Phonetics. Orthoepy

We give examples of simple and difficult cases phonetic parsing of words. An explanation of the parsing is given for each example.

Let us show examples of phonetic parsing for iotized vowels. The definition of iotated vowels is given on the sounds page. There are many words in the Russian word with doubled consonants: cool, balloon, sum, bath and others. In sound- literal parsing special attention should be paid to the position of the doubled consonant, as a long sound can be formed. Let us show two cases with examples.

Example 1

Iotated vowel + ь

Word: spruce
Transcription: [y'el']

[e] - vowel, shock
l → [l ’] - consonant, voiced unpaired (sonor), soft paired
b - does not indicate a sound

In this example, the vowel e is at the beginning of the word, therefore it is ioted and forms two sounds [y ’] + [e]. The soft sign does not mean a sound, but softens the consonant l. As a result, 3 letters and 3 sounds.

Example 2

Iotated vowel + consonant alternation

Word: his
Transcription: [y'ivo]
e → [y ’] - consonant, voiced unpaired (sonor), soft unpaired
[and] - vowel, unstressed
g → [in] - consonant, voiced double, solid double
o → [o] - vowel, stressed

The vowel e is iotated and stands for two sounds. But unlike the first example, the letter is not stressed, so it means the sounds [th ’] + [and]. Note that the letter g in the word is pronounced as "v". Since there are no cases of "disappearance" of sounds in the word, therefore 3 letters and 4 sounds.

Example 3

Double consonant - long sound

Word: tennis
Transcription: [t'en is] or [t'en: is]
t → [t ’] - consonant, deaf double, soft double
e → [e] - vowel, stressed
n → [n:] - consonant, deaf double, hard double
n - does not form a sound
and → [and] - vowel, unstressed
c → [c] - consonant, deaf double, hard double

The double consonant n forms a long sound [n:], since the stress in the word goes before this consonant. Both designations of a long sound are allowed - 1) a line above the sound, 2) a colon on the right. A long sound is also called a long, trailing sound.

Example 4

Double consonant - normal sound

Word: hockey
Transcription: [hakei']
x → [x] - consonant, deaf unpaired, hard paired
o → [a] - vowel, unstressed
k → [k] - consonant, deaf double, hard double
k - does not form a sound
e → [e] - vowel, stressed
th → [th ’] - consonant, voiced unpaired (sonor), soft unpaired

Unlike the example with the word tennis, here the double consonant k does not form a long sound, since the stress in the word comes immediately after the consonant. Say both words aloud and feel that in the word hockey the letter k can be pronounced quickly, and in the word tennis the letter n can be pronounced with a slight delay.

On the site you can do phonetic parsing any Russian word online - enter the word in the search form and press the button.

Phonetics. Graphic arts

Phonetics studies the sound structure of a language.

Sound- this is the smallest unit of the language involved in creating the outer shell of words and helping to distinguish words from each other.

Letter is the material embodiment of the sound of speech.

The sounds of the Russian language are divided into vowels and consonants. A vowel sound consists only of a voice. A consonant sound consists of voice and noise, or only noise.

There are 6 vowels in Russian ([a], [o], [e], [y], [i], [s]) and 36 consonants ([b], [b "], [p], [n "], [c], [c "], [f], [f "], [g], [g "], [k], [k "], [d], [d "], [t ], [t "], [s], [s"], [s], [s"], [l], [l"], [m], [m"], [n], [n" ], [p], [p", [x], [x"], [g], [w], [c], [h "], [th"], [u"]).

Vowel sounds can be: 1) stressed and 2) unstressed.

Consonants can be: 1) voiced and deaf, 2) hard and soft. They can form pairs according to sonority-deafness and hardness of softness.

Voiced-deafness pairs: [b] - [p]; [b"] - [n"]; [v]-[f]; [in "] - [f"]; [g] - [k]; [g "] - [k"]; [d]-[t]; [d"]-[t"]; [h] - [s]; [h "] - [s"]; [w] - [w].

Unpaired consonants for voice-deafness: [th "], [l] - [l "], [m] - [m"], [n] - [n"], [r] - [r "], [x ] - [x "], [c], [h "], [u"].

Pairs by hardness-softness: [b] - [b "], [p] - [p "], [c] - [c"], [f] - [f "], [g] - [g"] , [k] - [k "], [d] - [d "], [t] - [t "], [h] - [h "], [s] - [s "], [l] - [l "], [m] - [m "], [n] - [n"], [p] - [p"], [x] - [x"].

Unpaired consonants in terms of hardness-softness: [g], [w], [c], [h "], [th"], [u"].

The softness of the previous consonants is influenced by the letters E, E, Yu, I, as well as b: ripple-[p "a p"], [c" and] sleep.

The letters E, Yo, Yu, I convey the sounds [e], [o], [y], [a], if used after a soft consonant.

These letters convey two sounds:

• at the beginning of the word: eat-[th "est];
• after b and b: blizzard - [in "th" uga];
• after the vowel sound: arrived - [pr "and y" echoed].

Accent norms

A vowel sound, or a vowel sound combined with a consonant, forms a syllable if pronounced with one push of exhaled air. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it: ka-re-ta (3 syllables), water-da (2 syllables), par (1 syllable).

One of the syllables of the Russian word is usually pronounced with more force. This phenomenon is called accent .

Features of staging and the function of stress in words are studied by a section of linguistics called accentology.

Stress in Russian is different, or free, that is, it can stand on any syllable of a word, for example: midnight, half-time, semi-circle. In addition, the stress can move when changing the forms of the word, i.e. is mobile, for example: waveA - waves, rare - rarest.

Stress in Russian can distinguish between forms of the same word (sisters - sisters) and different words(Atlas - atlas).

Orthoepic norms (pronunciation)

Features of the pronunciation of sounds studies orthoepy.

In the process of speech, vowels and consonants undergo certain changes. The main phonetic processes occurring in a word include: 1) reduction; 2) stunning; 3) voicing; 4) softening; 5) assimilation; 6) simplification.

Reduction- this is a weakening of the pronunciation of vowels in an unstressed position ([dOm], [lady]).

Stun - a process in which voiced consonants before deaf consonants and at the end of a word are pronounced as deaf: book - book [sh] ka, oak - du [n].

voicing- a process in which deaf consonants in a position before voiced ones are pronounced as voiced: do - [z] do, selection - o [d] boron.

Mitigation - a process in which hard consonants become soft under the influence of subsequent soft ones: depend[s"]t, ka[z"]n, le[s"]t.

Liken e - a process in which a combination of several heterogeneous consonants is pronounced as one long sound (for example, combinations of MF, ZCH, SHCH, ZDCH, SCH are pronounced as one long sound [u "], and combinations tsya, tsya are pronounced as one long sound [ts ].

Simplifying consonant clusters - a process in which in combinations of consonants stn, zdn, vst, dts, lnts and others, a sound falls out, although the letter denoting this sound is used in the letter: heart - [s "Ertz", sun -.

For accurate transmission sounding speech phonetic transcription is used - a special type of writing that contains both letters and special icons.

Exercise #1

Pronounce with the correct stress.

Agronomy, asymmetry, pampered, block, concave, engraved, corrugated, bewitched, blinds, flooded, industry, catalog, feed pipeline, medicines, bent, lived, beetroot, terminology, in-depth, cement, sorrel, electric pipeline, epigraph, holy fool.

Exercise #2

Choose the correct accent.

Aristocracy - aristocracy, contract - contract, rubber - rubber, Expert - expert, took - took, created - created, call - call, joiner - joiner, gate - gate, wholesale - Wholesale, cement - cement, hyphen - hyphen.

Exercise #3

Form all forms of the past tense of verbs and put stress in them.

Take, wait, weave, guard, forget, choose, call.

Exercise number 4

Which of the following words is stressed a) on the first, b) on the second, c) on the third syllable.

Autograph, alibi, argument, significance, barge, athlete, astronomer, diagnosis, contract, prey, willow, doze, tool, carpenter, gross, offer.

Exercise number 5

In which word is the letter denoting the stressed vowel correctly highlighted?

a) shed, Wholesale, bows, beets.

b) kilometer, pressed, taken, delivered.

c) until red, occasionally, clog, gave.

d) call, start, cement, quarter.

e) click, arrived, poured, catalog.

Phonetics. Spelling

O - E (Yo) in the roots after hissing

Exercise number 6

Insert the missing letters.

