Summary: Description of the North-West region according to the plan. Developed economic sectors of the North-Western region

NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA

The purpose of the lesson:

To introduce students to the TPK of North-West Russia,

Improving the skills of analyzing economic maps.

Explain the new concept of "free economic zones".

Equipment: I.K. - Northwestern Russia I-8kl-13, map of the northwestern economic region(physical, social economy), atlases.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. ORGANIZATIONAL MOMENT.

II. ANNOUNCEMENT OF GRADES FOR CONTROL WORK.

Work on bugs.

III STUDY OF NEW MATERIAL

FGP, EGP. Composition of Northwestern Russia.

Northwestern Russia is the smallest region of the Russian Federation in terms of territory (212 thousand km2).

Administrative-territorial units of North-Western Russia:

Leningradskaya,

Pskov,

Novgorod region,

St. Petersburg is a city of federal significance,

The Kaliningrad region is an enclave.

Modern integration ties with the Central (Moscow) region allow us to consider it a part of the inter-district complex - Central Russia.

The population of the region (8.9 million people) is 6.2% of the population of Russia.

Profitable EGP on the Baltic Sea and waterways(the path "from the Varangians to the Greeks") determined the early settlement of the region, the formation of Novgorod Rus, and in 1703 the foundation of the new capital of St. Petersburg.

Benefits of EGP - district of one city(as the Northwest used to be) — increased after the creation of canals in place of portages, and later - the railway system.

At present, the EGP is the largest Russian ports in the Baltics: St. Petersburg and Kaliningrad. The North-West, in addition to the border with Finland, now has new sections of the state border with Estonia and Latvia.

Natural resource base:

The territory of the region with sea glacial relief is not rich in natural resources.

Shales - phosphorites

Building materials - peat.

The area is secured water resources(abundant rivers, 7 thousand lakes, including Ladoga and Onega).

Population of Northwestern Russia:

86% urban population

65% of the district's population lives in St. Petersburg - mostly Russians living in cities.

The Severo-Zapadny District has a predominantly urban population (its share is the highest in Russia—86%). 65% of the urban population of the district lives in St. Petersburg. There are many ancient cities among them: Veliky Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki, Staraya Russa.

5. Household.

♦ Specialization - diversified mechanical engineering associated with the defense industry. In the cities of Chernyakhovsk, Gusev, S-P

Products: - sea vessels,

Optical and electronic equipment,

Turbines, generators,

Equipment for nuclear power plants.

Non-ferrous metallurgy and conversion plants of ferrous metallurgy are closely connected with mechanical engineering.

developed chemical- city of S-P.

Lesnaya- pulp and paper industry Gvardeysk, Neman, Sovetsk, Kaliningrad.

easy - city of S-P.

food industry in Kaliningrad,S-P .

The fuel and energy complex uses oil and gas from the European North, the Volga region, Western Siberia. Electricity is generated at low-power thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants, nuclear power plants (Gulf of Finland).

The agro-industrial complex specializes in dairy and beef cattle breeding, flax growing and suburban agriculture (vegetables and poultry farming)

Free economic zones- these are independent territorial and geographical enclaves, partly isolated from the rest of the country. They are provided with benefits (customs, tax) to attract the activities of foreign firms and funds for the organization of highly efficient industries with the latest technologies. There are several thousand of them in the world.

6. Student messages about St. Petersburg e, .Kaliningrad ..

IV Consolidation.

1. Remember and specify what new ports are proposed to be created on the Gulf of Finland. Why was there a question about their creation?

2. What is the area of the North-Western nodal region?

3. Population of the area?

4. "Urbanization" what is it? And how much is in the area?

V Homework: pp. 250-257, complete the task on p. 257 “Attention! Problem!"

Economic Geography and Regional Studies

Economic and geographical characteristics of the Northern economic region.

1. The administrative composition of the district.

2. Features of the economic and geographical position.

3. Place of the region in the economic complex of the country.

4. Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area.

5. Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the region.

6. Development and placement of the main branches of industrial specialization of the region.

7. Specialization, the level of development of agriculture in the region.

8. Territorial structure of the economy of the region (largest industrial centers, subdistricts, TPK).

9. Development of external relations of the region.

10.Problems of development of the region in the transition to a market economy.

The administrative structure of the region.

The northern economic region covers a vast expanse of the European part of the country with an area of 1,500 thousand km2, facing the Barents and to the White Seas Northern Arctic Ocean. It includes the Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Vologda regions, the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the Karelian Republic and the Komi Republic. About 6 million people live in it.

Features of the economic and geographical position .

The northern region is the largest region in terms of territory European Russia(1467 km2), which is 9% of the area of Russia.

But in terms of the number of inhabitants (6 million people), this is the most sparsely populated region of the country. The share of its population among the inhabitants of Russia is only 4%.

The northern region is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean. Important ports of the Russian Federation are located here - Murmansk (non-freezing), Arkhangelsk. Part Barents Sea, warmed by a branch of the warm North Atlantic Current, does not freeze. Quite a significant part of the territory of the region is located north of the Arctic Circle in the cold zone.

The specificity of the position of the region in a part of the North, which is difficult in terms of natural conditions, rich in natural resources and sparsely populated, makes it close to the Siberian type of regions. At the same time, the extremely favorable economic and geographical position, especially in relation to the Central and North-Western economically highly developed regions of the Russian Federation, determines the special place of the European North in the Western economic zone.

Place of the region in the economic complex of the country.

