Revitalization in the architecture of the beach and forest park areas. Revitalization of industrial facilities: creating a creative cluster from a factory

Libkan Bazaeva, Director of ANO "Women for Development" (Chechen Republic)

Terrorism has entered our lives and has become a terrible reality of the modern era. No one can feel safe anywhere - neither in the Moscow metro, nor on the streets of a remote provincial town.

When planning terrorist acts, terrorists rely primarily on the psychological effect, and it becomes much higher if the suicide bomber is a woman. This is one of the reasons why women are becoming more and more suicide bombers in recent years. In addition, in the context of tightening security measures in many countries of the world, it is much easier for a woman to enter crowded places to carry out a terrorist attack. Therefore, over the past few decades, women have become active participants in terrorist activities. The growth dynamics of their activity can be traced in Russia and the Middle East, which makes the topic relevant for study both in political and socio-cultural aspects.

The main organizations actively resorting to the use of female suicide bombers in their terrorist activities are the Syrian Socialist National Party, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, the Kurdish Workers Party, the Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Hamas movement and the Chechen militants. According to Western researchers, the most experienced organization in the world in the use of suicide bombers is the Sri Lankan Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam. Their experience is being actively studied by terrorist structures in the Middle East. It is believed that the "tigers" account for over 200 successful suicide attacks, and in 30-40% of cases they were women!

The Israeli secret services are considered the most successful in preventive actions against female terrorists, who were able to open and neutralize 17-20 potential suicide bombers.

Suicide bombers: who are they?

The first recorded case of the use of women as suicide bombers took place on April 9, 1985, when a 16-year-old girl named Hayadaly Sana crashed a truck into an Israeli military convoy. Two soldiers died. The terrorist was a member of the Syrian Socialist National Party.

Hayadaly Sana is considered the youngest of the dead, and Shagir Karima Mahmoud (from the same Syrian Socialist National Party) is the oldest. In November 1987, when she went to her death, she was 37 years old. The terrorist, hiding an explosive device in a bag, entered the hospital. The explosion killed seven people and injured twenty.

In June 1996, an unknown PKK suicide bomber detonated an explosive device that killed six Turkish soldiers. This was the only case when a pregnant woman went to her death.

The first Russian suicide bomber, according to the FSB, was the Chechen Khava Baraeva. On June 9, 2000, she, along with another terrorist, drove a car filled with explosives into the barracks where the unit was located. Russian troops. As a result of this terrorist attack, 27 military personnel were killed.

Portrait of a "suicide bomber"

The social portrait of a suicide bomber is too contradictory. It is formed under the influence of many political and social, cultural and religious factors, and therefore in different regions world is different. In this sense, the Middle East region has been best studied, where a huge number of terrorist organizations operate, often supported by local nationalist regimes.

Experts explain the youth of suicide bombers by the moods that prevail among different age groups. Thus, a positive attitude towards political violence prevails among 14.5% of young people under the age of 17. This percentage in the next group - under the age of 24 is 14.9%, and then begins to decline, reaching 6% in people aged 64 years.

According to the level of education, suicide bombers can hardly be characterized as downtrodden and illiterate people. 8.3% of suicide bombers managed to get only primary education, while 12.8% of them had diplomas of higher education.

Oddly enough, most of the suicide bombers did not come from the destitute and poor, but from fairly wealthy families. Among them, a very high percentage of immigrants from refugee camps.

More than half of all suicide bombers in the Middle East were in Israeli prisons and had a personal account with Israel: they avenged the death or injury of their relatives or close friends.

What is the social portrait of female suicide bombers seen against this background?

First of all, they, like their male counterparts, are young. The average age of suicide bombers, for example, in Turkey is 21.5 years, in Lebanon - 23 years. The social environment from which suicide bombers emerge is diverse. Among them are the unemployed and successful professionals, the poor and wealthy, students and the illiterate. More often these are unmarried women of difficult fate. Many have lost or lost family members and loved ones. The choice of the path of a suicide bomber is made both under the influence of some tragic events in her personal life, and consciously, due to ideological convictions.

But there are cases when, already in years, a woman goes on a terrorist attack: In 2006, a case made a lot of noise when an elderly Palestinian woman blew herself up in front of a group of Israeli soldiers. Leaving 9 children and 41 grandchildren, she stated in a video filmed before her death that she wants to "sacrifice herself for the sake of God and her country."

Suicide motive. What motivates the terrorists connecting the wires on their “martyr's belt”?

The main conflict with religion:

Killing people is the biggest sin in any religion. It is the killing of people that is proclaimed by the leaders of extremist Islamist organizations as a holy deed.

