Adverbs of place in German. Special and problematic adverbs

The declarative sentence is the basis of language. Already in the very term "narrative" there are explanations of what these sentences are. They narrate, that is, they tell us about something that is happening, has happened, or about something that has yet to happen. That is, when we talk about something, we mostly use declarative sentences.

An indirect sign is that there is a dot at the end of the sentence (and not an exclamation or question mark, these are other types of sentences).

I'm going home. He fixes the car. It's evening. - These are all declarative sentences.

Such sentences are short (see the example above) and long, for example: Today at 18 o'clock I will go for a walk with Masha.

AT German There are a number of rules that govern word order in declarative sentences.

1. The verb is in second place.
2. In the first place can be not only the subject.
3. The verb in the sentence is not always one (there is a compound predicate), when there are two of them, they are called Verb1 and Verb 2. In this case, only Verb 1 is conjugated!
4. Verb 2 is placed last.

There are several variants of the compound predicate:

1. modal predicate(modal verb + semantic).
2. temporary form (auxiliary+ semantic).
3. Infinitive construction(verb + verb with particle zu or compound infinitive).
4. Verb phrases(established linkages of words, where there is a verb and a part related to it).
5. Separable verb.

So: We figured out the predicates, we have declarative sentences with one verb and with several (compound predicate). Now consider the general word order.

The first place in a sentence (see Rule 2) can be occupied not only by the subject. The Germans call it Vorfeld, that is, the field before the verb. Behind Vorfeld will always follow Verb 1, then all the remaining members of the sentence and at the end will stand Verb 2, if it is available. In the plate, which we will consider, there are also concepts Begleiter- that is, an accompanying particle (it can be, for example, an article), attribute- that is, a property or sign (as a rule, this is an adjective) and Kern is a word with a root that refers to Begleiter and attribute. These concepts appear when there is a NOUN, and they have nothing to do with adverbs, for example.

The important thing is that they go in that order. Begleiter - attribute - Kern! and nothing else.

Declarative sentences can be not only affirmative(Yes, it is!), then negative(no, it's not!). The verb in German is negated by the particle nothing(not), with "nicht" placed at the end of the sentence. You've all heard the expression "negation at the end" BUT...it's not always the case. If the compound predicate comes into play, then nothing will be placed not at the end, but before the second part.

Memo: Verb 2 is stronger than nicht!

• The simplest type declarative sentence:one subject(expressed by a noun or pronoun) and predicate, as well as its negation variants.

Example 1:

Cows (they) eat grass - this statement

Cows (they) do not eat grass is a denial.

The verb under Rule 1 is in second place!

Example 2:

Cows (they) ate grass - this statement

Cows (they) did not eat grass is a denial.

What is being said here is compound haben + Partizip II = haben + gefressen, which means the first part haben conjugate and put in second place, and the second part gefressen does not conjugate and is placed at the end of the sentence. Because Verb 2 stronger nothing, then nothing placed in front of him.

Example 3:

Cows (they) will eat grass.

Cows (they) will not eat grass.

Predicate compound = werden + fressen, respectively, werden is conjugated and put in second place, and fressen does not conjugate and as is goes to the end of the sentence. Because Verb 2 stronger nothing, then nothing placed in front of him.

• Now let's complicate the task by introducing additional members of the sentence, adjectives, adverbs, etc.

(click on the plate to enlarge)

Example 1: Cows eat grass.

Everything is the same, but the plural article Die is added.

Example 2:Black cows don't eat green grass.

Adjectives denoting properties of cows and grass are placed before nouns, respectively. We dealt with negations in the last table. Adding any other members of the sentence does not affect the word order of the predicate.

Example 3:Black cows ate grass.

Example 4:The cows did not eat green grass.

Example 5: Black cows will eat green grass.

Example 6: Black cows will not eat green grass daily.

We will take a closer look at this proposal. taglich- daily is an adverb, a circumstance of time. In German, the circumstances of time can easily take the first place of the sentence, the place before the verb. In this case, the change of places will be consonant with the Russian language, for example, we say: I will go to my friend's in the evening at 19 o'clock , but we can say At 19 pm I will go to my friend . The meaning remains the same.