The development of the economic complex of the Northern Economic Region is based on the use of its natural resource potential, favorable economic and geographical position in relation to the industrialized regions of the country, areas of new development of the Asian North and foreign trade partners.

The development of the economic complex of the region is constrained by the position of the Kola Peninsula in the polar latitudes, the extreme natural and climatic conditions, poor transport development and population of the territory, low level development of industrial and social infrastructure, the predominance of extensive methods of development and use of minerals, a large share of the use of manual labor. This leads to an increase in the cost of economic activity, which, combined with insufficient rational methods, forms and methods of management determines the subsidized nature of the economy.

Assessment of natural resources and conditions of the area

The northern economic region belongs to the regions, the development of which takes place in difficult natural and climatic conditions. In the Vorkuta region, the maintenance of workers costs, in comparison with Central Russia, 2 - 2.5 times more. The development of natural resources is carried out in conditions permafrost, swampiness and harsh climate. All this limits the development in the North of a number of manufacturing industries and open-field agriculture.

The northern region is an important fuel and energy base of European Russia: it concentrates more than 1/2 of its fuel resources (oil, gas, coal, peat, shale), 1/2 of the forest and 40% of the water resources of the macroregion. Large reserves of mining and chemical raw materials (apatites on the Kola Peninsula and salts in the Komi). Significant resources for non-ferrous metallurgy (nephelines, kyanites, bauxites, copper-nickel ores), building materials industry and ferrous metallurgy (Karelia, Kola Peninsula). Large reserves of diamonds (Lomonosov deposit) and vanadium ores have been discovered near Arkhangelsk in southern Karelia.

There are two resource concentration zones in the European North. The main share of fuel resources, along with the reserves of salt and ores of light metals, is concentrated in the Timan-Pechora territory in the north-east of the region. Oil and gas reserves are especially large on the coast and on the shelf of the Barents Sea.

The largest resources of phosphorus-containing raw materials, significant reserves of non-ferrous, rare metals, iron ore, mica are concentrated in the north-west of the region - the Kola-Karelian territory. Widespread, with the exception of the Far North, forest resources and peat reserves.

The northern region differs in the composition of minerals in the west and east. In the West: iron ores, copper-nickel ores, apatites, nephelines, forest resources. In the east: gas, oil, coal, bauxite, forest resources.

AT recent times they talk about the possibility of extracting ores of various non-ferrous metals in the east, the Kholmogorskoye diamond deposit in the Arkhangelsk region has been prepared for exploitation. In the west of the region, the hydropower potential has not yet been fully utilized. The area is most promising for the construction of tidal power plants

Characteristics of the population and labor resources of the district

On the far north Russian settlement (Novgorod colonization) led to the formation of a special ethnic group - the Pomors, who were engaged in fishing for fish and sea animals. Later, during the Moscow (largely monastic) colonization, the Russians settled on the banks of the rivers near the sketes and monasteries, were engaged in agriculture, crafts: fur, fish, salt production (the well-known merchants Stroganovs).

With the opening of the White Sea trade and the creation of the Arkhangelsk port, the southern trading bases are rapidly growing: Vologda, Veliky Ustyug.

The second major port - Murmansk (Romanov-on-Murman) was created during the First World War. AT Soviet time it became the base of the Northern Sea Route, a fishing port and the center of the surrounding naval bases.

One of the stages of the settlement of the North is associated with the use of the labor of prisoners (in Stalin's time), who mined natural resources, laid transport routes (the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Pechora Railway, etc.).

With a small population and a vast territory in the North, the lowest population density in the Western zone (4 people per 1 km2). At the same time, it is especially low in the Nenets Autonomous Okrug (0.3 people per 1 km2). The Murmansk region was most intensively populated. Since 1926, when only 32 thousand people lived here, the population has increased 30 times, exceeding 1.1 million people. At the same time, in a small strip to the south - in the Vologda Oblast - the population decreased by almost 400 thousand people, despite the rapid growth of the cities of Cherepovets and Vologda.

The northern parts of the district are characterized by an increased proportion of young people compared to the southern ones, while in the Vologda south the percentage of people of retirement age is much higher.

Most of those who arrived in the North (where the proportion of mechanical population growth is high) are men. Previously, the main factor in attracting workers to the North was higher wages. At present, the outflow of the population from the European North has begun, as the rise in prices in the North "eats" the increased payment. The North needs help. In all countries, the northern territories require large subsidies from the state. In addition, it is important to create more favorable cultural and living conditions for northerners.

With a sharp predominance of the Russian population in the east of the district, the inhabitants are Komi, in the west 10% are Karelians. The Nenets and Saami live in the north.

The dynamics of the population is characterized by negative trends common to Russia: natural population decline, aging ( specific gravity population reached retirement age approached 15%), a decrease in the proportion of children and adolescents and an increase in the proportion of people older than working age.

There is an outflow of people from the region.

The reasons for the increasing outflow of the population from the region, including highly qualified specialists, are the curtailment of production at the enterprises of the mining industry, mechanical engineering, light and food industries, and the social disadvantage of the inhabitants of the region.

Problems of reproduction and rational use of labor resources remain topical problems of the region. The decline in the growth of the working-age population caused a decline in the average annual increase in employment and a reduction in last years absolute number working. The lack of a system for regulating labor flows, the difficult demographic situation create problems in socio-economic development. Thus, a significant aging of the population makes it necessary to attract labor from outside.

With the transition to new economic conditions, the problems of employment of the population become more complicated. This is due to the reduction in the number of new jobs, the territorial discrepancy between the availability of jobs and free labor resources, and the insufficient level of qualifications of labor resources.

