Lesson Plan #3

Discipline: "Russian language and culture of speech"

Topic of the lesson: Topic 1.1. Phonetic units of the language (phonemes). Features of Russian stress. Phonetic means speech expressiveness.

Class type : lesson

Objectives of the lesson.

4.1. Educational: the formation of knowledge about phonetic units, features of Russian stress and means of speech expressiveness

4.2. Educational: promote education business qualities students.

4.3. Developing: development cognitive interest to the Russian language and culture of speech, cognitive abilities- speech, memory and attention, development of skills for mastering educational material using tutorials

Interdisciplinary connections.

5.1 Providing all disciplines

5.2.Provided: Russian language

Methodological support lessons.

6.1. Visual aids

6.2. Handout:

6.3. Technical means

6.4. Used Books:

Uch. 1. – Vvedenskaya L.A., Cherkasova M.N. Russian language and culture of speech: tutorial/ Vvedenskaya L.A., Cherkasova M.N. - Ed. 15th, sr. - Rostov n / a: Phoenix, 2014. - 380, p. - (Secondary vocational education).

Uch. 2. – Kuznetsova, N.V. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: a textbook for students of secondary institutions vocational education. - 3rd ed. / N.V. Kuznetsova. - M. : FORUM - INFRA-M, 2009. - 368 p. - (Professional education).

Uch. 3. – Samsonov, N.B. Russian language and culture of speech [Text]: textbook for students educational institutions secondary vocational education / N.B. Samsonov. - M.: Oniks, 2010. - 304 p.

8. Course of the lesson

8.1 Structure of the lesson

Time

Elements

lessons

Used-

NP, TSO

8.2. Lesson content.

item number

Lesson elements

Organization of students for class.

Motivation cognitive activity students:

Reporting the topic of the lesson;

Defining the goals and objectives of the lesson;

brief information about the sequence of students' work in class, etc.

Examination homework, establishing the level of knowledge, skills and abilities of students. Forms and methods of control. Frontal poll for following questions:

What do you understand by the concept of "culture of speech"?

What are the aspects of the "culture of speech".

What are the basic requirements for speech?

What does the culture of speech study?

What are the criteria for a good speech? Provide examples of your own to illustrate each criterion.

Explain why it is important to be able to speak correctly and appropriately.

How can you develop good speaking skills?

A lesson in learning new material. Forms and methods of teaching: verbal, explanatory-illustrative (conversation, analysis), partial-search method (choice of examples, quotes by students, transfer of features of objects to a new one - the principle of comparison, analogy), reproductive and problem methods learning; interactive lecture, students' reports, independent work of students with cards and a table, analytical conversation. Methodological techniques Key words: conversation, analysis, work in groups, student reports.

Explanation of new material. Interactive lecture teacher using information technologies(presentation), during which students complete the task: make a summary (fill in the table).

Organizing time. introduction teacher.

Lesson plan:

Question 2. Russian stress and its main features.

Question 1. Phonetic units of the language (phonemes).

Vowels and consonants

Phonetics is the study of the sound side of a language. This is a science that studies sounds and their regular alternations, features of stress, intonation, division of the sound stream into syllables and larger segments.

Phonetics deals with material side language, with sound means devoid of independent value, for example, the union a is a word that has an opposite meaning, but [a] does not have this meaning.

A phoneme is the shortest linearly distinguishable linguistic unit, represented by the whole range of alternating sounds, serving to distinguish and identify words and morphemes.

Phonetics (rp. phonetike) studies the sounds of speech, and graphics (gr. graphikos - drawn) studies their representation in writing, i.e. letters.

Distinguish between the terms "sound" and "letter", we pronounce and hear sounds, and we write letters.

Speech sounds are divided into two groups: vowels and consonants.

Vowels are sounds that are formed in the organs of speech under the pressure of exhaled air, which does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity. Therefore, only the voice is involved in the formation of vowel sounds.

Consonants are sounds that consist either of one noise formed by various barriers in the oral cavity on the path of air exhaled from the lungs, or of noise and voice. In the first case, deaf consonants are formed, in the second - voiced. The sonorous consonants l, m, n, r are also distinguished, in the formation of which the voice prevails over the noise, they are, as it were, louder than voiced ones.

Most voiceless and voiced consonants form pairs, however, some consonants are only voiceless, others are only voiced. In the table below, the ["] sign above the consonant on the right indicates the softness of its pronunciation; latin letter[j] denotes a medial voiced consonant, a dash above the consonant indicates a long sound, for example [w "].

Sounds Paired Unpaired

Voiced bb "c c" d "d d" f f "z z" l l "m m" n n "r p" j

Deaf n p "f f" k k "t t" w w "s s" x c h "

There are also hard consonants and soft consonants. Most hard and soft consonants form pairs, however, some consonants are only hard, others are only soft, as shown in the table below.