Religious, patriotic, nationalist rhetoric completely oust human morality and common sense from the consciousness of future suicide bombers. They are strengthened in their belief in the afterlife. Convinced Muslims believe that after death, every shahid martyr, whether male or female, meets with 70 ghost angels of extraordinary beauty, who remove all his sins from the martyr, open the gates to paradise, where he receives all the blessings and pleasures, which Allah has given to mankind.

In addition to religious motivation, the family of a suicide bomber is usually paid a large amount of money, and his name becomes a saint. Such an act raises the social status and prestige of the family. Photos of a terrorist who sacrificed his life raise morale tribesmen and are widely used in recruiting new and new followers.

Candidates are recruited and trained in special death camps by an extensive network of recruitment centers and camps. In any case, recruitment is considered more effective the earlier it is carried out. In the camps of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam, children and teenagers, most often orphans, are mobilized to carry out terrorist attacks, who are subjected to increased brainwashing and harsh psychological treatment.

From the experience of the events in Chechnya, it is known that there are a huge number of methods for recruiting suicide bombers.

Among them:

“selling” girls to militants,
drugging them,
rape, followed by blackmail and coercion to agree to perform a "cleansing" mission.

The fate of the Chechen woman Zarima Mudzhikhoeva told about the ways in which women get into the networks of terrorists. She fell into the hands of the investigation when, on July 11, 2003, the bag she left behind with one and a half kilograms of explosive did not explode. The fate of this failed "shahid" was made public. Her husband died during the so-called first Chechen war of 1994-1996. She was pregnant at the time and soon gave birth to a daughter. Mudzhikhoyeva's friend agreed to help her: pay her debts, give money to her parents, and provide her daughter with everything she needs. In return, however, she demanded that Zarima choose "the true path to Allah." What kind of road, the woman soon learned. The militants took her with them and took her to the mountains. For a month, she cooked and washed the militants, prayed and listened to stories about the "crimes of Russian soldiers in Chechnya."

Having received a charge of hatred, Zarima was taken to Moscow, where she was placed in one of the secret apartments. She lived with two other young Chechen women who, on July 5, 2003, blew themselves up at a rock concert in Moscow. Then 15 people died and 60 residents and guests of Moscow were injured. The terrorist act entrusted to Zarima Mudzhikhoeva failed, but one of the employees of the Russian special services died during the demining of the bomb. The failed terrorist actively cooperated with the investigation, but was nevertheless sentenced to life imprisonment.

According to the FSB, it was from 2003 that Chechens began to be considered a threat in Russia. Nicknamed "black widows" for terrorist attacks (the bombing of a rock concert in Moscow, the hostage-taking at the Lubyanka theater), these women are driven by desperation rather than faith or religious fanaticism.

Why is a woman psychologically often ready to become a suicide bomber?

Women participated in all aspects of the activities of terrorist organizations, but for a long time they were not massively involved in two types of activities - working with informants and committing suicide attacks. At the beginning of the 21st century, the situation has changed: terrorist structures are increasingly using female suicides. In the 1940s, Indian rebels sent women, draped with grenades, into the location of British troops. However, only in Sri Lanka have mass cases of the use of female suicides been recorded. Women members of Hezbollah have also carried out sporadic terrorist attacks against Israel since the mid-1980s. In the 1990s, a number of Islamist terrorist groups put this process on stream and began mass recruitment of young women for the role of suicide.

Another reason for the increase in the number of female kamikazes is the relative novelty and unusualness of such attacks. In 1974, American terrorism researcher Brian Jenkins concluded that "terrorism is theater." Absolutely all hostage-taking terrorists demanded that they be given the right to speak to representatives of the media or the right to speak live in front of television viewers and radio listeners. After about 95% of terrorist attacks committed, their organizers call the editorial office and take responsibility for committed crime. Female terrorists have always enjoyed increased attention from the press and aroused more interest from the media audience. This allows terrorists to more successfully propagate their organizations, their goals and ideology. In addition, the preparation of such a terrorist attack is relatively simple: a suicide woman does not need to be trained in military affairs and conspiracy methods. In fact, it acts as a disposable and cheap weapon.

According to the Institute for Counter-Terrorism, while permitting and even encouraging women to commit suicide attacks, Islamists generally keep women out of the ranks of "normal" militants and prevent them from taking part in guerrilla battles. In addition, Islamists have experienced an evolution in views on the possibility of women participating in suicide attacks. For example, the Hamas organization for a long time categorically rejected such methods of terror as inconsistent with the spirit of Islam, which prohibits suicide, but in 2004 officially approved them, due to high efficiency. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, on the contrary, teach women to fight on an equal footing with men.

Psychologist Clara Beyler\Clara Beyler, after analyzing the deathbed appeals of suicide bombers, came to the conclusion that men and women preparing to play the role of "live bomb" are guided by various reasons. Despite the fact that their motives for action are the same - religious duty or the struggle for freedom - men commit suicide in order to achieve the realization of their ideals. Women play the role of kamikaze to get rid of the life they live in this moment or may live in the future. Clara Beyler believes that women commit a terrorist attack in order to stop being women.

