Features of the development of figurative thinking of schoolchildren. Features of visual-figurative thinking in children of primary school age

In the first half of 2018, the volume of mergers and acquisitions in Russia almost tripled to a record $13.4 billion since 2014. But the number of transactions turned out to be the most modest in 10 years. The situation on the market is determined by the major players

The amount of mergers and acquisitions (M&A) transactions involving Russian companies in the first half of 2018 increased by 134% compared to the first half of 2017, Thomson Reuters analysts calculated (RBC has a report). There has never been such a growth rate in the last 11 years. But the number of transactions carried out during the reporting period turned out to be a record low - only 499.

The total amount of transactions in the first six months of this year amounted to $13.48 billion (a record since 2014) against $5.7 billion in the first half of 2017, and the volume of transactions conducted with the participation of only Russian companies was $6.4 billion against $2, 7 billion for the same period in 2017. The list of M&A deals includes announced deals, pending deals, deals in progress and closed deals, Thomson Reuters explained.

Despite an increase in the volume of M&A transactions in general (with the participation of both Russian and foreign investors), in the first half of 2018 their number decreased by 25% compared to the same period last year, to 499. In particular, the acquisition of Russian assets by foreign companies decreased by 15% in quantitative terms and by 11% in value terms. More often than others, he accompanied mergers and acquisitions of VTB Capital - it accounted for 18.2% of the market.

It is more significant to achieve a maximum in four years in terms of the volume of transactions than to achieve a minimum in their number in ten years: quantitative indicators in this area do not reflect the picture of what is happening, especially since, perhaps, not all transactions fall into the field of view of researchers, the manager told RBC partner expert group VETA Ilya Zharsky.

Turkish deal

The most expensive deal in 2018 on the Russian market, according to Thomson Reuters, was the sale by Sberbank due to Western sanctions its Turkish "daughter" Denizbank Dubai banking group Emirates NBD. The deal was announced in May, its amount is $3.2 billion. This is almost a quarter - 23.7% - of the total amount of transactions in the first half of the year.

The next most expensive was the purchase by VTB of a 29% stake in the second largest retailer in Russia, Magnit, from its founder, Sergei Galitsky. The transaction in March, Galitsky left 3% of the company. VTB's stake in Magnit was valued at $2.45 billion. A few months later, VTB had part of its stake - almost 12% - in the investment Marathon Group, founded by Alexander Vinokurov and Sergey Zakharov, natives of A1.

Also in March, Japan Tobacco to buy 100% of the Rostov-on-Don-based Donskoy Tabak group for $1.7 billion. The deal is due to close within this year.

Another major deal in 2018 was the sale of a stake in Norilsk Nickel for $1.5 billion. UC Rusal and Interros agreed on it in March, Crispian of Roman Abramovich and Alexander Abramov planned to sell them 4% of its shares in proportion to their shares. However, RBC, according to the decision of the London court, this deal should be canceled - Abramovich will have to return $ 770 million to Potanin for 2.1% of the shares of MMC Norilsk Nickel he had already bought.

Photo: Kerem Uzel / Bloomberg

"Pit" 2015

The growth in the volume of M&A transactions over four years was achieved due to the “hole” in 2015 (low base effect) - after the deterioration of relations between Russia and Western countries due to the annexation of Crimea and the December crisis of 2014, when, due to falling oil prices, the ruble exchange rate fell by half, and the key rate was raised to 17%. At that time, many preferred to postpone deals due to the crisis, sanctions, lack of understanding of how Russia's foreign policy relations with developed countries would develop further, and the uncertainty of the future of the banking sector, says Ilya Zharsky.

AT recent times the Russian M&A market is experiencing a revival, says EY partner Ruben Israelyan. “Firstly, over the past six to eight months, private equity funds in Russia have received money that was previously scarce and expensive. Funds began to take an active interest in various projects. Secondly, some European buyers have become interested in Russia,” he says. According to the expert, some transactions are frozen due to US sanctions.

“In our opinion, the market is now quite lively, the mid-market (middle) segment is quite active,” Elena Ershova, head of the M&A group at PwC, told RBC. “We see a healthy trend towards the purchase of assets in Russia by foreign investors. On the other hand, there is activity on the part of asset sellers - owners who want to completely change their strategy and exit, or those who are looking for a co-investor as an opportunity to raise additional funds for business development, ”adds the expert.