Sounds Paired Unpaired

Solid

Soft b "v" z "l" m "n" n "r" s "t" f "g" k "x" w "w" h

When characterizing speech sounds, these features should be indicated. This should be borne in mind when phonetic analysis words. In this case, the given word should be written in transcription. For example, let's do a phonetic analysis of the word "graphics" - [graphic].

Let's characterize the sounds in this word. Let's name the vowels first. The vowel a is stressed, the vowel i is unstressed, the vowel a is [b] unstressed (sounds are indicated by the corresponding letters). Consonants: g - noisy, sonorous, paired, solid; p - sonorous, solid; f - noisy; deaf, double, soft; k - noisy, deaf, steamy, hard. The consonants in this word are also indicated by the corresponding letters. The word has seven sounds and seven letters.

At phonetic analysis words need to take into account the peculiarities of Russian graphics system, since the same letter can stand for different sounds. For example, the letter v - sounds differently in the words sound and call in the second word, it means a deaf consonant [f].

Should be considered double meaning letters e, e, u, i. At the beginning of a word, after vowels, after separating hard and soft signs, they denote two sounds: d + e, d + o, d + y, d + a (pit, yula, mine, family, congress). After consonants, these letters denote one sound (e, o, u, a) and the softness of the preceding consonant (crumpled, chalk, sang, love).

The letters b, c, d, d, z, k, l, m, n, p, p, s, t, f, x denote both hard and soft consonants. The softness of consonants (except for hissing) in the letter is indicated by the letters e, e, u, i, and, b, and the hardness is indicated by the letters e, o, y, a, s, for example: measure - mayor, pen - peer, mashed potatoes - blizzard.

Syllable

A syllable is one vowel sound or a combination of a consonant with a vowel, which are pronounced with one push of exhaled air. A syllable ending in a vowel is called an open syllable, for example: go-lo-va, stra-to-sphere. A syllable ending in a consonant sound is called closed, for example: koi-ka, mountain-dy, pal-ka.

Word hyphenation rules:

1. Words are transferred by syllables, for example: hundred-ro-on, without-water-ny.

2. When transferring, you can neither leave at the end of the line, nor transfer to another line a part of the word that does not make up a syllable.

That's right: skip, move.

Incorrect: skip-sk, sd-vinut.

3. You can not separate the consonant from the vowel following it.

That's right: hero, bu-stya, va-tyak.

Wrong: ger-oh, empty-yak.

4. If there is a letter y after the prefix, then you cannot transfer the part of the word that begins with it.

That's right: to play, to play, to find, to find.

Wrong: un-play, sub-search.

1. You can not tear off the letters ъ and ь from the previous consonant.

That's right: junction, less.

Wrong: one-way, less.

2. You can not tear off the letter y from the previous vowel.

That's right: district-he, build-ka, flock-ka.

Incorrect: ra-yon, construction, hundred.

7. You can not leave one letter at the end of a line or transfer one letter to another line.

That's right: ana-to-miya.

Incorrect: a-anatomy, anatomy-z.

Therefore, some words cannot be transferred, for example: Asia, shoes, beehive, anchor.

With a confluence of consonants, transfer options are possible, for example: se-stra, ses-tra, sister-ra.

Such transfers are preferred in which significant parts of the word (morphemes) are not broken, for example: beat (and not beat), call (and not call), throw (and not throw).

Sound laws in Russian

The sound law in the field of vowels consists in their reduction and - weakening of vowels in an unstressed position. So, in the word head in the first pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letter o, the sound [a] is pronounced ( square brackets indicate a sound, not a letter), and in the second pre-stressed syllable, in place of the letter o, it is pronounced short sound, middle between [s] and [a]: it is conventionally denoted by the sign [b]. It turns out such a phonetic transmission [chapter].

After soft consonants in place of the letters e and i in the first pre-stressed syllable, a sound close to [and] is pronounced, for example: spring [in "isna], spot [n" itno]; in the rest of the pre-stressed syllables and in the stressed syllables, a sound is pronounced that resembles a very short [and], which is conventionally denoted by the sign [b], for example: giant [v "ylikan], piglet [n" ptachok].

Sound laws in the field of consonant sounds are manifested primarily in the deafening of voiced consonants and in the voicing of deaf ones. Only before vowels ( strong position) consonants do not change their sound: day [d "en"], tone [tone]. In weak positions (the position at the absolute end of a word, the position of a voiced noisy consonant before a deaf noisy consonant and a voiceless noisy before a voiced noisy) positional exchanges are observed.

1. At the absolute end of the word, voiced consonants change to deaf ones: mushroom - gri [p], cottage cheese - cottage cheese [k], lunch - both (t), garage - gara [w], order - zaka [s].

