Typology of complex and extreme natural and climatic conditions. Experience living in complex and extreme environments

"Polareks" - a mobile eco-house for autonomous living in harsh climatic conditions Arctic, designed by the honorary polar explorer of Russia - the famous Sergei Solovyov. The dwelling is a hexagonal capsule 3x6 meters, mounted on six piles. The polar eco-house has a section in the form of a honeycomb - such a peculiar design allows you to connect the modules into real multi-storey "honeycomb houses". According to the main developer unique project, the shape of the buildings makes it possible to install them on any surface - and on permafrost, and in the mountains, and in the swamp. In addition, they can function even in a suspended state, being fixed on stretch marks.

The head of the UNESCO expedition "The Great Northern Path", Sergey Solovyov, collected his first eco-house together with two assistants within two weeks using the proceeds from the sale of the car.

Keep tenants out of harm's way extreme temperatures the developer decided with the help of the best, in his opinion, environmentally friendly insulators - wood and basalt wool. In the near future, he plans to insulate the walls of the house with the main local material - deer skins. Indoor heat can be generated by any available resources - wood, waste from the woodworking industry, coal, biogas, natural gas, diesel fuel and electricity. In conditions far from most of the benefits of civilization, such an abundance of heating options allows you not to worry about finding fuel, since in almost every region there is one of the proposed types.

Sergey Solovyov, designed by himself eco-house "Polarex", personally tests it, living in it and constantly coming up with new improvements. Soon he will replace the electric heater with a heat pump - the room will be heated by water circulating from the well. The space in the polar house is organized very rationally, but the author does not stop there and has already figured out how to increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe room. Sergey's original ideas for modernizing a house are often even slightly ahead of new technologies. Instead of a window, he wants to install a light pipe that reduces heat loss to zero, and he plans to replace the fan with a heat exchanger. This device allows you to separate the heat from the outgoing dirty air and give it to the incoming clean, i.e. dirty air will come out, and the heat will remain in the house. The cozy dwelling of the polar explorer has all the amenities - a kitchen, a bathroom with a dry closet, a sofa, an electric kettle, a vacuum cleaner and even a dishwasher.

Designed for operation in the climatic conditions of the Arctic, the residential "honeycomb" is assembled in a few days and is able to retain heat inside even at an air temperature of -60°C. The desire to create such a warm and easy-to-install house was born by Sergei Solovyov during one of the long polar expeditions. Together with his dogs, he had to sleep on the ice, where one could only dream of comfort. Initially, he came up with mobile housing for dog racers, as he himself was fond of this activity and walked with a dog team half polar circle. Now the author of the polar house dreams of international races along the route he personally traveled (from Uelen to Murmansk), and the creation of dwellings suitable for this activity is a step towards his goal.

An experienced polar explorer compares his capsule houses with spaceships - after all, astronauts can fly into space with comfort, why not make travel in the Arctic just as comfortable. He proposes to use in housing not construction, automobile, and even not aviation, but space technologies.

Although the mobile eco-house is designed specifically for living in the Arctic, it is suitable for extreme conditions of any climatic zone. Today, some universities are ready to use them in order to create compact campuses. A maximum of two people can live in one residential cell.

The unique eco-house "Polarex" has many respectable qualities - environmental friendliness, mobility, energy efficiency. The cost of a mobile home from the famous polar explorer Sergei Solovyov with a minimum internal arrangement without any communications is 250 thousand rubles.

In the fight for survival, the presence or absence of the simplest things in equipment can mean life or death. In connection with this, any traveler must always be ready for an emergency situation and have a set of necessary things with him in order to successfully get out of it.

The very first rule is not to carry extra weight with you. No traveler will load his backpack with bricks or anything as useless. At the same time, if in your luggage there is, say, a tent that is completely useless and inapplicable in the area where you are staying, it is like the same bricks. Why, for example, take a bulky supply of food with you when you have compact, dehydrated food supplies at your disposal? You only need what you really need, and not just delay the backpack.

TRAVELER'S CASE

Travel bag (in Russian - essentials) (Fig. 1) is the most useful part of your luggage. If you always have at hand the simple items listed below, your chances of survival in ANY LOCATION AND CLIMATIC ZONE increase dramatically. These items are simple and inexpensive, they are easy to use, they can easily fit in a small tin.

Get such a travel bag, carry it with you everywhere - it will fit in any bulky pocket - and regularly check its contents, in particular matches and pills, for expiration dates. It is better to shift the contents of the toilet bag with cotton wool - this will protect its contents from mechanical damage, while cotton wool can be used for kindling.