B...h...vka, vech...rka, cheap...vyy, f...vany, f...forehead, f...lty, f...lud, f... rnov, well ... hard, credit ... t, kosh ... lka, oven ... nka, post ... rank, par ... ska, pch ... lka, psh ... nka, calculation ... ska, resh ... tka, sch..t, uch ... ba, uch ... t, ch ... lka, ch ... rtochka, sh ... sweat, sh .. .goal, shch...lka, shch...tka.

O - E after hissing and C in suffixes and endings of nouns and adjectives

After hissing under stress, E (Yo) is written, although it is pronounced (O), in the following cases: in the endings of verbs, for example: we bake pies, a river flows; in verb suffix-ЁVYVA-, for example: to demarcate (derivatives from them: demarcation); in the suffix -ЁР- nouns, for example: conductor, trainee; in suffixes -ЁНН-, -ЕН- passive participles, for example: completed, abbreviated; in suffixes -ЁН- verbal adjectives, for example: stewed, smoked, and also in derivative words - stew, smoked meats.

It is written O under stress, without stress E in suffixes and endings of nouns, adverbs and adjectives. For example: a candle - a cloud, fresh - burning, brocade - plush.

Exercise number 7

Insert after the hissing vowel O or Yo, justify your choice (by giving a test word, highlighting a part of a word, indicating a part of speech, etc.)

Zh ... hard sofa, artificial silk ... lux, mill zh ... rnov, fragile black ... ln, forest slum ... ba, cast-iron resh ... tka, strong string ... vka, buy cheap ... vke, black ... porn man, ripe kryzh ... penetrated , hard ... og ... r, fire ... r shed, r ... r hand, fight against locusts ... d, go for luggage ... m, go with burdens ... d, fast jump ... k, funny dog ​​... nka, funny bear ... nok , brocade ... wow tablecloth, reeds ... wow roof, burning ... coffee, night ... vka in the forest, armed ... attack, paved sh ... se, sh ... cold color, bourgeois sh ... vinism, quiet sh .. roh, speak common ..., perform hot ..., barrel ... with water, skillful w ... ngler, experienced sh ... fer, cheap ... goods, twirl crackling ... weaving, baked apples, canvas ... mesh ... k, soft sh ... rstka.

Check yourself:

In which row is Yo written in all words?

1) report ... t, credit ... tny, funny ... n, depressing ... n

2)print…t, conductor…r, landscape…m, shoulders…m

3) abbreviated ... n, nothing ... m, experience ... r, smoked ...

4) not about h ... m, speech ... nka, ink ... ny, retouch ... r

In which row in all words is written O?

1) shower ... nka, big ... go, cat ... lka, galch ... nok

2) fighter ... m, scherz ..., canvas ... wy, mazh ... r

3) set fire ... g (grass), rattle ... tka, chech ... tka, candle ... th

Spelling b and b

The letters b and b are separating. The choice of separators b and b depends on their position in the word after the prefix or not after the prefix, as well as on which letters they are in front of: E, E, Yu, Ya.

The letter b is inseparable. The choice of non-separating b depends on the presence of consonants, hissing at the end of the word, on the position of soft consonants before the consonants M, B, G, K.

Exercise #8

Insert, if necessary, b or b.

A ... caustic person, from ... to agree, to seize ... documents, a box on the white ... floor, play the piano ... yano, a young adjutant ... , to work as an interviewer ... as a big wasp ... lamprey, p ... podium, participate in film ... capacitance, trans ... European Union, two ... bunk bed, four ... storey house , lay out the pas ... jans, a dish of champagne ... ons, no ... nuclear zone, none of the ... yans, with ... a collection area, drive along can ... on, a short fel ... eton, subjective approach.

Spelling of consonants at the root of a word

Voiced and voiceless consonants at the root of the word

In order not to make a mistake in the spelling of voiced and deaf consonants in the root, it is necessary to change or choose a related word so that after these sounds there is a vowel (or L, M, N, R). For example: frost - frost, low - low, mowing - mow.

Exercise number 9

Read. Explain the missing consonants.

But...tee, blue...tse, household...tsy, boil...ka, spin...ka, cha...ka, how...ko, bring...tee, floor. ..ty, six ... stvo, frost ... b (hoarfrost), frost ... b (light rain), pro ... bba, exemplary ... tsovy.

Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word

To check the spelling of words with unpronounceable consonants (usually these are combinations of STN, STL, ZDN, LNC, RDC), you need to choose a related word in which this consonant is pronounced, for example: regional - region, heart - heart.

You cannot insert extra letters that are not in the test word, for example: tasty (taste), dangerous (dangerous), skillful (skillful).

Remember: feeling, participate, flash (but: shine), peer, peer, dishes (food), clearly (in reality), bone (marrow), inert (views), handwriting (but: emphasize).

Exercise number 10

Write the words below with the missing letters. Choose test words.

Official salary, wonderful...environment, real estate agent, harbinger...of a storm, honoring the president, law...office, m.. .ny answer, district police officer, bone marrow, oblique ... views, local self-government, parliamentary ... hearings, warn against danger ... hour .. .ny detective, presidential ... decree, impartial ... attitude, skillful ... defense, dutch ... cheese, Russian literature ..., curfew ... sky hour, vlas ... nye structures.

Double consonants at the root of a word

In Russian spelling, the doubling of consonants can be caused by various reasons. In many borrowed words, the spelling of the source language is preserved, and double consonants are written here according to tradition, for example: antenna, grammar, colossus, collective, platform, colleague.

The spelling of double consonants in such cases should be checked in a dictionary.

Remember: 1) in words formed from stems ending in two identical consonants, double consonants before the suffix are usually preserved: group - group, program - program - program.

Exceptions: crystal (but: crystal), Finnish, column, operetta.

2) In the first part of compound words in stems ending in a double consonant, only one consonant is preserved: gramophone record- gramophone record, gramophone record.

Exercise number 11

According to these interpretations, determine the words; write them down correctly.

1) A comfortable house for a family, usually with a plot attached to it; 2) summary content of the book, article; 3) nominate his candidacy for elections to the authorities; 4) give explanations (to) something; 5) higher or secondary educational institution; 6) appeal against a court decision to a higher court; 7) discussion controversial issue; 8) a strong impression made by someone or something; 9) occupation of foreign territory by military force.

Reference words: abstract, appeal, run, debate, college, cottage, comment, occupation, effect.

Exercise number 12

Rewrite with missing letters. Orally determine the meaning of these words. When completing the task, use explanatory and spelling dictionaries, a dictionary of foreign words.

1) N or nn: a ... otation, a ... to manage, colo ... a, harder ... hic, then ... a, u ... th;

2) s or ss: a... istent, dir... er, artificial... tvenny, di... ident, inexhaustible re... urses, repre... ia, Belarusian..., compromise. .., free disc..., world congr...;

3) l or ll: intelligence, according to ... is (insurance), ba...otirovatsya, quantity, by...eten, co...active property, instill... egy, a... uminium tableware, crystal form.

Exercise number 13

Insert the missing letters. Write the words in two columns: in the first - with a double consonant, in the second - with a single. What words did not retain the double consonant of the generating stem?

Five-bay ... ny, bark ... ovy (island), crystal ... honesty, dress ... cue boulevard, phi ... sky, go ... ic, novel writer ... ist, sava ... th vegetation, opera ... ka, group ... ka, five ... ka. Spelling of checked and unchecked consonants

Spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word

In the unstressed syllable of the root, the same vowel is written as in the corresponding stressed syllable of the same or the same root word.

For example: try on (try on) a dress - reconcile (peace) opponents.

Exercise number 14

Insert checked unstressed vowels.

1. The month majestically rose to heaven to dedicate ... kind people and around the world. 2. At that time, all sciences were taught ... on Latin. 3. Humid, dank air had not yet had time to discharge after the night and was heavy. 4. Mom looked around her room with surprised eyes. 5. She threw a green gas over her head, wrapped the ends around her neck. 6. Everything is absorbed by the bottomless trough of our life. 7. The steppe could not cool down until dawn from the heat absorbed during the day. 8. According to the turn of his mind, according to his habits and tastes, it was best for him ... to devote himself to cabinet studies. 9. Father supported the cause in communication with brothers, with mother, with me. 10. The yellowish snow of sawdust was densely powdered, nav ... wai at the bottom of a snowdrift.

