How many paired consonants in Russian. Paired consonants in Russian

THEORY

Let's remember couples consonants (according to deafness-voicedness):

A paired consonant can be in a weak and in a strong position.

STRONG POSITION. When a double consonant is followed by a vowel or sonorant consonant L, M, N, R.

WEAK POSITION(stunning or voicing): at the end of a word or before another paired consonant.

CONCLUSION: To correctly write a double consonant in a word in weak position, you need to change the word so that the double consonant becomes in strong position.

REMEMBER that there are words with unverifiable paired consonants. For example, SUDDENLY, TOMORROW, BREAKFAST ... These words can be found in the dictionary.

EXERCISES FOR WORKING SKILLS WITH PAIRED CONSONANTS.

1. In which row is the rule “finished” correctly:
“To check a paired consonant in the root of a word, you need to choose such a test word, ...

1) so that the vowel is stressed
2) so that after a double consonant there is a vowel
3) so that after the double consonant there is a vowel or consonants [n, r, l, m].
4) so ​​that the accent falls on the consonant.

2. Write down the words. Underline in the words paired consonants that stand in a strong position in two lines (on two legs), and which in a weak position - in one line (on one unstable leg).

Toddler, book, flags, stripe, mushroom, smiled, subway, snowdrift, platform, pointer, request, transition, plane, matryoshka, hose, low, iron, notebook, circle, ball, chocolate bar, parking.

3. In which row is an incorrect description given to the sound in the word "KORZH"

1) k - [k] - consonant, deaf, hard
2) o - [o] - vowel, stressed
3) p - [p] - consonant, voiced, hard
4) w - [w] - consonant, voiced, solid

4. In which row the word needs to be checked:

1) gooseberry
2) toad
3) spring
4) mugs

5. In which row is the check word written first, then the checked word:

1) spoon - spoon
2) bun - bun
3) jump - jumps
4) beak - beak

6. In which row the mistake was made (find the word, underline, write out and prove the mistake):

1) birch, teardrop, putty

2) landing, tent, scapula

3) snowdrift, box, cork
4) blood, weed, pin

7. Write by inserting the missing letters. Write the test words in brackets. Underline the paired consonants in the weak position.

Sadovo .. planted young seedlings. Geolo.. discovered a new ore deposit. Fisherman .. was happy with the catch. Lesoru .. felled a huge tree. Dream., wrapped the tops of the tree ... On the branches I take .. earrings appeared. Sugro .. closed the exit from the hut.

8. Write, changing the words in brackets, as it should be written according to the meaning.

Ripe (fruits), vegetable (gardens), collective (labor), huge (cities), tractor (factories), heavy (labor), fruit (gardens), huge (ponds), green (shores), sloping (meadows ), delicious (pies), hot (irons), huge (boots).

9. Write by inserting the missing letters. Write the test words in brackets.

Russian soldier .. (...) does not know the barrier .. (...) . Science does not ask for bread, bread itself .. (...) gives. Naro .. (...) gives his vote .. (...) for the deputy. Detach .. (...) soldier .. (...) gathered in the camp .. (...). The green narya .. (...) of the fields pleases the eye .. (...).

10. Write, changing the words so that they end in a consonant. Underline the paired consonants in a weak position.
Flags, pies, scarves, enemies, shores, boots, meadows, plows, ponds, rods, irons, slippers, bread, log cabins, frosts, watchmen, horses, labors, lumberjacks

11. In which row was the mistake made:

1) b "b - p" p
2) s "s - s" s
3) w "w - w" w
4) d "d - t" t

12. Write by changing the words so that they end in a consonant. Underline the paired consonants in the weak position.

The workers piled the hay in a large (stack). At the Volga, the right (bank) is steep. In winter (snow) deep - in summer (bread) high. Beautiful (flags) were hung on the building. The woman threw beautiful (shawls) over her shoulders. Grandma turned out delicious (pies).

13. Write, inserting the missing double consonant. Check the word orally.
Man is a brother to man ... and others ... My grandfather and I went to the pine forest for mushrooms. Moreau... painted the windows. Matro .. walked along the pavement. Today it was raining ... the whole day.

