knowing this language, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the names of the letters.

And the meaning is that the first letters - up to the letter "People" - show the first verses of the Bible, describing, as it were, the creation of the world.

Az - "Then Strong"

Buki - "divided, cut" heaven and earth

Lead - "and certified" that it is good

Vladimir BerShadsky, archaeolinguist

U m a

Our path of learning to write began with the so beloved and dear "ABC", which, by its name, opened the door to the captivating world Old Church Slavonic Cyrillic.

We all know that "Azbuka" got its name from the first two letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, but also interesting fact is that the Cyrillic alphabet consisted of 43 letters, that is, it included the entire Greek alphabet (24 letters) plus 19 more letters.

Below is a complete list of Cyrillic letter names.

88Summertime88

The Cyrillic alphabet appeared in the tenth century.

It is named after St. Cyril, who was an envoy from Byzantium. And it was compiled, as expected, by St. Clement of Ohrid.

The Cyrillic alphabet that exists now was formed in 1708. At this time, Peter the Great ruled.

During the reform of 1917-1918, the alphabet was changed, four letters were removed from it.

At the moment, this alphabet is used in more than fifty countries in Asia and Europe, including Russia. Some letters may be borrowed from the Latin alphabet.

Here is what the Cyrillic alphabet of the tenth century looked like:

Angelinas

A Early-Cyrillic-letter-Azu.svg 1 [a]az

B Early Cyrillic letter Buky.svg [b] bu?ki

In Early Cyrillic letter Viedi.png 2 [in] ve?di

Г Early Cyrillic letter Glagoli.png 3 [г] verb

D Early Cyrillic letter Dobro.png 4 [d] good?

E, Є Early Cyrillic letter Yesti.png 5 [e] yes

Ж Early Cyrillic letter Zhiviete.png [zh"] live? those

S Early Cyrillic letter Dzelo.png 6 [dz"] green?

W Early Cyrillic letter Zemlia.png 7 [w] earth?

And Early Cyrillic letter Izhe.png 8 [and] and? same (8-decimal)

І, Ї Early Cyrillic letter I.png 10 [and] and (decimal)

K Early Cyrillic letter Kako.png 20 [k] ka?ko

L Early Cyrillic letter Liudiye.png 30 [l] lu?di

M Early Cyrillic letter Myslite.png 40 [m] thought? those

H Early Cyrillic letter Nashi.png 50 [n] our

O Early Cyrillic letter Onu.png 70 [o] he

P Early Cyrillic letter Pokoi.png 80 [p] rest?

R Early Cyrillic letter Ritsi.png 100 [r] rci

С Early Cyrillic letter Slovo.png 200 [с] word?

T Early Cyrillic letter Tvrido.png 300 [t] hard

Early Cyrillic letter Uku.png (400) [у]ук

F Early Cyrillic letter Fritu.png 500 [f] firth

Х Early Cyrillic letter Khieru.png 600 [х] kher

Early Cyrillic letter Otu.png 800 [o] omega?ga

Ts Early Cyrillic letter Tsi.png 900 [ts’] tsy

Ch Early Cyrillic letter Chrivi.png 90 [ch’] worm

Ш Early Cyrillic letter Sha.png [ш'] sha

Ш Early Cyrillic letter Shta.png [sh’t’] ([sh’h’]) shcha

Ъ Early Cyrillic letter Yeru.png [ъ] ep

ы Early Cyrillic letter Yery.png [ы] ery?

b Early Cyrillic letter Yeri.png [b] er

Early Cyrillic letter Yati.png [?], [s] yat

Yu Early Cyrillic letter Yu.png [yu] yu

Early Cyrillic letter Ya.png [ya] A iotized

Early Cyrillic letter Ye.png [ye] E iotized

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy.png (900) [en] Small yus

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy.png [he] Big yus

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Maliy Yotirovaniy.png [yen]

Early Cyrillic letter Yusu Bolshiy Yotirovaniy.png [yon]

Early Cyrillic letter Ksi.png 60 [ks] ksi

Early Cyrillic letter Psi.png 700 [ps] psi

Early Cyrillic letter Fita.png 9 [?], [f] fita?