Exercise number 15

Phonetics - a branch of linguistics that studies the sound structure of a language.

Orthoepy is the science of pronunciation norms.

Graphics is a section of linguistics that studies the principles of reflecting sounding speech in writing, as well as these principles themselves.

Spelling is a branch of linguistics that studies the system of spelling rules for morphemes in words of different parts of speech that are not regulated by the rules of graphics, as well as the spelling rules themselves.

sound and letter

Sound is the smallest, indivisible unit of sounding speech. A letter is a graphic sign for designating a sound in a letter, that is, a drawing. Sounds are pronounced and heard, letters are written and perceived by sight. There are sounds in any language, regardless of whether it has a written language or not; sounding speech is primary in relation to speech written down in letters; in phonographic languages, letters represent sounding speech (in contrast to languages ​​with hieroglyphic writing, where the display is not sounds, but meanings).

Unlike others language units(morphemes, words, phrases, sentences), the sound itself irrelevant. The function of sounds is reduced to shaping and distinguishing morphemes and words ( small - they say - washed).

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet: : Ah- "a", bb- "be", Vv- "ve", Gg- "ge", dd- "de", Her- "e", Her- "yo", Learn- "zhe", Zz- "ze", ii- "and", yy- "y", Kk- "ka", Ll- "el" Mm- "um", Hn- "en" Oo- "about", Pp- "pe", pp- "er" ss- "es", Tt- "te", woo- "at", FF- "ef", xx- "ha" ts- "ce", hh- "che", shh- "sha", Shch- "shcha", b- "hard sign" Yy- "y", b- "soft sign" uh- "e", Yuyu- "Yu", Yaya- "I". The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic, or Cyrillic.

Letters have a lowercase version (the letter in the line does not rise above the rest of the letters) and an uppercase version (the letter differs from the lowercase height). No capitalization for letters b and b, and capital letter S is used only in foreign proper names to convey real pronunciation (at the beginning of Russian words, the sound [ы] does not occur).

10 letters are designed to represent vowel sounds and are conventionally called vowels ( a, y, o, s, uh, i, u, yo, i, e), 21 letters are intended to denote consonants and are conventionally called consonants ( b, c, d, e, f, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u),b and b do not refer to either vowels or consonants and are called graphic signs.

Consonant sounds that are clearly distinguished in Russian (for example, before vowels) - 36: [b], [b "], [c], [c"], [g], [g "], [e], [ d "], [g], [h], [h "], [th"], [k], [k "], [l], [l"], [m], [m "], [ n], [n "], [n], [n"], [r], [r "], [s], [s"], [t], [t"], [f], [f "], [x], [x"], [c], [h"], [w], [u"] (in the speech of older people in separate words, such as yeast, reins, splashes etc., a long soft consonant [zh"] can be pronounced). There are more consonant sounds in Russian than consonant letters (36 and 21, respectively). The reason for this is one of the features of Russian graphics - that the softness of paired consonant sounds in Russian it is denoted not by a consonant, but by a vowel ( e, yo, yu, i, and) or b(small[small] - crumpled[m "al], con[kon] - horse[kon "]).

Vowels 10: a, y, o, s, i, uh, i, u, yo, u. There are 6 vowels that differ under stress: [a], [y], [o], [s], [i], [e]. Thus, in the Russian language there are more vowels than vowels, which is associated with the peculiarities of the use of letters i, yu, e, yo(iotized) . They perform the following functions:

1) denote 2 sounds ([th "a], [th" y], [th" o], [th "e]) in the position after vowels, separators and at the beginning of a phonetic word: I ma[th "a ma] , moI [ma th "á] , volumeI be[ab th "a t"];

2) denote the vowel and the softness of the previous paired consonant in terms of hardness / softness: myo l[m" about l] - cf .: they say[say] (an exception may be the letter e in borrowed words, not denoting the softness of the preceding consonant - puree[n "ureʹ]; since a number of words of this kind borrowed by origin have become common in modern Russian, we can say that the letter e in Russian, it ceased to denote the softness of the previous consonant sound, cf .: pos [t "e] l - pas [te] l);

3) letters e, yo, yu after an unpaired consonant in terms of hardness / softness, the vowel sound [e], [o], [y] is indicated: six[shesh "t"], silk[silk], parachute[parachute].

Phonetic transcription

To record sounding speech, phonetic transcription is used, which is built on the principle of a one-to-one correspondence between a sound and its graphic symbol.

Transcription is enclosed in square brackets, in words of two or more syllables stress is indicated. If two words are combined with a single stress, they make up one phonetic word, which is written together or with the help of a league: to the garden[fsat], [f sat].

In transcription, it is not customary to write capital letters and put punctuation marks (for example, when transcribing sentences).

Words with more than one syllable are stressed.

The softness of a consonant sound is indicated by an apostrophe: sat down[Sal].

The three main educational complexes offer not quite same solution to denote soft unpaired consonants. Complex 1 denotes the softness of all unpaired ones ([h "], [u"], [th "]). Complex 2 at the beginning of the phonetics section does not indicate the softness of unpaired ones ([h], [u], [th]), then in in the textbook of theory, softness is indicated for all unpaired soft ones, as in the 1st complex ([h "], [u"], [th"]), and in the textbook of practice, the sound [u"] is indicated by the transcription sign [w"], like this adopted in high school. Complex 3, like complex 1, denotes the softness of all unpaired soft ([h "], [u"],), while the sound [th] is indicated, as is customary in higher education, with [j], with the difference that that in higher education, softness [j] is not indicated, since it is associated not with an additional, but with the main articulation of this sound. To better remember that unpaired [h "], [u"], [th"] are precisely soft, we decide to designate their softness with an apostrophe.

The following transcription marks are used to record vowel sounds: stressed vowels: [а́], [о́], [у́], [и́], [ы́], [э́], unstressed: [a], [and], [s], [y]. Transcription does not use iotized vowels i, yu, e, yo.

Complex 3 uses transcriptional signs to denote unstressed vowels [a], [s], [i], [y], [and e] (“and, prone to e”), [s e] (“s, prone to e ""), [b] ("er"), [b] ("er"). Their correct use will be discussed in the section on unstressed vowels.

Formation of vowels and consonants

Sounds are made during exhalation: a stream of air exhaled from the lungs passes through the larynx and oral cavity. If located in the larynx vocal cords tense and close, then the exhaled air causes them to oscillate, resulting in a voice (tone). Tone is required when pronouncing vowels and voiced consonants. If the vocal cords are relaxed, no tone is produced. This position of the organs of speech is inherent in the pronunciation of deaf consonants.

After passing the larynx, the air stream enters the cavities of the pharynx, mouth, and sometimes the nose.

The pronunciation of consonants is necessarily associated with overcoming an obstacle in the path of the air stream, which is formed by the lower lip or tongue when they approach or close with upper lip, teeth or palate. Overcoming the barrier (slit or bow) created by the organs of speech, the air jet forms noise, which is an obligatory component of the consonant sound: in voiced, noise is combined with tone, in deaf people, it is the only component of the sound.

The pronunciation of vowels is characterized by the work of the vocal cords and the free passage of the air stream through the oral cavity. Therefore, in the composition of the vowel sound there is a voice and there is no noise. The specific sound of each vowel depends on the volume and shape of the oral cavity - the position of the tongue and lips.

Thus, from the point of view of the ratio of voice and noise in the Russian language, three groups of sounds are presented: vowels consist only of tone (voice), voiced consonants - of noise and voice, deaf consonants - only of noise.

The ratio of tone and noise for voiced consonants is not the same: paired voiced noise has more than tones, unpaired noise has less than tones, therefore deaf and paired voiced in linguistics are called noisy, and unpaired voiced [th "], [l], [l "], [m], [m "], [n], [n"], [p], [p"] - sonorant.

Vowel sounds and vowels

stressed vowels

In Russian, 6 vowel sounds are distinguished under stress: [а́], [о́], [у́], [í], [ы́], [е́]. These sounds are indicated in writing with 10 vowels: a, y, o, s, i, uh, i, u, yo, u.

The sound [a] can be indicated on the letter with letters a(small[small]) and I(crumpled[m "al]).

The sound [y] is indicated by letters at(storm[bur "a]) and Yu(muesli[m "usl" and]).