14. Change these words so that there is a consonant at the end. Underline the paired consonantsin a weak position.

Catches, bosses, lions, eyebrows, eyes, beaks, frosts, watermelons, diamonds, crops, collectives, banks, records, sickles, hammers, detachments, plants, horses, sleeves, meadows, watchmen.

15. Change the words so that a double consonant in a weak position appears in the word. Underline these paired consonants.

Dorozhenka, notebook, watchman, cup, buckle, birch tree, kitty, little book, girlfriend, violin, spoon, ladle, path, small pillow, cap, fairy tale, toy, pin, cap, mug.

16. Write by inserting the missing letters. Underline the paired consonantsin a weak position.

Kolya is weak ... after an illness. The cat sharpened ko..ti. The cat Murzik has la..ka pain. Katya had tears in her eyes..ki. An easy .. cue breeze ran over the top .. trees. Muska has me..kaya wool.ka. Masha put on a light .. kuyu straw hat .. ku. Golu..ka cooed loudly on the roof of the house.

17. Write by inserting the missing letters. First, write the test words in brackets.Underline the paired consonantsin a weak position.

The fisherman caught a small (...) fish with a fishing rod..ku. (...) Golu..ka cooing loudly. Grew up (...) re..ka big-very big. Nastya! bought a fur (...) shu..ku. Red (...) hat ..ka, white (...)] but ..ka, standing at (...) the road ..ki, standing (...) nemns.ko, it will hit! in (...) luko..ko. In the forest began (...) ru..ka (...) dro ...

18. Complete the sentences with words with opposite meaning. Insert the missing letters. Underline the paired consonants in a weak position.

A dog is a man's friend, and a wolf is... Iron is heavy, but fluff .... The river is wide, and the stream .... The garlic is bitter, and the apple .... Kissel is thick, and the soup .... The stone is heavy, but the limestone... The house is high, and the barn .... The boy is brave, but the girl. Rain is frequent, and thunder ..

19. Write by inserting the missing letters. Write test words. Underline the paired consonantsin a weak position.

Julia tied her sister to vara..ki. Bra. skated on slippery ice. Gee... fell into a snowdrift... Sleep .. walked all night. Dvorni ... raked the snowdrift ... The ice was hard... cue. On the mountain grew a magnificent sa ...

20. Read. Find mistakes. Correct the mistakes, write correctly. Underline the paired consonantsin a weak position.

Transparent flight, sore tooth, long beak, sharp nose, sandy shore, heavy drizzle.

21. Write, insert paired consonants, write test.Underline the paired consonantsin a weak position.

AT primary school the basis of spelling literacy of a person is formed.

Everyone knows that the difficulty of the Russian language is largely due to the discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation. Often this is associated with paired consonants.

What is a double consonant?

All consonants are with each other in one or another opposition according to their characteristics. One of them is the opposition of sounds by deafness-voicedness.

Some consonants, with the coincidence of all other features, such as the place of formation and the method of pronunciation, differ only in the participation of the voice in the process of sounding. They are called couples. The remaining consonants do not have a pair of deafness-voicedness: l, m, x, c, h, u, d.

Paired consonants		examples of words with paired consonants
		table [b] s - table [n]
		draw [c] a - draw [f]
		expensive [g] a - expensive [k]
		boro[d]a - boro[t]ka
		blah[w]it - blah[w]
		frosty [s] ny - frosty [s]

Here are paired consonants. The table also contains examples that illustrate the spelling "Checked consonants at the root of the word."

Spelling rule for paired consonants

In the process of pronunciation, paired sounds can be interchanged. But this process is not reflected in the letter. That is, the letters do not change, no matter what sounds we hear in their place. So in the Russian language the principle of uniformity of morphemes is realized. The spelling of paired consonants is completely subject to this law.

The rule may be stated in the following paragraphs:

• the root of the word is always written the same way, since semantics depends on it;
• spelling must be checked by selecting or changing word forms;
• it is necessary to choose as a test one that, after a dubious consonant, has either a vowel sound or a sonorant sound (p, l, m, n, d).

This can be seen in the examples from the table: spelling consonants are either at the end of words, or before other paired sounds. In test words, they are in front of vowels or in front of unpaired phonemes.

