How many unpaired sounds are there in Russian. Unpaired consonants

Every first grader knows that sound is a unit of speech that we pronounce and hear, and letters we read and write. They in Russian are divided into vowels and consonants. Of the 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, 21 are called consonants. They are divided by sonority and deafness, softness and hardness. To study the classification of letters begins with grade 1, but the student will have to use it until graduation. When studying phonetics, each student must learn to distinguish voiceless sounds from voiced ones. During writing, they are indicated by transcription - [b]. The table will help to distinguish and remember paired consonant sounds.

Paired consonants by voiced-deafness

All consonants in Russian form pairs, a voiced consonant is opposed to a deaf one. There are 12 paired letters in total, 6 pairs are obtained:

Paired and unpaired consonants need to be known in order to be successful in spelling. Many orthograms of the Russian language are based on the selection of cognate words according to this classification, for example:

• soft - soft
• tooth teeth.

The first pair contains the letter g, which is indistinctly heard during pronunciation and its spelling brings difficulty. The second words are test words when the spelling is pronounced clearly. Younger students often make mistakes in these works.

You may notice that not all letters of the alphabet form pairs. This happens due to the fact that in phonetics there are rules that must be remembered. They are based on the fact that sounds can only be voiced or only deaf. It is easy to remember them, since they have a small amount. As a rule, students by the end of grade 1 know them by heart. These include p, n, l, m, d - sonorous, always voiced, c, h, w, x - always deaf.

Paired consonants by softness-hardness

Consonants are usually divided into hard and soft. In phonetics, the softening process occurs in several situations:

• when there is a vowel after the consonant: u, i, e, e, and (blizzard, buttercup);
• either worth soft sign(blizzard, drink).

If a consonant is followed by a vowel, except for e, e, u, i, and, then it does not allow softening. For example, in the words peony, earth, after the consonant there is a vowel, which provokes the softening process. In such words as a lamp, water, there are no letters e, e, u, i, and therefore, when pronouncing, all sounds are solid.

There are also letters that, during their speech reproduction, will always be soft or hard. These include: w, h, d, c, w, w. Each student needs to know the classification of letters and sounds for successful learning.

A special table will help you remember paired voiced and deaf. It is easy to navigate through it.

Such a table or similar can sometimes be found in the office primary school. It has been proven that junior schoolchildren more developed visual-figurative thinking, so provide new information they need in the form of illustrations or pictures, then it will be effective.

Each parent can create such a table on the desktop of a first grader. Do not be afraid that this hint will lead to student laziness. On the contrary, if he often looks at the image, he will quickly remember everything he needs.

There are more consonant sounds in Russian, so remembering their classification is more difficult. If you list all the deaf and voiced, then you get the number 12. The letters h, w, d, u, c, g, r, n, l, m are not taken into account, they are unpaired.

There are tips for children on how to quickly learn to recognize voiced and voiceless consonants when parsing a word. To do this, you need to press your palm to your throat and utter a distinctly separate sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants will be pronounced differently and, accordingly, differently reflected in the palm of your hand. If it vibrates in the hand, it is voiced; if not, it is deaf. Many guys use this hint when studying phonetics.

There is another exercise that helps to accurately determine which consonant is in front of the student. To do this, you need to close your ears with your hands, but at the same time, silence should be desirable. Pronounce the exciting letter, listen to it with your ears closed. If it is not heard, then it is a deaf sound, if, on the contrary, it is distinct, it is sonorous.

If you try, today any parent can find many interesting, exciting and educational exercises and rules that will help the baby easily learn new knowledge. This will make the learning process more interesting and entertaining, which in turn will affect academic performance.

As you know, speech sounds can be divided into vowels (pronounced only by voice) and consonants (noise is involved in their pronunciation). Many consonants can be paired according to their characteristics, but not all.