Early Cyrillic letter Izhitsa.png 400 [i], [v] i?zhitsa

Milonika

Letter A sound [a] az

Letter B sound [b] beeches

Letter B sound [in] lead

Letter G sound [g] verb

Letter D sound [d] good

The letter E, Є sound [e] is

Letter Zh sound [zh "] live

The letter S sound [dz "] green

Letter Ꙁ, Z sound [z] earth

Letter And sound [and] lower (8-script)

Letter І, Ї sound [and] and (decimal)

Letter K sound [k] kako

Letter L sound [l] people

Letter M sound [m] think

Letter H sound [n] our

Letter O sound [o] he

Letter P sound [n] peace

Letter P sound [r] rys

Letter C sound [c] word

Letter T sound [t] firmly

Letter OU, Ꙋ sound [y] uk

Letter F sound [f] fert

Letter X sound [x] hyer

Letter Ѡ sound [o] omega

Letter C sound [c '] tsy

Letter H sound [h ’] worm

Letter Sh sound [sh '] sha

Letter Щ sound [sh't '] ([sh'h ']) shcha

Letter b sound [b] ep

Letter Ꙑ sound [s] ery

Letter b sound [b] er

Letter Ѣ sound [æ], [s] yat

Letter Yu sound [yu] yu

Letter Ꙗ sound [ya] A iotized

Letter Ѥ sound [ye] E iotized

Letter Ѧ sound [en] yus small

Letter Ѫ sound [he] yus big

Letter Ѩ sound [yen] yus small iotized

Letter Ѭ sound [yon] yus big iotated

Letter Ѯ sound [ks] xi

Letter Ѱ sound [ps] psi

Letter Ѳ sound [θ], [f] fita

Letter V sound [and], [in] izhitsa

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Below I have given a table in which all the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet are listed, their numerical value, how they were written, how they were called and how they were read. Please note that although some letters were read in a strange way (for example, "a" - "az"), but in writing they were pronounced in much the same way as in modern Russian:

Moreljuba

Now we all know the alphabet, which includes thirty-three letters. It is these letters that we begin to study from childhood with the help of a special book called the ABC. Earlier, the Cyrillic alphabet was studied, containing as many as forty-three letters, and here are all their names:

Smiledimasik

The Cyrillic alphabet is not very simple. If you look closely, you can see how the letters do not just mean letters, but whole words. For example, the first 2 letters of the Cyrillic alphabet denote the ABC, you can find some letters in the ancient Greek alphabet, they are much alike. Here is the alphabet

Master key 111

Indeed, in Cyrillic letters sound different, not as we are used to seeing and pronouncing them, it is also interesting that the Cyrillic alphabet had 43 letters, below is a list of letters and their offerings, some of which are simply not used today.

What is Cyrillic?

Alyonk@

Cyrillic (Cyrillic script) is an alphabet used to write the words of the Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian languages, as well as many languages of non-Slavic peoples inhabiting Russia and its neighboring states. In the Middle Ages, it was also used to write numbers.
The Cyrillic alphabet is named after Cyril, the creator of the Glagolitic alphabet, the first Slavic alphabet. The authorship of the Cyrillic alphabet belongs to missionaries - followers of Cyril and Methodius. The oldest monuments of Cyrillic writing date back to the turn of the 9th-10th centuries: by the end of the 800s or the beginning of the 900s. Most likely, this letter was invented in Bulgaria; at first it was the Greek alphabet, to the 24 letters of which 19 letters were added to indicate those missing in Greek sounds of the Slavic language. From the 10th century, Cyrillic began to be written in Russia.
In Russia and other countries, the Cyrillic alphabet has gone through a series of reforms, the most serious of which were carried out by printers, starting with Ivan Fedorov, and statesmen(for example, Peter I). Reforms most often came down to reducing the number of letters and simplifying their style, although there were reverse examples: at the end of the 18th century, N. M. Karamzin proposed introducing the letter "ё" into the Russian language, created by adding the characteristic German language umlaut (two dots) to the letter "e". The modern Russian alphabet includes 33 letters left after the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR of October 10, 1918 "On the introduction new spelling". According to this decree, all publications and business documentation were transferred to the new spelling from October 15, 1918.

