The duration of the initial stage of grief. The dynamics of experiencing losses, crisis situations

The Ministry of Construction of Russia discussed the draft Strategy innovative development construction industry until 2030 (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy). This was reported on the official website of the department.

The strategy defines the priorities and main directions of state policy in the construction sector (engineering surveys, design and construction), tasks, activities and targets for the development of the construction industry in Russia for the period up to 2030. Thus, the goal of state policy in this area is the formation of a safe and comfortable environment life, provided with high standards of living, effective financial, economic, technical, organizational and legal mechanisms in the framework of improving programs for social and economic development, fortifications national security and spatial development of the Russian Federation.

The need to develop the Strategy is substantiated by a number of factors, including: increased global competition; a new wave of technological change, reinforcing the role of innovation; growing role human capital as the main factor of economic development; the need to reorient funding from budget to investment; the presence of high administrative barriers, an artificial shortage land plots, insufficient development of transport and engineering infrastructures, as well as a shortage of qualified engineering and labor personnel.

As part of the Strategy, it is planned to single out several functional blocks, including: housing construction, urban planning, engineering surveys, architectural and construction design, technical regulation and state regulation, personnel policy, industry science, etc. Subsequently, the Ministry of Construction of Russia intends to develop a local strategy for each of these sub-sectors.

Also, the Strategy will include an assessment of the state of the construction industry, priorities and objectives and development targets for different options long-term forecasts. It is planned to include an action plan ("road map") to achieve the goals of innovative development.

It is expected that the implementation of the main activities provided for by the Strategy will contribute to:

• creation of a safe and comfortable environment for the life of citizens of the Russian Federation, provided with high standards of living, effective financial, economic, technical, organizational and legal mechanisms;
• maintaining or increasing the share of the construction industry in GDP, federal and regional output of goods and services;
• doubling labor productivity in the construction industry by 2030;
• increasing the integral indicator of the results of the development of the construction industry - the index of the quality of the urban environment to the average European level;
• achievement of all targets for the development of the construction industry in Russia for the long term.

The meeting participants expressed their comments and suggestions on approaches to the development of the Strategy. It is expected that the professional and expert community will accept Active participation in finalizing the draft document.

In May 2010, the website of the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation published the draft “Industry Development Strategies building materials until 2020" (hereinafter referred to as the Strategy).

The need to predict the development of the most important sub-sectors of the building materials industry is long overdue. Obviously, the state should have guidelines for the development of the industry both for the coming years and for the long term.

In previous years (in the USSR), the development of each of the branches of industry was planned in detail, detailed plans development and for the building materials industry. Leading research and design institutes developed schemes for the development of each sub-sector. The scheme for the development of the industry of non-metallic building materials (hereinafter referred to as NSM) was developed by the institutes Gipronerud, VNIPIIstromsyre and VNIInerud. Since the financing of all activities provided for by the development scheme was carried out by the state, the document, after its approval, had the status of a law, and compliance with its provisions was strictly controlled.

It should be noted that the compilation of long-term forecasts for the development of industries is practiced all over the world. Such forecasts serve as guidelines for investors. As a rule, forecasts determine future needs for various types products by year. By how accurately a forecast is made, they judge the real status of the organization that developed it.

The strategy developed by the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, after its approval by the Government of the Russian Federation, will obviously be of an intermediate nature. On the one hand, since there is an approving body, this should be like a law, but since the document does not imply practically any budget investments, it has, as it were, a recommendatory character, and in the absence of private investment, its provisions are not feasible at all.

In terms of content and meaning, the Strategy is divided into two parts. The first part examines the performance achieved by each of the sub-sectors and lists the problems facing the building materials industry as a whole. The second part contains benchmarks that the critical building materials industry needs to achieve. Unfortunately, the document does not contain any indication of which strategy is chosen to achieve the plans.

Below are the problems that are fully related to the industry of non-metallic building materials. They are set out in the text of the Strategy.

1. Imperfection long-term long-term plans socio-economic development of regions and Russian Federation in general, including the territorial planning schemes of the Russian Federation, as well as the necessary urban planning documentation.