Paired and unpaired consonants according to deafness-voicedness

We must immediately make a reservation that there are only four such sounds that are unpaired in all respects. We will talk about them at the end of the article. The majority, on one basis, is included in the pair, but on the other - not. Therefore, it makes no sense to write about the consonant "unpaired" - it is necessary to indicate on what basis.

Consonants differ in voicelessness-voicedness. This means that when pronouncing some of them, more voice is used (sonorous, sonorous), while others use more noise (deaf) or even one noise at all (hissing).

Sonorants are very voiced consonants, they have a lot of voices, but little noise.

Two sonorous consonants - [L] and [P] - can even form a syllable under some circumstances, that is, behave like vowels. Surely you have met the erroneous spelling "teator". It is explained precisely by the fact that [P] in this word is syllable-forming. Other examples are the words "Alexander", "meaning".

Unpaired voiced consonants are just sonorants. There are five of them:

Sometimes [Y] is not classified as sonorant, but it still remains voiced unpaired. Let's look at the table.

It shows that, in addition to voiced unpaired, there are also sounds that are unpaired deaf. Most of them are hissing; only the deaf unpaired consonant sound [Ts] does not belong to hissing ones.

In this article, we consider only Russian speech sounds. In other languages, the distribution in pairs may be different. For example, in Tibetan there is a voiceless pair to the voiced [L].

Pairs of hardness-softness

In addition to deafness-voicedness, Russian consonants form pairs according to hardness-softness.

This means that some of them are perceived as softer by ear. Then we usually somehow denote it in writing: for example, we write a soft sign or one of the vowels E, Yo, Yu, Ya.

Oral speech is primary (it is clear to anyone that it appeared before written language), therefore it is wrong to say: “The sound [H ’] in the word HORSE is soft, because it is followed by b.” On the contrary, we write b because H' is soft.

By hardness-softness, consonants also make up pairs. But in this case, not all. In Russian, there are unpaired soft and unpaired hard consonants.

Unpaired solid consonants are mainly hissing ([Ж], [Ш]) and [Ц]. They always form in the distant palate.

But in the ancestor of our language, Old Slavonic, on the contrary, [Ж] and [Ш] were always soft and did not have a hard pair. Then [K], [G] and [X] were not soft. Currently, you can meet the (once the only possible) pronunciation with a soft [F '] [DROZH'ZH'I] or [DOZH '] (rain), but this is now optional.

Unpaired soft ones are [Y '] and again hissing [H '] and [Sch '].

That is, all sibilants are either always hard or always soft. The letter b after them does not indicate softness, it performs a grammatical function (for example, without even knowing what “bald” is, anyone will immediately say that this word female, because in the masculine gender after hissing b is not put). Solid unpaired hissing consonants in a word can have b with them, but this does not mean that they should be softened. This means that we have a noun of 3 declensions, an adverb or a verb.

Unpaired soft consonants in a word make you want to put b after them, which is often not required. Therefore, it makes sense to remember that in combinations of CHK, CHN, etc. b after h is not needed.

Sounds "completely unpaired"

In Russian, the majority of consonants are either paired on both grounds, or paired on one ground and unpaired on another. for example, in the word [P'EN '] (stump) the sound [P '] is paired both in deafness-voicedness (P '- B '), and in hardness-softness (P '- P), and the sound [N '] is paired in hardness-softness (H' - H), but unpaired in deafness-voicedness.

However, there are several sounds that are unpaired in both ways. These are the sounds [Y '] (unpaired voiced, unpaired soft), [H '] (unpaired soft, unpaired deaf), [Щ '] (unpaired soft, unpaired deaf) and [C] (unpaired hard, unpaired deaf). Such sounds are often made in Russian language olympiads. For example,"Guess the sound according to the characteristic: unpaired solid, unpaired deaf." We already see that it is [C].

What have we learned?

From the article about paired and unpaired consonants, we learned that in Russian there are both paired and unpaired consonants. Paired consonants differ in deafness-voicedness and in hardness-softness.