2. Voiced consonants in front of the deaf change to deaf: boat - lo [tk] a, spoon - lo [shk] a, sheep - o [fc] a, fairy tale - ska [sk] a, teeth - zu [pk] and, exhibition - exhibition [fk] a. Thus, consonants paired in deafness-voicedness sound the same in a weak position.

Positional changes consonants are also associated with the softening of hard consonants before soft ones. Sounds [h], [s], [t], [n] before some soft consonants and before [h "], [w"] soften in the roots of words: [h "] here, [s"] tep, ne [ n] -this, bird [n "] chik, ba [n"] schik; at the junction of the prefix and the root: without [z "] children, in [z"] to put, and [z "] division, ra [s"] cut.

Sometimes, before soft consonants, some consonants can be softened both in the roots of words and at the junction of the prefix and the root: [d]ve, and [z]myat.

The sound system of the Russian language is characterized by the simplification of consonant combinations and the reduction of groups of identical consonants. In combinations of letters zdn, stn, ntsk, stsk, stl, rdts, ndsh, d, t are not pronounced: according to [zn] o, not [sn] y, giga [nsk] y, slav [ssk] y, lucky [sl] ivey, se [rc] e, la [nsh] aft. The consonant is not pronounced in in combination vstv: chu [st] o, hello [st] uy - and l in combination lnts: so [nts] e.

When three identical consonants collide, they are reduced to two: ras + quarrel - ra [ss] yell, Odessa + sky - Ode [ss] cue.

Operating in modern language sound laws sometimes lead to the complete assimilation of some consonants to the consonants that follow them. Knowledge of the sound laws of the Russian language is necessary in order to master the norms literary pronunciation, which is given special importance in assessing the culture of speech.

Question 2. Russian stress and its main features

The science of literary pronunciation and stress is called o r f o e p and e y (gr. orthos - direct, correct and eros - speech). The most important feature of this science is its soft, compliant character: it not only indicates the rules of literary pronunciation, but also sets the permissible limits for their violation (depending on the conditions of communication). For the speech of speakers, speakers speaking to a large audience, there are some rules, for a friendly conversation - others.

stress

Features of Russian stress

A word can consist of one or more syllables, one syllable in a word is stressed, the rest are unstressed.

There are verbal and phrasal (logical) stress (belongs to intonation, being part of it).

Word stress is the selection of one of the syllables of a non-single word. With the help of stress, part of the sound chain is combined into a single whole - a phonetic word.

Russian verbal stress is free, that is, not assigned to a syllable determined by location: children, sit, carnation, general, etc.

Russian stress is diverse: in various forms words or in words of the same root, it can be on different syllables, different morphemes: fur - fur - fur.

At the same time, in many cases, the stress in the forms of the word does not change its place (single place): bed, bed - beds.

All significant words are stressed. Service words (prepositions, conjunctions, particles) usually do not have stress. In the flow of speech, service words merge with the significant words to which they refer, forming a phonetic word with it: at the station, by the road. Unstressed adjoining functional words are called proclitics if they are in front of the stressed word (at the station) and enclitics if they are behind it (is it far).

Usually the words of the Russian language have one stress. However, a large number of two and three-syllable words, quite long, have 2 or 3 stresses. The last of them is basic and full-fledged, the rest are additional (collateral stress): railway, mechanical engineering, aerial photography.

If the speech tact consists of several phonetic words, then one of the words carries a stronger stress. This selection of one of the words speech tact is called a beat accent. One of the measures of the phrase also stands out more strong accent which is called phrasal stress. Typically, the time stress is on last word speech measure, and phrasal stress highlights the last measure of the phrase. For example: Elizaveta Ivanovna / was sitting in her room, still in her ball gown, / immersed in deep thoughts.

The function of bar and phrasal stress is to phonetically combine several words into a speech beat and several beats into a phrase.

Highlighting in a speech tact with a stronger stress of a word to emphasize it special significance called logical (phrasal) stress. Any word in a speech can carry a logical stress.

Stress is the selection of one of the syllables in a word by amplifying the voice. Depending on which element is highlighted, a distinction is made between logical and verbal stress.

logical stress- this is the selection of a word or group of words that are important in terms of meaning in a given phrase.

Word stress is the emphasis of a syllable in a word.

Stress in Russian is characterized by the following main features:

1. stressed syllable pronounced with more force; stress is characterized by a greater volume of the stressed syllable.

2. The stressed syllable is distinguished by a longer duration.

3. A stressed syllable, unlike an unstressed one, is characterized by a significant tension of the pronunciation apparatus, as well as an increase in exhalation.

In Russian, the stress is different, i.e. can stand on any syllable (first, second, third, etc.), for example: room, road, threshing. Russian stress is mobile: it can move from one syllable to another when the form of the word changes, for example: head - head (Vin. pad.), City - cities (plural).