Ririlitsa is a Latin alphabet with Greek adapted to Stavian phonetics.
One of the first two alphabets of Old Slavonic writing - one of the two oldest Slavic alphabets (43 graphemes).
Created at the end of the 9th century. (the second was Glagolitic), which got its name from the name Cyril, adopted by the Byzantine missionary.
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house boy

Cyrillic is a term that has several meanings: 1) Old Slavonic alphabet: the same as the Cyrillic (or Cyrillic) alphabet: one of two (along with the Glagolitic) ancient alphabets for the Old Slavonic language; 2) Cyrillic alphabets: a writing system and an alphabet for some other language based on this Old Slavonic Cyrillic (they talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic; it is incorrect to call the “Cyrillic alphabet” the formal union of several or all national Cyrillic alphabets); 3) Semi-authoritative font: the font in which church books are traditionally printed (in this sense, Cyrillic is opposed to the civil or Peter's font).

one of the two, together with the Glagolitic alphabet, the first Slavic alphabets. Named after the Slavic educator Cyril. In 1708, it was reformed in Russia and formed the basis of the Russian alphabet.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

CYRILLIC

one of two, along with the Glagolitic alphabet, the first Slavic alphabets. Created based on the Greek alphabet with the addition of a few letters. Its creation is attributed to Cyril (see Cyril and Methodius). In 1708 it was reformed, and in 1710 Peter I personally ruled and approved the alphabet, introducing a civil script.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

CYRILLIC

one of the two (together with the Glagolitic alphabet) of the first Slavic alphabets. Named after the enlightener Cyril (see Cyril and Methodius). Created on the basis of the Greek statutory letter in the late 9th - early 10th centuries. with the addition of a few letters. Known in Russia before the adoption of Christianity. After the Baptism of Russia in 988-89, it was laid as the basis Old Russian writing. In 1708 in Russia it was reformed and made the basis of the Russian alphabet.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

Cyrillic

one of the Slavic alphabets (along with the Glagolitic), probably created at the end of the IX - beginning. 10th century educator Cyril on the basis of the Greek script (possibly named after him). Underlies the series Slavic alphabets. Reformed by Peter I in 1708. The last reform was carried out in 1918, when the letters "I", "V", "Q" were excluded from it, "b" was no longer used at the end of words after solid consonants. At the same time, three new letters appeared (Y, E, YO).

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

CYRILLIC

one of the two (along with the Glagolitic) ancient glories. alphabet Name "TO." comes from the name of the educator of the Slavs Cyril, who developed glory. alphabet. Before K., the Slavs sporadically used Greek. alphabet (certificate of Chernorizets Brave, etc.) for the transfer of otd. glory. texts. In the 10-11 centuries. K. had 43 letters, of which 25 were borrowed from Byzantium. charter, and 18 were built relatively independently to transfer those missing in Greek. language of sounds Staroslav. speech. The oldest surviving monuments written by K.: inscriptions on the ruins of the Bolg. Tsar Simeon (Preslav, late 9th century), Bolg. inscription from Dobruja (943), Rus. the inscription on the pot - "gorukhsha", found in a mound near Smolensk (beginning of the 10th century), Novgorod " Ostromir gospel"(1056-57) and birch bark letters(11th century and later). The alphabetical composition and graphics of K. have changed several times, in particular in Russia, as a result of the reforms of 1708-10, 1735, 1738, 1758 and 1917-18, 12 letters K., which became unnecessary, were excluded, and two new ones were introduced - "y" (1735), "e" (finally since 1956). Statutory letter from the 14th century. was supplanted by a simpler and more fluent semi-ustav (which formed the basis of the first Russian printed fonts), in con. 14th c. in everyday and clerical correspondence, even more fluent cursive writing became widespread, and in book headings - ornamental script; in 1708-1710, Peter I introduced a "civilian" font close to the modern one instead of the half-ustav. The alphabets of most peoples of the USSR (except for Georgian, Armenian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian) and also Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Mongolian were built on the basis of K. Writing systems based on K. are used by 10% of the population the globe and are used for 70 languages. -***-***-***- Alphabets of Cyrillic and Glagolitic in comparison with the letters of the Byzantine charter