• Consider our glutton cows from the point of view of the first place in the sentence, adding one member at a time.

(click on the plate to enlarge)

The table shows that regardless of whether black cows eat green grass daily or not, the word order of the predicate does not change. In the first place may be circumstance of time(daily), addition(grass) or subject(cows/they). Translation, of course, will acquire semantic shades.

Example 1:Cows eat grass.

This topic is considered one of the most difficult for students, because there are no such concepts in the Russian language. In addition to the theory of the formation of pronominal adverbs, there is a list of the most basic German verbs with control. For consolidation, an exercise and tests are given with a choice of answers and translation of sentences from Russian into German.

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Pronominal adverbs

In German, there is a special category of compound adverbs - pronominal adverbs, which replace the combination of a noun with a preposition. There are no such adverbs in Russian.

Pronouns are divided into:

1. interrogative , which are formed by merging adverbs wo with prepositions, z.B.

wo + fur = wofur

1. index , which are formed by merging the adverb da with prepositions, z.B.

da + fur = dafur

If the preposition begins with a vowel sound (an, aus, auf ...), then a connective is placed between the adverb and the preposition - r , z.B. wo + r + in = worin Worin besteht diese Aufgabe?

Pronominal adverbs can only replace nouns denoting inanimate objects or abstract concepts, z.B.

Die Fachschüler sprechen über die Resultate der Prufungen. – Die Fachschüler sprechen daruber.

Choice pronominal adverb depends on the control of verbs, which often do not coincide in German and Russian. Therefore, they should be translated in combination with the verb, taking into account the difference in the control of Russian and German verbs, z.B.

sich interessieren fur (Akk.) - to be interested in something

Wofür interessieren Sie sich? - Ich interessiere mich fur Musik.

Übung 1 Gebrauchen Sie die richtigen Pronominaladverbien da (r)- oder wo (r)-

1. ... denkst du? (an die Hausaufgabe)

Denke ich nie.

1. ... wartest du? (auf bessere Zeiten)

Warten alle.

1. ... freust du dich? (auf meinen Geburtstag)

Was? ... freust du dich?

1. ... soll ich dir helfen?

Bei den Hausaufgaben natürlich.

Mensch! Immer muss ich dir...helfen!

1. ...redet der Lehrer? (über deutsche Verben)

Ich verstehe nicht, wie man ... so lange reden kann.

Verben mit festen Präpositionen

1. abhängen von + D. depend on k - l, h - l.
2. achten auf + Akk. pay attention, respect
3. anfangen mit + D. begin (sya)
4. antworten auf + Akk. Answer to
5. sich ärgern über + Akk. get angry, get annoyed with
6. aufhören mit + D. stop
7. aufpassen auf + Akk. be careful, look after
8. sich aufregenüber + Akk. to worry about
9. sich bedanken bei + D. fur + Akk. thank k - l. for h - l.
10. beginnen mit + D. begin h - l. with h - l.
11. berichten über + Akk. inform, report
12. bestehen aus D. consist of
13. bestrafen fur + Akk. punish, punish
14. sich beteiligen an + D. participate in h - l., engage k - l.
15. j - n bitten um + Akk. ask to l. o h - l.
16. j – m danken fur + Akk. thank to l. for h - l.
17. denken an + Akk. remember, think
18. diskutieren über + Akk. discuss, discuss
19. einladen zu + D. invite to
20. sich entscheiden fur +Akk. decide on h - l.
21. sich entschuldigen bei + D. für + Akk. make excuses, apologize
22. sich erinnern an + Akk. remember about, remember
23. sich erkundigen nach + D. inquire about
24. erzählen von + D.,über + Akk. talk about
25. fragen nach + D. ask about
26. sich freuenüber +Akk. rejoice in what has happened