2. High degree physical depreciation of fixed assets of enterprises with a low technical level of equipping them with energy-efficient technologies and low labor productivity at many enterprises in the industry.

3. Lack of domestic high-tech engineering for the production of energy-efficient equipment for the building materials industry.

4. Low innovative activity of enterprises producing building materials. The material and technical base of most research and design organizations has been destroyed by now. There has been a significant leak scientific personnel. Russian commercial organizations show no interest in Russian scientific and engineering potential, preferring technology imports as more fast way production modernization.

As a result, the activities of domestic scientific and design organizations do not have a significant impact on the state of enterprises for the production of building materials. Steadily widening gap between objective needs industrial enterprises in modern research developments and proposals of research and design organizations.

Due to the lack of funding, the development and formation of a system national standards is being carried out too slowly, which hinders the development of the production of modern highly efficient products and structures and their introduction into construction practice. Both sectors - construction and production of building materials - practically fell into technical and technological dependence on foreign developers. Russian commercial organizations, for the most part, are not yet ready to invest in construction science.

5. When creating new production facilities, lengthy procedures are inevitable for passing the approval of technical specifications for electricity and gas supply, the creation of access railways and connection to utility infrastructure facilities.

6. Lack of sufficient own funds of enterprises for the production of building materials and their access to borrowed sources of financing in order to conduct an effective investment policy. Problems with borrowed funds are associated, on the one hand, with the low availability of commercial loans due to high lending rates with long payback periods for projects, especially for medium and small enterprises regional significance, on the other hand, with the lack of well-designed investment projects accepted by banks for consideration.

For investment projects for the development of production of building materials, in most cases, the following problems are typical:

High capital intensity and long payback period (5-7 years or more);

High environmental risks of mining enterprises, including in connection with the tightening of requirements for the level environmental safety production;

High infrastructure and commodity risks associated with the uncertainty of the position of natural monopolies and poor development infrastructure.

7. Row imperfection legal regulations governing issues related to subsoil use and land use.

8. The inefficiency of the existing regulatory legal framework in terms of creating conditions for the use of industrial waste from related industries as raw materials in the production of building materials, as well as the lack of an effective mechanism for economic incentives for the disposal of fuel-containing waste (including solid household waste) as additional fuel in technological processes in the building materials industry.

9. Lack of a single state program development of production of building materials, as well as regional programs for the period up to 2020. Regional programs should take into account the territorial-climatic and socio-economic characteristics of the regions, the availability of raw materials, identify promising resource-saving types of buildings and energy-saving technologies for the production of building materials, in particular, with an increase in the construction of low-rise residential buildings and socio-cultural facilities.

10. Lack of engineering and technical personnel and skilled mid-level workers. Inadequate qualification level engineers and workers is typical for all enterprises producing building materials, in particular, due to the complete destruction of the system vocational education leading workers.

11. Falling demand for building materials in the domestic market. These processes, according to economists and analysts, can be repeated with a cycle of about once every 10-12 years.

Insufficient governmental support in solving all the above difficult issues may lead to the fact that the production of building materials in the near future will become a deterrent to the development of capital construction, including in terms of the implementation national projects. In addition, the crisis state of the industry will also have negative social consequences.

All these factors hindering the development of the building materials industry quite realistically reflect the range of problems that managers and specialists in the nonmetallic building materials industry constantly have to face.

When my non-mining colleagues get acquainted with this part of the Strategy, they get a sense of satisfaction: it seems that, yes, “at the top” they know about our problems and are going to fix them. However...

The strategy provides that in 2020 the annual production of NCM will reach 1040 million cubic meters. m, despite the fact that in 2008 427 million cubic meters were produced. m, and after that there was a decline in production. Such a huge growth is justified by the need to produce 7.22 cubic meters. m NSM per capita. When determining this indicator, we took data from the USA as an analogue. This method is quite controversial, and according to many of my colleagues, it is not correct to lay it as a standard that should be achieved in 2020.

It should be noted that the planned increase in the production of NSM within 10 years by 625.3 million cubic meters. m, i.e. one and a half times compared to 2008, is unrealistic for a number of reasons. Such an increase in production is unrealistic even if we proceed from the "inertial" development of the situation, in which it is supposed to produce 819.5 million cubic meters. m.