Smaller but more expensive

AT last years in many sectors Russian economy consolidation is taking place, big business is beginning to expand into sectors that it was not interested in before, Evgeny Nadorshin, chief economist at the PF Capital consulting company, told RBC. At the same time, the wave of crisis that began in 2013 hit small businesses much harder than large ones. Small businesses, unlike large ones, are not provided with state support in connection with sanctions, the expert notes. And the negative impact on small and medium-sized businesses is stronger, which reduces the number of active players and, as a result, the number of M&A transactions, Nadorshin believes. At the same time, the amount of these transactions may not fall, as the objects become larger - some competitors of the companies participating in the transactions die, they absorb others. In other words, there are fewer objects on the market, but they have become more expensive, he says.

Among the key negative factors affecting the M&A market are: a non-growing economy, problems in the financial sector, external negative impacts(cheaper oil and sanctions), the devaluation of the ruble, relatively expensive financing, the activity of the Federal Antimonopoly Service and the Federal Tax Service, the tightening of regulatory screws. A big problem also lies in the fact that it is not customary for us to bankrupt insolvent borrowers who have hung a burden on the balance sheets of banks and are of no interest to potential buyers, says Nadorshin.

Due to the end of one electoral cycle and the beginning of the next, the first half of 2018 on M&A transactions is characterized by much more modest results than expected in the second half - at least twice as much, suggests Ilya Zharsky. Business owners have understood what the political agenda of the next six years will be, and will be more courageous in making decisions about mergers and acquisitions: someone will get rid of their business, and someone, especially with a large administrative resource, will try to save and increase their assets .

Mergers and acquisitions or M&A (eng. mergers and acquisitions) is a term with a broad meaning. It is customary for them to designate transactions for the purchase or sale of businesses or companies. We will call such a business or company a goal or a target company, which is a tracing paper from the English target. Let's try to understand the definition of an M&A transaction in more detail. So, first of all, it's a deal. And like any deal, there are two sides to an M&A deal: the buyer and the seller.

Seller and Buyer

Who is the buyer and seller in M&A transactions? To answer this question, let's first look at how big business is legally organized in general, in our example, Russian big business.

The ultimate owners of all companies are people (individuals), whether they are small shareholders with a few shares or oligarchs with controlling or 100% stakes. They are often also referred to as ultimate beneficiaries or simply beneficiaries.

They usually own their property and assets through intermediate holding companies, which are most often registered in offshore jurisdictions such as Cyprus or the British Virgin Islands. Such companies are called holding companies, abbreviated as HoldCo, since their main function is to own shares of other companies, that is, to keep them on their balance sheet. The English word Hold means to keep.

Intermediate holding companies are the owners of shares in parent holding companies, which can be registered both offshore and in Russia. Such holding companies are the main economic entities of the business. It is there that management is concentrated, and it is these companies that we usually mean when we simply say Severstal or Evraz.

The parent companies of the holdings, in turn, own shares in the company, which already directly own the assets and conduct operations, and are often referred to as operating companies or OpCos.

Such a step-by-step ownership scheme is called a chain of ownership or a chain of ownership. It is needed primarily for organizing business management, for tax optimization and for maintaining the confidentiality of the final beneficiaries. In large transactions, buyers and sellers are legal entities, i.e. companies that own shares in the company being sold (in the case of a seller) or will become their owners as a result of the transaction (in the case of a buyer).

Read also: Business partnerships and companies

That is, if shares of a holding company are sold, then the seller is an intermediate offshore company. If shares of an operating company are being sold, then HoldCo is the seller, and if assets are being sold, then OpCo is the seller. So, when we say a seller or a buyer in the context of an M&A transaction, we mean both the buyer or seller directly, i.e. the holding or operating company, and the ultimate beneficiary.

Legally, the company acts as a buyer or seller, of course, but all decisions are made by the beneficiary. He, in the end, receives economic benefits from the transaction, therefore, most often we mean the beneficiary when we talk about the seller or buyer in essence, and not in the legal sense.

There may be one seller and buyer, or there may be several. For example, in the deal for the purchase of TNK-BP by Rosneft, there were several sellers: the British company BP and the AAR consortium, which represented the interests of several beneficiaries at once, Mikhail Fridman's Alfa group, Leonard Blavatnik's Acctss group and Viktor Vekselberg's Renova. And when buying the Dutch bank ABN AMRO, a consortium of three banks was formed: the British RBS, the Dutch FORTIS and the Spanish Santander.