auf + Akk coming

An + D. what is happening now

1. gehenum + Akk. talk about
2. gehören zu + D. to belong to
3. sich gewohnen an + Akk. get used to k - l., h - l.
4. glauben an + Akk. believe to - l, h - l., in h - l.
5. j –m gratulieren zu + D. congratulate k – l. with h - l.
6. hoffen auf + Akk. hope for
7. sich informieren über + Akk. inform about
8. sich interessieren fur + Akk. be interested in - l., h - l.
9. kämpfen fur + Akk. = (um + Akk) fight for

gegen + Akk. against

1. sich kümmern um + Akk. take care of
2. lachenüber + Akk. laugh at
3. nachdenken über + Akk. think about, think about
4. protestieren gegen + Akk. protest against
5. mit j - m reden über + Akk. (von + D.) speak with k - l. o h - l.
6. sorgen fur + Akk. take care of
7. sprechen mit+ D.über + Akk. talk to k - l. o h - l.
8. sterben an + D. die from
9. suchen nach + D. search
10. teilnehmen an + D. take part
11. telefonieren mit + D. talk on the phone with
12. träumen von + D. to dream about
13. sich überzeugen von + D. make sure
14. sich unterhalten mit + D.über + Akk. talk with k - l. o h - l.
15. sich verabschieden von + D. say goodbye to
16. vergleichen mit + D. compare with
17. sich verlassen auf + Akk. to rely on
18. sich verlieben in + D. fall in love with
19. verstehen von + D. understand h - l.
20. sich vorbereiten auf + Akk. prepare to
21. j - n warnen vor + D. warn against
22. warten auf + Akk. wait
23. sich wenden an + Akk. speak to
24. wissen von + D. know about
25. zweifeln an + D. doubt
26. zwingen zu + D. compel to

test

Write down the right suggestion

1. Wir nehmen … Wettkampf teil.

a. imb. vom c. am d. auf

1. Wartest du … deinen Freund?

a. an b. auf c. Uber d. fur

1. Wir bereiten uns … die Prüfung vor.

a. an b. fur c. auf d. zu

1. Unser Lehrer interessiert sich … Geschichte.

a. von b. an c. fur d. mit

1. Die Eltern sorgen … ihre Kinder.

a. über b.fur c. an d. auf

1. Das Kind freut sich … das Geschenk.

a. fur b. um c. auf d. uber

1. In diesem Text geht es … die Arbeitslosigkeit.

a. um b. fur c.von d. uber

1. Der Freund gratuliert mir … Geburtstag.

a. zu den b. zoom c. mit d. fur

1. Er beschäftigt sich … diesem Problem schon drei Jahre.

a. mit b. von c. um d. uber

1. Die Bevölkerung dieses Landes kämpft … die Unabhängigkeit.

a. auf b. gegen c.fur d. uber

1. Meine Eltern erinnern sich … unsere Reise.

a. an b. fur c. Uber d. auf

1. Meine Familie besteht …fünf Personen.

a. von b. mit c. aus d. in

1. Achte … deine Aussprache!

a. fur b. auf c. an d. uber

1. Wir fahren … dem Russischen Museum vorbei.

a. neben b. an c. von d. mit

1. Ich hoffe … deine Hilfe.

a. auf b. zu c. fur d. uber

Total: 15 Danke schön!

test

Write down the right suggestion

1. Ich erinnere mich viel … meine Reise durch die Schweiz.

a. an b. uber c. von

1. Du sollst noch … deinen Eltern telefonieren.

a. zu b. mit c. an

1. Zur Zeit beschäftigt sich mein Freund Klaus … einem wissenschaftlichen Vortrag.

a. an b. mit c. auf

1. Wir freuen uns sehr … die Einladung meiner deutschen Freunde.

a. uber b. an c. auf

1. Mein Bruder studiert … der Hochschule für Fremdsprachen.

a. in b. von c. an

1. Ich träume … Reise nach Österreich. Ich möchte Wien besuchen.

a. über die b. von der c. auf der

1. Er denkt … bevorstehenden Prüfungen.

a. an die b. an der c. Uber die

1. Die Eltern sorgen sehr … Ausbildung ihrer Kinder.

a. um die b. an der c. fur die

1. Er hat … während der Arbeit sehr gestört.

a. mir b. mich c. sich

1. Bis zur Schule können wir … Bus fahren.

a. mit dem b. mit den c. auf dem

11.Hier wartet…mein Freund. Er ist aus Leipzig gekommen.