Based on the almost complete coincidence of K. in alphabetical composition, location, sound meaning and names of letters with the Glagolitic (K. differed from it only in a clearer form of letters close to the Byzantine charter and partly in their numerical value), it is assumed that one of the glories. the alphabet arose on the basis of another. About the origin of K., about which of the two glory. the alphabet was created by Cyril and is more ancient, there are a number of hypotheses. Most scientists (G. Dobner, P. I. Shafarik, N. S. Tikhonravov, V. I. Grigorovich, I. V. Yagich, V. N. Shchepkin, A. M. Selishchev, L. A. Yakubinsky, E Georgiev and others), referring to the great archaism of the Glagolitic language. monuments and on the Novgorod manuscript of the 11th century, in which Glagolitic. the letter is called K., he believes that Cyril developed the Glagolitic alphabet, and K. was created by the beginning of the 10th century. in Bulgaria in order to bring glory closer. letters to Byzantine. A number of researchers (I. Dobrovsky, I. I. Sreznevsky, A. I. Sobolevsky, E. F. Karsky, V. A. Istrin, and others) attribute to Cyril the development of K., and consider the Glagolitic alphabet created in Moravia at the end of the 9th century ., when too similar to Byzantium. letter K. was there persecuted by the Roman clergy, who competed with Byzantium. As evidence, they refer to the "Tale" of the Brave, in which the characterization of Cyril's alphabet is more suitable for K. than for the Glagolitic. The issue is complicated by the fact that until the 11th-12th centuries. K. and Glagolitic were used by the Slavs in parallel, only later K., as more convenient, replaced the Glagolitic. Lit .: Vilinsky S. G., The Tale of the Chernorizet the Brave about Slavic writings, O., 1901; Yastrebov N. V., Collection of sources for the history of life and work of Cyril and Methodius, St. Petersburg, 1911; Karsky E. P., Slavic Kirillov paleography, L., 1928; Lavrov P. A., Materials on the history of the emergence of ancient Slavic writing, L., 1930; Ilyinsky G. A., Experience of systematic Cyril and Methodius bibliography, S., 1934; Georgiev E., Slavic writing before Cyril and Methodius, S., 1952; Cherepnin L. V., Russian paleography, M., 1956; Istrin V. A., 1100 years of the Slavic alphabet, M., 1963; Hilyada and a hundred years of Slavonic writing. 863-1963, S., 1963. V. A. Istrin. Moscow.

Cyrillic is a concept that has several definitions, mainly related to writing Slavic people. Let's take a closer look at each of the meanings of the term Cyrillic.

What does the term "Cyrillic" mean?

First of all, Cyrillic is the writing system of all Slavic languages - Russian, Serbian, Croatian, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, etc. However, the union of all national Cyrillic alphabets is not entirely correct, we should talk about the varieties of Cyrillic in relation to each Slavic language.

What is Cyrillic as a writing system has been known since ancient times. The founders of Cyrillic writing (about 863 AD) are rightfully considered Christian preachers from Greek city Thessaloniki - brothers Cyril and Methodius.

Cyrillic is also considered the Old Church Slavonic alphabet. Along with the Glagolitic, Cyrillic is one of the ancient alphabets of the Old Church Slavonic language. The traditional Cyrillic alphabet consists of 43 elements, of which 24 are entirely the Greek alphabet, and the remaining 19 are native Slavic. Before early XVIII century, namely, before the reform of Peter I, the entire Cyrillic text was written capital letters, there were no lowercase. Cyrillic letters are also used to write Greek numbers.

Cyrillic is also called the traditional statutory or semi-statutory script in which church books are printed.

Files stored on a computer have a specific encoding. One of which is the so-called "Cyrillic". There are various programs that help translate the file encoding format from one to another. You can read more about the Cyrillic alphabet in the password in the article.

). The name goes back to the name of Cyril (before becoming a monk - Constantine), an outstanding educator and preacher of Christianity among the Slavs. The question of the time of the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet and its chronological relationship with the Glagolitic alphabet cannot be considered finally resolved. Some researchers suggest that the Cyrillic alphabet was created by Cyril and his brother Methodius (“the first Slavic teachers”) in the 9th century, earlier than the Glagolitic alphabet. However, most experts believe that the Cyrillic alphabet is younger than the Glagolitic and that the first Slavic alphabet, which was created by Cyril and Methodius in 863 (or 855), was the Glagolitic. The creation of the Cyrillic alphabet dates back to the era of the Bulgarian king Simeon (893-927), probably it was compiled by the students and followers of Cyril and Methodius (Clement of Ohrid?) on the basis of the Greek (Byzantine) solemn uncial writing. The letter composition of the ancient Cyrillic alphabet generally corresponded to the ancient Bulgarian speech.