In compound words, in addition to the main one, there may also be a secondary, or side, stress, for example: radio transmission, car building.

Emphasis can play a semantic role, for example: perfume (perfume) - perfume (plural from the word "spirit").

Insofar as Russian accent different and mobile, and because of this, its setting cannot be regulated by the same rules for all words, the placement of stress in words and word forms is also regulated by the rules of orthoepy. " Pronouncing dictionary Russian language, ed. R. I. Avanesova describes the pronunciation and stress of more than 60 thousand words, moreover, due to the mobility of Russian stress in dictionary entry often all forms of the word are included. So, for example, the word call in the forms of the present tense has an accent on the ending: call, call. Some words have variable accents in all their forms, such as cottage cheese and cottage cheese. Other words may have variant stresses in some of their forms, for example: weaving and weaving, scythe and scythe.

Differences in pronunciation can be caused by a change in the orthoepic norm. So, in linguistics it is customary to distinguish between "older" and "younger" orthoepic norm: the new pronunciation gradually replaces the old one, but at some stage they coexist, though mainly in speech different people. It is with the coexistence of the "senior" and "junior" norms that the variability of the positional softening of consonants is associated.

The variability of pronunciation can be associated not only with the dynamic process of changing pronunciation norms, but also with socially significant factors. Thus, pronunciation can distinguish between literary and professional use words (compass and compass), neutral style and colloquial speech(a thousand [thousand"ich"a] and [thousand"a]), neutral and high style (poet [paet] and [poet]).

Stress is the pronunciation of one of the syllables in a word (or rather, a vowel in it) with greater force and duration. Other features Russian stress - its heterogeneity and mobility.

The diversity of Russian stress lies in the fact that it can fall on any syllable in a word, as opposed to languages ​​with a fixed place of stress (for example, French or Polish): tree, road, milk.

The mobility of stress lies in the fact that in the forms of one word, the stress can move from the stem to the ending: legs - legs.

In compound words (that is, words with several roots) there may be several stresses: instrument and aircraft construction, however, many Difficult words Dont Have secondary stress: steamboat [parahot].

Stress in Russian can perform following features:

1) organizing - a group of syllables with a single stress makes up a phonetic word, the boundaries of which do not always coincide with the boundaries of a lexical word and can unite independent words together with service ones: into the fields [fpal "aʹ], he [onta];

2) semantic - stress can distinguish

a) different words, which is connected with the diversity of Russian stress: flour - flour, castle - castle,

b) the form of one word, which is associated with the diversity and mobility of Russian stress: earth - earth.

Question 3. Phonetic means of speech expressiveness.

The use of various methods of sound organization of speech to enhance its expressiveness is called sound recording. It consists in a special selection of words that, by their sound, contribute to the figurative transmission of thought. Sound recording is possible only in artistic speech and above all in poetry.

In order for the sound of speech to become noticeable, it is necessary to clearly distinguish words during reading and strengthen expressive consonances. This requires a special intonation, possible only in poetry and lyrical prose. Here the words are convex, weighty, they are pronounced slowly; emotional speech rich in breaks. And in poetry, thanks to rhythm, rhyme, words are voiced more than in a simple conversation.

Masters artistic word use a variety of amplification techniques phonetic expressiveness speech. The most important of them is sound instrumentation, which consists in the selection of words of close sounding. For example, in Pushkin: Peter is feasting. And proud and clear, / And his eyes are full of glory. // And his royal feast is beautiful ("Poltava"). The richness of sound repetitions of vowels [o, a] and consonants [n, p, t] reflects the breadth of the glorified victorious triumph; the roll call of sounds strengthens the first phrase - Peter feasts.

Depending on the quality of the repeated sounds, two types of sound instrumentation are distinguished: alliteration and assonance. Alliteration is the repetition of consonants: Snow is still whitening in the fields, // And the waters are already rustling in spring - // They run and wake up the sleepy shore, // They run and shine and say (Tyutch.). With the greatest certainty, our hearing captures the repetition of sounds that are at the beginning of a word and in a pre-stressed position. Is it possible not to notice the alliteration, for example, at the beginning of S. Yesenin's poem “With Good morning!? The golden stars dozed off, // The mirror of the backwater trembled... We notice the sound similarity not only nearby standing words, but also separated by other words of the text. For example, the repetition of [p] and [s-s] in S. Yesenin's quatrain:

Goy you, Russia, my dear,

Huts - in the robes of the image ...

See no end and edge -

Only blue sucks eyes.

Poetic speech can be instrumented by the repetition of several sounds at once. And the more they are involved in such a roll call, the more clearly their repetition is heard, the more aesthetic pleasure the sound of the text brings us. Such is the sound instrumentation of Pushkin's wonderful lines: Look: under a distant vault // The free moon is walking; Cherished, in eastern bliss, // On the northern, sad snow // You left no traces [about legs]; She liked novels early on; Whose benevolent hand will pat the old man's laurels!