a. auf mir b. auf mich c. auf ich

12. Ich suche so lange … Heft. Wo liegt es?

A.nach meiner b.nach meinem c. nach meines

13. Er begegnet … oft.

A. ihn b. ihm c. er

14. Ich beginne die Stunde … Wiederholung.

A. mit der b. von der c. aus der

15. Sie unterhalten sich mit dem Lehrer ... Arbeit.

A. von der b. uber die c. durch die

Total: 23 Danke schön!

test

Translate the sentences into German

1. Soon the holidays will come and our whole family is enjoying the rest in the mountains.
2. The teacher praises Stefan: "I'm happy about your academic success this year."
3. When do students in Russia congratulate their teachers on Teacher's Day?
4. I am interested in computer games.
5. My sister wants to always look neat and takes care of her clothes.
6. The topic of conversation was very sensitive and I wanted to talk to the teacher face to face.
7. In her last letter, Monica thanks her friend Nina for the beautiful postcard from the Black Sea.
8. Each of us remembers the wonderful summer holidays.
9. My friend Gisela is not interested in physics at all, she is more interested in literature and art.
10. We are looking forward to the holidays.

Total: 30 Danke schön!

This lesson covers the following topics: Adverbs of time, place and manner of action. This course is designed to help you learn grammar and vocabulary. Try to concentrate on the following examples as they are very important for learning the language.

Adverbs

Grammar Tips:
Adverbs of time, place, and manner of action are very important to learn because they are used in everyday communication. Try to memorize the available new words. Try also to write down words that you do not understand or expressions that you are not familiar with.

The following table shows some examples, please read them carefully and see if you can understand them.

Adverbs	Adverbs
adverbs	adverbien
I read a book sometimes	Manchmal lese ich ein Buch
I will never smoke	Ich werde nie rauchen
You by yourself?	Bist du allein?

You are done with the first table. Did you notice any grammatical patterns? Try to use the same words in different sentences.

Adverbs - Expressions

The following table will help you understand this topic in more depth. It is important to memorize any new words you come across because you will need them later.

Adverbs	Adverbs
adverbs of time	Adverbien der Zeit
yesterday	gestern
today	heute
tomorrow	morgen
currently	jetzt
then	Dann
later	spater
tonight	Heute Abend
right now	in diem moment
last night	Letzte Nacht
this morning	Heute Morgen
next week	nächste Woche
already	bereits, schon
recently	vor kurzem, kürzlich
recently	in letzter Zeit, neulich
soon	bald
immediately	sofort
still	immer night
more	night
ago	vor
adverbs of place	Adverbien des Ortes
here	hier
there	dort
there	dort druben
everywhere	uberall
everywhere	irgendwo
nowhere	nirgends
Houses	nach Hause, zu Hause
away	weg
from	heraus
adverbs in the manner	Adverbien der Art und Weise
very	sehr
quite	ganz
enough	hubsch
in fact	wirklich
fast	Schnell
well	gut
hard	heart
fast	Schnell
slowly	langsam
carefully	vorsichtig
unlikely	Kaum
barely	Kaum
mainly	meist
almost	fast
absolutely	durchaus, allerdings
together	zusammen
by oneself	allein
adverbs of frequency	Häufigkeitsadverbien
always	immer
often	haufig
usually	normalerweise, in der Regel
sometimes	manchmal
sometimes	gelegentlich
rarely	selten
rarely	selten
never	nie

We hope this lesson helped you with grammar and vocabulary.

In German, adverbs can appear at the beginning or middle of a sentence. For position in the middle of a sentence, the rules given in this section apply.

Beispiel

Steffi trifft sich oft mit ihren Freunden zum Tennisspielen und sie überlegt zurzeit Darum ging sie gestern in ein Sportgeschäft. Die Auswahl der Schläger war riesengross. Steffi bat deshalb einen Verkaufer um Rat.