Subject of the transaction

You have gained insight into sellers and buyers. What is the subject of an M&A deal? As already mentioned, M&A refers to the purchase of a company or business. What does it mean to buy a company or a business? There are two options, buying shares or buying the assets of the target company.

Large transactions most often take the form of buying and selling shares. When buying shares, the buyer transfers ownership of them and the corresponding corporate rights, such as the right to participate in the management of the company through the right to vote and the right to participate in the distribution of profits, i.e. to receive dividends.

At the same time, both all shares, i.e. 100%, and a minority stake of less than 50% or a majority stake of more than 50% can be purchased. If 100% of the shares are acquired, then the buyer receives full control over the management and distribution of profits of the target company. When buying less than 100% of the shares, the seller also remains a shareholder along with the buyer.

Acquisitions and mergers are often used to structure companies. These are operations of an economic and legal nature, designed to combine several organizations into a single corporate structure. The owners of the new business unit are persons who have a controlling stake at their disposal. The purpose of the event is to improve the efficiency of capital.

What are the main pros and cons?

In an effort to improve their financial results, enterprises are trying to unite. Joint management significantly increases the efficiency of organizations. Mergers and acquisitions in Russia, as practice shows, provide an opportunity to adapt to the progressive system of the economy and gain additional privileges in the competitive struggle.

The benefits of merging are obvious:

reducing the time to achieve a positive effect;
optimization of the tax base;
geographical expansion of business;
obtaining control over tangible intangible assets;
acquisition of working capital directly at a previously underestimated value;
instant purchase of a certain sector of the market.

There are also some disadvantages:

sufficiently large costs relating to the payment of penalties;
significant difficulties in the presence of companies in different industries;
possible difficulties in interacting with new employees;
in fact, the deal may not be very profitable.

Features of ongoing processes

Acquisition and merger operations carried out have their own specifics. With a voluntary merger of companies, it is necessary to form a new legal entity. If one enterprise joins another, then the main one retains its essence as a subject. All rights and obligations of subsidiaries pass to him.

Merging is the process of combining two or more legal entities on a voluntary basis. After registration of all documents, a new one begins to function. Combination can take place according to two scenarios.

The restructuring of companies is carried out with complete liquidation. The formed enterprise acquires the assets and liabilities of the incorporated entities.
When merging, a partial transfer of the rights of existing entities on the rights of an investment contribution is made. Participants in this case maintain administrative and economic integrity.

A company takeover is a process in which one company buys out another. After registration, she begins to fully control her activities. At the same time, the dominant firm acquires from 30 percent of the authorized capital of the second legal entity.

Classification of join procedures

Mergers and acquisitions can be divided according to various principles. The type of association is chosen depending on the conditions established in the market environment, as well as on the potential opportunities that business companies have.

The table shows the main types of joins.

	Peculiarities
Horizontal	The process integrates organizations engaged in the same activity or with a similar technical and technological structure.
vertical	Connection of enterprises directly in different industries. This is done to control the previous stages of the production process.
conglomerate	The operation of combining enterprises in different industries, while they do not have any technological or production similarity.
	Companies that develop the same product merge. For example, a combination of enterprises for the manufacture of mobile devices and software can be carried out.

Also, mergers and acquisitions are classified according to national and cultural characteristics. If the organizations being restructured are located on the territory of one state, then they are considered national. Their activities do not go beyond the boundaries within which they conduct it. Transnational is the association of entities from various countries. Their number can be unlimited. Nowadays, multinational corporations are common.

Fundamental points of a positive effect

In order for the takeover and merger to be positive, it is necessary to take into account some factors:

determination of the optimal form of association;
the speed of connecting the staff of middle and senior managers to the process;
the amount of expected capital for the implementation of integration;
the order of the transaction;
selection of the main representative for future relations.

During the operation, it is necessary to understand from the very beginning that obtaining a positive result when combining organizations should lead to an increase in profits. At the entire stage of restructuring, mistakes made should be eliminated in time. The ultimate goal is not only the presence of a synergistic effect, but its maintenance for a long time.

Preparing for the M&A process

On the initial stage the main tasks are set and ways to solve them are determined. It is required to understand whether the set goals can be achieved by alternative methods. To do this, it is necessary to carry out procedures to increase internal capacity, develop suitable marketing strategies and other measures that can bring the planned result closer.