The sound [o] is indicated by letters about(they say[say]) and yo(a piece of chalk[m "ol]); according to the established tradition in printed literature, not intended for babies or for teaching reading and writing, instead of a letter yo letter is used e, if it does not interfere with the understanding of the meaning of the word.

The sound [s] is indicated by the letter s(soap[soap]) and and- after well,w and c(live[life "], sew[shut "], circus[circus]).

The sound [and] is indicated by the letter and(Mila[m "silt]).

The sound [e] is indicated by the letter e(measure[m "era] or - after a solid consonant in some borrowings - uh(mayor[mayor]).

Unstressed vowels

In unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced differently than under stress - more briefly and with less muscular tension of the organs of speech (this process is called reduction in linguistics). In this regard, vowels without stress change their quality and are pronounced differently than stressed ones.

In addition, fewer vowels are distinguished without stress than under stress: vowels that differ under stress in the same morpheme (for example, in the root) in an unstressed position cease to differ, for example: witha ma and withabout ma- [with a ma], land sa and le sa- [l" and saʹ] (this process is called neutralization).

In Russian, in an unstressed position, 4 vowel sounds are distinguished: [a], [y], [s], [i]. Unstressed [a], [and] and [s] differ in pronunciation from the corresponding percussion ones: they are pronounced not only shorter, but also with a slightly different timbre, which is caused by less muscle tension during their pronunciation and, as a result, the displacement of the organs of speech to a more neutral position (resting position). Therefore, their designation using the same transcription marks as stressed vowels is, to a certain extent, conditional.

The sounds [o] and [e] in Russian are found only under stress. The only exceptions are a few borrowings ( cocoa[cocoa], canoe[canoe]) and some function words, such as union but(cf., for example, the pronunciation of the preposition on the and union but:I wenton the exhibition,but the exhibition was closed).

The quality of an unstressed vowel depends on the hardness/softness of the preceding consonant.

After solid consonants, sounds [y] are pronounced ( hand[hand]), [a] ( milk[malako]), [s] ( soap maker[soap maker], stomach[live], turn yellow[zhylt "at"], horses[lashyd "hey"]).

After soft consonants, sounds [y] are pronounced ( be in love[l "ub" it"]), [and] ( worlds[m "iry], clock[h "isy], lie[l "izhat"]).

As can be seen from the examples given, the same unstressed vowel can be displayed in writing with different letters:

[y] - in letters at(empty[empty"]) and Yu(the Bureau[b "uro]),

[a] - letters a(heat[heat]) and about(bed[pas "t" el "]),

[s] - letters s(thinker[thought "it" il "]), and(a life[zhyz "n"]), a(regret[sting "et"] / [zhyl "et"] - in some words, after solid unpaired [w], [w], [c], pronunciation variability is possible), e(iron[lived "eza]),

[and] - letters and(piston[p "iston]), e(nectar[m "idok]), a(an hour[h "isok]), I(ranks[r "idesʹ]).

What has been said above about the correspondence of unstressed vowels and the letters denoting them can be summarized in a scheme convenient for use in transcription:

After a solid consonant, except for [g], [w], [c]:

After [w], [w], [c]:

After a soft consonant:

At the beginning of a phonetic word:

These phonetic laws regulate the pronunciation of unstressed vowels in all unstressed syllables, except for individual borrowings and auxiliary words (see above), as well as the phonetic subsystem of stressed endings and formative suffixes. So, these morphemes represent the pronunciation of the letter reflected in the letter I unstressed [a] after a soft consonant: storm[bur "a], wash yourself[my "s" a], reading[h "itay" a].

Complex 3 describes the unstressed vowel system differently. It says that under stress, vowels are pronounced clearly; sounds [and], [s], [y] are pronounced clearly and in unstressed syllables. In place of letters about and a in unstressed syllables, a weakened sound [a] is pronounced, which is less distinct (denoted as [a]). In place of letters e and I in unstressed syllables after soft consonants it is pronounced [and e], that is, the middle sound between [and] and [e] (p [and e] grater, s [and e] lo). After solid hissing [w], [w] and after [c] in place e pronounced [s e] (f [s e] lat, sh [s e] ptat, q [s e] on). In some unstressed syllables, instead of [a], a short vowel [b] is pronounced, close to [s] (m [b] loko), after soft ones, a short vowel [b] is pronounced, close to [i] ( is reading- [h "itʹj" ut]).

It seems that this material requires some commentary.

Firstly, it is necessary to designate the names of these vowels: [and e] (“and, prone to e”), [s e] (“s, prone to e”), [b] (“er”), [b] ("er").

Secondly, it is necessary to explain when the sounds are pronounced [a], [s e] and [b], and when [and e] and [b]. Their distinction depends on the position in relation to the stress and to the beginning of the phonetic word. So, in the first pre-stressed syllable (the syllable before the stressed vowel) and in the position of the absolute beginning of the word, the unstressed vowel is longer than in the other unstressed syllables (non-first pre-stressed and post-stressed); it is in these positions that the vowels [a], [s e] and [and e] are pronounced.

Sounds [a] and [s e] are found after solid consonants ([s e] - only after [g], [w], [c]) and are indicated in writing by letters a(herself[herself], horses[lyshy e d "ej"]), about(catfish[herself]), e(turn yellow[zhy e lt "et"]).

Sound [and e] occurs after soft consonants and is indicated by letters e(blizzard[m "and e t" el "), a(clock[h "and e sy]), I(row[r "and e doc]).

The sound [ъ] is pronounced after solid consonants in the non-first pre-stressed and stressed syllables and is indicated by letters a(locomotive[right]), about(milk[milk]), e(yellowness[zhlt "izna]).

The sound [b] is pronounced after soft consonants in the non-first pre-stressed and stressed syllables and is indicated by letters e(transition[n "rr" ihot]), I(Private[r "davoj"]), a(hourly[h "bsavoj"]).

The pronunciation of unstressed vowels presented in this complex is called “ekany” in linguistics and, representing the so-called “senior” pronunciation norm, is outdated (see also the “Orthoepy” subsection below).

Thus, in unstressed syllables, vowels are pronounced differently than in stressed ones. However, this change in the quality of vowels is not reflected in the letter, which is due to the basic principle of Russian orthography: only independent, semantic features of sounds are reflected in the letter, and their change, caused by the phonetic position in the word, is not reflected in the letter. From this it follows that the unstressed position of the vowel is a spelling signal. From the point of view of spelling rules, unstressed vowels can be divided into three groups: stress-checked, stress-unchecked (dictionary), vowels in roots with alternations.

Consonants and consonants

The formation of a consonant sound is associated with overcoming obstacles in the oral cavity by an air stream, created by the language, lips, teeth, palate. When overcoming an obstacle, noise arises - an obligatory component of a consonant sound. In some (voiced) consonants, in addition to noise, there is a voice created by the vibration of the vocal cords.

There are 36 consonants in Russian ([b], [b'], [c], [c'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [h] , [s'], [d'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [n] , [n'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x'] , [ts], [h'], [w], [w']) and 21 consonants ( b, c, d, e, f, h, d, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, u). This quantitative difference is associated with the main feature of Russian graphics - the way the hardness and softness of consonants are reflected in writing.

Voiceless and voiced consonants

Voiced and voiceless consonants differ in the participation / non-participation of the voice in the formation of a consonant sound.

Voiced are composed of noise and voice. When they are pronounced, the air stream not only overcomes the barrier in the oral cavity, but also vibrates the vocal cords. The following sounds are voiced: [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [h], [ h'], [d'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p']. The sound [w ’] is also voiced, occurring in the speech of individuals in words yeast, reins and some others.

Deaf consonants are pronounced without a voice when the vocal cords remain relaxed, and consist only of noise. The following consonants are deaf: [k], [k '], [p], [p '], [s], [s '], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x'] [c], [h'], [w], [u']. To remember which consonants are deaf, there is a mnemonic rule (rule for remembering): in the phrase " Stepka, do you want a shirt?» – « Fi!» contains all deaf consonants (paired in hardness / softness - only in hard or soft varieties).

According to the presence or absence of a voice, consonants form pairs; sounds in a pair should differ in only one sign, in this case deafness/voicing. There are 11 pairs of consonants opposed by deafness / voicedness: [b] - [p], [b '] - [p '], [c] - [f], [c '] - [f '], [g] - [k], [g '] - [k '], [d] - [t], [d '] - [t '], [s] - [s], [s '] - [s '], [g] - [w]. The listed sounds are, respectively, either voiced pairs or deaf pairs.