Your travel bag should contain the following: a box of matches (7) (preferably hunting) for use as a last resort if other methods of making fire are not available; a candle-bowl (2) - a source of fire and light, I am also a useful thing for kindling a fire, flint with flint (3) - such a simple fire starter can be used hundreds of times and is very useful when matches run out; sewing accessories (4) for mending clothes and other purposes; water purification tablets (5), used when water quality is suspect and boiling is not available; compass (6), preferably with liquid filling (check it regularly for leaks); a mirror (7) for signaling, a few safety pins (8) that can be used to fix clothing items or when making an impromptu oud; fishing kit - a skein of fishing line, several hooks and weights (9), while winding the lines as much as possible - it can be used to make bird snares (see the chapter on food), a hauling file (10) - it can bring down even relatively thick trees, it is better to store it wrapped in oiled paper to protect it from rust; a large, sturdy plastic bag (11) that can be used as a water pail or to produce water in an evaporator or vegetative plant; a container for potassium permanganate (12) for disinfection and prevention of the treatment of intestinal disorders, as well as a coil of wire (preferably copper) for snares on small animals (13).

TRAVELING BAG

It is very useful to get another travel bag, large, which would be placed in a small bag and would accompany you on hiking trips and car trips. As with the small travel bag, keep your travel bag with you at all times and check its contents regularly for suitability.

Here is an approximate list of what should be in a traveler's bag: a sewing kit, pliers with wire cutters, waxed threads, a folding knife, a hauling saw, a folding shovel (of the "werewolf" type), a signal panel of a bright color (preferably bright orange) at least 1 x 1 m in size, fishing tackle (lines, hooks, floats, sinkers), three large safety pins, 50 meters of nylon rope, a safety hook, multivitamins, protein tablets, a large chocolate bar, egg powder, powdered milk, a file, sharpener, three large sheets, a compass, a signal mirror, four candles, bowls, a microphone, a spare battery and a spare lens for it, a flint, hunting matches, a gas lighter with spare flint, a fumigator, a spoon, a fork, 12 ready-made snares, a coil of wire for snare, can opener, plastic cup, water purification tablets, line thrower with ammunition, whistle, soap, two orange signal smoke bombs, 70 m each of nylon twine and nylon cord, a couple of workers gloves, a tin bowl and a mousetrap.

ATTENTION!
Don't skimp on the quality of the items you purchase for your travel kit! A low-quality product can let you down at the most crucial moment, when your life will depend on it. Also, don't put your kit away until you need it - check the quality of equipment and supplies regularly.

TENTS

A portable shelter is an important part of any traveler's luggage. As with clothing, tents come in a variety of shapes, capacities, qualities and costs, from ultra-light, insulated arctic and mountain models to simple, fair-weather models. To make the right choice, you need to study the range, visit stores and wholesale bases, consult with experts. Most modern tents are not heavy, but decisive factor when choosing, there should be a large internal volume of the tent.

Recently, portable bivi-bag shelters have become widespread - small tents that can accommodate one person in a sleeping bag, with latches, the use of which turns the bivi-bag into a single tunnel shelter. There is very little space inside such a shelter, but it is not blown through, does not let water through and weighs only about half a kilogram. In addition, bivi-bags are made of "breathable" material, they do not accumulate condensate from breathing.

Frame tents come in various shapes and have a large internal volume. In addition, some of them at the entrance, between the mosquito net and the valve, have enough space for luggage and equipment or for cooking. If two entrances are provided, one can store equipment, and the other can equip the kitchen, leaving the main volume relatively free. It is good if the tent is equipped with additional detachable mosquito nets - they are especially useful in the warm season, for example, in the taiga or near a pond with stagnant water.

SPARE CLOTHES

This problem has two aspects. The first is those spare clothes that you take with you on a car trip or on an airplane when you yourself are relatively lightly dressed (not for extreme situation). The second is spare clothes on a camping trip.

In the first case, it would be useful for you to stock up on the clothes that were listed in the chapter “What clothes to wear” (see above). In the second, the list is limited to spare socks, underwear, shirts and underpants, i.e. those things that are in contact with the skin and are soaked with sweat, dirty, rubbed and torn. Outerwear and boots are designed with proper care and good quality for years of use, so bringing spare boots or a jacket with you is just extra weight. It is better to take a wax for shoes and a leather care product. Also don't forget a spare set of shoe laces.

COOKING ACCESSORIES

There are many camping utensils for cooking, but when choosing it, be guided by the following rules:
Choose the lightest item possible.
Do not buy a cleverly disassembled set of utensils - in field conditions, its detachable parts are very easy to lose.
Like everything else, choose the burner (primus) for cooking at your discretion. The approximate weight of this unit should be 500-700 grams. Fuel for a camping hearth can be the most diverse - liquefied propane-butane, methyl alcohol, kerosene, gasoline.