After that, a search for a suitable company for the merger is carried out. Preparation directly for the transaction takes place in three stages.

The field of activity of the enterprise is being studied: growth dynamics, possible distribution of potential, and the impact of external factors are assessed. The first step is to consider actual assets and liabilities.
Analyzed own possibilities. In any case, the company must conduct an unbiased self-assessment. Using the data obtained, you can understand what criteria should be followed when choosing an organization.
Potential competitors are being explored. You can feel all the positive aspects of the unification if you carefully study the potential of rivals. By evaluating them, it is easier to determine the strategic direction.

Analysis of the effectiveness of the transaction

There is an opinion that the merger of companies will be a tremendous success if a company from a market area that is progressively developing is chosen as an opponent. However, this approach is not correct. The final evaluation of mergers and acquisitions is done on the basis of various studies:

analysis of the balance of incoming and outgoing operations;
determining the benefits of integration for all parties;
taking into account the features of the association;
identification of the main problems in the field of the tax base, personnel and legal restrictions.

Possible negative points

Conversions from economic structures can have not only positive, but also negative effect. Studies have shown completely different results. Analysts concluded that negative moments arise for a number of reasons, bound friend with friend:

erroneous assessment of the capabilities of the merged company;
misuse of financial resources needed for integration;
illiterate steps at the stage of combination.

Application in practice

During the period of economic instability in the state the best way out out of the situation is to create an alliance. Such measures will help reduce the value of assets and unite efforts to survive during the crisis. There are quite a few examples of mergers and acquisitions, but the option with the American company LHC Group deserves special attention.

The presented organization managed to double its own value within six months. And this is in the context of the financial crisis. The use of an outsourcing scheme made it possible to increase the structure by 8 economic units in just six months. The financial benefit won made it possible to significantly expand the scope of services. The company was able to find opportunities for progressive development through investment, despite negative external factors.

As a conclusion

On the Russian M&A market total amount transactions decreased by an average of 29 percent. This is due to the decrease in the volume of operations performed. The share of the Russian Federation in the world market was approximately 1.3 percent. Over the past decade, such low rates have not been observed. As for foreign investments, their volume increased by 40 percent.

The development of thinking in children of primary school age takes special place in psychology, since this period is a turning point for the child's mind. Transfer from visual-figurative thinking children to the verbal, logical, conceptual is not always easy. This transition means that younger students already understand the surrounding phenomena, but do not yet build logical reasoning.

Thinking is the ability of a person to reason logically, to understand the real the world in concepts and judgments. Its development in junior schoolchildren carried out with the help of special games and exercises.

When schoolchildren do exercises to develop thinking, they gradually delve into the system scientific concepts, as a result of which mental activity no longer rely solely on practical activities. Children's features thought process consist in the fact that the guys analyze the reasoning and actions, and also draw up a plan of action for the future.

The importance of the development of thinking in schoolchildren is that its insufficient development leads to the fact that information about the world around them is formed incorrectly, due to which the further learning process becomes ineffective.

The features of the intellect are adjusted in such a way that children do not know how to generalize the material they have studied, do not remember the text, and do not know how to isolate the main meaning from what they read. This happens if the transition from one type of thinking to another is not controlled by adults and is not accompanied by developmental exercises.

It is worth noting that the formation of the thought processes of children is associated with the perception of information, so work on this aspect as well.

Features of children's perception are that younger students quickly lose the essence of the process. They are distracted by extraneous factors. The task of teachers and parents is to direct the attention of children to desired process, that is, to interest them.

Jean Piaget: the concept of the development of speech and thinking of children

To date, the concept of the development of egocentric speech and thinking of children under 11 years old, which was developed by Jean Piaget, is considered popular.