The remaining consonants are characterized as unpaired. Voiced unpaired ones include [d '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '], to deaf unpaired - sounds [x], [x'], [c], [h'], [u'].

If there is a long sound [w '] in the speech of a native speaker, then it is a voiced pair to the consonant [w ']; in this case, pairs for deafness / sonority 12.

Positional stun / voicing

In Russian, both voiceless and voiced consonants are found in certain positions. This position is before vowels ( volume[volume] - house[house]) and before consonants [in], [in '], [th'], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [r ], [R'] ( with howl[mine'] - h out[ringing] with chalk[sm'ila] - rah chalk[spread], withR oh[shut '] - rah Roy[break ']). These positions, as rightly noted in Complex 2, are strong in voicelessness / voicelessness.

But the appearance of a deaf or ringing sound may be predetermined by its position in the word. Such deafness / voicedness turns out to be dependent, “forced”, and the positions in which this occurs are considered weak in terms of deafness / voicedness.

Voiced pairs are deafened (or rather, they change to deaf ones)

1) at the absolute end of a word: pond[rod];

2) in front of the deaf: booth[butka].

Deaf paired consonants before voiced ones, except [v], [v'], [d'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [p], [p '], are voiced, that is, they change to voiced: threshing[malad'baʹ].

Articulatory assimilation of sounds is denoted in phonetics by the term assimilation. As a result of assimilation, long consonants may occur, arising from the combination of the same sounds. In transcription, the longitude of a consonant is indicated by an overbar or a colon after the consonant ( bath[vana] or [van:a]). The direction of influence is from the next sound to the previous one (regressive assimilation).

Reflection of deafness / voiced consonants in writing

In writing, using special consonants ( t am -d am) only independent deafness / sonority of consonants is reflected; positional deafness / voicedness (the result of positional stunning / voicing) is not reflected in the letter, like most other positional phonetic changes. The exception is 1) the spelling of prefixes on s / s-: scatter, smash; the reflection of pronunciation is not carried out to the end here either, since only the assimilation by deafness / voicedness is reflected, but not by signs associated with the place where the barrier is formed in the consonant: stir up[rashiv’il’it’], 2) spelling of some borrowings: transcriptionP tion–transcriptionb irate.

Hard and soft consonants

Hard and soft consonants differ in articulation features, namely the position of the tongue: when soft consonants are formed, the entire body of the tongue moves forward, and the middle part of the back of the tongue rises to the hard palate, when hard consonants are formed, the body of the tongue moves back.

Consonants form 15 pairs, contrasted in hardness / softness: [b] - [b '], [c] - [c '], [g] - [g '], [d] - [d '], [s] - [s '], [k] - [k '], [l] - [l '], [m] - [m '], [n] - [n '], [n] - [n '] , [p] - [p '], [s] - [s '], [t] - [t '], [f] - [f '], [x] - [x '].

The consonants [c], [w], [g] are hard unpaired ones, and the consonants [h '], [u '], [d '] are soft unpaired ones (the sound [g '], found in some words in the speech of individual native speakers).

The consonants [w] and [w’] (as well as [w] and [w’]) do not form pairs, as they differ not only in hardness / softness, but also in brevity / longitude.

This can be summarized in the following table:

Positional softening of consonants

In Russian, both hard and soft consonants are found in certain positions, and the number of such positions is significant. This position is before vowels ( they say[youth] - a piece of chalk[m'ol]), at the end of a word: ( con[kon] - horse[con ']), for sounds [l], [l '] regardless of their position: ( a shelf[a shelf] - polka[shelf]) and the sounds [s], [s '], [s], [s '], [t], [t '], [d], [d '], [n], [ n'], [p], [p'] before [k], [k'], [g], [g'], [x], [x'], [b], [b'], [ n], [n'], [m], [m'] ( jar[jar] - bathhouse[jar], blizzard[blizzard] - earring[s'ir'gaʹ). These positions are strong in hardness/softness.

Positional changes regarding hardness / softness can only be caused by the influence of sounds on each other.

Positional mitigation (the change of a hard consonant to a soft pair) is carried out in modern Russian inconsistently in relation to different groups of consonants.

In the speech of all native speakers of the modern Russian language, only the replacement of [n] with [n’] before [h’] and [u’] occurs consistently: drum[drum'ch'ik], drummer[drummer]

In the speech of many speakers, positional softening also occurs [s] before [n '] and [t '], [h] before [n '] and [d ']: bone[kos't'], song[p'es'n'a], a life[zhiz'n '], nails[nails].

In the speech of some speakers (in the modern language this is more an exception than a rule), positional softening is possible in some other combinations, for example: a door[d'v'er'], eat[s'y'em].

Designation of hardness and softness of consonants in writing

Unlike deafness / voicedness, hardness / softness of paired consonants is indicated not with the help of consonant letters, but by other means.

The softness of consonants is indicated as follows.

For consonants paired by hardness / softness, softness is indicated by:

1) letters i, e, e, u, and:small - crumpled, they say - chalk, peer - pen, storm - bureau, soap - cute(before e in borrowing, the consonant can be hard: puree);

2) soft sign - at the end of the word ( horse), in the middle of the word y [l ’] before any consonant ( polka), after a soft consonant before a hard one ( quite, earlier), and in a soft consonant standing in front of soft [g '], [k '], [b '], [m '], which are the result of a change in the corresponding hard ones ( earrings- cf. earring) - see positions strong in hardness / softness.

In other cases, a soft sign in the middle of a word to indicate the softness of paired consonants is not written ( bridge, song), because positional softness, like the others positional changes sounds are not reflected in the letter.

For unpaired consonants, there is no need for an additional softness designation, so graphic rules are possible " cha, cha write with a».

The hardness of paired consonants is indicated by the absence of a soft sign in strong positions ( horse, bank), writing letters after the consonant a, o, u, s, uh(small, they say, mule, soap, peer); in some borrowings, the hard consonant is also pronounced before e(phonetics).

The hardness of unpaired hard consonants, as well as unpaired soft ones, does not require additional designation, therefore, the existence of a graphic rule for writing is possible zhi and shea, spelling habits about writing and and s after c(circus and Gypsy),about and yo after well and w(rustle and whisper).

Functions and spelling of b and b

A solid sign performs a separating function in Russian - it indicates that after a consonant, an iotized vowel does not mean the softness of the consonant, but two sounds: I- [y'a], e- [y'e], yo- [y'o], Yu- [y'u] ( hug[aby’at’] , will eat[sy'est] , shooting[sy'omka]).

Soft sign functions are more complicated. It has three functions in Russian - a separating one, a function of designating the independent softness of paired consonants, a grammatical function:

A soft character can perform a similar separating function before i, yu, e, yo, and inside a word not after a prefix ( blizzard, nightingale) and in some foreign words before about: (broth, companion).

A soft sign can serve to indicate the independent softness of a paired consonant at the end of a word and in the middle of a word before a consonant (see above): horse, bath.

A soft sign after a consonant that is unpaired in hardness / softness can perform a grammatical function - it is traditionally written in certain grammatical forms without carrying any phonetic load (cf .: the key is night, studying is learning). At the same time, the soft sign does not indicate softness not only in unpaired hard consonants, but also in unpaired soft consonants.

Positional assimilation of consonants on other grounds. Distinguishing consonants

Consonants can be likened to each other (be subjected to assimilation) not only in terms of deafness / sonority, hardness / softness, but also in other ways - the place where the barrier is formed and its nature. So, consonants are likened, for example, in the following combinations:

[s] + [w]  [sh]: sew[shsht '] = [shsht '],

[s] + [h ’]  [u ’] or [u’h ’]: with something[sch'emta] or [sch'ch'emta],

[s] + [u ']  [u ']: split[rasch'ip'it'],

[h] + [g]  [lzh]: outlive[izhzhyt '] = [izhyt '],

[t] + [s]  [ts] or [ts]: wash[muscle] = [muscle], sprinkle[atsypat'],

[t] + [c] [cc]: unhook[atsyp'it '] = [atsyp'it '],

[t] + [h’] [h’h’]: report[ach'ch'otʹ] = [ach'otʹ],

[t] + [u ’]  [h’u ’]: split off[ach'sch'ip'it'].