If you are cooking inside a shelter, remember that:
Primuses can only be refueled when not in working condition. While cooking, ventilate the tent to prevent accumulation of combustion products inside the tent.
At low temperatures ah liquid fuel can freeze.
Gasoline with a high lead content is hazardous to health when cooking with it in an enclosed space. To refuel stoves, use the so-called "white" gasoline (Naptha), which is used to fill Zippo lighters.
Never set fire to cubes of solid fuel (hexamine or dry alcohol) in an enclosed space.

Dishes. Here the choice is huge - from aluminum bowls to stainless steel plates. The latter, as a rule, are sold in sets of five or six pieces, which are folded into one another, forming a compact unit that is convenient to transport. But before buying, ask yourself - do you need so many plates on a hike.

Forks and spoons. As in the case of utensils, there is a large selection of forks and spoons, but it is recommended to choose the most unpretentious and light - plastic or aluminum utensils, which break little and do not rust.

General requirements for caloric intake for a person in a critical situation will be discussed in more detail in the chapter on food. However, a tourist who has had time to prepare for a hike will try to eat quite varied. It is good to have dehydrated supplies in stock, rich in carbohydrates, protein, vitamins and enough calories. It is undesirable to take a lot of canned food with you - they are bulky, heavy and inconvenient for transportation. It is better to take vacuum-packed supplies or convenience foods that you just need to pour boiling water over. There are also special compact diets for emergency situations, which can keep a person in working condition for a day and even longer, if it is reasonable to spend energy.

The following are the British Marines' Arctic RDAs sufficient to maintain a high physical activity(4500 calories per day). These diets will give you an idea of ​​what foods to take with you on a hike.

Menu 1
Breakfast: hot oatmeal, hot chocolate;
Lunch: meat pate, biscuits (with and without filling), chocolate, chocolate caramel, nuts with raisins, glucose candies.
Main food: chicken soup, granulated meat, powdered mashed potatoes, peas, apple flakes.

Menu 2

Lunch: chicken pate, cookies (with and without filling), chocolate, chocolate caramel, nuts with raisins, glucose candies.
Main meal: vegetable soup, curried granulated meat.

Menu 3
Breakfast: hot oatmeal, hot chocolate.
Lunch: chicken and pork pate, cookies (with and without filling), chocolate, chocolate caramel, nuts with raisins, glucose candies.
Main meal: oxtail soup, mutton pellets, powdered mashed potatoes, peas, apple flakes.

Menu 4
Breakfast: hot oatmeal, hot chocolate.
Lunch: ham pate, biscuits (with and without filling), chocolate, chocolate caramel, nuts with raisins, glucose candies.
Main meal: vegetable soup, granulated poultry meat, rice, peas, apple-apricot flakes.

REMEMBER
Whatever food you take with you, always leave an emergency supply of it - even if it's just nuts with raisins, cookies, chocolate or a special diet - it will support your strength and allow you to go during the day.

KNIVES

Knife - extremely useful thing in an emergency. It can be used for various purposes - skinning animals, cutting fruits, vegetables, cutting trees. Always keep the knife clean, regularly check the sharpening, securely fasten it in the stowed position. Exist great amount varieties of knives (Fig. 2), but it is best to have a knife with a single blade and a wooden handle.

NEVER THROW THE KNIFE IN TREES OR IN THE GROUND - YOU CAN BROKEN OR LOST IT!

BACKPACKS

There is a huge variety of travel backpacks - from a small 20-liter to a huge 100-liter. When buying a backpack, proceed from the purpose for which you are purchasing it. If you buy a 100 liter backpack, when you really only need 50 liters of volume, you will fill the backpack to capacity and end up carrying a lot of extra weight. Although the line between necessity and excess is very thin, you will always have to find it.

In recent years, backpacks of a new generation have appeared, and easel ones with an H-shaped machine are gradually being replaced by them. The main feature of the new backpacks is self-adjusting straps, as well as waist straps and small aluminum lumbar frames (Fig. 3). But if you need to carry a large load for a long time, use an easel backpack, preferably with an internal loom. It is very important that your backpack is comfortable, “lapped” to your back, because just like all people differ in their physical data, so backpacks - in shape. Here are a few things to consider when purchasing a backpack:

The presence of a large number of side pockets, where it is convenient to store things that need quick access.
Side "compression" compartments that allow you to evenly distribute the load in the backpack and are useful for transporting additional equipment.
Bottom compartment that allows you to distribute the load vertically and makes it easier to access.
The presence of a deployable neck with a reliable adjustable valve, which allows you to adjust the capacity of the backpack.
Double stitching, the presence of ties and overcast corners, which increases the reliability and durability of the backpack.