Application of the rule

The spelling of paired consonants needs to be worked out. You need to start with the formation of the ability to see the studied spelling. This will be the end of a word or a confluence of consonants, at which sounds begin to influence the sound of each other - the next one changes the quality of the pronunciation of the previous one.

When we know what a paired consonant is, it will not be difficult to conclude which option to choose:

• bo [p] - beans - bean;
• bro [t] - ford - ford;
• bro [f "] - eyebrows - eyebrow;
• nail [t "] - nails - nail;
• garden [t] - vegetable gardens - vegetable garden;
• dro [sh] - trembling - trembling;
• polo [s] ka - strip - strip;
• ko [z "] ba - mow - mowing;
• re [z "] ba - cut - carving;
• city ​​[d "] ba - fence - city;
• cro [in "] - blood - blood;
• stra [w] - guard - guard.

Paired consonants. Word Discrimination Examples

Deafness and sonority are able to distinguish words by meaning. For example:

• (soup) dense - (above the river) bush;
• (telegraph) pole - (Alexandrian) pillar;
• bark (oak) - (high) mountain;
• (unbearable) heat - (surface) of the ball;
• (bouquet) of roses - (boy) grew up;
• (new) house - (thick) vol.

In weak positions, at the end of words, for example, as in the example of “roses” and “rose”, a check is necessary to avoid semantic confusion. Paired consonants in Russian require an attentive attitude.

Test on the topic studied

grass[..]ka, rye[..]ka, zu[..]ki, arbu[..], lo[..]ka, short[..]ka, ko[..]ti.

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, jump - jumping

6. W or W?

Sapo ... ki, doro ... ki, boom ... ki, kro ... ki, ro ... ki, poro ..ki, bara ... ki, lo ... ki, game ... ki, cha ... ki, lie down ... ki.

• gu ... ki (__________);
• flasks (__________);
• gri… (__________);
• ch… (__________);
• jump ... ki (____________);
• lo ... ka (____________);
• horse ... b (______________);
• zu .. (_______).

Sha (p / b) ka, provo (d / t), kru (g / c), povia (s / s) ka, me (d / t), su (d / t), sla (d / t) cue, oshi (b / n) ka, doba (v / f) ka, uka (s / s) ka.

9. Insert letters in text:

Lebe ... b - the king of all waterfowl. He, like a dream ..., is white, graceful, he has shiny eyes ... ki, black lac ... ki and a long, booming neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Fix bugs:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant strawberries!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• Gimp birch flutters petals in the wind.
• The tray floated on the lake.
• Berek is gradually approaching.
• Storosh does not sleep.
• A mongrel barks loudly in the yard.
• Yosh rustles in the bushes.

Answers

1. What is a double consonant? A consonant that has a pair of deafness or sonority.

2. Complete the sentence:

To check paired consonants, you need pick up a test word.

3. Highlight the words that need to be checked:

dip..ka, underwater .. ny, cue, dressed up .. ny, horse..ka, careful..ny, cook..it, du..ki, l oh...ki, other..ny.

4. Write sounds in square brackets:

grass [V] ka, lo [D] ka, zu [B] ki, arbu [Z], lo [D] ka, short [B] ka, ko [G] ti.

5. Underline the test word:

Fabulous - a fairy tale, head - head, pie - pies, ditch - groove, birch - birch, eyes - eyes, stripe - stripes, notebook - notebook, spikelet - spikelets, bounce- jumping

6. W or W?

Boots, tracks, pieces of paper, crumbs, horns, powders, lambs, spoons, toys, cups, frogs.

7. Write down the test words and insert letters instead of dots:

• beeps (beep);
• checkboxes (checkbox);
• mushroom (mushrooms);
• eye (eyes);
• jumping (jump);
• boat (boat);
• horse (horses);
• tooth teeth).

8. Choose the correct option:

hat, wire, circle, bandage, honey, court, sweet, mistake, additive, pointer.

9. Insert letters in text:

The swan is the king of all waterfowl. He is like snow, white, graceful, he has sparkling eyes, black paws and a long, flexible neck. How beautifully he floats on the smooth water of the pond!