Martha Crenshaw, a professor at Wesleyan University, analyzed the reasons why women make this choice. In many cases, they are driven by a desire to increase their personal (according to the interpretation of Islam used by many theologians, a female martyr will be more favored by Allah) or family status. Quite often, women commit suicide, whose family members were caught collaborating with law enforcement agencies and political opponents, or, conversely, died at the hands of enemies.

There are cases when girls who have lost their innocence outside of marriage agreed to commit such a terrorist attack. Suicide of this kind seemed to them the only solution to such a problem. In addition, female shahids in a number of cases hoped to financially help their families: until recently, the parents of a deceased Palestinian terrorist received subsidies in the amount of $25,000, which can be considered a real fortune for the Palestinian Authority.

However, the researchers argue that there is now very little information about female kamikazes. There is practically no research on their status in terrorist organizations, methods of their recruitment and psychological processing, etc. Many of the experts' conclusions are speculative.

The number of suicide bombers is constantly increasing. If previously a typical suicide bomber was a man, then by the mid-1990s, approximately 40% of such attacks were committed by women. It is believed that women are easier to prepare for the role of a suicide bomber: they are more controllable than men and are better brainwashed. Women attract less attention from security and police officers, it is easier for them to hide an explosive device on their bodies.

In many countries, especially where terrorist nationalists and separatist terrorists are strongest, terrorism has become a "family" affair: numerous examples have been recorded of how representatives of several generations of the same family were involved in terrorist activities. This is the case, for example, in Northern Ireland and Palestine. In these regions, the active participation of women in acts of terror, previously condemned by the family and society, is gradually moving into the category of habitual, acceptable and even approved by society. Maoists, anarchists and representatives of other left-wing terrorist groups, on the contrary, oppose the authority of the "fathers" - and attract women who cannot get along within the framework offered by traditional institutions. Thus, there is a high probability that female terrorists will become more and more, as girls and girls will consider female kamikazes as role models.

At the same time, kamikaze women in no way contribute to the real improvement of the status of women. They act as "cannon fodder" in military settings and are often hailed as heroes. But in peacetime, the status of women in such societies does not change. The famous American writer and publicist Elisabeth Donnelly, a fierce supporter of feminism, said about the kamikaze women: "This is a step back on the path of feminism and a step forward on the path of inhumanity."

Sofia Perovskaya (1853- 1881)

The first woman is the organizer of terrorist acts. She came from a wealthy noble family. She broke up with her parents and left home. She received a good education, worked as a teacher and paramedic in the villages. She was imprisoned several times, escaped from exile. She was one of the most active propagandists and organizers of the Land and Freedom party. She personally participated in the preparation of three assassination attempts on Tsar Alexander II, as a result of which several dozen people died. After the last attempt was successful, she was arrested, sentenced to hang and executed.

Vera Zasulich (1849-1919)

Received a pedagogical education. For participation in the work of revolutionary circles, she was imprisoned and exiled. She made an attempt on the St. Petersburg mayor Trepov, on whose orders the imprisoned revolutionary was flogged. The court acquitted her, which caused the unanimous approval of the liberal public. She later retired from terrorist activities.

Fainnie Kaplan (1887-1919)

First female militant to successfully assassinate a head of state. Born into a wealthy family. In her youth, she joined the anarchists. She spent many years in prison, where she almost lost her sight. After the victory of the October Revolution, she joined the Left SRs. She made an attempt on the life of Vladimir Lenin, as a result of which he was seriously wounded. Kaplan was shot.

Leila Haife

First woman to hijack a passenger plane. Born in Haifa (Israel) in a poor family ( exact date birth unknown), spent her childhood and youth in the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon. At the age of 15, she joined the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine organization. In 1968, she took part in organizing and hijacking a TWA passenger airliner flying from Rome to Tel Aviv. The hijackers ordered the crew of the liner to land in the Syrian capital Damascus.

The 213 passengers on the plane were released, with the exception of two Israeli citizens, who were allegedly later exchanged for two Syrian military pilots taken prisoner by the Israelis. After the release of the hostages, the plane was blown up. In 1970, Khaled made a second hijacking attempt. The target was an Israeli El-AL aircraft flying from Tel Aviv to New York via Amsterdam. In Amsterdam, Khaled and her accomplice boarded the liner and announced its capture. A company security officer mortally wounded Khaled's accomplice and tied up the terrorist. Khaled was later released and left for the Middle East. Khaled has long been perceived as one of the symbols of Palestinian terror. She married, gave birth to two children and became one of the leaders of the Palestinian National Council (one of her sons became her bodyguard). Leila Khaled considers the Cuban revolutionary (or terrorist) Che Guevara her political ideal.