Der Verkaufer zeigte and erklärte Steffi gern verschiedene Schlager. Sie spürte schon, dass sie mit dem einen eher zurechtkam als mit den anderen. Doch etwas weiter rechts davon hing ein Schläger, der ihr am meisten zusagte. Am liebsten hätte sie ihn gekauft. Doch im Geschäft konnte sie den Schläger nirgendwo ausprobieren.

Sie fragte den Verkaufer ob er ihn ihr freundlicherweise zur Probe überlassen könnte, doch das ging leader nothing.

Position of adverbs in a sentence

Adverbs at the beginning of a sentence

If an adverb is placed at the beginning of a sentence, the word order changes: the verb remains in second position, and the subject takes third.

For example: Sie ging in ein Sportgeschäft. → Deshalb ging sie in ein Sportgeschäft. She went to the sports store. → So she went to the sports shop.

Adverbs in the middle of a sentence

In the middle of a sentence, an adverb can take different positions. Here are the rules to keep in mind when constructing a proposal.

• Usually the adverb is placed before the direct object (in the accusative) but after the indirect object (in the dative). For example: Sie bat deshalb einen Verkaufer um Rat. So she asked the salesperson for advice. Der Verkaufer zeigte und erklärte Steffi gern verschiedene Schlager. The seller was happy to show and describe different rackets to Steffi.
• To emphasize the adverb, it can be put after a direct object. For example: Doch sie konnte die Schläger nirgendwo ausprobieren. But she could not try rackets anywhere.
• Adverbs cannot be placed directly before pronouns. If indirect and direct object are pronouns, the adverb comes after both objects. For example: Sie fragte den Verkäufer, ob er ihn ihr freundlicherweise zur Probe überlassen könnte. She asked the seller if he could kindly give them to her to try.
• If there are no objects in the sentence, the adverb is placed directly after the conjugated verb. For example: Si uberlegt zurzeit, sich einen neuen Schlager zu kaufen. She is now thinking of buying herself a new racket. Das ging leader nothing. This, unfortunately, was not possible.
• If an object or circumstance of place or time is preceded by a preposition, the adverb is placed before the preposition. For example: Steffi trifft sich oft mit ihren Freunden zum Tennisspielen. Steffi often meets up with his friends to play tennis. Sie ging gestern in ein Sportgeschäft. She went to the sports shop yesterday.

Comparative degrees of adverbs

Adverbs do not change by gender, case or number. However, some of them have comparative degrees.

For example: Sie spürte schon, dass sie mit dem einen eher zurechtkam als mit den anderen. She already felt that one (of the rackets) suited her better than the others. Doch etwas weiter rechts davon hing ein Schläger, der ihr am meisten zusagte. But a little to the right lay the racket that she liked best. Am liebsten hätte sie ihn gekauft. Most of all she wanted to buy it.

From some adverbs of place you can form something like a comparative and superlatives using the expression weiter/am weitesten.

Adverb

Some German dialects, which are even very often used, may seem simple at first glance to Russian speakers, but they are used in different situations differently, or there may simply not be an exact analogue of them.

This article presents the most incomprehensible adverbs with explanations and examples.

1. schon ~ nicht mehr

First adverb used in most cases in the same way as the Russian counterpart:

→ Das habe ich schon zehnmal gesagt. (I've said this 10 times already.)
→ Das Essen ist schon fertig. (Dinner is already ready.)

However, negation (!) looks different:

→ Ich weiss nothing more, wann du das gesagt hast. (I no longer know when you said that.)
→ Ich cann nothing more essen. (I already/can't eat anymore.)

2. sogar/selbst ~ nicht einmal

And , and Can mean<даже>. There is almost no difference in meaning, but the first adverb can be used in any case and even at the end of a sentence, while the second is slightly more formal, often used in connection with people and never at the end of a sentence. Sometimes the second option can be replaced by the word<и>as an adverb:

→ Sie hat sogar ihr eigenes Buch geschrieben. (She even wrote her own book.)
→ Alle schätzen sie, verehren sie sogar. (Everyone appreciates her, even reveres her.)