Several signs of consonants can be subjected to positional change at once. For example, in the word count[pach’shch’otʹ] there is an alternation of [d] + [w’] [h’sh’], i.e., an assimilation is presented in terms of deafness, softness and signs of the place and nature of the obstacle.

In separate words, the process opposite to assimilation is presented - dissimilation (dissimilation). Yes, in words easy and soft instead of the expected assimilation due to deafness and the formation of a long consonant ([r] + k’][k’k’]), the combination [k’k’][x’k’] is presented ( easy[loh'k'y'], soft[mah'k'y ']), where the dissimilarity of sounds according to the nature of the barrier is noted (when pronouncing the sound [k'], the organs of speech close, and when pronouncing [x '] they come closer). At the same time, dissimilation by this trait is combined with assimilation by deafness and softness.

Simplifying consonant clusters (silent consonant)

In some combinations, when three consonants are combined, one, usually the middle one, drops out (the so-called unpronounceable consonant). The fall-out of a consonant is presented in the following combinations:

witht l- [sl]: happy happy [lucky]

witht n- [sn]: local me[sn] th,

hd n- [sn]: late by [z'n '] y,

hd c- [sc]: by the bridle under u[sc]s,

nd w- [nsh]: landscape la[nsh]aft,

nt G– [ng]: x-ray re[ng']en,

nd c– [nc]: Dutch golla[nc]s,

Rd c- [rc]: a heart se [rc] e,

Rd h- [rh ']: heart se [rch '] ishko,

l nc– [nc]: sun so[nc] e.

The sound [th ’] between vowels is also not pronounced if it is followed by a vowel [and]: my[maivo].

Qualitative and quantitative relationships between letters and sounds in Russian

Ambiguous qualitative and quantitative relationships are established between letters and sounds in the Russian language.

The same letter can represent different sounds, for example, the letter a can represent sounds [a] ( small[small]), [and] ( clock[h’isy]), [s] ( regret[zhyl’etʹ]), which is associated with a change in the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables; letter with can represent sounds [s] ( garden[sat]), [s’] ( the guest[gos't ']), [h] ( pass[hdat ']), [h '] ( do[z'd'elat']), [zh] ( squeeze[buzz ’]), [w] ( embroider[rashshyt ']), [u '] ( split[rasch'sch'ip'it']), which is associated with the likening of consonants according to various criteria.

And vice versa: the same sound can be indicated in writing by different letters, for example: the sound [and] can be indicated by letters and(world[world]), a(clock[h’isy]), I(ranks[r'ids]), e(pevun[p'ivun]).

If we consider the word from the point of view of those quantitative relationships that are established between letters and sounds, then we can identify the following possible relationships:

One letter can represent one sound: wabout in[shof]; this relationship takes place when the vowel comes after a consonant that is unpaired in terms of hardness / softness and the vowel indicates only the quality of the vowel sound: for example, the letter about in the word table[table] cannot be an illustration of this unambiguous relationship, since in this case it denotes not only the sound [o], but also the hardness of the consonant [t].

One letter can represent two sounds: I ma[y'ama] (letters i, yu, e, yo at the beginning of a word, after vowels and separators).

The letter may not have a sound value: monthst ny[m'esny'] (unpronounceable consonant) , mouseb [mice] (soft sign in the grammatical function after consonants unpaired in hardness / softness).

One letter can represent a sound attribute: conb [kon'] , banb ka[ban'ka] (soft sign in the function of denoting the softness of a double consonant at the end and middle of a word).

One letter can denote a sound and a sign of another sound: mI l[m'al] (letter I denotes the sound [a] and the softness of the consonant [m ']).

Two letters can represent one sound: myts I[moitsa] , notss I[n'os'a].

It may seem that three letters can also represent one sound: wetc I[muscle], but this is not so: the sound [ts] is indicated by letters t and with, a b performs a grammatical function - indicates the form of the infinitive.

Syllable

A phonetic syllable is a vowel or a combination of a vowel with one or more consonants, pronounced with one expiratory push. There are as many syllables in a word as there are vowels in it; two vowels cannot be within the same syllable.

Syllables are stressed and unstressed.

Most Russian syllables end in a vowel, i.e. they are open: milk[ma-la-ko]. So, in the sequence SGSGSG (where C is a consonant, G is a vowel), only one variant of the syllable division is possible: SG-SG-SG.

However, in Russian there are also syllables ending in a consonant (closed). Closed syllables occur:

1) at the end of a phonetic word: railway carriage[railway carriage],

2) in the middle of a word when two or more consonants collide, if

a) after [th "] any other consonant follows: war[wai "-on],

b) after the rest of the unpaired voiced ones ([l], [l "], [m], [m"], [n], [n"], [p], [p"]), a paired consonant follows in deafness / voicedness : lamp[lamp].

In other cases of consonant confluence, the syllabic boundary passes before the group of consonants: booth[bu-tka], Spring[in "and-sleep].

The phonetic syllable must be distinguished from the syllable for transfer. Although in large numbers cases, the transfer is carried out at the place of the syllable division ( mo-lo-ko, lamp-pa), but in some cases the syllable for transfer and the phonetic syllable may not coincide.

First, the transfer rules do not allow one vowel to be transferred or left on a line, but the sounds it denotes can form a phonetic syllable; for example, the word pit cannot be transferred, but must be divided into phonetic syllables [y "aʹma].

Secondly, according to the rules of transfer, identical consonants should be separated: van-na, cash-sa; the boundary of the phonetic syllable passes in front of these consonants, and at the place of the confluence of identical consonants, we actually pronounce one long consonant sound: bath[wa-na], cash register[ka-sa].

Thirdly, when transferring, morpheme boundaries in a word are taken into account: it is not recommended to tear off one letter from a morpheme, so you should transfer smash, forest-noy, but the boundaries of phonetic syllables are different: smash[ra-zb "it"], forest[l "and-sleep"].

stress

Stress is the pronunciation of one of the syllables in a word (or rather, a vowel in it) with greater force and duration. Thus, phonetically Russian accent power and quantitative (in other languages, other types of stress are presented: power (English), quantitative (modern Greek), tonic (Vietnamese).

Other distinguishing features of Russian stress are its heterogeneity and mobility.

The diversity of Russian stress lies in the fact that it can fall on any syllable in a word, as opposed to languages ​​with a fixed place of stress (for example, French or Polish): tree, road, milk.

The mobility of stress lies in the fact that in the forms of one word, the stress can move from the stem to the ending: legs - legs.

Compound words (i.e., words with multiple roots) can have multiple stresses: instrument and aircraft manufacturing, however, many compound words do not have secondary stress: steamer[parachot].

Stress in Russian can perform the following functions:

1) organizing - a group of syllables with a single stress makes up a phonetic word, the boundaries of which do not always coincide with the boundaries of a lexical word and can combine independent words together with auxiliary ones: into the fields[fpal "a", he[onta];

2) semantic - stress can distinguish

a) different words, which is associated with the diversity of Russian stress: flour - flour, castle - castle,

b) the forms of one word, which is associated with the heterogeneity and mobility of Russian stress: lands - lands.

Orthoepy

The term "orthoepy" is used in linguistics in two meanings:

1) a set of norms of the literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: the norms of pronunciation of sounds in different positions, the norms of stress and intonation;

2) a science that studies the variation of the pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules).

The differences between these definitions are as follows: in the second understanding, those pronunciation norms, which are associated with the operation of phonetic laws: a change in the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables (reduction), positional stunning / voicing of consonants, etc. The sphere of orthoepy, with this understanding, includes only such pronunciation norms that allow variability in the literary language, for example, the possibility of pronunciation after hissing both [a] and [s] ([heat], but [zhysm "in]).

Educational complexes define orthoepy as the science of pronunciation, that is, in the first sense. Thus, according to these complexes, all the pronunciation norms of the Russian language belong to the sphere of orthoepy: the implementation of vowels in unstressed syllables, the stunning / voicing of consonants in certain positions, the softness of a consonant before a consonant, etc. We described these pronunciation norms above.

Of the norms that allow variability of pronunciation in the same position, it should be noted the following rules, updated in the school course of the Russian language:

1) pronunciation of hard and soft consonant before e in borrowed words

2) pronunciation in individual words of combinations thu and ch like [pcs] and [shn],

3) pronunciation of sounds [zh] and [zh "] in place of combinations zhzh, zhzh, zhzh,

4) variability of positional softening of consonants in individual groups,

5) variability of stress in individual words and word forms.