The Piagist concept suggests that egocentric speech is an expression of children's egocentrism. This means that speech does not change anything in the child's mind, which simply does not adapt to the speech of an adult. Speech does not have any effect on the behavior of children and on their worldview, therefore, with the development of children, it dies off.
Jean Piaget calls the thinking of preschoolers syncretic. Syncretism, as the Piagist concept notes, is a universal structure that completely covers children's thought processes.
Jean Piaget thinks so: children's egocentrism suggests that the preschooler is not able to analyze, instead he juxtaposes. Piaget's concept defines egocentrism as a full-fledged mental structure, on which the worldview and intelligence of children depend.
Jean Piaget does not consider the newborn a social being, he suggests that socialization occurs in the process of development and upbringing, at the same time the baby adapts to social structure society, learning to think according to its rules.
The concept developed by Jean Piaget opposes children's thinking and an adult, because of which a similar opposition of the individual, which is contained in the child's mind, and the social, which is already developed in adults, stands out. Because of this, the concept that Jean Piaget developed suggests that speech and thinking consist of acts of an individual who is in an isolated state.
The Piagist concept asserts that only the socialization of the individual, his thinking leads to a logical, consistent thought and speech. This can be achieved by overcoming the egocentrism inherent in the child's nature.

Thus, Jean Piaget believes that the true development of thinking and speech comes only from a change in the egocentric point of view to a social one, and the course of learning does not affect these changes.

Jean Piaget put forward a theory that is popular but not mainstream. There are many points of view that claim that Jean did not take into account some factors. Today, special games and exercises have been developed to develop the thinking of children of primary school age.

Games for the development of thinking of children of primary school age

Not only teachers, but also parents can develop the thinking of children. To do this, play with them in such games:

Draw a map of the area on paper. such as yard or home if it is different large area. Mark in the figure graphically landmarks that the ward can rely on. Landmarks can be trees, gazebos, houses, shops. Choose a place in advance and hide a reward in the form of candy or a toy on it. It’s hard for a kid to navigate the map in the first stages, so draw them extremely simple.
Games for a group of children. Divide the guys into two teams. Give each participant a card with a number. Read out arithmetic examples(14+12; 12+11 etc.). Two children come out of the team with cards, the numbers on which will make up the correct answer (in the first case, guys with cards 2 and 6 come out, in the second - 2 and 3).
Name a group of children a logical series of words, one of which will not correspond to logic. Children guess this word. For example, you call: "bird, fish, glass." In this case, an extra glass.

Games are useful because they interest children, who do not lose the essence of their actions in the gameplay.

Thinking exercises

Exercises differ from games in that they require more perseverance and concentration on the learning process. They teach children patience and perseverance, while developing thinking. Exercises for the development of thinking in children:

Say to the children 3 words that are not related to each other. Have them make a sentence with these words.
Name an object, action or phenomenon. Ask the children to think of analogues of these concepts. For example, you said "bird". Everyone will remember a helicopter, a plane, a butterfly, because they fly. If he has an association with an animal, he will name a fish, a cat, etc.
Name an object that children know. Ask them to list where and when the item will be used.
Read to the kid short story, part of which you skip. Let him use his imagination and think of the missing part of the story.
Ask the mentee to list the objects known to him. certain color.
Invite the children to think of words that begin and end with the letter you have given.
Come up with and guess riddles for the children like this: Katya is younger than Andrey. Andrey is older than Igor. Igor is older than Katya. Distribute the children according to seniority.

Children solve such exercises with interest, and over time they involuntarily learn perseverance, logical thinking and correct speech, and the transition of thought processes becomes smooth and balanced.

The development of thinking in children with mental retardation (ZPR)

In children with mental retardation, mental processes are severely impaired, this is the peculiarity of their development. It is the lag in the development of thinking that distinguishes children with mental retardation from ordinary children. They do not have a transition to the logical structure of thinking. Difficulties that arise when working with such children:

low degree interest. The kid often refuses to complete tasks.
Inability to analyze information.
Uneven development of types of thinking.

Peculiarities mental development children with mental retardation are in a strong lag in logical thinking, but normal development visual-figurative thinking.

Features of the development of thinking of children with mental retardation are in the following principles:

Accounting for the individual abilities of a person with mental retardation.
Creating conditions for vigorous activity children.
Age accounting.
Mandatory interviews with a psychologist.

Regular work with children with mental retardation guarantees the awakening of children's interest in the world around them, which is expressed in the fact that the baby actively performs exercises and plays games that are proposed by the teacher.

With the help of the right approach, children with mental retardation are taught to speak correctly, build competent speech, match words in sentences and voice thoughts.

If the teachers managed to arouse the interest of a student with mental retardation, then the development of logic is a matter of time.