Another type of instrumentation is assonance - the repetition of vowels: It's time, it's time! Horns blow... (A. Pushkin) Assonance is usually based on only percussion sounds, since in the unstressed position the vowels change significantly. And we must also take into account that the sound [a] can be denoted by the letter o in an unstressed position, the sound [o] - the letter ё. So, in an excerpt from Pushkin's Poltava, assonances to [a] and to [o] are created only by the vowels we have highlighted:

Quiet Ukrainian night.

The sky is transparent. The stars are shining.

Overcome your slumber

Doesn't want air...

Shorter and reduced sounds, conveyed by the same letters - o and a, are not relevant for sound writing, they are hardly noticeable. But if the vowels are not subject to changes in unstressed position, they participate in the creation of assonance. For example, Nekrasov with assonance on [y] conveys "music" railway: All is well under the moonlight, / Everywhere I recognize my dear Russia ... / I quickly fly along cast-iron rails. // I think my own thought...

Russian poets were fascinated not only by the "sweet-voiced" music of speech, but also by other sounds. Great artists did not refuse to use any harmonies for the purpose of sound recording, finding application for them in poetry. Remember the "unaesthetic" hissing in Nekrasov's poems: From the jubilant, idly chattering, // Enveloping their hands in blood... They are emotionally justified, like Lermontov's, when he wrote: Perhaps, behind the wall of the Caucasus // I'll hide from your pashas, // From their all-seeing eye, // From their all-hearing ears.

Consolidation of the studied material. Problematic, partially exploratory teaching methods.

1. What is the object of study of phonetics?

2. With what sections of the language is phonetics closely related? Give examples.

3. What principles underlie the division of sounds into vowels and consonants?

4.What phonetic laws in the field of consonant sounds do you know? Describe them.

5. Name the techniques for enhancing the phonetic expressiveness of speech.

6. Define the terms alliteration, assonance. Give examples.

7. What is the purpose of alliteration and assonance in poetic speech?

8. Point out the differences between anaphora and epiphora.

Exercises

1. Highlight the words that contain th:

Fragrant bird cherry

Bloomed with spring

And golden branches

What curls curled.

Honey dew all around

Slips down the bark

Spicy greens underneath

Shines in silver.

2. In what words do two letters represent one sound?

Alley, drive up, rainy, sharp, doubt, seamless, military, copper, incident, family, contained, take, cabman, skimmed.

3. Indicate in the text consonant sounds that do not have a pair of deafness-voicedness and hardness-softness.

And finally I'll be happy

Quietly leave this world

And in my gratitude

I will forget your slap.

(P.)

4. Identify strengths and weak positions vowels.

Jam, urban, kindness, ground, close, try on, reconcile.

5. Read an excerpt from A.E. Fersman's lecture "Stone in the culture of the future." Find repetitions in the text and explain why the author uses them.

Is it yourself gems are not the emblem of firmness, constancy and eternity? Is there anything harder than diamond that can match the strength and indestructibility of this form of carbon?

Aren't corundum in its many variations, topaz and garnet, the main grinding materials, and only new artificial products of human genius can be compared with them? Are not quartz, zircon, diamond and corundum one of the most stable chemical groupings of nature, and are not the fire resistance and immutability of many of them under high temperatures do not far exceed the fire resistance of the vast majority of other bodies?

6. A. Blok

May is cruel with white nights!

Eternal knock on the gate: come out!

Blue haze behind

Uncertainty, doom ahead!

Pay attention to the repetition of sounds at the beginning and at the end of words. This technique is called a mixture of anaphora and epiphora. - What is the purpose of the author using this technique in this poem?

7. Read an excerpt from F. Tyutchev's poem. Name the repeated identical or similar consonants.

Snow is still whitening in the fields,

And the waters are already rustling in the spring -

They run and wake up the sleepy shore,

They run and shine and say...

What is the name of such an approach? Find examples of this technique in other poems of the poet.

Homework:

Task for independent work:

Lecturer: Matveeva M.V.

The main units of the sound structure of the language are: sound, syllable, phonetic word, speech tact, phrase, stress, intonation.

Sound is the smallest unit sounding speech, the limit of acoustic articulation of speech. Sounds are produced by working articulation apparatus person and are perceived by them by ear. Each language is characterized by a specific phonetic system, despite the fact that speech apparatus a native speaker of any language is able to produce any sound and what is the basis of the sound system existing languages are the same sounds.