When determining the volumes of consumption of NSM in 2020, it should be taken into account that in the RSFSR in 1989 (the year of the largest production volume) 732 million cubic meters were produced. m, and such a volume of production is still not possible to repeat.

It should be said about the reasons that do not make it possible to carry out the growth of production laid down in the Strategy. This is, first of all, the lack of qualified design organizations. If we assume that the capacity of the commissioned enterprises will average 1 million cubic meters. m per year, then in 10 years it is necessary to design about 600 mining enterprises, i.e. 60 objects every year. Today, literally "on the fingers" you can count the design organizations that can do this quite skillfully. The number of designers has dropped sharply. Thus, the design institute Gipronerud, which in previous years employed about 800 qualified specialists, now has 40 designers in its assets. Approximately also decreased staffing our institute. Institute VNIInerud is practically on the verge of extinction.

Another reason is the lack of qualified personnel to work in quarries. Currently, the sub-sector employs about 100,000 workers, including 10-15% of engineers. If the volume of production is supposed to be more than doubled, then in 10 years the number of workers should increase to 200,000 people. However, already today, industrial enterprises are experiencing a significant shortage labor resources especially skilled professionals.

It should be noted, in addition, that in order to obtain a license to develop a field, it is now required to obtain approximately 40 approvals. Therefore, in practice, the path from obtaining a license to starting up an enterprise in time is on average 3 years. For comparison: for example, in Finland, in order to obtain a license for similar work, it is necessary to obtain only 6 approvals.

Further. There is reason to believe that when drawing up the Strategy, the raw material base of the non-metallic industry was unjustifiably optimistic. Judging by the data of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, as is done in the Strategy, the explored reserves of non-metallic building materials should fully meet the needs of the industry by 2020. However, in reality the situation is not as simple as it seems at first glance. When choosing a field, it is necessary, first of all, to take into account the following requirements: maximum proximity to potential consumers of products, the presence of a fairly close railway(70-80% NSM is exported by rail) and the ability to connect to power lines. Such deposits are now very rare. In the Moscow region, for example, there are simply no such deposits. Further, it must be borne in mind that the cost of building a railway line may exceed the cost of a crushing and screening plant. Significant difficulties arise due to stringent requirements for environmental protection.

In this regard, already now in a number of regions of Russia there is an extremely difficult situation with raw materials, this is primarily the central economic region, Caucasus and a number of other regions. Therefore, crushed stone from igneous rocks is imported to Moscow from Karelia and the Urals, i.e. the transportation distance reaches 2 thousand km.

Raising the question of the use of man-made deposits as an alternative raw material for the production of building materials is fully in line with global trends. Our institute several times sent proposals on the need to stage research work in order to carry out an inventory of waste from various industries National economy, develop technologies for their processing and determine the areas of use for the building materials industry. The processing of technogenic deposits requires additional investments, and with today's legislative framework is unattractive.

According to the institute, only mining enterprises have reserves of technogenic raw materials over 4 billion cubic meters. m, and the annual increase is over 100 million cubic meters. m. It should be borne in mind that the main consumer of these products will be the building materials industry. The use of technogenic deposits will certainly make it possible to reduce the shortage of individual sub-sectors in raw materials.

Employees government agencies who make literally life-changing decisions for the industrial complex of the country, it is necessary to clearly understand that the industry for the production of NCM is currently the largest mining industry in Russia and ranks first in terms of the volume of transportation of products by rail. The production of NSM is carried out by more than 5 thousand enterprises, very unevenly located on the territory of the country. Therefore, the NSM production industry requires very serious attention.

The above problems can be divided into two groups. Let's call them conditionally "basis" and "superstructure". The problems of the “superstructure” include issues that should be resolved at the government level, and the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation, together with the constituent entities of the Federation and representatives of industry, should prepare a solution to such problems. At present, this position of the industry can be most fully represented by the Nedra association, which includes over 100 industrial enterprises. The role of the "superstructure" is extremely important. The activity of the “basis” depends on its effectiveness, i.e. industrial enterprises, investments, innovations, etc.

What questions, from our point of view, should be classified as "basis"?