Topic quiz

Article rating

average rating: 4.2. Total ratings received: 130.

This material will be devoted to paired consonants and in which cases which of them should be used. When teaching a child the rules of the Russian language, do not forget that the most mild form learning is a game. By playing, you can achieve quick results, it will be much easier and more interesting for the baby to learn new material for him.

Sounds and letters

In Russian, like in any other language, there are letters and sounds. Letters are special characters that are used in a language to convey sounds. Sounds are formed into words. We write and see letters, and we hear and pronounce sounds. In the future, in order to distinguish between letters and sounds, the latter (with graphic image) will be enclosed in square brackets.

Sounds and their features

Now let's talk about sounds. Russian has consonants and vowels. The first of them is opposite to the second. With the simultaneous combination of consonants and vowels, words are formed. The first are divided into hard and soft, voiced and deaf. There are consonants that have a pair, and there are those that do not have a pair. Next will be shown various examples words that contain paired consonants.

The demonstration of these examples will be reduced to the understanding that in their writing and pronunciation there is a difference in the perception of sounds. So, to make it clear and interesting, let's recall the sequence of letters in the Russian alphabet, arrange the first six consonants of the alphabet out of order in a column.

• B - [B] - [P];
• G - [G] - [K];
• V - [V] - [F];
• F - [F] - [W];
• З - [З] - [С];
• D - [D] - [T].

Opposite each letter square brackets depicts the sound of a letter. All these consonants are voiced, and each of them has a pair. The second column in this example are paired voiceless consonants. The main problem in this case- Determining which letter to write in a word. But the resulting pair of letters is the paired consonant sounds. It is to this topic, as noted earlier, that this material will be devoted.

Examples

Here are examples of words with paired consonants. To make it more interesting, guess the riddles, pay attention to the riddle words, so:

1. The girl is sitting in a dungeon, and her long green braid is on the street (the answer is carrots).
2. There was a lanky, stuck in the ground (the answer is rain).
3. I was born in the forest, but I live on the water (the answer is a boat).

So, we get these words: carrot, boat, rain. What they have in common is that when pronouncing these words, we hear one sound, but write a completely different letter. Similar words with paired consonants are quite common both in our speech and when writing texts. Now we can observe the stunning of paired consonants both at the end and in the middle of a word.

rule

In the first case, consider some words at the end with paired consonants. For example, let's say the word "oak", we hear the sound [n] at the end of the word. In order not to make a mistake when writing a word, it is necessary to pronounce a test word, for this you need to put a vowel after the consonant (you can also put a consonant in some cases) or put the word in plural: Oak trees. Now we can clearly hear the sound [B]. Or pick up a single-root word in a diminutive form.

There is another way to check spelling in this case: mentally substitute the word "no". And so, we get the test words: flag - no flag, beak - no beak, frost - no frost. Sometimes the examples given earlier are called paired consonant words.

More examples

Let's take some more examples of words. Let's pronounce the word "tooth", at the end of the word we hear the sound [p]. Now we will use the rule known to us: we will put the word in the plural, we will get the answer to our question - “teeth”, now we will put the vowel after the consonant letter and we will get the following result: “tooth”, we will put the consonant - “tooth”. And, finally, mentally insert the word "no" - "no tooth."

"Train" - "trains". We hear "T" - we write "D".

"Taz" - "basins, basin." We hear "C" - we write "Z".

We will give a few more examples, but in this case, consider the words in the middle with such letters:

"Eyes" - "eyes, peephole, eye."

"Trail" - "path, path, path."

Here are a few words as examples of the material covered.