Syllable formed by a combination of several sounds. Syllabic is a sound that appears as more sonorous than others in the syllable. Syllabic are vowels as sounds of the greatest sonority, non-syllabic - consonants as sounds of lesser sonority, which are organized in a syllable around vowels. A syllable is open if it ends in a vowel and closed if it ends in a consonant. Syllable is a part phonetic word, pronounced with one expiratory push of air and characterized by an increase in sonority.

phonetic word is a set of syllables united by one stress.

Not all syllables in a word are pronounced the same. The separation of a syllable in a word is called accent. The stress in a word is called verbal. The stress in the word different languages characterized on the following grounds: power(strength or intensity of articulation), quantitative(time or longitude of pronunciation), musical(movement of tone, its rise or fall). The emphasis of a syllable is determined by a combination of these characteristics. Stress in different languages ​​can be fixed(fall only on a certain syllable in a word: French and Latin languages ​​- on the last syllable) or unfixed(English, Russian), as well as mobile(Russian language - tooth - tooth, forest - forests) or motionless(French, Latin, English and other languages). In Russian, there is no stress: prepositions(on, under, etc.) official words(inter., particles, unions, etc.) and some. etc. Therefore, the concept stress word associated with concepts "proclitics" and "enclitics". Proclitic- an unstressed word adjacent to the beginning of the subsequent fully significant word bearing stress: in the table [f-became ' uh], on the ground [n-z'iml' uh]. Enclitica is an unstressed word adjacent to the end of the previous full-value word: lie on your back [l’ech ‘ná-sp’inu].

speech beat- this is a set of phonetic words, limited by pauses and characterized by an intonation of incompleteness. Pauses between speech measures are shorter than between phrases.

Phrase- the largest phonetic unit of sounding speech. Phrase- this is a set of speech measures, this is a statement that is complete in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other, similar units by a pause. The phrase does not always match the sentence. The phrase is analyzed with the so-called. its intonation, the number and place of pauses in the middle of this phrase, the number of speech measures, etc. The arbitrariness of dividing a phrase into speech beats leads to a distortion of the transmitted thought or its complete destruction. Pauses between phrases are longer than between speech measures.

Each phrase is framed intonation. Intonation is a set of means of organizing sounding speech, reflecting its semantic and emotional-volitional sides. Intonation is manifested in melody - successive changes in pitch (increase / decrease), speech rhythm (strong / weak, long / short syllables), speech tempo (acceleration / slowdown in the flow of speech) intra-phrase pauses and the general timbre of the statement (“gloomy”, “ cheerful”, etc.). With the help of intonation, not only the design of the phrase occurs, but also the expression of the feelings and thoughts of people. Intonation also helps to divide the text into intonational-semantic segments - syntagmas. Timbre means of intonation are different qualities of the voice, determined mainly by the state vocal cords. The voice can be neutral, relaxed, tense, etc. The quantitative and dynamic characteristics of intonation include an increase or decrease in volume and a change in the tempo of pronouncing individual sections of a phrase.

Topic 2.1. Phonetics. phonetic units.

phonetic norms.

Plan.

1. What does phonetics study?

Main phonetic units.

phonetic norms.

Phonetics(from the Greek word - “sound”) - a section of the science of language in which the sounds of speech are studied.

All significant units of the language (morphemes, words, sentences) are expressed by sounds, dressed in a phonetic "suit". However, the sounds themselves eigenvalue Dont Have. But they play an important semantic role in the language: they create a sound shell of words and thereby help to distinguish words from each other.

Words differ in the number of sounds of which they are composed, the set of sounds, the sequence of their arrangement.

Speech sounds are created by air vibrations and the work of the speech apparatus (larynx with vocal cords, oral and nasal cavities, tongue, lips, teeth, palate).

The movements and positions of the speech organs necessary to pronounce a sound are called articulation(lat. “articulately pronounce”).

The sounds around us can be different. A violin plays, a trumpet sounds, a crystal glass rings: this musical sounds, which have arisen at a uniform harmonic oscillation. This sound is called tone.

The wind rustles dry leaves. The man coughs. The motor is running. These are completely different sounds - non-musical, noisy.

Speech sounds, like all other sounds, are composed of tone and noise.

Vowels are tonal, consonants are noisy.

The speech beat is divided into phonetic words. A phrase has as many phonetic words as it has accents. Since some words do not carry stress, there are often fewer phonetic words in a phrase than lexical ones.

The heat on the way was not the main obstacle.

(7 lexical words, 5 phonets.)

The next phonetic units are the syllable and the stress.

Words can be monosyllabic or polysyllabic. For example: flag, coat of arms, antenna.

Only vowel sounds can be stressed. Stress in Russian is free, which causes difficulties in writing and pronunciation.

These phonetic units can serve as the basis for Russian pronunciation.