Games for the development of thinking of children with mental retardation:

Put pictures of animals and pictures of food in front of the children. Ask to match them by feeding each animal.
Name a few simple words, ask the mentee to name them as one concept. For example: a cat, a dog, a hamster are animals.
Show three pictures, two of which are the same content, and one is significantly different. Ask the mentee to choose an extra picture.

Guys with mental retardation think at the level life experience, to think over an action that they have not yet committed, it is difficult for them. Therefore, before doing the exercises, clearly show them how they should act.

Elena Strebeleva: the formation of thinking in children with disabilities

Professional educators recommend reading the book by Elena Strebeleva, which describes the features of the formation of thinking in children with disabilities. Strebeleva compiled more than 200 games, exercises and didactic techniques to liberate and interest children with complications.

At the end of the book, you will find applications for educators to help you understand the specifics of conducting classes for children with developmental disabilities. In addition to games, you will find stories and fairy tales in the book that are recommended for children with disabilities to read.

Development of creative thinking in children

Modern program education is aimed at the formation entry level logical thinking children at primary school age. Therefore, there are often cases of underdeveloped creative thinking.

The main thing to know about the development of creative thinking is that it teaches children of primary school age to discover new things.

Tasks for the development of creative thinking:

Show your child some pictures of people with different emotions. Ask them to describe what happened to these people.
State the situation. For example: Katya woke up earlier than usual. Ask the children to tell why this happened.
Ask the children to tell what will happen if some events happen: if it rains, if mom comes, if it is night, etc.

Tasks for the development of creative thinking suggest not one, but several possible correct answers.

Tasks for the development of critical thinking

Development technology critical thinking- this is one of latest methods designed to develop an initial level of autonomy in life, not in school. Tasks for the development of critical thinking teach children to make decisions, analyze their own actions and the actions of those around them.

Tasks for the development of critical thinking:

Name the children the phenomena. For example: it is raining, the apple is red, the plum is orange. The statements must be both true and false. Children should answer whether they believe or not your statements.
Ask the children to take turns reading short passages of text. When everyone has finished reading their passage, invite them to talk about the associations they have.
The children read a short text for 15 minutes. During this time, they mark with a pencil what they know from the text and what is new to them.

The technology for developing critical thinking is important not for schooling, but for confidently walking through life.

Development of spatial thinking in children

The technology for the development of spatial thinking has been developed by specialists for a long time. This kind of thinking develops in children in geometry lessons at school. Spatial thinking is the ability, with the help of spatial images created independently, to solve theoretical tasks.

For the development of spatial thinking, the following exercises are suitable:

Ask the children to show their left and right hands, to take an object with their left or right hand.
Ask the baby to come to the table and put, for example, a pen to the left of the book.
Ask the baby to touch your right, left hand.
Invite the children to identify the right and left parts of the body by the prints of hands and feet.

The technology for developing the spatial thought process is simple, but it helps to improve logical perception.

Visual Action Thinking

Visual-effective thinking is the basis that gives direction for the development of visual-figurative thinking.

How to develop visual-action thinking:

Ask the children to compare a bird and a butterfly, a bee and a bumblebee, an apple and a pear, etc. and name the differences.
Name the first syllable of the word: on, by, before, etc., and ask the children to complete the concept. Focus not on correctness, but on the speed of the answer.
Have fun with the kids putting together puzzles.

Visual-effective thinking does not need initial period, because in preschool age this kind of thought process was already developing.

finger games

Finger games - telling fairy tales or stories with the help of fingers. Finger games are aimed at developing speech and hand motor skills.

Finger games for the development of speech are as follows:

Ask the child to put right palm on your left hand. Slowly run your fingers along the baby's thumb, saying the word "swallow". Then say the same words, but swipe over the other finger. Repeat the same action a few more times. Further, without changing intonation, say simultaneously with stroking baby finger the word "quail". The essence of the game is that the child quickly pulls his hand at the word "quail" so that the adult does not catch it. Invite the student to be in the role of a quail hunter himself.
Ask the children to make a fist with their hands. At the same time, they stretch the little finger on their left hand down, and thumb right hand up. Then the thumb is retracted into a fist, and the little finger of the same hand is simultaneously extended. Left hand thumbs up.

Finger games are of great interest to children, so the technology for their implementation should be known to every adult.

Thus, the technology for the development of thinking in children consists of many games, exercises and techniques. It is imperative to develop thinking in order to avoid an unbalanced development of a future member of society. Don't rely on school curriculum and teachers, set aside time for regular homework.