The number of people employed in the main branches of production may decrease, but not more than by 10%. The number of unemployed will increase in the coming years by 2.5-3 times, but will not exceed 5% of the economically active population. A deterrent to the growth of unemployment will be the development in the region of the non-productive sector, which absorbs excess labor resources.

Development and placement of the main branches of industrial specialization of the region.

Today we will meet and give characteristics of the EGP European North. The first thing we will pay attention to is the presence of world-famous monuments. Kizhi is cultural monument, built between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It's worldwide famous place located on the island of the same name in Lake Onega - Kizhi. This ensemble consists of churches and bell towers of incredible beauty.

Few people know about the island of Valaam, and this place in Lake Ladoga is fraught with yet another monument, only this time - a monument of Russian architecture. It's about about the monastery.

I would like to single out one more place before moving on to the EGP of the European North. A monument located on the territory of our boundless country - Kivach. This is one of the largest flat waterfalls, a natural monument of Russia, which has a height of about eleven meters.

This small digression here is not in vain, it is a reminder that our country is so great and beautiful that even a lifetime is not enough to get to know all its corners. So, we propose to start considering the EGP of the European North with the composition of this region, we will start right now.

Compound

This region includes the republics: Karelia and Komi, autonomous districts: Arkhangelsk and Nenets, regions: Murmansk and Vologda. Considering the EGP of the European North of Russia, namely the composition of the north of our country, many cities are excluded from the list. Speaking about the North of Russia, they do not mean location, but rather a historical and cultural concept. There are no unambiguous borders, it is impossible to say for sure whether this or that place belongs to the North, since its territory is not generally accepted. Many Pskov and Novgorod regions belong to the European North. There are cases when autonomous regions are deleted from the list.

Many may have a question as to why the Pskov region belongs to the North of Russia, and St. Petersburg does not, although the second object is located to the north of the first. It all comes down to the fact that Peter is the personification western beginning in Russian history, and we have already mentioned that the geographical location plays an insignificant role in this concept.

Climate

Let us consider some more features of the EGP of the European North. Let's talk a little more about the climate of this region. Since Arctic breathing prevails in the European North of Russia, most year in the territory of these regions is cold, summer is short and not hot. Multi-day snowstorms and blizzards are possible. The winds that come from the Arctic Ocean are very dry and cold, and they form this not very comfortable climate.

Consider separately the climate of the Vologda region, the Arkhangelsk region and Komi. As for the first one on our list, the winter here is very cold and harsh, temperatures below minus forty degrees are not uncommon. Summer is moderately warm. We can say that the climate is not stable, air masses from the northeast they bring cold, and the tropical summers can cause a really hot day.

The Arkhangelsk region is a territory where the climate is humid and rather cool. Even at the beginning of summer, there can be night frosts, and the north of the region is considered to be the Arctic, where there is a polar night in winter and a polar day in summer.

As for Komi, it's a little more complicated. The winter is very long and cold, the temperature can drop below minus fifty degrees. Summers are very short and cool, with night frosts possible at the beginning and end of the season. In winter, snowdrifts reach up to a meter high. When the grass turns green in the southern part of the Komi Republic, in the northern part there can be frosts down to minus thirty degrees. The western part is slightly warmer than the eastern part, since the first is dominated by the air masses of the Atlantic currents.

Natural resources

Characteristics of the EGP woodworking industry.

Compound: Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov regions, St. Petersburg (city of federal significance).

EGP. The position of the district is seaside, advantageous. This is a small district area (197 thousand km 2) off the coast of the Baltic Sea or close to it. Along the rivers and lakes of this district, the ancient trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed, on which Novgorod Rus arose. For two centuries St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia. Now it has been singled out as a “free enterprise zone” and occupies a central position in the district.

The district is located between the developed Europe. states - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central ER of the Russian Federation, as well as next to the Northern ER of the Russian Federation (with its rich resource base). Three new Russian seaports are currently under construction in the Gulf of Finland.

Natural conditions and resources. The climate of the region is temperate continental, on the coast - maritime. The entire territory is characterized by podzolic and peat-bog soils. Forests occupy a little less than half of the area of the district, and in the northeast the forest cover reaches 70%.

Moraine-glacial relief with hills and ridges is characteristic. There are especially many moraine hills on the hills, where they alternate with lake depressions. S.-Z. The Russian Plain is a lake region: there are about 7 thousand lakes. Largest - Ladoga (area 18 thousand km 2), Onega, Chudskoye, Ilmen .

The river network is dense. This is where fish resources matter. The relatively short Neva River (74 km), flowing from Lake Ladoga and flowing into the Gulf of Finland, is one of the most abundant in Russia.

Minerals are not distinguished by richness and diversity: refractory clays, oil shales, phosphorites, quartz sands, limestones, salt springs (in the area of Staraya Rusa, Novgorod region), bauxites (Tikhvin, Leningrad region).

Population. Us. district - 7.9 million. people (2000). The average population density is about 40 people./km 2, however, in the peripheral districts, the density of rural us. is only 2-4 people / km 2. The majority of the population is Russian.

Coeff. urbanization - 87 %. An extensive network of educational institutions (primarily in St. Petersburg) ensures the availability of highly qualified personnel. The population of St. Petersburg is about 5 million people.