10. Fix bugs:

• I love reading fairy tales.
• How fragrant strawberries are!
• Carrots are sown on the beds.
• A flexible birch flutters its petals in the wind.
• The boat was sailing on the lake.
• The coast is gradually approaching.
• The watchman does not sleep.
• A mongrel yapps loudly in the yard.
• Hedgehog rustles in the bushes.

Many Russian consonants form pairs of hardness-softness: -, - and others. Sounds corresponding to stressed and, after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position, sound the same. A letter denotes a sound, such as vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.

The presenter Vasilisa asked me to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants. Friends from Shishkin Les remembered a lot: There are more consonants than vowels. Consonants cannot be sung. They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, F, Z. Or only with noise: P, T, F. Consonants are voiced deaf paired unpaired.

§6. Hard and soft consonants

The thing is that you missed the previous lesson, in which we studied paired consonants, - Vasilisa explained. The voiced “F” will be paired with a deaf “Sh”. For example: heat is a ball. “I understand,” Zubok said. A voiceless sound is the same as a voiced sound, but spoken softly, without a voice. It is enough to change the word so that after an incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. However, not all consonants are paired.

Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired ones will live in the other. Paired Unpaired Zh - Sh M, N Z - S X, Ts K - G R, L And now let's make up a story from words in which there are only unpaired consonants. Although these consonants are paired, they are still very different. In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound with a shorter duration (i.e., they are reduced).

How many pairs form consonants according to deafness-voicedness?

Do not forget that paired voiced consonants in a weak position at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant are always stunned, and voiceless ones before a voiced one are sometimes voiced. When letters that normally represent voiceless consonants are voiced when voiced, it seems so unusual that it can lead to errors in transcription. In tasks related to comparing the number of letters and sounds in a word, there may be "traps" that provoke errors.

Words are possible that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary. There are many more consonants in Russian than vowels. Consonants are sounds, during the pronunciation of which the air meets an obstacle in its path. In Russian, there are two types of barriers: a gap and a bow - these are the two main ways of forming consonants.

The bow, the second type of articulation of consonants, is formed when the organs of speech are closed. The air flow abruptly overcomes this barrier, the sounds are short, energetic. Compare the words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel and 2 consonants.

2) there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants before them (i.e., the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicedness, as well as before vowels). But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness-softness. School textbooks say that and are unpaired in hardness-softness. How so? After all, we hear that sound is a soft analogue of sound. When I studied at school myself, I could not understand why?

Paired consonants in voicing-deafness

Bewilderment arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound is also long, but not hard. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one feature. And and - two. Therefore, they are not pairs. Firstly, at first, guys often mix sounds and letters. The use of a letter in transcription will create a basis for such confusion, provoke an error.

You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact, sounds and a pair of hardness-softness do not form. The conditions in which a particular sound appears are important. beginning of a word, end of a word stressed syllable, unstressed syllable, position before a vowel, position before a consonant - these are all different positions.

In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and not pronounced as distinctly as under stress. Both under stress and in an unstressed position, we clearly hear:, and write the letters with which these sounds are usually denoted. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who hear clearly that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same.

It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. Positional changes are observed only in paired consonants. In all cases, in a weak position, positional softening of consonants is possible. Naturally, in the school tradition it is not customary to state the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes that occur with them in all details. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants according to the features of the method and place of formation.

A letter can denote the quality of the previous sound, for example, in the words shadow, stump, shooting. Comparison with vowels. Each consonant has features that distinguish it from other consonants. In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in the word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonants in a word for their correct spelling.

Classification of consonants.

If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second.

Sounds do not have paired soft sounds, they are always hard. But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses. The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous, because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. In the first place, we put those in the names of which you can hear any soft sounds, in the second, those in the names of which all consonants are solid.

In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only put it on top.

And then we will understand exactly what letter to write. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. He did not notice this because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And scared away the fly. Well done! Either sonorous, or quieter, Cat - cat, year - year. We can easily distinguish. And at the end we will write the letter correctly. Vowels without stress generally retain their sound. Letters e, e, u, i play dual role in Russian graphics. Sound is the smallest unit sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell, consisting of sounds.

Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They have a different nature. According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and deaf. The normative pronunciation is "hiccups", i.e. indistinguishability of E and A in an unstressed position after soft consonants. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables. In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them.