Roll (Fig. 4). This makeshift backpack lets you maximum comfort carry small loads over long distances. The roll is done as follows: a square piece of matter 1.5 x 1.5 m is spread on the ground (1), a load is placed from the edge in a line, and then the fabric is rolled from the load to the opposite edge. The ends of the bundle are tied with twine, in addition, it is necessary to tie the bundle in at least two more places (2). After that, the bundle is folded in half in a horseshoe shape, and its ends are fastened together (3). It turns out a very comfortable backpack, which over a long journey can be thrown from shoulder to shoulder.

PACKAGING AND CARRYING THEM

The Royal Marines use the following rules when carrying cargo to avoid back injuries:

A minimum of cargo is taken on the road; The maximum load that a person is allowed to carry must be a quarter of his weight. It is necessary to avoid loading excess equipment into a hiking backpack.

When carrying, the load must be lifted as high as possible. The backpack should fit snugly against the back, but the straps should not interfere with blood circulation in the hands.

Inside the backpack, the load should be evenly distributed. Canned food, shoes, and other hard and angular objects should not rest against the back.

In a backpack, all items must be packed in plastic bags, as no backpack is completely waterproof. The least necessary things on the march are placed at the bottom of the backpack.

A portable burner (primus stove), fuel containers and other items needed on the march fit into the side pockets of the backpack so that they can be reached without removing the backpack from the back.

During a short halt, it is better not to take off the backpack, but use it as a support for the back in a reclining or sitting position, resting it on a tree or stone.

SLEEPING BAGS

The highest quality sleeping bags are stuffed with down - the best natural heat insulator. In wet weather, under such a bag, it is necessary to lay a waterproof fabric. In general, sleeping bags with artificial filling (such as holophile) are better suited for wet weather. You can purchase the so-called "all-weather" sleeping bag, which includes the bag itself, a sheepskin bedding and a bivy-bag tent.

It is very convenient and compact, but it is expensive.

The SAS first aid kit includes remedies for restoring breathing and circulation, stopping bleeding, fixing fractures, treating burns, counteracting infections and pain relief.

Pediatric purulent extractor.
Hemostatic pads.
Equipment for blood transfusion.
Dressing.
Arterial clamps.
Suture kit.
Fracture fixators.
Anti-burn dressings.
Antibiotic tablets.
Antibiotic for injection.
Anabolics.
Cream Flamazin.
Remedies for gastrointestinal disorders.

As a starting complex for the deployment of actions in this direction, the SES program "Ecovillages of the 21st century" can be proposed, the core of which is the project of CJSC "Ecodom" (Novosibirsk). "Ekodom" - design and construction of houses and settlements that comply with the principles of sustainable development", - in 1998 recognized as one of the winners of the competition for venture innovation and investment projects of small enterprises, which was held by the Russian Financial Corporation and the Academy of Management and Market, in 1997 - Winner of the competition "Our House" of the Government of the Russian Federation.

Ecohouse is a cottage-type residential complex with a plot of land that provides its inhabitants with comfort European level. It is 5-6 times more energy efficient than the cottages that are being built around big cities. AT Novosibirsk region since February, the heat generated by lighting and cooking has been enough to heat it.

The construction of the village of eco-houses, using a mini-factory for the production of foam blocks, can be carried out by a cooperative of 5-6 families of future homeowners. At the same time, due to the sale of half of the foam blocks, the cooperative is able to return the loan taken from the bank for the purchase of a mini-factory.

The eco-house is also 3-5 times cheaper than the mentioned cottages: the cost of 1 sq. meters - 120-150 rubles, not 800-1000, which makes it affordable for the very middle class, the need for the formation of which everyone is persistently talking about.

Each geographical area can be called extreme in comparison with any other. Hundreds of generations who lived in the regions of the North, for which it is not extreme, created ethnic traditions, culture, found the optimal form of housing: yurt, chum, igloo, yaranga, in which skins and felt mats do not let the cold in in winter and do not overheat in summer, design " breathes”, well resists wind and snow pressure.

The hut of the Russian North with a covered courtyard, a high porch, utility rooms on the ground floor is no less rational. The high roof does not allow a large layer of snow to linger; in heavy rains, the water does not have time to penetrate inside, it rolls off; eaves - a ledge, a cornice that covers the wall from soaking; blockage protects the floor from freezing in winter; canopy-tambour serve to protect living rooms from hypothermia, etc.

This means that an approach to housing construction based on the idea of ​​ecological balance already exists as an integral element of the culture of the people. Appeal to cultural traditions can and should become the main principle of creating a new architecture of the North.