It is these pronunciation norms associated with the pronunciation of individual words and forms of words that are the object of description in orthoepic dictionaries.

Let us give a brief description of these pronunciation norms.

Pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e in loanwords is regulated separately for each word of this type. So, you should pronounce k[r"]em, [t"]ermin, mu[z"]ey, shi[n"]el, but fo[ne]tika, [te]nnis, sw[te]r; in a number of words, a variable pronunciation is possible, for example: prog [r] ess and prog [r "] ess.

Pronunciation in single word combinations thu and ch like [pcs] and [sn] is also given by the list. So, with [pcs] words are pronounced what to, with [shn] - words of course boring, in a number of words, a variable pronunciation is acceptable, for example, two [h "n"] ik and two [shn"] ik, bulo [h "n] th and bulo [shn] th.

As already mentioned, in the speech of some people, mainly the older generation, there is a long soft consonant sound [zh "], which is pronounced in separate words in place of letter combinations zhzh, zhzh, zhd:yeast, reins, ride, rain: [trembling "and], [vozh" and], [y "ezh" y], [dazh "and]. In the speech of people of the younger generation at the place of combinations LJ and zzh the sound [zh] = [zhzh] ([trembling], [th "ezhu]) can be pronounced, at the place of the combination railway in the word rains- [wait"] (thus, when stunned in a word rain we have pronunciation options [dosch"] and [dosht"]).

The variability of positional softening in separate groups of consonants has already been discussed in the description of cases of positional softening. Mandatory positional softening in different groups of words is not the same. In the speech of all native speakers of the modern Russian language, as already mentioned, only the replacement of [n] with [n"] before [h"] and [u"] consistently takes place: drum[drum "h" hic], drummer[drummer]. In other groups of consonants, softening or does not occur at all (for example, shops[lafk "and]), or it is presented in the speech of some native speakers and absent in the speech of others. At the same time, the representation of positional softening in different groups of consonants is different. So, in the speech of many speakers, positional softening occurs [s] before [n "] and [t "], [h] before [n"] and [d"]: bone[kos "t"], song[p "es" n "a], a life[zhiz "n"], nails[ngvoz "d" and], softening the first consonant in the combinations [sv"], [dv"], [sv"], [zl"], [sl"], [sy"] and some others is rather an exception than rule (for example: a door[dv"er"] and [d"v"er"], eat[ss"em] and [s"th"em], if[th "esl" and] and [th" es "l" and]).

Since Russian stress is diverse and mobile, and because of this, its setting cannot be regulated by the same rules for all words, the placement of stress in words and word forms is also regulated by the rules of orthoepy. "Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language", ed. R. I. Avanesova describes the pronunciation and stress of more than 60 thousand words, and due to the mobility of Russian stress, all forms of this word are often included in the dictionary entry. So, for example, the word call in the forms of the present tense, it has an accent on the ending: calling, calling. Some words have variable stresses in all their forms, for example cottage cheese and cottage cheese. Other words may have variable accents in some of their forms, for example: weaving and wove,braid and braid

Differences in pronunciation can be caused by a change in the orthoepic norm. So, in linguistics it is customary to distinguish between the “senior” and “junior” orthoepic norm: the new pronunciation gradually replaces the old one, but at some stage they coexist, though mainly in speech different people. It is with the coexistence of the "senior" and "junior" norms that the variability of the positional softening of consonants is associated.

This is also related to the difference in the pronunciation of unstressed vowels, which is reflected in educational complexes. The system for describing the change (reduction) of vowels in unstressed syllables in complexes 1 and 2 reflects the “junior” norm: in an unstressed position, the pronunciation coincides in sound [and] after soft consonants, all vowels that differ under stress, except for [y]: worlds[m "iry], village[with "sillo], five[p "it" orca]. In an unstressed syllable, after solid hissing [zh], [sh] and after [c], an unstressed vowel [s] is pronounced, reflected in the letter by the letter e(w[s] to lay, sh[s] to fetch, ts[s] on).

Complex 3 reflects the “older” norm: It says that the sounds [and], [s], [y] are pronounced clearly not only in stressed, but also in unstressed syllables: m[i] ry. In place of letters e and I in unstressed syllables after soft consonants it is pronounced [and e], that is, the middle sound between [and] and [e] (p [and e] grater, s [and e] lo). After solid hissing [w], [w] and after [c] in place e pronounced [s e] (f [s e] lat, sh [s e] ptat, q [s e] on).

The variability of pronunciation can be associated not only with the dynamic process of changing pronunciation norms, but also with socially significant factors. So, pronunciation can distinguish between the literary and professional use of the word ( compass and compass), neutral style and colloquial speech (one thousand[tys "ich" a] and [tysch" a]), neutral and high style ( poet[paet] and [poet]).

Complex 3 proposes to perform, in addition to phonetic (see below), orthoepic analysis, which should be done “when a mistake in pronunciation or stress is possible or made in a word.” For example, more beautiful- the stress is always on the second syllable; horse[shn] o. Orthoepic analysis, in addition to phonetic analysis, is necessary when variability in the pronunciation of a given sound sequence is possible in a language or when the pronunciation of a word is associated with frequent errors (for example, in stress).

Graphic arts. Spelling

Graphics is defined in all three complexes as a science that studies the designation of sounding speech in writing.

Russian graphics have specific features regarding the designation of the softness of consonants in writing, the designation of the sound [th "] and the use of graphic signs (see above). Graphics establish spelling rules for all words, determine how units of the language are transmitted in all words and parts of words ( as opposed to spelling rules, which establish the spelling of specific classes of words and their parts).

Spelling is a branch of linguistics that studies the system of rules for the uniform spelling of words and their forms, as well as these rules themselves. The central concept of orthography is spelling.

A spelling is a spelling regulated by a spelling rule or established in dictionary order, i.e., the spelling of a word that is selected from a number of graphics that are possible from the point of view of the laws.

Spelling consists of several sections:

1) writing significant parts of the word (morphemes) - roots, prefixes, suffixes, endings, that is, the designation of the sound composition of words with letters where it is not defined by graphics;

2) continuous, separate and hyphenated spellings;

3) the use of uppercase and lowercase letters;

4) transfer rules;

5) rules graphic abbreviations words.

Let us briefly describe these sections.

Writing morphemes (meaningful parts of a word)

The spelling of morphemes is regulated in Russian by three principles - phonemic, traditional, phonetic.

The phonemic principle is the leading one and regulates more than 90% of all spellings. Its essence lies in the fact that phonetically positional changes are not reflected in the letter - reduction of vowels, stunning, voicing, softening of consonants. At the same time, vowels are written as if under stress, and consonants - as in a strong position, for example, positions before a vowel. In various sources, this basic principle may have different name- phonemic, morphematic, morphological.

The traditional principle governs the spelling of unchecked vowels and consonants ( withabout tank, andP theca), roots with alternations ( sla walk - slabout live), differentiating spellings ( ohyo g - wowabout G).

The phonetic principle of orthography lies in the fact that in separate groups of morphemes, the letter can reflect the real pronunciation, i.e., positional changes in sounds. In Russian orthography, this principle is implemented in three spelling rules - the spelling of prefixes ending in s/s(rah beat - rawith drink), the spelling of the vowel in the prefix roses / times / grew / races(Ra write-off - rabout write off) and the spelling of roots starting with and, after prefixes ending in a consonant ( and history - befores history).

Continuous, separate and hyphenated spelling

Continuous, separate and hyphenated writing is regulated by the traditional principle, taking into account the morphological independence of units. Separate words are written mainly separately, except for negative and indefinite pronouns with prepositions ( with no one) and some adverbs ( hugging), parts of words - together or through a hyphen (cf .: in my opinion and to my mind).

Use of uppercase and lowercase letters

The use of uppercase and lowercase letters is regulated by the lexico-syntactic rule: proper names and appellations are written with a capital letter ( Moscow State University, Moscow State University), as well as the first word at the beginning of each sentence. The rest of the words are capitalized.

Transfer Rules

The rules for transferring words from one line to another are based on the following rules: when transferring, first of all, the syllabic articulation of the word is taken into account, and then its morphemic structure: war,smash, but not * war, *smash. One letter of the word is not transferred or left on the line. Identical consonants in the root of the word are separated when transferred: cash register.