Economy. Basic social-econ. prerequisites for the development of the district: profitable EGP, qualified personnel, the development of science and culture, a developed experimental design base. NW- industrial district with a developed complex of the manufacturing industry with a high proportion of mechanical engineering, which focuses on imported raw materials and fuel.

Industries of specialization - mechanical engineering, requiring highly qualified labor, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and light industry.

fuel and energy complex The district focuses mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). The district is a major consumer of electricity. It is produced by powerful thermal power plants using imported energy carriers. Powerful state district power plants and thermal power plants are located in St. Petersburg, its environs and in the city of Kirishi (to which an oil pipeline from the Volga region approaches). A significant share of electric energy is provided by hydroelectric power stations of medium and small capacity, built on the rivers Svir, Volkhov, Vuoksa, etc. For a more reliable supply of electricity to the region near St. Petersburg, one of the largest in Russia, the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, was built and is operating. The NW energy system is connected to the unified European energy system. parts of Russia.

Machine building complex The district is characterized by well-developed intra-industry relations. The following branches of machinery are represented: energy, electrical, shipbuilding, instrumentation, machine tool building.

The district is a major supplier of instruments, automation equipment, turbines, and tractors. Production of power equipment: generators and turbines for hydroelectric power plants, state district power plants, nuclear power plants are represented by enterprises in St. Petersburg. developed shipbuilding:"Admiralteisky", "Baltiysky" plants in St. Petersburg produce nuclear icebreakers, ocean-going dry cargo ships, etc.

Knowledge-intensive industries represented by instrumentation, radio engineering, electronics, electrical engineering (St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Velikiye Luki (Pskov region), Staraya Russa. In Novgorod, Pskov, Vyborg, radio and television equipment, video recorders are produced.

Chemical industry Petersburg was a pioneer in the production of polymers, plastics, pharmaceuticals in Russia. Developed light prom . (footwear, textile, food).

A number of industries SP is based on local natural resources. This is the extraction of phosphorites and the production of mines from them. fertilizer (ex. Kingisepp, modern name cities - Kuressaare), production of refractory bricks from local clays (Borovichi, Novgorod region), mining and production of building materials, shale mining ( Slates, Leningrad region.).

NW is the birthplace aluminum industry (on local Tikhvin bauxites, Leningrad region). Enterprises metallurgy are in Volkhov, (aluminum plant), Boksitogorsk and Pikalevo(alumina refineries), all three - Leningrad region.

APK. Agriculture specializes in dairy livestock, pig breeding, poultry farming, production of vegetables and potatoes. Flax growing has retained its importance in the south and south-west of the district. Flax is processed at numerous small factories and at large flax mills in Pskov and Velikiye Luki.

Transport. St. Petersburg trans. the hub in terms of cargo turnover and passenger turnover is second only to the Moscow one. Trance. paths depart from this city in beams different sides. St. Petersburg is currently one of the largest foreign trade seaports in Russia. Volga-Baltic waterway provides links with other ER Europe. parts of the Russian Federation. The White Sea - Baltic Canal opens access to the White and Barents Seas.

Kaliningrad region- the westernmost region of the Russian Federation, "enclave" or terr. separated from the rest of the territory. countries that do not have a common territorial space with it. From north-west goes to the Baltic Sea, borders on Lithuania and Poland. Terr. - 15 thousand km. 2, sat. - OK. 950 thousand people, Russian - 78%, Belarusians - 8%, Ukrainians - 7%. Gor. population - 78%. The climate is mild and humid. Fossils - brown coal, peat, building materials, amber, there are oil reserves (production of 1 million tons per year), gas. Unique landscapes create conditions for tourism.

Economy closely connected with the sea. The role of the region in fisheries and the WEC of the Russian Federation is great. Branches of market specialization - fish, machine-ing, amber, cell.-boom. (1/3 of the production comes from the fish industry). The meat and dairy industries have been greatly developed. Kaliningrad is an ice-free port on the Baltic Sea, where the majority of enterprises are concentrated. region In 1991 FEZ "Yantar" was created. The development of the district is determined by its isolation from the rest of the territory. RF.

Economic and geographical characteristics of the North Caucasian ER

Compound: Rep.: Adygea (capital - Maykop), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetia (Nazran), Kabardino-Balkaria (Nalchik), Karachay-Cherkessia (Cherkessk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz) and Chechen (Grozny). Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories. Rostov region

EGP. Square - 355 thousand km 2. The district occupies the south of the East European Plain, the Ciscaucasia and the north. slopes of the Greater Caucasus. Located between Black and Seas of Azov on z. and the Caspian at

On the s.-z. borders with Ukraine, on with. and s.-v.- from C-Ch and P. To the south. the border with Georgia and Azerbaijan runs almost everywhere along the Greater Caucasus Range. EGP - profitable. There is access to three seas. Through this region, Russia maintains ties with the states of Transcaucasia. Natural conditions are favorable for us to live. and development of agriculture. There are various minerals. In the Russian Federation, the district accounts for 8% in the industry. and 16% - in agriculture.

Natural conditions and resources. The natural landscapes of the NC are diverse, which is explained by the geographical location and features of the relief, which in turn affects the settlement of people and their economic activities. The most high point Russian Federation - Elbrus (Rep. Kabardino-Balkaria).

By natural district conditions is divided into three zones: flat, foothill and mountainous.

plain(steppe) - occupies most of the territory. and extends from the Don River to the valleys of the Kuban and Terek rivers.

Foothill the zone is located to the south and stretches in a small strip from the north-west. to the south-east The foothills gradually pass into the system of mountain spurs of the Caucasus (mountainous part).