As you know, a person's dwelling in extreme conditions in the North must withstand the negative effects of the environment and make the positive impact as accessible as possible: for example, minimal heat loss and maximum wind resistance. In the historically developed European type of dwelling, generally cubic shape, organic, technologically advanced in the manufacture of parts, with a gable or four-slope roof, well resistant to summer and winter precipitation, with minimal heat loss, the foundation is buried below the freezing level (Fig. 1, hereinafter, the author's drawings). An analysis of the heat transfer conditions in the corners of the structure, which are most prone to freezing due to a decrease in the efficiency of convection flows, shows that upper corner, exposed to the environment from three sides, rarely freezes due to the higher temperature at the top of the dwelling. The lower corner, which has a lower temperature, is at the same time exposed to the environment only from two sides, which accordingly reduces the likelihood of freezing by a third (temperature fluctuations within the entire volume of the dwelling are insignificant).

The same structure, with adequate parameters, being built in the North, is already being placed on piles, and the connection with the ground seems to be lost (Fig. 2). In this case, heat loss through the floor raised on piles increases sharply. The lower corner is already exposed to the environment from three sides, which leads to a decrease in temperature and an increase in the risk of freezing. Sharp fluctuations in temperature are observed throughout the volume of the dwelling.

Partially, the problem of freezing corners in the design and construction of multi-storey buildings in the North is resolved by a rounded configuration of the plan due to the “cutting off” of corners (Fig. 3). But such a configuration complicates the structural system of the house and creates a number of planning and technological problems in the design and construction of a dwelling.

The cubic shape of a dwelling in the North is also uneconomical and impractical in terms of wind resistance and windage, since the wind speed in the regions of the North can reach 50 m/s, which requires high strength coatings (Fig. 4). In addition, when placing doorways on the leeward side [I], or on the side, with the best option, from the point of view of a minimum of heat loss, the likelihood of snow drifts increases. This makes it necessary to design the opening of the door leafs inside the openings, which is contrary to the fire and sanitary requirements for the operation of the dwelling.

The optimal shape of the volume of the dwelling, in terms of minimal heat loss and maximum wind resistance, is a cone. It is no coincidence that the Nenets tent is an ideal example of this form. The wind flow flows around the cone (Fig. 4a) and does not form snow drifts in the dwelling.

But the cone, for all its optimality, is not technologically advanced in the manufacture of structures more complex than chum. Therefore, close in parameters to the cone shape of structures is the volume in the form of an isosceles pyramid (Fig. 4b), set with an edge to the direction of the prevailing winds.

As is known, the outer structure of the Nenets (Fig. 5) tent in the form of a cone (3) is made of deer skins, and the inner part - the canopy (4) - is made of warm fabric. The floor in the stationary version is made of wood, and in the nomadic version it is covered with skins. The effect of warming creates an air cavity (6). The same cavity serves to store inventory and outerwear. Under certain conditions, to create acceptable living conditions inside the canopy, the breath of 4-5 people (as a rule, this is a family) per 15-18 cubic meters of canopy volume is sufficient (Fig. 6).

The rational constructive, thermophysical and utilitarian form of the plague makes it possible to reveal the principles of searching for a new type of dwelling for the extreme regions of the North. Namely: the principle of volume of the “European cube”, supplemented by rational methods of the constructive and utilitarian function of the plague.

The structure of the traditional “European” form, placed on permafrost soil on piles, by using easy-to-assemble structures, bring the configuration to an analogue of a pyramidal chum (Fig. 7).

The floor (7) and side shields (8) together with the hipped roof (9) transform the classical cubic European volume into a pyramidal one. Natural lighting is preserved due to the side window openings (10). To prevent blowing under the floor, it is enough to make a snow embankment (11). Entrance - 13. For the "spring-summer" period, structures 7.8 can be disassembled, and the dwelling can take on the usual cubic volume of a "European" house. Additional areas and volumes formed for the winter period (Fig. 8) can be used as warehouses for storing food, clothes, and these rooms can also serve as a place for children to play during a prolonged blizzard and bad weather.

Thus, the principle of the chum-based constructive system can be used both in the development of new types of individual housing for the extreme conditions of the North, and in the modernization of the existing housing stock in the North.

Already existing standard individual houses can be “finished” to the pyramid by the residents themselves. Or organize the production and sale of easily removable shields.

Separate elements of this approach are seen in the ways of protecting the corners of buildings in the projects of the architect I. F. Konorev (Okha, Sakhalin Region).

The same principle was used in the design of a two-story residential building by the architect M.A. Perevalova: this house is a greenhouse with a pyramidal outer shell, originating from the Nenets plague. Inside the shell, a cube of living space with a hipped roof is inscribed - a Russian hut. Interfloor ceilings are in contact with the outer shell, creating additional spaces - loggias, the glazing of which can be removed in the warm season.