Meinhof\Ulrike Meinhof (1934-1976)

Born in Germany, in the family of a university professor. She received an excellent philological education. For a long time she taught at the higher educational institutions, wrote books and was engaged in journalism, in particular, she was the editor-in-chief of the radical left-wing magazine Konkret (it is believed that the magazine was financed by the Soviet special services for a long time). Mother of two children. The founder and long-term leader of the German "Red Army"\Kommando der Roten Armee Fraktion (also known by the name of the founders as the Baader-Meinhof group).

On account of this organization, many bank robberies, hostage-taking, murders and attacks on US military bases located in Germany. Actively cooperated with Middle Eastern terrorist groups and intelligence agencies. In the era of the greatest influence of the group, it included several dozen militants and up to 1.6 thousand sympathizers. In 1974, she was captured and sentenced to a long prison term. In 1976, she committed suicide in prison under strange circumstances.

Fusako Shigenevu

In 1947, she was born in Tokyo (Japan), in a middle-class family. She entered the university, but did not finish it, because she was carried away by the radical left ideas popular among students. In 1969, she joined the Japanese Red Army\JRA group, which set itself the task of achieving political goals by violent means. The JRA organized plane hijackings, bank robberies, hostage takings. The Japanese terrorists have established contacts with the North Korean intelligence services and, through their mediation, with the Palestinian terrorists. In 1971, Shigenobu left Japan for Lebanon, where she first became a nurse in one of the Palestinian refugee camps.

Later a short time she led the "Japanese Red Army", which, under her leadership, carried out several bloody terrorist attacks, mainly against Israel. Among the terrorist attacks organized by her were the explosions of the embassies of the United States, France and Sweden. Shigenobu was considered a close friend of Leila Khaled. Shigenobu's acquaintances noted her fanaticism, cruelty and complete contempt for human life. In 2002 she flew to japanese city Osaka, where she was identified and arrested. When arrested, Shigenobu stated that the fight for freedom

Patty Hurst

Born in the USA, in the city of San Francisco (1954). She was one of five daughters in the family of Randolph Hearst, head of the famous concern Hearst. She received a good education and was preparing for the wedding with a teacher whom she met at school. In 1968, Patty Hearst was kidnapped by members of the left-wing terrorist group Symbionese Liberation Army. This group consisted of about 20 young people, mostly from wealthy families. Prior to Hearst's arrest, the organization had committed several murders. The kidnappers intended to exchange Hearst for previously arrested members of their group. However, as a result of active brainwashing, Hearst changed his status as a hostage to that of a full member of the Symbionese Liberation Army. With the assistance of Patty Hearst, the group carried out a number of terrorist attacks, including bombings. In 1974, the FBI identified the organization's headquarters and stormed it. During the shootout, six militants were killed. Hearst was arrested and sentenced to seven years in prison. After her release, Hearst married a former police officer, had two children, and wrote several books.

Shimaz Amuri (1980-2002)

The Palestinian student briefly became perhaps the most notorious terrorist of our time, as she became the first world-famous woman to turn herself into a human bomb. On January 29, 2002, a girl blew herself up in Jerusalem, killing one person and injuring about 150. Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein ordered a monument to her in Baghdad.

In her study of the psychology of women suicide bombers, Tunisian professor Iqbal Al-Gharbi concluded that the participation of Muslim women in such actions could be explained by their desire for equality:

“In some feudal and tribal systems of Muslim society, jihad is the only structure that offers a woman something different from the traditional role of mother and wife, a kind of new lifestyle. At the cost of their lives, kamikaze women posthumously end up on posters and frescoes dedicated to the heroes who sacrificed themselves in the name of the people.

But you need to know that the reason is not always in religion!

“Mr. Pape has studied 462 suicide attacks that have taken place around the world over the past 25 years and have claimed the lives of hundreds if not thousands of people in Lebanon, Chechnya, Sri Lanka, Israel… . More than half of the suicide bombers were secular people. Most often, such tactics were resorted to by the Marxist organization Sri Lankan Tamil Tigers. Of the 462 attacks examined, 48 were committed by women, often under the age of 25.”

How are female suicide bombers prepared?

The training of female suicide bombers, according to the Russian special services, is carried out by "Arab psychologists and demolition experts in secret training camps abroad."

A report by the London Sunday Times in December 2003 provides some insight into how female suicide bombers are trained. "shahids". In the classroom, the operations carried out are analyzed and discussed in detail, ways are being sought to increase the effectiveness of terrorist attacks. A significant part of the time is devoted to "studying the enemy and his tactics." great attention during the training of suicide bombers, they are given possession of weapons (Kalashnikov assault rifles). At least 6 hours a day are devoted to familiarization with various types explosives. Women are introduced to different types of martyrs' belts: some are fastened around the waist on the stomach, others around the legs. According to experts, the “shahid belt” is chosen depending on the features of the figure of its mistress. The main thing is that it should not interfere with movement and be as inconspicuous as possible. For hours, women learn to walk, tied with heavy imitator belts, practicing the necessary ease of walking.