District has fertile lands(on the plains) and natural pastures (in the foothills). Mountain rivers have a large hydropower potential, and the waters of lowland rivers are used for irrigation.

Main disadvantage natural conditions - uneven provision of water resources. The western part is better provided with moisture, especially the Black Sea coast and mountain slopes. S.-in. and in. area - waterless, arid.

The role of the region as the main recreational zone of Russia is great (resorts Black Sea coast and Caucasian mineral springs, camp site in the mountains of the Caucasus).

The foothills of the Greater Caucasus are a pantry of chemical, metallurgical, building raw materials, energy resources (including fuel - oil and gas). Natural gas is available in the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, oil - in the Chechen Republic and Adygea. Ores of non-ferrous and rare metals (zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum) are mined in the mountain republics. (North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria), coal - in the Rostov region ( Russian part east Donbass).

Population. SC is 17.7 million man, this 3 place in Russia. The growth rate of us. significantly exceed the Russian average (high natural increase).

The district has an excess of labor resources. Posted by us. extremely uneven, even though average density - 47 people./km2 is significant. Krasnodar Territory and Rostov region concentrate almost 3/5 of us within their limits. district. The highest rates of population density are observed in the foothills, in the districts of intensive agriculture of the Krasnodar Territory and in the industrial districts of the Rostov Region. And in the village-in. arid regions of Stavropol, Dagestan and Rostov region. us. extremely few.

The national composition is exceptionally diverse - there are several dozen nationalities and ethnic groups of the indigenous population (belonging not only to different language groups but also to different language families). Among them, groups of Ossetians, Kabardians, Chechens, and others, living mainly within their republics, stand out in terms of numbers. prevails in the region, however, Russian population, even in the mountainous republics of the Caucasus, the share of Russians among the population ranges from 9% in Dagestan to 65% in Adygea.

The population of the Republic SK from 300 thousand people. in Ingushetia up to 2.1 million people. in Dagestan.

The UK does not belong to highly urbanized regions. Share of mountains us. here below the Russian average (56%). In the Republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, Karachay-Cherkess and Chechnya, the rural population prevails (about 60%).

Economy. The NC stands out for its highly developed and diversified agriculture. Specialization:

1. Mechanical engineering - metal-intensive, atomic, instrument and machine tool building, agricultural engineering, production of electric locomotives.

2. fuel and energy complex.

3. Metallurgy.

4. Chemical– artificial fibers, rubber products

5. food.

6. Resort economy

Complementary: light , building materials industry.

fuel and energy complex. Branches of this complex perform the functions of the basic pr-in. SK, meeting its needs for fuel, previously supplied coal, oil, gas to other districts of the country. The first borehole gave oil in zap. Ciscaucasia as early as 1860, later deposits began to be developed in the Grozny region, and only in the 1950s did oil and gas production begin in the Stavropol Territory.

However, with the depletion of gas reserves, its production decreased several times and acquired a purely local significance. And the military operations in Chechnya and the restless political situation in the region, the situation with the production and transportation of Grozny oil aggravated.

Oil and gas industry presented in Krasnodar (refinery), Maykoy, Grozny (refinery), Tuapse (refinery).

The Rostov region (eastern Donbass) is also rich in fuel resources - anthracite and coking coal. Here the coal and metallurgical industries were developed. industrial, transport engineering.

The electric power industry of the district is of great importance. Power lines connect the power system of the NC with the power system of the neighboring districts of the Russian Federation. The vast majority of electricity is generated by powerful thermal power plants using coal, oil fuel and natural gas. The hydropower potential of the region is also used. A number of HPPs were built on mountain rivers - the Terek, Sudak, etc. The largest of them is the Chirkeyskaya HPP on the river. Pike perch in Dagestan.

Leading branch of specialization – mechanical engineering . Especially developed agricultural machinery (Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Millerovo, Novocherkassk, Kropotkinsk, Krasnodar), as it has its own metallurgist. base (Rostov region), developed agriculture and there are convenient trans-e routes.

important place occupies the production of equipment for the oil and gas and food industries, as well as the production of electric locomotives ( Novocherkassk).

Power engineering presented in Taganrog(steam boilers) and Volgodonsk(equipment for nuclear power plants). The largest industrial center of the NC is the city Rostov-on-Don.

Chemical industry district produces nitrogen fertilizers from natural gas (Nevinnomyssk, Belorechensk), pesticides, synthetic materials, plastics ( Budenovok).

Non-ferrous metallurgy represented in North Ossetia ( Sadon), Kabardino-Balkaria ( Tyrnyauz).

food industry fully provided with raw materials developed agricultural district. There are enterprises producing flour, cereals, meat products, canned fruits and vegetables, wines.

APK. SK is the largest agricultural base in the country. Fertile soils on the plains: chernozem and alluvial - are concentrated here large arrays arable land. Growing cereals ( wheat, corn, rice ) and technical ( sugar beet, tobacco, sunflower etc.) culture.

The district is famous for vegetable growing, horticulture and viticulture. In the Krasnodar Territory they grow tea (It is the northernmost tea-growing region in the world).

Animal husbandry, like agriculture, is diversified. On the flat territories they are engaged in cattle breeding and pig breeding. Fine-wool sheep breeding is widespread in the arid regions of the Rostov region, Stavropol Territory and Dagestan, and coarse-wool sheep breeding - in the foothills and mountain republics. Caucasus.