1. Mom bought me a red skirt (the check word is a skirt).
2. The cold was unbearable in the early morning (the test word is chill).
3. In winter, the guys played snowballs in the yard (the test word is snowball).
4. A mug of milk was on the table (the test word was a mug).
5. We visited an exhibition of exotic animals (check word - exhibit).
6. In the desk drawer I found a rusty nail (the key word is nails).
7. The garden blooms in spring (the test word is gardens).
8. After the fight, Taras got a bruise under his eye (the test word is bruises).
9. At a party, we ate a delicious cucumber salad (the check word is salads).
10. A white dove landed on my window this morning (the passphrase is pigeons).

A fairy tale in the end - to consolidate the material

To consolidate the previously presented material, let's listen to the tale "On paired consonants." Once upon a time there were paired consonants in the "Primer" of one schoolboy: b - p, g - k, c - f, w -sh, d - t, s - s. They lived well, together, but the character of each sound was completely different: voiced consonants were vociferous and cheerful, and deaf consonants, on the contrary, were grouchy and angry.

Voiced consonants and deaf consonants liked to argue among themselves: which of them is standing in given word. "B" and "P" argued which of them should be at the end of the word "table (b) (p)". In turn, "V" and "F" also argued - who will be in the word "tra (v) (f) kA".

Kid Fortress was walking past, heard an argument and decided to reconcile the letters among themselves. And he said: “In these words, you need to put a vowel at the end, or after a consonant, put a vowel in the middle of the word, the vowel will tell you which of you will stand in this word.”

Paired consonants reconciled, thanked the Kid and asked about his name. “And my name is Baby Krepysh!” he replied. "F" and "Sh" were worried about which of them would be at the end of the baby's name. And the kid says: “There are two more ways to find out which letter will stand: mentally add the word“ no ”and you will get the answer. Call me affectionately - you will never go wrong!

Many Russian consonants form pairs of hardness-softness: -, - and others. Sounds corresponding to stressed and, after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. A letter denotes a sound, such as vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.

The presenter Vasilisa asked me to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants. Friends from Shishkin Les remembered a lot: There are more consonants than vowels. Consonants cannot be sung. They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, F, Z. Or only with noise: P, T, F. Consonants are voiced deaf paired unpaired.

§6. Hard and soft consonants

The thing is that you missed the previous lesson, in which we studied paired consonants, - Vasilisa explained. The voiced “F” will be paired with a deaf “Sh”. For example: heat is a ball. “I understand,” Zubok said. A voiceless sound is the same as a voiced sound, but spoken softly, without a voice. It is enough to change the word so that after an incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. However, not all consonants are paired.

Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired ones will live in the other. Paired Unpaired Zh - Sh M, N Z - S X, Ts K - G R, L And now let's make up a story from words in which there are only unpaired consonants. Although these consonants are paired, they are still very different. In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound with a shorter duration (i.e., they are reduced).

How many pairs form consonants according to deafness-voicedness?

Do not forget that paired voiced consonants in a weak position at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant are always stunned, and voiceless ones before a voiced one are sometimes voiced. When letters, usually denoting deaf consonants, when voiced, denote ringing sounds, it seems so unusual that it can lead to errors in transcription. In tasks related to comparing the number of letters and sounds in a word, there may be "traps" that provoke errors.

Words are possible that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary. There are many more consonants in Russian than vowels. Consonants are sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in its path. In Russian, there are two types of barriers: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming consonants.

The bow, the second type of articulation of consonants, is formed when the organs of speech are closed. The air flow abruptly overcomes this barrier, the sounds are short, energetic. Compare the words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel and 2 consonants.

2) there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants before them (i.e., the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicedness, as well as before vowels). But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness-softness. School textbooks say that and are unpaired in hardness-softness. How so? After all, we hear that sound is a soft analogue of sound. When I studied at school myself, I could not understand why?

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Bewilderment arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound is also long, but not hard. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one feature. And and - two. Therefore, they are not pairs. Firstly, at first, guys often mix sounds and letters. The use of a letter in transcription will create a basis for such confusion, provoke an error.