Thus, the outer fence in the winter period of the year is three-layered: an inclined shell, an air gap and a vertical wall. Such a scheme of fencing follows the traditions of the canopy in the chum and has very high heating properties (Fig. 9).

From the outside, the house does not look like either a Nenets tent or a Russian hut (Fig. 10). Perhaps such attempts to combine the national building traditions of the two peoples will allow us to talk about the emergence of new aesthetic qualities of northern architecture, and the dialogue of two cultures will allow us to establish contact with the environment, which is considered extreme.

G. S. CHEURIN, Regional public organization"Ural Ecological Union" - Center for Ecological Survival and Security.

A colleague of Le Corbusier and one of the first famous female architects, Charlotte Perriand loved spending time with her grandparents. They lived in Savoy, and Charlotte often went to the snowy Alps - the mountains inspired her to new projects.

During one of these trips, the idea for the Refuge Tonneau (“barrel shelter” - French) house was born, which Perriand designed together with Pierre Jeanneret in 1938. The building is designed for those who spend a lot of time in the mountains. Its aluminum cladding makes it easy to move from place to place, and the piles help the hut stand up even on the most uneven terrain and in strong winds.

Perriand gave it the shape of a dodecahedron, since the lack of right angles reduces the resistance to snow and wind. Up to six people can comfortably fit inside. The Shelter not only protects them from the cold and bad weather, but also offers a new spatial experience: all rooms are round.

The Barrel Sanctuary will not be built during Charlotte's lifetime - for the first time this will happen only in 2013, when Cassina will take on the re-release of Perriand's legacy. However, the structure of this futuristic hut will be used in other facilities that are designed for extreme conditions.

According to the same principle, in 2002 they will build the Concordia station in Antarctica, and in 2011 - the Mars Desert Research Station in the southern United States, where life conditions on Mars will be simulated. They will have much less comfort and originality than in the original Perrian project - only a cold calculation for survival in extreme conditions.

It may seem that harsh life on Mars or in the Arctic does not leave the architect a chance to make an interesting building. However, the projects that we present below prove the opposite.

Mars Desert Research Station. Photo from Google Maps

Life on Mars: BIG Version

A few years ago, the UAE authorities announced plans to colonize Mars by 2117. In September 2017, the launch of the Mars Science City project was announced, the goal of which is to give a "realistic view" of life on the Red Planet. For this purpose, a city will be built in the Dubai desert on an area of ​​17.5 hectares, under the glass domes of which laboratories, living quarters for scientists and a museum will be located.

There are few details yet: it is known that $ 140 million will be spent on construction, and Bjarke Ingels is responsible for the architectural project. He has a hard job ahead - most of the architectural solutions familiar on Earth are not suitable for Mars.

The most pressing problem is solar radiation and temperature differences, which on Mars range from −150 to 20 degrees Celsius. Ingels proposes to use the experience of the Tunisian city of Matmata in the middle of a lifeless desert: "bury" the city in the Martian soil. The buildings in Matmata are in artificial caves below ground level. Thus, people are protected from the scorching sun, but at the same time they are not deprived of natural light.

As an additional protection, Ingels suggests using water. The liquid will become a natural barrier to radiation if it is placed in pools that will simultaneously become the windows of the underground city.

The project of a colony on Mars from Bjarke Ingels: the pools become both windows and a barrier to radiation.

Lunar Village by Norman Foster

Norman Foster is ready to contribute to another long-standing dream of mankind - the exploration of the moon. Just like on Mars, architecture here becomes the only place where you can not be afraid of meteorites and radiation.

Even on the moon, Foster stays true to himself and suggests using his favorite shape, the dome. To reduce the cost of transportation from Earth, the domes of the future lunar village will be made of inflatable frames. On top of them using 3D printing technology will cause protective layer regolith - lunar soil. Regolith does not have to be fastened with anything, since its particles themselves stick to each other.

Lunar Habitation: Inflatable Moon Village Project

A life-size model of an inflatable regolith house has already been created and tested in a vacuum chamber. If all goes according to plan, a trial structure will soon appear at the south pole of the moon.

Hotel in the desert

There are places on the globe that, in terms of conditions, are not far behind Mars or the Moon. Among them is the Chilean Atacama Desert, which is considered the driest place on the planet. In addition to the climate, the region suffers from earthquakes. But even here people constantly live - employees of the European Southern Observatory.

Especially for astronomers, the German bureau Auer Weber Architects designed the ESO Hotel Cerro Paranal. Just like Bjarke Ingels, the architects drew inspiration from ancient architecture - cave houses Chinese city Loess and Hopi Indian settlements in the Mesa Verde region of America. In both cases, residents built architecture into the landscape rather than building high-rise buildings.