Transport. To service domestic and inter-district ties district has a dense network of railways and roads, pipelines, river and sea routes. In the foothills and mountainous areas, there is a danger when transporting vehicles on the road due to snow avalanches (in winter) and ridge-stone streams - mudflows (during rains).

The oil pipeline Samara-Tikhoretsk-Novorossiysk transports oil from P and WS to the Black Sea ports. Sea transportation is carried out through the ports of Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Taganrog, Makhachkala. It is planned to build a new port on the Sea of Azov. At present, the value of the trans-x ways of the district is increasing - through it the Russian Federation communicates with the south. Caucasus (Transcaucasia).

University: Penza State University

Year and city: Penza 2014

Content
Introduction
Chapter 1: Geographical characteristics of the region
1.1. Geographical position and area
1.3. Climatic conditions
Chapter 2: Population of the region
2.1. Demographic situation
2.2. National composition
2.3. The quality of life
Chapter 3: Economy of the region
3.1. Natural resource potential
3.2. Industry structure
3.3. Territorial structure
3.4. Transport links
Chapter 4: Ecological situation in the region12
Chapter 5: Problems and prospects for the development of the region
Chapter 6 Application
Chapter 7. List of sources used

Introduction

The economic and geographical position of the Northwestern economic region provided a number of advantages compared to other regions of the country: open access to the Baltic water basin, which ensured stable economic ties with foreign countries Europe, America; border position with the Baltic and Scandinavian countries; the proximity of the developed economic regions of the country (Central, Northern).
The North-Western region was formed by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 13, 2000. The center of the district is the federal city of St. Petersburg. This region includes the following subjects of the Russian Federation:

Republic of Karelia
Komi Republic
Arhangelsk region
Nenets Autonomous Okrug
Vologda Region
Murmansk region
Leningrad region
Novgorod region
Pskov region
Kaliningrad region
City of federal significance St. Petersburg

Geographical characteristics of the region

1.1 Geographic location and area

The North-Western economic region is one of the 11 major economic regions of Russia. It covers an area of 0.2 million km 2, which is 9.87% of the entire territory of Russia. The population is 13,800 people (9.61% of the Russian Federation). The North-Western economic region is located in the northern part of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, on the Russian (East European) plain.

The economic development of the region is associated with a favorable economic and geographical position on the Baltic Sea and proximity to developed European states- Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus and the Central Economic Region of Russia. A huge role is played in the area of St. Petersburg - the largest seaport, the industrial center of the country. (fig.1)

The North-Western region is located on the Russian Plain, which is a lowland with traces of glacier activity (moraine-ridged, hilly relief). The low relief areas are occupied by numerous lakes and peat bogs.

1.2 Climatic conditions

Climatic conditions are characterized by high humidity, relatively warm winter and cool summers due to the influence of the Atlantic. Natural Opportunities The development of agriculture in the region is determined by high air humidity at relatively moderate temperatures and a fairly long growing season. This provides favorable conditions for the ripening of wheat, rye, vegetables and potatoes. River valleys with rich herbaceous vegetation contribute to the development of dairy and milk-meat animal husbandry. Definite value for the economy have fish resources of inland waters and seas of the region.

The ancient trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed along the rivers and lakes of this region, on which Novgorod Rus arose. For two centuries St. Petersburg was the capital of Russia. Now it has been singled out as a “free enterprise zone” and occupies a central position in the region. The area is located between the developed European states - Finland, Estonia, Latvia and the Central Economic Region, as well as next to the Northern Economic Nation of the ER of the Russian Federation (with its rich resource base). Three new Russian seaports are currently under construction in the Gulf of Finland.

Region population

2.1 Demographics

In the territory Northwestern region more than 5.6% of the Russian population lives. The area is characterized by an increased rate of urbanization. The proportion of the urban population is the highest in the country and is 87%. Within the district, the St. Petersburg urban agglomeration was formed, where 80% of the urban population lives. The area is provided with highly qualified labor resources, a powerful system of design and experimental institutes and factories and is the second scientific base of the country after Moscow.

2.2 National composition

By ethnic composition the population is multinational (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Karelians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Jews, Germans, Finns, Chuvashs, Lithuanians, Gypsies, Poles, Uzbeks, Tajiks), but is represented mainly by Russians.

2.3 Quality of life

Indicators of the quality and standard of living of the population of the Northwestern Federal District

	PS of income (amount PM sets)	poverty by income	Coefficient fractions of a unit	GRP at PPP, USD
St. Petersburg
Vologda region

Nenets
Arkhangelsk region
Murmansk region

Novgorod region
Leningrad region.
Kaliningrad region
Pskov region

Economy of the region

3.1 Natural resource potential

The North-Western region is not distinguished by a particular diversity and richness of minerals. Of the fuel resources, there are reserves in the northwestern part of the Leningrad region. There are industrial reserves of bauxites (near the town of Tikhvin), which are a valuable raw material for aluminum production. Phosphorites located in the Leningrad region are becoming increasingly significant for the economy, the reserves of which amount to about 200 million tons. Construction Materials- limestones, refractory clays, glass sands, granites (Karelian Isthmus).

Forest resources are important. Forests cover 45% of the area. In the northern part of the region, coniferous species (spruce, pine) predominate, in the southern part - mixed species. The main forest massifs are located in the Leningrad and Novgorod regions, where forested areas account for 50%.