Tatyana Dronzina, Doctor of Political Science, member of the International Society for the Study of Violence and Terrorism, professor of political science at Sophia University named after M.V. K. Ohridsky (Bulgaria), author of the monograph “The female face of terrorism”. Yerlan Karin, Kazakhstani political scientist, one of Tatyana Alexandrovna's doctoral students.

- Tatyana Alexandrovna, why did you become interested in women's terrorism?

In 2005-2007 I taught in Spain. The topic of my research then was just ETA. ETA is a Basque terrorist organization. I was reading ETA materials, and among them were articles written by prominent journalists about female terrorists in this organization. They were described as super smart, super beautiful, super intelligent, told how unhappy they were and that they were victims of the situation. But I met these women and did not notice either extraordinary beauty, or extraordinary intelligence, or extraordinary intelligence. Before me were just killers. And then it became clear to me that there are gender stereotypes in the media that make it difficult to understand this phenomenon correctly. I was looking for an explanation for this, and since I did not find it, I decided to explain it myself. When scientists don't find the answer to a question, they look for it themselves. That's what happened to me as well.

What was the activity of the Basque terrorists based on, was it politicized, or, nevertheless, problems in social life pushed them to this?

Definitely, there is a lot of ideology. This is a traditional ideological terrorist organization, it is also a Marxist-Leninist, communist persuasion, and there is clearly all ideological motivation. But women there also suffered from gender inequality.

- So is there a gender issue in terrorism? Isn't there the usual sexism there, just like in the traditional world?

There is a whole feminist strand in the study of terrorism that says that the desire of these women to participate in terrorist acts is a way to prove that they are capable of the same things that men are capable of. Unfortunately, I think it's our Western way of thinking that we try to rationalize some acts - for example, suicidal acts - that we can't understand. Why am I saying this? Because I still haven't found any evidence that makes me think that these women became terrorists because of gender inequality. I researched their dying wills, researched their lives, and nothing made me think they were fighting for gender equality. I would even say that these are more conflicts, because these women go to their deaths, to suicidal acts, when there is some kind of conflict. These conflicts inevitably pull the woman out of the house. That is, if a man is at war or there are not enough men there, a woman should leave the house and earn money. But that doesn't mean more rights, it means more responsibilities. And I think what we're seeing is exactly that - a woman gets more responsibilities, not rights. They get the right to choose how to die, but not how to live. And if you look at the hierarchy in these organizations, yes, they are willing to use women in suicidal terrorism, but there are no women among their leaders.

You have studied female suicide terrorism on the example of Lebanon, Turkey, Sri Lanka, Chechnya, Palestine, Spain, studied women who left for Syria from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. What connects them and what distinguishes them from each other?

I was impressed when I talked with family members of these women (they were father, mother, and mother-in-law) - it often happened that I asked my mother-in-law why when your son decided to leave, and the daughter-in-law went after her husband, why did she not object to her husband? I took 4 children with me - it is dangerous for them. And the mother-in-law says to me: “But the daughter-in-law, in general, didn’t have a word there.” This is the case in both Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. So she's leaving for her husband. Usually women leave like this - they still do not have the right to vote in their family. Whatever they said, it would not be taken into account. If women in these families in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan had more rights to express themselves, then maybe they would stop their husbands. But they did not have, in practice, this right. The constitution guarantees, but no one observes it at the household level. Therefore, I say that in these two countries, which are secular, democratic, women's rights should not be an empty phrase. This is a matter of life and death.

These women left solely to take care of their husbands and their children, and in Kyrgyzstan there were women who left to start a family. It was very interesting for me to observe that girls of the last year are going there en masse Faculty of Medicine. I thought it was because of the specifics future profession. The doctor is a humanitarian profession. But it turns out that when they graduate from the institute, they are already 28-29 years old, they cannot get married. There is no need to put such a stigma on a woman because of her age. Because this also pushes her to go there to look for a husband. For them, this is the last hope to start a family, get married, have children of their own. In practice, of course, it turns out quite differently. For example, one Moroccan girl, she was 15 years old, in 5 months she changed 152 spouses. And she was, of course, in complete shock, out of her mind.

Why did such a trend begin to spread in Kazakhstan, why did women begin to leave here? Apart from the fact that they have husbands whom they cannot contradict, besides the fact that they cannot get married here, what else pushes them to this?

I think this is what pushes women in Central Asia. I think that there are no deep religious motives, they just follow the man and the family.

- Is there any statistics on how many women left for Syria from Kazakhstan?