Best Hotel Ever? — the video blogger visited the ESO Hotel and showed how they live in the driest place on the planet

The architects decided not to resist nature, but to create a symbiosis of landscape and architecture. They dug the building into the ground so that less of the surface would be exposed to heat. For the same reason, the hotel was made low-rise - so it is easier to hide it in the folds of the terrain. When designing, they took into account not only practical aspects, but also the fact that scientists need a decent rest: a gym, a swimming pool, a dining room and a greenhouse under a frame dome take up almost more space than living and working premises.

Houses for polar explorers

In 2013, commissioned by the British Antarctic Survey, an object was built in Antarctica that set new standards for everyone research centers beyond the polar circle. This is "Hally-6" - a mobile station, more like a spaceship.

The authors of the project were Hugh Broughton Architects. They needed to figure out how to make the structure "go" - it was understood that the station would move around Antarctica as the Brunt Ice Shelf advanced. To do this, the station, consisting of individual modules, was placed on hydraulic "legs" in the form of skis.

Modules highlighted different colors depending on the functions: polar explorers live and work in the small blue segments, and relax and have fun in the large red segment (there is even a place for a climbing wall and a billiard table!).

Mobile station "Hally-6"

Mobility is one of the most important requirements for buildings beyond the Arctic Circle. MAP Architects has embodied this idea in the "Arctic living unit" - a mobile container that can theoretically be installed on any flat surface.

Despite its small size, inside there is a sleeping place, a toilet, a shower room and a dining table - it transforms from a bed. The interior environment differs from the usual modular furniture in only a few details: for example, a snow melter, from which water enters the bathroom.

House of culture at the nuclear test site

Nadezhda Chadovich, a graduate of the MARSH school, presented the Cultural and Creative Autonomy on Novaya Zemlya as a graduation project. As conceived by the architect, this is a place for intellectuals and creative people which by their activities are able to compensate for the damage from tests at the local nuclear test site.

We have collected more works by MARCH students at.

The buildings are entirely composed of local materials obtained during the excavation of soil for foundations. The interior space looks ascetic, but cozy: each living cell has a fireplace, a mattress on the mezzanine and a daybed for a rare guest. This setting allows you to go beyond the purely utilitarian function - "smooth out the harshness and extremeness of the Far North, but not let it be forgotten."

cold climate- the type of climate characteristic of the subarctic, the arctic basin and Antarctica.

Cold climate characteristic:

Long duration of the winter period

Low temperatures

Permafrost soils

Strong winds, blizzards

High air humidity

Polar day and night.

Subzones / typology: tundra, taiga, forest swamp.

Design features:

10% more living space

Additional premises in residential buildings

Increasing the width of the building body

Raising the foundation above the ground

· Wind protection (loggias) + screens in town planning at home

Minimum slopes in buildings,

Exits are located on the windward side

Orientation of streets in the direction of snow flow

· Transitions between public buildings and housing, at very low temperatures

Blocking of buildings, simple configuration in plan, elimination of height differences of individual parts, reduction of the glazing surface

Double/triple tambours

· Height of buildings no more than 10-12 floors.

Also, natural extreme conditions are considered seismic zones. At present, they are trying to build houses of light structures, articulated type, prefabricated, simple form plan, not a large number of storeys.

Design in areas with hot climate.

In our country, the principles of the formation of residential development in extreme natural and climatic conditions are hot topic for research.

The regions of the Russian Federation with extreme natural conditions include Far North with a predominance throughout the year of low temperatures, high wind speed, pressure drops; Siberia and Far East characterized by a long period of low temperatures, strong winds, high humidity. In this regard, natural emergencies often occur in these areas, which include:

Hydrometeorological phenomena (typhoons, hail, floods, droughts, tornadoes, dust storms, heavy rains, ice, very coldy, icing, wildfires, hurricanes, extreme heat, heavy fogs);

Hydrogeomorphological (avalanches, landslides, mudflows);

Endogenous (earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanism).

Extreme climate conditions and the phenomena listed above, associated with them, certainly have a significant impact both on the operational characteristics of the construction of residential buildings, and on the psychological, emotional state of a person living in these areas.

Thus, a building built in such conditions should be completely autonomous. Autonomy implies its own heat supply, arranged taking into account the location, ventilation, its own source of electricity (battery or alternative source) and other structural details.

The competent organization of air flows in the building is the basis for the distribution of the received heat throughout the premises due to natural convection. For the northern climatic regions of the country, the form of an autonomous building should be compact, taking into account the characteristics of the surrounding landscape and terrain, if possible, buried in the ground, on the leeward side. On this side, there should be technical premises for the placement and maintenance of autonomous engineering equipment of the building. In the southern and Far Eastern regions, it is recommended to arrange greenhouses on the south side of the facade, all the main premises should also be directed to the south. The shape of the building, if possible, should be close to the cube, for greater energy savings.