The Northwest has significant water resources. The hydrographic network is well developed here. The largest rivers are the Neva, Volkhov, Svir, Lovat, Velikaya, and others. Hydroelectric power stations have been built on the Vuoksa, Svir, and Meta rivers. The largest lakes are Ladoga, Pskov, Chudskoe, Ilmen. Rivers and lakes are widely used for navigation, fishing, and ensure the development of water-intensive industries.

Land resources are small, but the density of their economic development is quite high. The main agricultural lands are located in the Pskov region. Currently, reclamation work is being carried out in the region to drain the swamps for their use as agricultural land.

3.2 Industry structure

The multi-branch complex of the economic region ensures the production of the most important types of products for the national economy of the entire country. Branches of specialization - mechanical engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and light industry, timber and production of building materials. The machine-building complex of the region is characterized by well-developed intra-industry relations. The following branches of mechanical engineering are represented: energy, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, instrument making, machine tool building. The region is a major supplier of instruments, automation equipment, turbines, and tractors. The chemical industry of St. Petersburg was a pioneer in the production of polymers, plastics, pharmaceutical industry in Russia. The light industry (footwear, textile, food) is developed. The development of the textile industry was facilitated by the great need of the region for fabrics, as well as the concentration of highly qualified personnel in St. Petersburg. A number of industries in the Northwestern region are based on local natural resources. This is the extraction of phosphorites and the production of mineral fertilizers from them (Kingisepp, the modern name of the city is Kuressaare), the production of refractory bricks from local clays (Borovichi), the extraction and production of building materials, the extraction of slates (Slates). The northwest is the birthplace of the aluminum industry (on local Tikhvin bauxites). Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are located in Volkhov (aluminum plant), Boksitogorsk and Pikalevo (alumina plants). Agriculture specializes in dairy farming, pig breeding, poultry farming, vegetable and potato production. Flax growing has retained its importance in the south and south-west of the region. Flax is processed at numerous small factories and at large flax mills in Pskov and Velikiye Luki. The fuel and energy base of the region focuses mainly on imported fuel (oil, gas, coal). The region is a major consumer of electricity. It is produced by powerful thermal power plants using imported energy carriers. Powerful state district power plants and thermal power plants are located in St. Petersburg, its environs and in the city of Kirishi (to which an oil pipeline from the Volga region approaches). A significant share of electricity is provided by hydroelectric power plants of medium and small capacity, built on the rivers Svir, Volkhov, Vuoksa, etc. To provide the region with electricity more reliably, one of the largest Leningrad nuclear power plants in Russia was built and is operating.

3.3 Territorial structure

The territorial structure of the economy is extremely high level the industrial development of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region, the relatively low development of the farms of the Novgorod and Pskov regions in comparison with them, in which the agricultural sector is clearly expressed. St. Petersburg (4.8 million inhabitants) and the Leningrad Region, located at the mouth of the Neva (near the Gulf of Finland), have concentrated a powerful manufacturing industry, many of whose industries are of great all-Russian and export importance. As part of Northwest region The Leningrad Region accounts for 20.5% of the population, 15% of industrial output and 60% of agricultural output. Mechanical engineering plays a special role. More than 5% of the republican production of turbines and generators, a significant share of the production of powerful compressors for gas pipelines, marine vessels, printing equipment, press-forging machines, instruments and automation equipment are concentrated here. Among the cities that are part of the St. Petersburg industrial agglomeration, Kolpino stands out, where such well-known enterprises as the Izhora heavy engineering plant, as well as Gatchina and Vyborg are located. The share of the Novgorod and Pskov regions in the industrial production of the region is small. Their industrial development is largely associated with St. Petersburg. Branches and departments of St. Petersburg production associations are located in many cities of these regions. large industrial centers here are Veliky Novgorod (more than 234 thousand inhabitants) with a developed electrical and radio engineering production, Pskov (more than 208 thousand inhabitants) with a developed electrical engineering, production of communications equipment, flax processing and food industry and Velikiye Luki (111 thousand inhabitants) with electrical and radio engineering, light industry.

3.4 Transport links

The North-Western economic region has a developed transport system, which is focused on solving three main tasks:

Access to the Baltic through Moscow for the entire southern and southeastern part of Russia and the adjacent CIS states;
Access to the Baltic of Belarus and Ukraine and connection of the Baltic and Black Sea basins;
Communication with the Baltic of the northern regions of Russia.

Several directions of railways originate from St. Petersburg: to Moscow, the Urals (via Cherepovets - Vologda), Belarus and Ukraine (via Vitebsk - Orsha - Kharkov). Railways connect the North-West with the North (Petersburg - Petrozavodsk - Murmansk, Vologda and Kotlas - Syktyvkar and Vorkuta), the Baltic states (Petersburg - Tallinn, Petersburg - Pskov - Vilnius and further to Kaliningrad).

The special significance of the railway network is the connection with the Baltic. It is also here that the "input" into the Baltic of the Mariinsky water system, giving direct connection northern seas Russia with its southern seas.

At present, a significant scale of new transport construction is planned in the North-Western region: a system of Russian ports (expansion of the ports of Vyborg and Vysotsk, construction major ports at the mouth of the river Luga and near the city of Lomonosov) and the implementation of the project of a high-speed communication line between Moscow and Scandinavia; reconstruction and modernization of the Oktyabrskaya railway; construction of an intersectoral transport system.

The export from the region is dominated by products of mechanical engineering, chemical, woodworking and pulp and paper industries. Fuel and energy resources, timber, metal, building materials, food are imported. Import prevails over export.

AT modern conditions The North-West region for Russia is practically the only direct access to the western sphere of the world market.