Our sound language constantly changing. Some phonetic patterns are destroyed, they are replaced by new ones. Between pronunciation norms Differences appear between generations, in parallel there are pronunciation systems for “fathers” and “children” - the so-called “older” and “younger” norms.

For example:

Phonetic norms

PHONETIC-PHONOLOGICAL LEVEL.

LECTURE 6

PHONETICS - Greek Phone sound, phoneticos sound - a branch of the science of language, which studies the sound structure of the language. The content of the concept of "sound structure of the language" consists of sounds and such means of language as a phrase, intonation, speech tact, phonetic word and stress.

The largest phonetic unit of a language is a phrase. Phrase - this is a statement that is complete in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other similar units by a pause. The phrase does not always match the sentence. If a phrase matches a sentence, the phrase is considered from the point of view of phonetics: what is the intonation of this phrase, how many pauses are in the middle of this phrase, in what place are they.

Each phrase is framed by intonation. Intonation - a set of means of organizing sounding speech, reflecting its semantic and emotional-volitional sides. intonation appears in melodic - successive changes in pitch (increase-decrease), speech rhythm (strong, weak, long, short syllables), speech tempo (acceleration, slowdown in the course of speech), intra-phrase pauses and the general timbre of the statement (gloomy, cheerful). With the help of intonation, not only the design of the phrase occurs, but also the expression of the feelings and thoughts of people.

Intonation also helps to divide speech into syntagmas - intonation-semantic segments.

Intonation determines the rhythmic-melodic structure of speech, which serves as a means of expression in a sentence syntactic meanings and emotional coloring. The main intonational means are tonal means. Each speaker has their own average tone of speech. but in some places of the phrase there is an increase or decrease in tone. At the same time, intonation includes a change in the intensity of the sound, its tempo, a change in timbre, and also pauses. The sound side also includes the sounds of speech, their combination into syllables, the organization of syllables into speech beats, verbal and phrasal stresses and finally intonation.

Intonation conveys individual shades of the work of consciousness and participates in their formation . Timbre means of intonation - these are different qualities of the voice, determined mainly by the state of the vocal cords. In addition to a neutral voice, a relaxed voice is distinguished: “She is so kind, sweet”, a tense voice “she is so dexterous, energetic”, aspirated “she is so beautiful, divine”.

Intonation includes increasing or decreasing the volume of pronunciation of individual sections of the phrase: “What is her voice?”, Or “What is her voice!” pronounced differently because 1 - general question, and 2 - exclamatory sentence. Intonation differentiates sentences different types, reflects subjective attitude speaker to the statement, conveys different shades of his emotions.

Another concept of a sound system is speech beat - part of a phrase, limited by pauses and characterized by an intonation of incompleteness. Pauses between speech measures are shorter than between phrases. In terms of phonetics, the phrase is divided into speech bars, not words. The arbitrariness of dividing a phrase into speech beats leads to a distortion of the transmitted thought or its complete destruction. The speech tact, in turn, breaks down into smaller units - phonetic words. A phrase has as many phonetic words as it has accents. So, phonetic word - this is a part of a speech measure or phrase, if it is not divided into measures, united by one stress.

In turn, the phonetic word is divided into -syllables - part of a phonetic word, pronounced by one exhaled push of air and characterized by an increase in sonority. A syllable-forming or syllabic is a sound that acts as more sonorous than others. Syllabic are vowels as sounds of the greatest sonority, non-syllabic - consonants as sounds of lesser sonority, which are organized in a syllable around vowels.

The division of speech into syllables is one of the most difficult problems of phonetics, since the syllable is not a carrier of meaning, does not have its own semantics, but is only the result of articulations that give a certain acoustic effect. The ancient Greeks and Indians defined the syllable by the presence of a vowel - how many vowels in a word, so many syllables. Then from the end of the 19th century. expiratory (syllable - expiratory push of air) and sonorous theories of the syllable (syllable - a combination of a more sonorous, sonorous element + less sonorous + push of air) appeared. Then came the muscular theory - a piece of sound, pronounced by one impulse of muscular tension). And, finally, the articulatory-acoustic theory, where a syllable is the minimum spoken unit of speech, the elements of which are closely interconnected both acoustically and articulatory.

The syllable happens open, if it ends in a vowel, and closed if it ends in a consonant.

Not syllables in a word are pronounced the same. The separation of a syllable in a word is called stress or word stress. Syllable separation in different languages ​​is characterized as:

Power - the strength or intensity of articulation

Quantitative - achieved by the length of pronunciation

In most languages, syllable emphasis is determined by a combination of these phenomena. For example, in Russian.

Stress in different languages ​​can be fixed, falling on a certain syllable - French on the last syllable - or not fixed - English, Russian. Here it is movable - table-table, 'import, imp'ort /

The syllable is divided into smaller phonetic units - sounds. - this is the limit of the acoustic articulation of speech, its smallest unit. Sound, on the one hand, is the result of human articulatory activity, and, on the other hand, it is an acoustic entity perceived by ear.