You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact, sounds and a pair of hardness-softness do not form. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. beginning of a word, end of a word stressed syllable, unstressed syllable, position before a vowel, position before a consonant - these are all different positions.

In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and not pronounced as distinctly as under stress. Both under stress and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear:, and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who hear clearly that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same.

It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants. In all cases, in a weak position, positional softening of consonants is possible. Naturally, in the school tradition it is not customary to state the characteristics of sounds and what happens to them. positional changes with all the details. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation.

A letter can denote the quality of the previous sound, for example, in the words shadow, stump, shooting. Comparison with vowels. Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

Classification of consonants.

If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second.

Sounds have no pairs soft sounds they are always solid. But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses. The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous, because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. In the first place, we put those in the names of which any soft sounds are heard, in the second, those in the names of which all consonant sounds are hard.

In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.

And then we will understand exactly what letter to write. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. He did not notice this because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And scared away the fly. Well done! Either sonorous, or quieter, Cat - cat, year - year. We can easily distinguish. And at the end we will write the letter correctly. Vowels without stress generally retain their sound. Letters e, e, u, i play dual role in Russian graphics. Sound is the smallest unit sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell, consisting of sounds.

Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They have a different nature. According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. The normative pronunciation is "hiccups", i.e. indistinguishability of E and A in an unstressed position after soft consonants. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables. AT weak positions consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them.

In this lesson, we will learn to distinguish between voiced and deaf consonants and designate them in writing with consonants. We will find out which consonants are called paired and unpaired in terms of voicing - deafness, sonorous and hissing.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where special muscles are located - vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.

Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.

You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:

[b]	[e]	[h]	[G]	[in]	[f]
[P]	[t]	[with]	[to]	[f]	[w]

These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.

Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants ()

They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.

[b]	[b ']	[e]	[d']	[h]	[h ']	[G]	[G']	[in]	[in']	[f]
[P]	[P']	[t]	[t']	[with]	[with']	[to]	[to']	[f]	[f']	[w]

The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.

All these sounds are denoted by letters:

[b]	[b ']
[P]	[P']
[e]	[d']
[t]	[t']
[h]	[h ']
[with]	[with']
[G]	[G']
[to]	[to']
[in]	[in']
[f]	[f']
[f]
[w]

Unpaired voiced consonants

But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.

In the second house - unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:

Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:

[l]	[l']		(el)
[m]	[m']
[n]	[n']
[R]	[R']
	[th']		(and short)

The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means voiced.

Unpaired voiceless consonants

In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:

[X]

[X']

[c]

[h']

[sch']

Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:

[X]	[X']
[c]
	[h']
	[sch']

Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.

So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.

Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants ()

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's complete the tasks.

1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.

d point - point

b ochka - kidney

w ar - fever

fishing rod - duck

2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:

1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)

2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)

3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)

In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:

1. Six mice rustle in the reeds.
2. The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a narrowed one.
3. Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.

So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. ().
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language 1. M .: Ballas. ().
3. Agarkova N.G., Agarkov Yu.A. Textbook on teaching literacy and reading: ABC. Academic book / Textbook.

1. Fictionbook.ru ().
2. Deafnet.ru ().
3. Samouchka.com.ua ().

1. Andrianova T.M., Ilyukhina V.A. Russian language 1. M .: Astrel, 2011. Pp. 38, ex. 2; Page 39, ex. 6; Page 43, ex. 4.
2. Count how many voiced consonants and how many voiceless consonants in a word unsatisfactory ? (Voiced consonants - 9 - N, D, V, L, V, R, L, N, Y, various -6, deaf consonants - 2 - T, T, various - 1.).
3. Read the proverb: « Be able to speak in time, be silent in time. Name the letters that represent voiced consonants. (Voiced consonants denote the letters M, Y, V, R, Z, L in the proverb.)
4. 4* Using the knowledge gained in the lesson, write a fairy tale or draw a comic book on the topic “In the city of consonants”.