To convey the ancient Bulgarian sounds, the uncial writing was supplemented with a number of letters (for example, zh, sh, ъ, ь, Ѫ, Ѧ, etc.). The graphic appearance of Slavic letters is stylized according to the Byzantine model. The Cyrillic alphabet included "extra" uncial letters (doublet: i - i, o - ѡ, letters found only in borrowed words: f, ѳ, etc.). In Cyrillic, according to the rules of uncial writing, superscripts were used: aspirations, stress, abbreviations of words with titles and extended letters. Aspiration signs (from the 11th to the 18th centuries) changed functionally and graphically. Cyrillic letters were used in a numerical value (see table), in this case, a title sign was placed above the letter, and two or one dots were placed on its sides.

Written monuments from the era of the creation of the Cyrillic alphabet have not been preserved. The composition of the letters of the original Cyrillic alphabet is also not entirely clear; perhaps some of them appeared later (for example, the letters of iotized vowels). Cyrillic was used among the southern, eastern and, obviously, for some time Western Slavs, in Russia was introduced in the 10-11 centuries. in connection with Christianization. The Cyrillic alphabet among the Eastern and Southern Slavs has a long tradition, which is attested by numerous written monuments. The oldest of them date back to the 10th-11th centuries. Accurately dated are ancient Bulgarian inscriptions on stone slabs of the 10th century: Dobrudzhanskaya (943) and Tsar Samuil (993). Handwritten books or their fragments, written on parchment, have been preserved since the 11th century. The time and place of creation of the oldest of them is determined by paleographic and linguistic signs. 11th c. or possibly the end of the 10th century. "Savin's book" (a collection of gospel readings - aprakos) dates back to the 11th century. include the Suprasl Manuscript, the Eninsky Apostle, and others. The earliest dated and localized East Slavic manuscript is the Ostromir Gospel (aprakos, 1056-57). East Slavic manuscripts have been preserved in greater numbers than South Slavic ones. The oldest business documents on parchment date back to the 12th century, an ancient Russian charter of Prince Mstislav (c. 1130), a charter of the Bosnian ban Kulin (1189). Serbian handwritten books have been preserved since the end of the 12th century: Miroslav's Gospel (aprakos, 1180-90), Vukanov's Gospel (aprakos, c. 1200). Dated Bulgarian manuscripts date back to the 13th century: the Bologna Psalter (1230-42), the Tarnovo Gospel (Tetr, 1273).

Cyrillic 11th-14th centuries characterized special type letters - charter with geometric shapes in the lettering. From the end of the 13th century among the southern Slavs and from the middle of the 14th century. among the Eastern Slavs, the Cyrillic letters lose their strict geometric appearance, variants of the outline of one letter appear, the number of abbreviated words increases, this type of writing is called semi-ustav. From the end of the 14th century the charter and semi-charter are replaced by cursive writing.

In the writing of the Eastern and Southern Slavs, the shape of the Cyrillic letters changed, the composition of the letters and their sound meaning changed. Changes were caused by linguistic processes in the living Slavic languages. So, in the ancient Russian manuscripts of the 12th century. the letters of ioted yus and big yusa are going out of use, in place of which they write “Ꙗ”, Ѧ or “yu”, “ou” respectively; the letter yusa small gradually acquires the meaning ['a] with the preceding softness or combinations ja. Manuscripts of the 13th century it is possible to skip the letters ъ, ь, the mutual exchange of the letters ъ - o and ь - e is reflected. In some manuscripts, starting from the 12th century, the letter Ѣ is written in place of the letter “e” (southwestern, or Galician-Volyn sources), in a number of ancient Russian manuscripts there is a mutual exchange of letters ts - h (Novgorod manuscripts from the 11th century), exchanges s - sh, z - zh (Pskov). In the 14-15 centuries. Manuscripts appear (Middle Russian), where the exchange of letters ѣ - e and ѣ - etc. is possible.