Unfortunately, there is no such information. But it is known that there are at least 60 women and children. I do not know of a case where a Kazakhstani woman traveled there on her own. Kyrgyzstanis - yes.

- That is, Kazakh women only go there with their families?

More likely. I talked to the relatives of some of those who died there, and they told us about it.

- Kazakh women participate in sex jihad?

I don't know of such a case. But Western Europeans and Arabs - they participate en masse.

- What drives them to do it?

Several fatwas were issued so that Sunnis would go to ISIS (an organization banned in the Russian Federation) in order to support the morale of the fighting brothers. In other words, to satisfy their sexual needs. The first to go were 13 residents of Tunisia. And the chief mufti of Tunisia reacted very sharply, calling them fools. This was back in 2013. I must say that this sex jihad, or Jihad al Nikah, it is based on exactly one controversial concept in Islam, this is the concept of the so-called. mut'a. Mut'a - translated by some as a temporary marriage, by others - as a marriage for pleasure. And it is possible from one minute to 99 years. That is, the theoretical basis of what pushes them to this may be the confidence that they will indeed find a family there, find a husband, give birth to children and realize their Muslim identity as they understand it.

And how do Muslims themselves feel about the fact that women can change a huge number of partners in a short time?

I think it probably didn't occur to them. Although, to be honest, when I tracked the accounts of several women, they are English-speaking, actively promoting ISIS, I saw that they honestly warn other women who are preparing to join this organization, telling them the following: “Come with your male relative because if you come alone, they will immediately marry you. But at the same time, there is no reservation that the life expectancy of militants is relatively short due to the fact that they are killed in battles, that this woman is inherited not just by the relatives of this person, but by the entire military unit. Nobody talks about this, but it's a fact.

How true is the information that if a woman lost her husband like this, if she went through several husbands and, as a result, no one needs, they make her a suicide bomber?

Not entirely true. So far, ISIS has not used female suicide terrorism. Other terrorist organizations - in Palestine, for example, 4 organizations use. But ISIS has not resorted to female suicide terrorism so far.

- What then do women in ISIS do?

And here's a good question. The same women who promote ISIS warn them not to expect anything other than to stay at home, take care of their children and their husband. Women in ISIS are allowed to do two more things - to be doctors (because the healthcare system is set up in such a way that healthcare is only for men and only for women, this is separate healthcare) and to be teachers of girls and girls who go to religious schools. And women have another appointment - there are so-called Al-Khansa brigades that operate in the city of Raqqa. The Al-Khansa brigade consists of 70-80 women, mostly Western women (and there are Russians there too, by the way), who receive 140-170 dollars a month, are armed with machine guns and are the “moral police”. On the street, they must follow the dress code of women, for proper communication, and for any violation they can punish this woman and the man who helps her, keeping in mind that the smallest punishment is 40 lashes with a whip. So that's what women do. This is a fundamentalist interpretation of Islam, and according to Sharia, they should stay at home.

You have visited convicted terrorists in their places of detention. You were exercising your right as a scientist, satisfying your curiosity, you needed to get information from them, but what feelings, as a person, did visiting these cells cause in you?

I will tell about one meeting with three recruiters. First of all, I want to say that they do not have what was noted - that they have such an animal look, that they have a terrible appearance, and so on. All these men are young people of a very extraordinary character, they were all smart, fast, charming, but I understood, I knew who they were, and yet it was difficult for me to resist their charm and, most likely, their persuasiveness. Because they spoke so confidently about their cause that a person wanted to believe. It had such an impact on me, as a scientist and not a believer in radical interpretation. You can imagine the impact they have on others. In this regard, I wanted to say that they are excellently trained. And on the second, on the gender dimension, I felt disdain for me as a woman, I was accompanied by men from law enforcement agencies, and the attitude was unequivocal. Since at some point I became very importunate with my questions and asked them very stubbornly, the terrorist even asked my escort, how can I, a woman, in general, ask such questions. I understood this moment, the recruiter just spoke Uzbek, I didn’t quite understand, but my escort showed me, I understood it myself, and it made me so terribly angry, I became so aggressive that I scared the recruiter, he didn’t expect such a reaction from the woman .

Yes, at first I wanted to say the following - observe a few simple rules. First, read what people write about the place you are going to. Second: if what the husband orders is in conflict with the interests of the children, object, do not be afraid to object, contact your mother-in-law, your father-in-law. Parents also do not support extremists. Parents wept bitter tears when they talked about their sons who left without their permission, without their blessing. So talk, talk to your family.