→ Selbst Thomas, der nie Zeit hat, ist gekommen.
(Even/And Thomas, who never has time, came.)

And here the negation (!) looks different:

→ Ich kenne ihn schon drei Jahre und weiß nicht (ein) mal, wo er wohnt.
(I've known him for three years and don't even know where he lives.)

3.immer/stats

Both adverbs mean<всегда>. The difference is minimal. much more frequently used because slightly more formal. The second is the adjective , while at no adjective form.

→ Ich habe immer Recht. (I'm always right.)

→ Stets zu Ihren Diensten! (Always at your service!)

+ comparative degree means the intensity of the comparison, changing over time.

→ Die Reichen werden immer reicher und die Armen immer armer.
(The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.)

4. auch

Russian dialects<тоже>, <также>and<и>can, depending on the context, all be translated into this German dialect:

→ Wir haben also(ein) schönes Wetter. (We also have good weather.)
→ Auf der Seite finden Sie also Informationen über die kommenden Veranstaltungen.
(You will also find information about upcoming events on the website.)
→ Deshalb hat er dich also gefragt. (That's why he asked you.)
→ Auch ich war mal jung. ((Once) And I was young.)

5.genau

German dialect has different but similar meanings:

→ Ich weiss nicht genau. (I do not know for sure.)
→ Genau vor einem Jahr haben wir uns kennengelernt. (Exactly one year ago we met.)
→ Im Buch ist alles genau beschrieben. (The book details everything.)

6. vielleicht ~ moglicherweise

There are variants in Russian<возможно>and<может быть>, however, they have their other direct German counterparts (möglicherweise = maybe; kann sein = maybe), i.e. for the adverb there is no specific Russian analogue (but it can be translated into words<возможно>or<может быть>). This word is treated as a normal circumstance, i.e. it is not separated by any commas and is an integral part of the sentence:

→ Es wear vielleicht besser, wenn... (Perhaps / maybe (maybe), it would be better if ...)

And is an ordinary adverb and does not stand out in any way. Russian analogue -<возможно>:

→ Unter den Verletzten gibt es moglicherweise Opfer. (Among the wounded, there may be casualties.)

7.umsonst

An ambiguous adverb that can, depending on the context, mean either<зря/напрасно>, or<бесплатно/даром>:

→ Alles war umsonst. (It was all in vain/in vain.)
→ Wir haben alles umsonst bekommen. (We got everything for free/free.)

8. mindestens ~ zumindest/wenigstens/immerhin

First adverb means only<как минимум>:

→ Jeder Film dauert thoughtestens 45 minutes. (Each film is at least 45 minutes long.)

The difference between adverbs , and not easy to explain as the tint in the values ​​is minimal. Still, in some cases they cannot be changed, like their Russian counterparts<по крайней мере>and<хотя бы>, which can mean all three German variants, depending on the context. First adverb can be used in any (!) case where the Russian sentence uses<по крайней мере>or<хотя бы>. Adverb used in the meaning of consolation and reproach, and - only in the sense of consolation. To really feel the difference between these adverbs, you need to hear them many times in different contexts:

→ Zumindest/Wenigstens/Immerhin hat er es versucht. (At least he tried it.)

→ Ich weiß nicht, ob das wahr ist. Zumindest hat er es so gesagt.
(I don't know if that's true. At least that's what he said.)

→ Er hätte sich zumindest/wenigstens entschuldigen konnen! (He could at least apologize!)

9. in der Zwischenzeit/inzwischen ~ mittlerweile/inzwischen

Circumstance is an analogue of the Russian dialect<тем временем>. Synonym - :

→ Du kannst in der Zwischenzeit/inzwischen deine Sachen auspacken.
(You can unpack your things in the meantime.)

At the adverb there is no exact analogue in Russian, but it can be expressed in context by circumstances<теперь уже>or<сегодня>, i.e., it expresses that a new state has appeared. And in this sense, you can use a synonym .