In any text, it is very important not to make mistakes, especially those related to paired consonants, because it is by their presence or absence that a person’s literacy level will be judged. Sometimes it is not at all clear which letter should be in certain words, and therefore mistakes are often made in their spelling. main reason on which this happens is the discrepancy in pronunciation and designation of them in writing.

For example, in the word "mushroom" when pronouncing, we clearly hear the sound "p", but we always write "b". In order to be sure of this, you need to check its designation. The test words help us with this. In our case, we can simply change the number, resulting in the word "mushrooms", which exactly hears ringing sound"b". First you need to say that any paired consonant in a word can be in a weak or strong position. If a double consonant is followed by a vowel or a sonorant consonant, among which are L, M, H, P, then it can be said for sure that the position of the double consonant is strong. If the paired consonant is located at the end of the word, or after it comes another paired consonant, then this means that it is in a weak position. It is quite clear that in order to check the correct spelling, we will have to change the word to bring it into a strong position. To be sure of the correct spelling, you can use such a check as changing the number, as described above. In this case, after the consonant being checked, a vowel sound is heard. However , note that if you need to check for a letter in the middle of a word , then this method will not work for you . For example, the word " frost": we change the number and get " frost", in this word we clearly hear the sound " z". But in the word "fish" in the plural we get "fish" - as we see the situation has not changed, we still hear "p". Many may mistakenly write this way, but this method cannot be used to check this word.

Checking paired consonants located in the middle of a word is done differently. It is necessary to select single-root words in such a way that after the sound that we are checking, there is a voiced consonant. In the word "fish" for correct check with a pair of "b" we select a single-root word, for example, "fisherman". Now you can be sure that here we will write the letter "b". If a paired consonant is in a prefix, then its spelling obeys slightly different rules. In prefixes that end in z or s, which are voz-, vz-, bez-, raz-, niz-, and so on, only s is written before deaf consonants, in all other cases you need to write z. For example: useless, bite, price, take advantage; but take a nap, trouble-free, excite, wear out, bring down, and so on.

There are words in which checking the correct spelling is impossible. These include, for example, "tomorrow", "breakfast", "suddenly". In this case, they must be remembered. If you find it difficult to do this, you can always use a dictionary.

From the foregoing, one simple conclusion can be drawn: in order to know exactly how to correctly write a paired consonant, which you doubt, put it in a strong position, that is, make it so that after it comes a vowel or sonorant consonant. In the case of prefixes, always consider the next sound after the paired consonant. And if checking a word is not possible, use a dictionary.

In Russian, deaf and voiced consonants are separated. The rules for writing letters denoting them begin to be studied already in the first grade. But even after graduating from school, many still cannot write words without errors, where there are deaf and voiced consonants. This is sad.

Why do you need to write voiceless and voiced consonants correctly in Russian

Some people treat the culture of writing superficially. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: “What difference does it make, as it is written, it’s still clear what it is about!”

In fact, spelling errors indicate a low level of personality culture. You can't count yourself developed person not knowing how to write correctly in their native language.

There is another fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free spelling. After all, deaf and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are oral in speech are homophones. That is, they sound the same, but are spelled differently. Incorrect use of a letter in them is fraught with loss or change in the meaning of the context.

For example, the words "pond" - "rod", "cat" - "code", "horn" - "rock" are just included in this list.

shameful loss

Schoolchildren in the Russian language lesson can be told a funny episode from life. It should be based on the fact that several children did not know how to correctly write in words the letters denoting voiced and unvoiced consonants.

And it happened during the school team game "Treasure hunters". In its rules, it was noted that you need to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated exactly. The note contained only a hint of him.

Here the teams received the first letters with the following text: "Road, meadow, stone." One group of guys immediately ran towards the lawn, found a stone there, under which the letter was hidden. The second, having mixed up the words-homophones "meadow" and "bow", ran to the garden. But, of course, they did not find any stone among the brightly green rows.

You can change history in such a way as if an illiterate scribbler wrote notes. It was he who, giving instructions to the members of his team, instead of the word "meadow" used "bow". Not knowing how paired voiced and deaf consonants are written, the “literate” misled the guys. As a result, the competition was cancelled.