The next thing: if you still have to go somewhere, I’ll explain that many people say: “We first go to Turkey both there and there, we won’t go to ISIS”, be sure to take a passport, look on the Internet where you are going, leave your address to your loved ones. I will tell you about such a case in Kyrgyzstan. He was not with a girl, with a guy. The guy said that he would go to Turkey to get treated, because he had myopia. They began to treat him, treated him for a year and a half. We all know that such eye diseases do not heal for so long. It takes a month, no more. And all the time he sent his parents photos, letters, but did not send the address. And 5 days before my visit to their house, they received a message: “We buried your son yesterday.” And then that phone number disappeared. They tried to call, the family was absolutely in shock. I'll tell you what my version is, why he was in this clinic for a year and a half. They just treated him, brought him to full condition, and then gutted him into organs. Because some ISIS field commander was shot in the kidney, he has money, he needs a kidney, and he buys it. Like this. And with many, I'm sure it happens.

Let women not believe that they will be provided with a house, with work and with all living conditions. This is not true. How will you be provided with a home in a country where houses are destroyed? There is a war going on. It's just a lie. It's just a hoax. Let them not believe it. Kazakhstan has state project"Hot line 114". This telephone line is open to people who feel threatened by destructive sects. Yulia Denisenko has an excellent team, excellent specialists, let these women call there, there is complete anonymity.

Don't shut yourself up, girls, women! When in doubt, find a solution. Looking for support social environment, your family, husband's family, line 114, look for support, someone will provide this support.

Interviewed by Dina Sabirova

CHAPTER I. THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STUDY OF TERRORISM IN THE POLITICAL PROCESS.

1.1. The phenomenon of terrorism in the modern political process

1.2. Political and religious types of terrorism in the context political process.

1.3. Social, political, religious foundations for modeling women's terrorism.

CHAPTER II. FEATURES OF MODELS OF FEMALE TERRORISM IN THE MODERN POLITICAL PROCESS.

2.1. Socio-political model of women's terrorism.

2.2. Socio-religious model of female terrorism.

2.3. Women's terrorism in the North Caucasus ("Chechen model").

Introduction to the thesis (part of the abstract) on the topic "Women's Terrorism in the Modern Political Process"

The dramatic changes in international relations since the end of the Cold War have not made the world a safer place. The likelihood of a nuclear threat has been replaced by one of the most dangerous and difficult to predict phenomena of our time, which is acquiring more and more diverse forms and menacing proportions. Today's terrorism is a global security challenge. There is a coalescence of political and criminal terrorism against the background of cooperation between illegal and legal extremist structures with nationalist, religious-sectarian, and other communities on the basis of mutually beneficial interests. All this requires the world community and science to develop international approaches and interstate concepts that provide the possibility of effective protection of the individual, society, states from manifestations of terrorism.

Relevance of the research topic.

Today's realities show that terrorism is most often accompanied by massacres innocent people, entails the destruction of material and spiritual values, tries to provoke wars between states, causes conflicts between social and national groups, which sometimes cannot be overcome during the life of a whole generation.

At the present stage, terrorism, which is one of the extreme forms of the struggle of a number of Asian countries against Western ideology, acquires a religious connotation, which makes this topic relevant for study, both in political and socio-cultural aspects.

The lessons of the 20th century, and especially its second half, very eloquently testify that in the entire array of religious terrorism most widespread received extremist structures operating on the basis of Islamic fundamentalism.

A specific feature of modern terrorism in recent decades is that women have become active participants in them. This kind of dynamics can be traced both in the Middle East and in Russia.

Terrorist acts have become a "calling card" North Caucasus, and female terrorists are a common phenomenon, which makes it relevant to study the regional features of the manifestation of female terrorism in the North Caucasus.

Terrorism at the present stage is acquiring new forms that pose an undoubted threat to the national security of states. As a result, this phenomenon has become in recent years a close object of social, political and psychological research. However, the gender aspect of terrorism, the study of which is necessary to understand the personality of terrorists, the level of significance of their statuses and the distribution of roles in terrorist activities, has not been sufficiently scientifically developed. There is a stereotype in society that women are more merciful, more compassionate and weaker in “fighting spirit” than men. However, the reality of today convinces us that this is not always the case.

The study of women's participation in the terrorist movement is also important because it contributes to the study of the problems of women's participation in political activity, including in a very special underground (illegal) form.

The study of the phenomenon of female terrorism, its causes and development trends in the modern political process seems to be very relevant, as it will allow developing a strategy to combat this destructive phenomenon.

The degree of scientific development of the problem.

Theoretical aspects of the study of the phenomenon of terrorism as a whole are reflected in the works of Yu.M. Antonyan, K.V. Zharinova, E.G. Lyakhova,

K.N. Salimova1.

A deep cultural analysis of terrorism was carried out in the works of M. Odessky and D. Feldman, as well as in the studies of A. V. Baranov. The problems of legal qualification of terrorism are studied in the works of V.P. Emelyanova, V.V. Maltseva, G. N. Morozova3.