Rules for graphic word abbreviations

The abbreviation of words in writing is also based on the following rules:

1) only the whole, undivided part of the word can be omitted ( lit-ra - literature, higher education - higher education);

2) when abbreviating a word, at least two letters are omitted;

3) it is impossible to shorten a word by throwing out its initial part;

4) the abbreviation must not fall on a vowel or letters y, y, y.

You can get information about the correct spelling of a word from spelling dictionaries of the Russian language.

Phonetic parsing

Phonetic analysis of the word is carried out according to the following scheme:

Transcribe the word with the accent.

On the transcription, hyphens (or vertical lines) indicate the syllable section.

Determine the number of syllables, indicate the stress.

Show what sound each letter corresponds to. Determine the number of letters and sounds.

Write the letters of the word in a column, next to them - the sounds, indicate their correspondence.

Indicate the number of letters and sounds.

Describe sounds according to the following parameters:

vowel: stressed / unstressed; consonant: deaf / voiced indicating pairing, hard / soft indicating pairing.

Sample phonetic parsing:

his [th "and-vo] 2 syllables, second stressed

In phonetic analysis, they show the correspondence of letters and sounds, connecting letters with the sounds they designate (with the exception of the designation of hardness / softness of a consonant with a subsequent vowel). Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the letters denoting two sounds, and to the sounds indicated by two letters. Particular attention should be paid to the soft sign, which in some cases denotes the softness of the preceding paired consonant (and in this case, it, like the consonant letter preceding it, is combined with a consonant sound), and in other cases does not carry a phonetic load, performing a grammatical function (in In this case, a dash is placed next to it in transcriptional brackets), for example:

Please note that for consonants, pairing is indicated separately on the basis of deafness / sonority and on the basis of hardness / softness, since not only absolutely unpaired consonants are presented in Russian ([y "], [ts], [h"], [ u "]), but also consonants, unpaired in only one of these signs, for example: [l] - voiced unpaired, hard paired, [g] - voiced paired, hard unpaired.

Once upon a time in the Russian language lessons at school, back in lower grades, we all diligently articulated under the vigilant guidance of the teacher: rounded or compressed lips, put the tongue to the sky or pushed their teeth ... We studied various sounds. And then they explained to us other rules from the phonetics section. We grew up, the rules were forgotten. Who remembers now examples of voicing consonants and how does it even happen?

What is phonetics

The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek "sound". This is the name of one of the sections of the language that studies sounds, their structure, as well as intonation, stress and syllables. It is important to distinguish sounds from letters - the first there are more than a hundred, the second in the Russian alphabet, as you know, thirty-three. The study of phonetics includes two sides: articulation (methods of sound formation) and acoustic ( physical characteristics each sound).

Sections of phonetics

The discipline consists of five parts:

1. Phonetics - studies, as already mentioned, the sounds themselves and their signs.
2. Phonology - explores phonemes. A phoneme is a minimal sound unit that makes it possible to distinguish one word from another (for example, in the words "meadow" and "bow" the phonemes "g" and "k" help to understand the difference between them).
3. Orthoepy - studies pronunciation, including the norms of correct literary pronunciation.
4. Graphics - explores the relationship between letters and sounds.
5. Spelling - studies spelling.

Basic concepts of Russian phonetics

The most important thing in this discipline is sounds. They do not have any meaning (unlike whole words), but they help to distinguish different words and word forms from each other: sang - drank, house - home - home, and so on. On paper, this is called transcription to represent sounds.

There are only ten sounds first, they are easier to pronounce than consonants: air quietly penetrates through the mouth. Vowels can be stretched, shouted out, sung. When the artists sing, they pull just these sounds. It depends on their number how many syllables are in a word. And there are words consisting exclusively of vowels (for example, unions or prepositions).

Consonants - 21, when they are pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle: either in the form of a gap, or in the form of a closure. These are two ways of forming consonants. The gap is obtained when the tongue approaches the teeth. This is how the sounds “s”, “z”, “zh”, “sh” are pronounced. This is noisy sounds, they emit a hiss or whistle. The second way is when the lips close. Such sounds cannot be stretched, they are sharp, short. These are “p”, “b”, “g”, “k” and others. But they are very felt.

As well as in terms of hardness and softness, consonants can be paired with voiced and deaf. It is easy to distinguish them: voiced ones are pronounced loudly, deaf ones are deaf. These are pairs such as "b" - voiced, and "p" - deaf; "d" - voiced, and "t" - deaf. There are six such combinations in total. There are, in addition, five consonants that do not have a pair. They always remain loud. These are "l", "m", "n", "r" and "y".

Folding into various words When composing phrases, sounds acquire many properties. Such, for example, as voicing and stunning consonants. How does it happen?

Consonant voicing: examples

The five above letters (d, l, m, n, p) do not have this property. It is very important to remember this! Voicing of a consonant sound can only occur if this sound is paired.

A voiceless consonant can become voiced by pairing in some cases. The main condition is that it must be located directly before the voiced sound (just before, not after!).

So, the voicing of a deaf consonant happens at the junction of morphemes. A morpheme is a part of a word (there are root, prefix, suffix, ending; there are also postfixes and prefixes, but they are not so important). Thus, at the junction of a prefix and a root or a root and a suffix, the process of voicing is possible. This does not happen between the suffix and the ending, since the ending usually consists of vowels. Examples of voicing consonants in this case are as follows: transaction (“s” - a prefix, a dull sound, the root of “deeds” begins with a voiced “d”, so assimilation occurs, that is, assimilation. We pronounce this word aloud as “deal”), mowing (the root “kos” ends with a dull sound “s” - the soft sign is not taken into account, it is followed by a voiced suffix “b” - assimilation occurs again, and this word is pronounced as “kozba”) and so on.

Words with voicing of consonants are also found at the junction independent word and particles (particles are service words: same, would, not, neither, whether, and so on). At least (pronounced aloud “walking”), as if (pronounced “kagby”) and other combinations - these are all cases of voicing.

Finally, situations where the necessary sounds are at the junction of an independent word and a preposition can serve as examples of consonant voicing (preposition - service unit speech helps to connect words into sentences: in, to, with, under, on and others): to the bath (we say “gbane”), from home (we say “oddoma”) and so on.

Stunning consonants: examples

As in the case of voicing, stunning occurs only in the presence of paired sounds. In such a situation, the voiced consonant should come before the deaf one.

This usually happens at the end of a word if it ends in a consonant: bread (“bread”), honey (“met”), bring a lot of chairs (“stool”), and so on. Stunning also occurs if in the middle of a word (as a rule, this is a combination of a root and a suffix) the combination “voiced plus deaf” occurs. For example: stew (“bread” is a root, ends in a voiced “b”, “k” is a deaf suffix, at the output we pronounce the word “sauce”), a fairy tale (the root “kaz” ends in a voiced “z”, “k” - deaf suffix, in total we get "kaska").

The third option, when a stunning consonant sound is encountered, is also at the junction of a word and a preposition: under the ceiling (pot ceiling), above you (nattoboy) and others. This property of the Russian language is especially difficult for schoolchildren who act according to the “we hear as we write” method.

How about others?

The most common language in the world - English - has its own characteristics in phonetics, like any other language. The following distinguishes British phonetics from Russian phonetics:

1. In Russia, vowels are not divided into long and short ones, but in England they are.
2. Consonants in English are always pronounced firmly, but in Russian they can soften.
3. English consonants are never stunned because it can change the meaning of the whole word.

It doesn’t matter if you are a schoolboy or an adult, but if you live in Russia, you must be able to express your thoughts correctly and know the peculiarities mother tongue. After all, our language is our wealth!

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ ( solid mark) that indicate properties but do not by themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription is used in square brackets. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

Conduct letter analysis The following chart will help you:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. AT this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of the sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why is it different total number sounds and letters in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

home phonemic feature Russian speech - a clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa" o], patio [pa" thio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Analyze the sounds of the remaining four vowels in a stressed position will also not present any difficulties.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change phonetic characteristic depending on position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable→ stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables with sound parsing belong to the reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" represent two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically mean different sound, depending on the position. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, phonetic law assimilation by deafness-voicedness. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, it changes common feature two standing nearby consonants: the combination of "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analyzes in composition can be softened before soft sounds[h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e'n'sh'ik], donut ik [on'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'shch'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va′r'shch'ina], borscht [bo′r'shch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms orthoepies are regulated by the publication: "Russian literary pronunciation and accent. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.