Ecological situation in the region

The ecological situation in the North-Western region today is quite difficult. The Gulf of Finland and rivers are actively polluted by untreated sewage, the state of the soil is very deplorable as a result harmful influence solid industrial and domestic waste, the atmosphere of the North-West region is polluted not only by internal emissions, but also by harmful substances from other countries.

Air pollution

Industrial enterprises of St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Novgorod and Pskov regions regularly pollute the atmosphere with emissions of harmful substances. AT more the air of the North-Western region suffers from the harmful effects of such stationary sources as electric power, engineering, pulp and paper and chemical enterprises. But harmful emissions into the atmosphere from industrial facilities- this is half the trouble. About 70% of the total amount of air pollution is the "merit" of car exhaust gases.

Due to the border situation ecological situation in the North-Western region worsen the flow of pollutants from neighboring countries. For example, emissions of harmful sulfur compounds from abroad pollute the ecology of the Novgorod region 40 times more than evaporation from its own enterprises, and nitrogen oxide inflows from outside are 160 times higher than intraregional ones.

The ecology of the North-Western region with sulfur compounds is especially actively polluted by such states as Poland, Germany, Belarus, Estonia and Ukraine. Almost 50% of nitrogen oxides coming from abroad come from Poland and Germany. The remaining 50% of imports of harmful substances into the atmosphere of the North-Western region are divided among themselves by Finland, Sweden and Great Britain.

Water pollution

The ecological situation in the North-Western region is seriously worsened by the discharge of dirty wastewater into the surface water bodies of the Baltic Sea. The cause of water pollution here is mainly the inefficient operation of outdated treatment facilities. The share of regulated waters in the entire North-Western region is less than 1%.

The ecology of St. Petersburg suffers most from the discharge of polluted wastewater into surface water bodies. According to this criterion, Peter takes the second place in the country. The ecology of the Neva and other reservoirs deteriorates every day as a result of the discharge of untreated sewage from four hundred urban industrial and five hundred drains from enterprises in St. Petersburg. Ecologists report a large-scale accumulation of oil products, radioactive isotopes, mercury, lead, potassium and benzapyrene on the surface of the bottom of the Neva Bay and the bottom of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland.

In order to significantly improve the environmental situation in St. Petersburg, it is necessary:

complete the construction of treatment facilities in the northern and southwestern parts of the city;
complete the construction of a flood protection system for St. Petersburg;
to improve the system for preventing and eliminating accidental oil spills on Lake Ladoga and the Neva River.

Soil pollution

As for the problem of storage of solid industrial and household waste, here, unfortunately, the North-Western region has nothing to boast of. Most of the landfills and landfills where hazardous waste is currently stored do not meet the standards environmental safety. And the storage of solid industrial and domestic waste in unequipped areas is fraught with contamination of soil, surface and inland waters with toxic substances.

The problem of disposal of hazardous industrial waste is particularly acute in the Kaliningrad region. Due to the lack of a specially equipped landfill, solid toxic waste is stored there in the most ordinary landfills and garbage dumps.

There is a specially equipped landfill for storing hazardous waste in the Leningrad Region, but it is located very close to the main water intake of St. Petersburg. So in the event of prolonged heavy rains or floods, leakage of toxic substances from the Krasny Bor landfill can become a real disaster for the city's population. In addition, in the Leningrad region there is serious problem with the elimination of radiation in landfills and landfills for industrial waste.

Problems and prospects for the development of the region

The areas of development of the economic region include the following:

Solving the problems of structural adjustment, i.e. comprehensive development of the non-productive sphere (tourism, healthcare, culture, organizational and financial activities);

Development of mechanical engineering, which ensures scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the economy and the sphere of social development;

Build fuel and energy potential to improve complete satisfaction needs of the North-Western economic region in efficient types of fuel, cheap electricity and the export of some of the energy and fuel.

On the territory of St. Petersburg, two branches of a special economic zone of a technology-innovative type are being created (on the territory of the Neudorf industrial zone and north of the Novo-Orlovsky forest park). The development of the zone is expected in three directions:

Organization of the Center for Nanotechnologies for Biology and Medicine on the basis of the association of 10 academic and university institutions of St. Petersburg to increase efficiency Russian healthcare and development of nanobiotechnologies in the conditions of the SEZ to the industrial level;

Formation of technological centers in the following areas: optoelectronics, precision, metalworking (precision instrumentation), vacuum processing of semiconductors, nanomaterials, hydrogen energy, solar energy, thermoelectricity;

Creation of a design center, the customers of which will be the engineering structures of such enterprises as Avangard, NPO Radar, NPO Svetlana, NPO Elektroavtomatika, NPO Elektropribor, LOMO, etc.

List of sources used

Economic geography of Russia. Second edition. Under the editorship of Professor T.G. Morozova. - 2004.
Economic geography and regional studies. E.N. Kuzbozhev, I.A. Koziev. -2014. - pp. 336-340
Fundamentals of regional economy. Granberg. A. T - 2000.
Wikipedia. -2014. (digital data).
Economic portal. Article-Analysis Doctor of Economics, Professor V. Bobkov, Ph.D. A. Gulyugin.
Regional economy. Economic portal. Article-Analysis Doctor of Economics, Professor V. Bobkov, Ph.D. A. Gulyugin.
Regional economy. N.D. Eriashvili. Digital library.
http://bibliotekar.ru/regionalnaya-economika/index.htm
Ecology of cities and regions. dishisvobodno.ru
http://lubashevskiy.ru.

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