→ Zuerst kam es mir komisch vor, aber mittlerweile/inzwischen habe ich mich daran gewohnt.
(At first it seemed strange to me, but now I'm used to it.)
→ Er hat viele Jahre gelitten, aber mittlerweile/inzwischen geht es ihm besser.
(He suffered for many years, but today he feels better.)

10. zuerst ~ vorerst/ furs Erste/ erst (ein) mal

Adverb means<сначала>(only in the sense<вначале>):

→ Zuerst kam es mir komisch vor, aber ich habe mich daran gewöhnt.
(At first it seemed strange to me, but I got used to it.)

Analogues of the Russian dialect<пока>are , and :

→ Ich will vorerst/ fürs Erste/ erst (ein)mal Keine Kinder. (I don't want kids yet.)

11. nur/erst ~ gerade mal

Adverbs and translated as<только>but there is a difference between them. The first meaning refers to exclusivity or quantity, while the second refers to time (also valid for indicating age):

→ Nur Fachmanner können helfen. (Only experts can help.)
→ Ich habe Nur 10 Euro dabei. (I only have 10 euros with me.)

→ Der nächste Bus kommt erst in einer Stunde. (The next bus will be in an hour.)
→ Erst mit 30 beendete er sein Studium. (Only at 30 did he finish his studies.)
→ Der Junge ist erst zwei Jahre alt. (The boy is only two years old.)

→ Innerhalb der ganzen Zeit habe ich nur/erst Drei Seiten Gelesen.
(I only read three pages in all that time.)

Russian<всего лишь>corresponds to German :

→ Der Junge ist gerade mal zwei Jahre alt. (The boy is only two years old.)
→ Innerhalb der ganzen Zeit habe ich gerade mal Drei Seiten Gelesen.
(I only read three pages in all that time.)

12. gerade/jetzt/gleich ~ gerade ~ gerade eben

Russian dialect<сейчас>can refer to the past, present, and future. Accordingly, there are three (or two) different translations in German:

→ Wir waren gerade draussen. (We were outside now.)

→ Wir sind jetzt/gerade draussen. (We are outside now.)

→ Wirgehen gleich nach draussen. (We're going outside now.)

can also mean<тогда/ в тот момент>and touch one specific moment in the past:

→ Wir waren gerade draussen. (We were then / at that moment were on the street.)

means<только что>. As in Russian, it means a moment a few seconds / minutes ago.

→ Wir waren gerade eben draussen. (We were just outside.)

13. vorhin

There is no analogue in Russian. In dictionaries you will find the translation<только что>, but in fact this adverb refers to an action that was more than a few minutes ago, but on the same day. That is, it means the moment between<только что>and<недавно>(e.g. a couple of hours ago):

→ Ich habe sie vorhin auf der Straße gesehen. (I just/recently saw her on the street.)

14. vorbei

This adverb can mean<позади>, if the meaning has a hint of relief, and it can be used in cases where in Russian it is replaced by a verb<пройти>. In any case, the Germans prefer the use of the word (even when using the verb in the Russian sentence<пройти>):

→ Die schweren Zeiten sind vorbei. (Hard times behind.)
→ Die Pause ist schon vorbei. (The pause has already passed.)

15. vorher/davor ~ nachher/danach

Adverbs and - synonyms and German analogues for Russian<до этого>. Both adverbs are used only after mentioning a certain situation, or it is already clear from the context:

→ Sie hatten sich vorher/davor nie gesehen. (They had never met before.)

The same applies to adverbs. and , which means<после этого>. Option used more often:

→ Am 19. Juni ist (ein) Feiertag, und nachher/danach haben die Kinder Ferien.
(June 19 will be a holiday, and after that the children will have a vacation.)

16. schließlich

This adverb has two main meanings. The first can be translated as<в конце концов>, while the second has no exact analogue, but can be expressed by the Russian particle<ведь>:

→ Schließlich camer doch. (Eventually, he did come.)
→ Siewird mir helfen; sie ist schließlich meine beste Freundin.
(She will help me, because she is my best friend.)