In Bulgarian manuscripts from the 12th-13th centuries. the mutual exchange of yuses, large and small, is common, iotized yuses are becoming obsolete; it is possible to change letters Ѣ - Ꙗ, ъ - ь. Single-Er sources appear: either “b” or “b” is used. Mutual exchange of letters "b" and yus is possible. The letter Ѫ existed in the Bulgarian alphabet until 1945. The letters of iotated vowels in the position after the vowels (moa, dobraa) are gradually falling out of use, the letters y - and are often mixed.

Serbian manuscripts in early stage there is a loss of letters of nasal vowels, the letter "b" goes out of use, and the letter "b" is often doubled. From the 14th century it is possible to change the letters b - b with the letter "a". In the 14th-17th centuries. Cyrillic and Slavic spelling were used by the population of modern Romania. On the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, the modern Bulgarian and Serbian alphabets, the Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian alphabets have historically developed, and through the Russian alphabet, the alphabets of other peoples of the USSR.

Cyrillic alphabet of the era of the oldest Slavic manuscripts (late 10th - 11th centuries)

inscription letters	letter name	Sound meaning letters	Digital meaning	inscription letters	letter name	Sound meaning letters	Digital meaning
	az	[a]	1		dick	[X]	600
	bows	[b]			ot (omega)*	[about]	800
	see	[in]	2		qi	[q']	900
	verbs	[G]	3		worm or worm	[h']	90
	good	[e]	4		sha	[w']
	eat or eat**	[e]	5		staff**	[sh’͡t’], [sh’h’]
	live	[w']			staff**	[sh’͡t’], [sh’h’]
	S - green *	[d’͡z’]	S=6		er	[b]
	earthꙗ	[h]	7		years	[s]
	izhei**	[and]	8		er	[b]
	below*	[and]	10		ꙗт	[æ], [ê]
	kako	[to]	20			['y],
	people	[l]	30		and iotated*	['a],
	think	[m]	40		e iotated*	['e],
	ours**	[n]	50		yus small*	originally [ę]	900
	he	[about]	70		yus small iotated*	originally [ę],
	chambers	[P]	80		jus big*	originally [ǫ]
	rci	[R]	100		yus big iotated*	originally [’ǫ],
	word	[with]	200		xi*	[ks]	60
	hard and hard	[t]	300		psi*	[ps]	700
	ouk**	[y]	400		Vita*	[f]	9
	firt or frt	[f]	500		izhitsa*	[and], [in]	400

Lavrov P. A., Palaeographic review of Cyrillic writing, P., 1914;
Lowcott Ch., Development of writing, trans. from Czech, M., 1950;
Istrin V. A., 1100 years of the Slavic alphabet, M., 1963 (lit.);
Shchepkin V. N., Russian paleography, 2nd ed., M., 1967;
Karsky E. F., Slavic Kirillov paleography, 2nd ed., M., 1979;
The legend of the beginning of Slavic writing. [Commented edition of the text of ancient sources. Introductory article, translation and comments by B. N. Flori], M., 1981;
Bernstein S. B., Konstantin the Philosopher and Methodius, M., 1984;
English Petar, History of Serbian Cyrillic, Beograd, 1971;
Bogdan Damian P., Paleografia româno-slavă, Buc., 1978.

Cyrillic letters concept. Modern Cyrillic alphabets of the Slavic languages

Cyrillic alphabet. Alphabet matrix of the alphabet of the Slavic alphabet. Reading version.

What is Cyrillic

Cyrillic alphabet (Cyrillic)

History of creation and development

Cyrillic alphabet

Russian Cyrillic. Civic font

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of the Slavic languages

Modern Cyrillic alphabets of non-Slavic languages

Old (pre-reform) civil Cyrillic alphabets

Distribution in the world

Official alphabet

Used informally

Cyrillic encodings

Cyrillic in Unicode

see also

Notes

Links

Code table

Cyrillic alphabet. What was the name of all the letters of the alphabet in Cyrillic?

What is Cyrillic?

CYRILLIC

CYRILLIC

Cyrillic

CYRILLIC

What does the term "Cyrillic" mean?