The autonomy of the building reduces the impact of the environment, reduces the cost of maintenance and increases safety.

Autonomous buildings can be used in various hard-to-reach areas remote from centralized city networks, in cases emergencies natural character.

One of the first prototypes of a modern autonomous residential building is considered to be a yurt (a portable frame dwelling of Mongolian and Turkic nomads, Fig. 1a), which is an energy-efficient architectural object that can rationally use and store the energy obtained from biomass. Modern yurts are a more comfortable structure for living. For example, the American yurts (Figure 1b) of Pacific Yurts of Oregon have acrylic-coated polyester walls and heavy vinyl roofing with an opening plastic vault to allow air to circulate.

Rice. 1. Kazakh yurt of the 19th century (a) and modern American yurt (b).

The most effective autonomous residential building in terms of volumetric and spatial solution is the igloo - the winter dwelling of the Eskimos. It is a domed building 3-4 meters in diameter and about 2 meters high, made of wind-compacted snow or ice blocks (Fig. 2). An igloo can also be "cut" from a snowdrift of a suitable size and density. It is very important that the entrance to the igloo is lower than the floor level - this ensures an outflow from the building. carbon dioxide and the influx of lighter oxygen inside, and also does not allow lighter warm air to escape. scattered sunlight penetrates the igloo right through the snowy walls.

(a) (b)

Rice. 2. Eskimo dwelling - igloo:

appearance (a) and diagram of the internal structure (b).

Depending on the time of operation of an autonomous object, the following types of an autonomous residential building are distinguished:

1. Housing for a short stay (for victims after emergencies, for expeditions, civil defense facilities, auxiliary facilities during construction, etc.). The period of operation is from a day to 2 weeks.

2. Temporary housing is designed for shift camps, military settlements, workers, students and others. The period of operation is from several weeks to 2-3 years, subject to continuous use, and from a week to six months, subject to periodic use.

3. Permanent home. The period of operation is long, more than 3 years.

Autonomous houses can be organized into settlements with the installation common system energy supply and duplication of technological devices for energy production separately, for each building. Such settlements, due to urban planning, constructive and spatial solutions of buildings, can generate more alternative energy than individual houses.

To provide short-term and temporary housing in extreme natural conditions, with further movement, an autonomous building has the property of mobility. The movement of the building can be carried out both as a whole and its individual parts. This can be achieved through modular elements of wall and roof structures. Mobile structures, as already mentioned, first appeared among peoples leading a nomadic lifestyle. As a modern example of mobile architecture, structures of the “capsule” type can be cited, for example, the Nakagin Tower in Tokyo (Nakagin Capsule Tower, 1972, Fig. 3) by architect K. Kurokawa. This tower consists of 144 steel capsules, each of which contains the minimum necessary for living (built-in furniture, air conditioning, bathroom, etc.) and is a separate dwelling with an area of ​​2.5 × 4 m2. Such a capsule can be replaced as it wears out. Today, in Japan, a country where great attention is paid to saving space, many such capsule hotels have been built.

Modernization, reasonable improvement of autonomous residential buildings, as well as their organization into a single information and transport space are today a promising direction for the development of settlements in sparsely populated areas of extreme climate.

Rice. 3. Nakagin Capsule Tower, architect K. Kurokawa.

Rice. 4. The concept of an intelligent building from the German design studio Tjep.

Where possible, a residential building should be equipped with protective mechanisms integrated into the dwelling capable of protecting the building in the event of a natural disaster. For example, in the event of a tornado, the structure may fall into a pit specially prepared for such cases. If a flood hits the house, then the structure will be able to raise the inhabitants to such a height at which water will not enter the house and destroy it. This requires highly sensitive sensors (sensors) built into the house that collect, process and analyze weather information on a daily basis. And in case of bad weather, the protective systems of the house will be ready.

A house equipped with sensors and controlled by a computer or a person, taking into account the processing of sensory data, is called an "intelligent building" (Fig. 4). An intelligent building is able to intelligently allocate resources and reduce operating costs. The engineering systems of such a building are capable of adapting to possible changes in the future.

Intelligent Building (intelligent building), Sustainable Building (life-holding building), Energy-efficiency Building (energy-efficient building), Bioclimatic Architecture (bioclimatic architecture), Healthy Building (healthy building) are new directions in architecture and engineering of buildings, scientific foundations which are just being created, but the directions themselves are implemented in a large number of construction projects in developed countries. There are no such buildings in Russia yet. However, even in developed countries, "intellectual construction" is an elite, rather experimental occupation.