17. doch

Adverb may be a particle or an adverb. In the case of an adverb, it has two meanings in German that are similar to each other. The first meaning can be translated into Russian<всё-таки>(Eg. Although / Despite the fact that ..., ... after all ... .):

→ Ich bemühe mich sehr, und doch schaffe ich es nothing.
(I try really hard and still I can't do it.)

The second meaning of this adverb has no exact analogue, but it is also closest to<всё-таки>. Unlike the first meaning, it refers to the circumstances of the case, which the speaker at first considered improbable (for example, when someone changed their mind about something). Here it is heavily emphasized:

→ Schließlich ist er doch gekommen. (Eventually he did come.)

18. daneben ~ nebenan

Both options mean<рядом>, but there is not a big difference. The first option is the usual indication of the place, while the second option refers to housing or premises (for example, at work):

→ Er saß auf der Bank, ich stand Daneben. (He was sitting on the bench, I was standing next to him.)

→ Erist nebenan. Sein Zimmer ist nebenan. Er wohnt/arbeitet nebenan.
(He (is) nearby. His room (is) nearby. He lives/works nearby.)

19. hier ~ dort ~ da

First adverb can mean or<здесь>, or<вот>. In the second case, the adverb, in contrast to the Russian counterpart, is placed after (!) the object that it points to:

→ Hier darf man nothing parken. (Parking is not allowed here.)
→ Dieses Buch hier kostet 30 Euro. (This book costs 30 euros.)

Second adverb is the exact analogue of the Russian<там>and can also mean<вот>if the object is further away:

→ Dort darf man nothing parken. (You can't park there.)
→ Siehst du den Typ dort? (Do you see that guy here?)

Third adverb - one of the most difficult in German, especially for foreigners, and depending on the context, it has completely different meanings (there, here, at home, here, then, in this case, ...). Basically, the verb in the meaning of place, in fact, only means<присутствовать> or<быть в наличии>. Accordingly, it does not matter which place is being discussed, because the speaker and listeners already understand this from the context. Since there is no exact analogue in Russian, many dictionaries translate it as<здесь>and<там>. Below are other possibilities of use, as well as other meanings of this adverb:

→ East da jemand? (Is there/is anyone here?)
→ Da ist der Supermarkt. (There is a supermarket.)
→ We ist da? (Who's there?)
→IstMax da? (Max at home?)
→ Siehst du den Typ da? (Do you see that guy here?)
→ East night Suppe da? (Is there soup yet?)
→ Ich bin gleich wieder da. (I'll be right back.)
→ Da kommter (schon). (Here he comes.)
→ Da bin ich froh. (Then I'm glad.)
→ Das war fruher. Da gab es noch kein Internet.
(That was before. There was no Internet back then.)
→ Es regnet. Da bleibe ich lieber zu Hause. (It's raining. In that case, I'll stay at home.)

20.weg~los

As an adverb, the first word can be an antonym to the adverb , namely in the meaning of place. It expresses that something or someone is no longer present at a certain place (for example, in case of loss of a thing or departure of a person). It can also be just an abbreviation of verbs. (leave / leave):

→ Mist, meine Tasche ist weg! (Damn, my bag is lost!/ Damn, my bag is gone!)
→ Ich muss leider weg. (Unfortunately, it's time/I have to leave.)

Adverb has the same meaning as , but only in the second case (top). It can be an abbreviation of verbs (go):

→ Ich muss leider los. (Unfortunately, I have to go / have to go.)

21. hin ~ her

Short form of adverb (there):

→ Heute fahren wir hin. (Today we will go there.)

Short form of adverb (here):

→ Morgen kommen sie her. (Tomorrow they will come here.)

22. auf ~ zu ~ an ~ aus

short form (open):

→ Das Fenster ist auf. (The window is open.)

Short form participle (closed):

→ Das Fenster ist zu. (The window is closed.)

Short form participle (included):

→ Der Fernseher ist an. (TV is on.)

Short form participle (turned off):

→ Der Fernseher ist aus. (TV is on.)

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