The problems of political terrorism are studied by V.V. Vityuk, P.A. Kabanov, N.D. Litvinov4. The works of N.S. Beglovoy, JI.A. Modzhoryan 5. State terrorism was the subject of analysis by E.U. Latypova, V.V. Luneev and a number of other authors6. The problems of social conflicts and violence were studied by A.V. Dmitriev7.

The problems of globalization, the reaction to the negative consequences of which should be considered modern international terrorism, are studied in the works

V.L. Inozemtseva, G.V. Kosova, N.P. Medvedev, V.E. Mishina, A.S. Panarina, g

A.I. Utkin and a number of other researchers. A number of aspects of modern

See: Antonyan Yu.M. Terrorism. Criminological and criminal law research. -M., 1998.- 55 s; Zharinov K.V. Terrorism and terrorists. - Minsk: 1999. - 201 p.; Lyakhov E.G., Popov A.V. Terrorism: national, regional and international control. - M., Rostov n / D, 1999 .- 142 e.; Salimov K.N. Modern problems of terrorism. - M.: 1999. - 120 p.

2See: Odessa, M.; Feldman, D.; Poetics of terror and new administrative mentality: essays on the history of formation. - M.: 1997. - 203 e.; Baranov A. V. Virus s human face. // Motherland. 1998. No. 2. S.77-85.

3 See: Emelyanov V.P. Problems of Responsibility for International Terrorism // State and Law. - 2000. - No. 1; Maltsev V.V. Terrorism: the problem of criminal law regulation // State and Law. - 1998. - No. 8; Morozov I.L. Left extremism in modern society: features of strategy and tactics // Polis. - 1998. - No. Z.S. 57-62

4 See; Vityuk V., Efirov S. "Left" terrorism in the West. History and modernity. - M., 1987, - 320 e.; Kabanov P.A. political terrorism. - Nizhnekamsk: 1998. - 187 rubles; Litvinov N.D. The fight against terrorism in modern Russia: problems and paradoxes // Power. - 1997. - No. 9.S.22-28.

5 See: Beglova N.S. Terrorism: the search for a solution to the problem // USA: economics, politics, ideology. - 1991. - No. 1; Modzhoryan L.A. Terrorism: truth and fiction. - M.: 1983 - 208 p.

6 See: Latypov U.R. On the definition of the concept of "state terrorism" // Soviet Yearbook international law. 1986. - M., 1987. S. 58-72.; Lunev V.V. Crime of the XX century: world, regional and Russian trends: world, criminologist analysis. - M .: 1999, - 392 p.

7 See: Dmitriev A.V. Ethnic conflict: theory and practice. - M.: 1998.- 200 p.

8 See: Inozemtsev V.L. Outside the economic society: Post-industrial theories and post-economic trends in the modern world. - M .: 1998 - 703 e .; Kosov G.V. Transformation of the state in the context of globalization: environmental and political foundations // Russia in the context of globalization: philosophical, socio-cultural and political problems: Collection of articles and abstracts of the interregional scientific and practical conference of NGGTI.terrorism is covered in the works of N.N. Afanasiev and other authors1. Among the political scientists of the South of Russia, a significant contribution to the analysis of the problems of terrorism was made by I.P. Dobaev2.

Regional conflictology, exploring the factors of ethno political instability The North Caucasus is comprehensively presented in the works of V.A. Avksentieva, M.A. Astvatsaturova, B.C. Belozerova, A.A. Vartumyan, V.N. Panin, V.R. Chagilova3.

A deep analysis of the causes of the emergence and growth of terrorism is presented in the works of foreign scientists: 3. Brzezinski, M. Crenshaw, W. Lacker, D. Long, W. Mallison, R. Robertson, A. Schmid, P. Wilkinson4.

Nevinnomyssk: NGGTI, 2004; Medvedev N.P. Globalization: issues of assessment methodology // Russia in the context of globalization: philosophical, socio-cultural and political problems: Collection of articles and abstracts of the interregional scientific and practical conference NGGTI.-Nevinnomyssk: NGGTI, 2004; V.E. Mishin Geopolitical dynamics in the context of globalization and the Islamic factor. Peace on SC. Sim. No. 3. Geopolitics, problems of security and peacekeeping in the NC. 2004; Panarin A.S. Revenge of history: Russian strategic initiative in the XXI century, - M .: 2005 - 432 e.; Utkin A.I. New world order, - M.: 2006 - 639 p. Afanasiev N.N. The ideology of terrorism.// Social and humanitarian knowledge. - 2001. - No. 6. S. 51-57,

2 Dobaev I.P. Islamic radicalism in international politics. - Rostov n / a, 2000.

3 See: Avksentiev V.A., Babkin I.O. Islam and national conflicts in the North Caucasus // Ab Imperio, international quarterly magazine. 2000. No. 2. pp. 189-217,; Astvatsaturova, M. A. Ethno-political relations and ethno-cultural images on the pages of print media)