Each language has a specific phonetic system, despite the fact that:

1. the speech apparatus of a native speaker of any language is able to pronounce any sound

2. existing languages ​​are based on the same sounds.

At the same time, the phonetic system of each language is original.

THE SUBJECT OF PHONETICS.

BASIC PHONETIC UNITS

PHONETICS- a branch of the science of language that studies the sound side of the language. Phonetics is a specific system included in common system language. This is the sublevel of the general language system, inextricably linked with the entire system, since the basic units of the language are words, morphemes, phrases, sentences that represent more high levels, - are signs. After all, in addition to the semantic side - denoted (values), they all have a material side accessible to the senses - denoting(sounds and their combinations). There is a conditional (not natural, not natural) connection between the signifier and the signifier. Yes, the word dream has a material expression - this is a combination of five sounds that serves to express the meaning "something created by the imagination, mentally represented." The subject of phonetics is the material (sound) side of the language.

The task of phonetics - the study of the methods of formation (articulation) and acoustic properties of sounds, their changes in the speech stream. You can study phonetics with different purposes and different methods. Depending on this, there are general phonetics, descriptive phonetics, comparative phonetics, historical phonetics, experimental phonetics.

General phonetics on material various languages considers the theoretical questions of the formation of speech sounds, the nature of stress, the structure of the syllable, the relationship of the sound system of the language to its grammatical system.

Descriptive phonetics explores the sound system specific language in synchronous plan, i.e. on the present stage language development.

Comparative phonetics explains phenomena in the field of sound structure, referring to the material of related languages.

Historical phonetics traces the formation of phonetic phenomena over a more or less long period of time, studies changes phonetic system that occurred at a certain stage of their development, i.e. studies phonetics in diachronic plan.

Experimental phonetics is a part general phonetics, studies the sound side of the language by instrumental methods.

Thus, phonetics of the modern Russian language- this is descriptive phonetics, since phonetic phenomena are considered at a certain stage in the development of the language, in this moment time.

All phonetic units of the language - phrases, measures, phonetic words, syllables, sounds - are interconnected by quantitative relationships.

Phrase – the largest phonetic unit, a statement that is complete in meaning, united by a special intonation and separated from other similar units by a pause. A phrase is not always the same as a sentence (a sentence can consist of several phrases, and a phrase can consist of several sentences). But even if the phrase coincides with the sentence, then the same phenomenon is still considered with different points vision. In phonetics, attention is paid to intonation, pauses, etc.

Intonation – a set of means of organizing sounding speech, reflecting its semantic and emotional-volitional aspects, which are manifested in successive changes in pitch, speech rhythm (ratio of strong and weak, long and short syllables), speech rate (acceleration and deceleration in the flow of speech), sound strength (intensity of speech), intra-phrase pauses, the general timbre of the utterance. With the help of intonation, speech is divided into syntagmas.

Syntagma – a combination of two or more phonetic words from a phrase. For example: See you tomorrow I in the evening. See you I tomorrow night. In these sentences, syntagmas are separated by a pause. It should be noted that the term "syntagma" is understood by scientists in different ways. Academician V.V. Vinogradov, in particular, delimits the syntagma from the speech tact as an intonation-shaped semantic-syntactic unit of speech, isolated from the composition of the sentence

speech beat – part of a phrase, united by one stress, limited by pauses and characterized by an intonation of incompleteness (with the exception of the last one). For example: In the hour of trial / bow to the fatherland / in Russian / at the feet. (D. Kedrin).

phonetic word - part of a speech measure (if the phrase is divided into measures) or a phrase united by one stress. A phonetic word can coincide with a word in the lexical and grammatical sense of this term. A phrase has as many phonetic words as there are stresses in it, i.e. most often significant words stand out in separate measures. Since some words do not carry stress, there are often fewer phonetic words than lexical ones. As a rule, service parts of speech are unstressed, but significant words can also be in an unstressed position: . Words that do not have an accent and are adjacent to other words are called clitics . Depending on what place they occupy in relation to the stressed word, proclitics and enclitics are distinguished. proclitics called unstressed words, standing in front of the shock, to which they adjoin:, enclitics - unstressed words after the stressed one to which they adjoin:,. Functional words usually act as proclitics and enclitics, however, a significant word can also turn out to be an enclitic when a preposition or particle takes on stress: on ´ water[according to].

Syllable - part of a measure or a phonetic word, consisting of one or more sounds, a combination of the least sonorous sound with the most sonorous, which is syllabic (see the section "Symbol division. Types of syllables").

Sound - the smallest unit of speech delivered in one articulation. We can also define sound as the smallest phonetic unit that is distinguished by the successive division of speech.