The rule for writing dubious paired consonants for deafness-voicedness

In fact, checking which letter should be written in a particular case is quite simple. Paired voiced and deaf consonants raise doubts about writing only when they are at the end of a word or there is another deaf consonant behind them. If one of these cases takes place, you need to choose a single root or change the form of the word so that a vowel follows the dubious consonant. You can also use the option where the letter being checked is followed by a voiced consonant.

Mug - mug, snow - snow, bread - bread; rez - carved, sweat - sweaty.

Didactic game "Connect the word to be checked with the test word"

In order to have time to do more during class, you can conduct a game in which skills are consolidated without writing down. Its condition will be a task in which children are asked only to connect the test words with the traits being tested. It takes less time, and the work done will be extremely effective.

The game will become more interesting if it is carried out in the form of a competition. To do this, make up three options for tasks, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, it is necessary to enter those in which voiced and deaf consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words may be as follows.

First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig. Second column: bow, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.

To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not the same root as those whose spelling is in doubt: snacks, servant, octopus.

Table of consonants by voiced-deafness

All consonants are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic analysis of a word at school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, sonority or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, solid, sonorous. And the sound [n] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but deaf. The difference between the sounds [p] and [p '] lies only in softness and hardness.

Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which it is possible to determine whether the sound has a pair of softness-hardness. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.

There are also voiced and unvoiced consonants. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair for this trait. For example, these are

• d, l, m, n, r;
• x, c, h, u.

Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are deaf. The rest of the consonants are in pairs. It is they who make it difficult to write, since a dull sound is often heard where a letter is written denoting a voiced consonant.

Checks require only paired consonants - voiced and deaf. The table reflects this moment. For example, the sound "b", falling into final position or being in front of another deaf consonant, he himself is "stunned", turning into "p". That is, the word "hornbeam" (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grab].

The table shows that these sounds are paired in sonority-deafness. These can also be called “c” - “f”, “g” - “k”, “d” - “t”, “g” - “w” and “h” - “s”. Although the sound “x” can be added to the pair “g” - “k”, which often sounds in a stunned position in place of “g”: soft - soft[m'ahk'y], easy - easy[l'ohk'y].

Didactic game-lotto "Doubtful consonants"

So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and deaf consonants is studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. Teachers and parents can prepare for a didactic game special small cards with pictures and words that contain dubious consonant sounds. A doubtful consonant can be replaced by dots or asterisks.

Additionally, larger cards should be made, in which there will be only letters denoting consonants paired by voiced-deafness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.

At the signal of the host, the players take them from the table and cover with them the letters on a large card that are missing in their opinion. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without errors is considered the winner.

Extracurricular activities in the Russian language

Winning options for developing interest in this area of ​​science are evenings, competitions, KVNs. They are held outside school hours for everyone.

It is very important to create an exciting scenario for such an event. Special attention should be devoted to developing tasks that will be both useful and exciting. These activities can be done with students of all ages.

Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element literary creativity. For example, it is useful to suggest to the guys:

Make up a story about how the sounds "t" and "d" quarreled;

Think of as many single-root words as possible for the word "horn" in one minute;

Write short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-bow, twig-pond.

Consonant alternation in Russian

Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, "spirit" and "soul". Historically (etymologically) they are of the same root, but they have different letters at the root - "x" and "w". The same process of alternating consonants is observed in the words "burden" and "wear". But in last case the sound "sh" alternates with the consonant "s".

However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and deaf consonants that make up a pair. This is a special type of replacement of one sound by another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.

The following consonants alternate:

• s - f - g (example: friends - be friends - friend);
• t - h (example: fly - I'm flying);
• c - h - k (example: face - personal - face);
• s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - plow);
• w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
• h - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
• u - sk (example: polished - gloss);
• u - st (example: paved - pave).

Often, alternation is called the appearance in the verbs of the sound “l”, which is in this case beautiful name"el epenteticum". Examples can be pairs of words “I love - love”, “feed - feed”, “buy - buy”, “graph - graph”, “catch - catch”, “ruin - destroy”.

The Russian language is so rich, the processes taking place in it are so diverse that if the teacher tries to find exciting options for working in the classroom both in the classroom and outside the classroom, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discoveries, will really become interested in this school subject.