1. Improvement of legislation, including adjustment of existing laws and preparation (if necessary) of new legislative acts; working contacts with interested ministries and departments; ensuring the passage of documents through the State Duma.

2. Organization of training of specialists for the sub-sector (engineering and technical workers, designers, scientists, and other specialists) with the involvement of the subjects of the Federation and the relevant ministries for this work.

3. Coordination of work on standardization.

4. Organization and financing of research work, restoration of the research base of scientific organizations.

The points listed above are the most important, although a few more could be added. Carrying out all the above works should be financed from the state budget. The entire subsequent activity of the industry for the production of non-metallic building materials practically depends on how efficiently these works are carried out.

For example: if the Ministry of Regional Development of the Russian Federation is really striving to intensify the development of technogenic deposits, then it would be necessary to provide for tax benefits, compile a cadastre of deposits, prepare a methodology for examining dumps depending on the type of raw materials being developed, prepare proposals to simplify obtaining a license for development, etc. Scientists, lawyers, technologists, geologists and specialists in other areas should be involved in this work.

Based on the experience of the past 10-15 years, it should be recognized that there is no real hope for solving the shortcomings noted in the Strategy. The problems of our industry are not news to anyone, they are periodically published in newspapers and magazines. Nevertheless, representatives of the non-metallic sub-sector even now can practically rely only on their own strength. One of the "tools of influence" for industry specialists in the production of NSM is our professional association "Nedra". It is obvious that what more specialists and enterprises will be members of the association "Nedra", the more authoritative our association will look and the more it will be reckoned with in state bodies.

O.E. Haro, Ph.D. tech. Sciences,
first deputy CEO Federal State Unitary Enterprise "VNIPIIstromsyrye"

Ecology of consumption. Psychology: Grief always develops the same way. Only the duration and intensity of his experience differs...

Reaction to the loss of a significant object - specific mental process developing according to its own laws. Its essence is universal, unchanging and does not depend on what exactly the subject has lost. Grief always develops in the same way. Only the duration and intensity of his experience differs, depending on the significance of the lost object and the personality characteristics of the grieving person.

five stages of grief

1. "Denial"

The experience of grief occurs immediately after a person has become aware of the grief. Negation can also be expressed in a simple questioning. A person can again and again, as if he did not hear or did not understand, clarify the words and formulations in which he received the bitter news. Actually in this moment he does not hear badly, but does not want to believe that something has already happened. And sometimes, the experience is potentially so strong that a person physically cannot “let it go” and can simply forget about grief until he is ready to experience it. Decisions made on this stage will be incorrect, since a person does not have an accurate understanding of the situation. No matter how detailed it is explained to him, he distorts his perception by denial.

2. "Aggression".

A person does not just not believe - he actively doubts what he was told, directs aggression towards the source of information. In a constructive way, aggression can be directed at the cause of grief, but often in life situation there is no place for a feat - nothing can be changed. This can lead to the direction of aggression on yourself or on loved ones. Decisions made at this stage can lead to negative consequences for relationships, to bring damage to property and human condition. In any case, they will be taken from a position of strength.

3. "Bidding".

A person directs the energy of the second stage to "pay off grief." At this moment, he can turn to God, to any higher powers, in order to make a deal - I will / will not do this and let everything return to its previous state. The decisions made at this moment are different types fees. A person may pay by changing their behavior, making donations, or deciding to devote time and energy to something related to the cause of grief.

4. "Depression."

Emotional reactions are depleted, sleep and appetite are disturbed, irritation appears, tears do not bring relief. Decisions made at this stage can harm yourself and others. Most often they have the character of leaving, reducing any activity - a person gives up. Decisions are made from a position of lack of power.

5. "Acceptance".

It is at this moment that a person may burst into tears for the first time, but these tears will bring relief. A person's thoughts return to everything good that is connected with what brought him grief. The situation that caused grief is now perceived as part of life - it has its beginning, development and end. Feeling returns internal support, forces and emotions of the whole spectrum return, a person begins to think about the future. Only at the fifth stage can a person make decisions about what conclusions to draw, whether to change something, and if so, how. At this point, he becomes wiser than usual. published