Fetishism: definition of the concept. Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

Stress is a sore spot even for a literate person. The spelling of words can be memorized, memorized, memorized. At least there is time to "think". With oral speech, alas, such tricks will not work.

Correct: quarter

We are forced to dispel one of the myths of the stress of the Russian language. From somewhere came the belief that if we are talking about part of the year, then there will be a quarter, and if we are talking about a part of the city - a quarter. In fact, it's not like that. It is correct to pronounce "quarter" with an emphasis on the last syllable in all its possible meanings.

That's right: contract

We coldly cross out the option with the stress on the first syllable, although, of course, such stress is acceptable in everyday speech. And this is not even the new norm of the last five to ten years, as many people think. The option “agreement” is also found in dictionaries of the last century. But we are for literacy, which means that it is better (and necessary) to pronounce in any circumstances, even in an informal conversation, exactly “agreement”.

Correct: fetish

And add a little fetish! The word came to us from the French language. Even if you only speak English, German or Esperanto, you probably heard somewhere that in French the stress (mostly) falls on the last syllable. Fortunately, the original accent has been preserved. Why fortunately? Because we don't have to memorize another unscheduled accent that doesn't follow the rules. The main thing to remember is that a fetish is something French. And here we recall the common misspelled word"blinds". The word is French, so the emphasis falls again on the "and": blinds.

Correct: religion

In the Constitution Russian Federation There are many useful articles that we would do well to know. For example, Article 28, which guarantees freedom of religion. Or is it still a religion? So you want to read your rights and stumble. In general, remember: we have freedom of religion. And only so.

Correct: Phenomenon

Here, as they say, everything is complicated. There are words that you just need to learn by heart. And the "phenomenon" is one of them. Some dictionaries share the use of the word: “phenomenon” is exclusively scientific term, and when we are talking about something extraordinary or someone with outstanding abilities, talents, then the options can be different - Phenomenon and Phenomenon. But still, the preferred option is with the stress on the second syllable, regardless of the meaning. Be Phenomena, say the word right.

Correct: directory

The age of catalogs with cosmetics and clothes was replaced by online stores, but the problem with the pronunciation of the word remained. There are no stylistic differences. The only correct option in the past and today is catalog.

That's right: at airports

Inveterate and desperate travelers will not let you be deceived: at airports, this is a common mistake among visitors to these places. You can, of course, forbid everyone who pronounces it incorrectly from crossing the threshold of the airport, but this is too harsh measures. Let's just remember. The word has about the same problem as in plural"cakes" or "scarves" (with "bows" in addition). I really want to shift the stress to the last syllable, and many even do not deny themselves this. Just not us! It is correct to speak at the airport, in airports, and if we want to indicate our location inside, it will be at the airport - with the letter “y” at the end, and even with an emphasis on it. However, Mel wrote about this in detail.

Correct: newborn

The case when ignoring the letter Yo leads to an error. If it were written, then the question - where to put the stress - did not arise. The only correct option: newborn.

Correct: prettier

Compliments must be spoken correctly! And then suddenly you have a secret Grammar Nazi in front of you. In the adjective "beautiful" the stress falls on the second syllable. The same emphasis is preserved in his short forms and in comparative degree. So it's not that hard to remember. And do not forget that in writing there is no “beautiful”, and in speech it is better not to abuse the “y” at the end.

Correct: at the same time

The adverb "at the same time", like the adjective "simultaneous", - amazing word, in which the stress in modern Russian can fall on both the third and fourth syllables, that is, the options are equal. The playwright Yevgeny Grishkovets wrote about this in the play of the same name (it is called “At the same time”).

In the dictionary "Russian word stress» M. V. Zarva, which is recommended for media workers, the correct options are considered to be “at the same time”. The same variants are given by the old dictionaries of Dahl and Dolopchev. But already the modern Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language and the Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language call two forms of pronunciation acceptable - simultaneously. The main thing is not at the same time. Although if you have to choose, we still recommend “at the same time”.

Ksenia Turkova

“What are you! If we are talking about G O a instead of Go BUT customers will think that just illiterate people work here!” - an employee of a company that deals with concierge services recently told me.

We repeated accents in the names of countries and cities - I conducted a training for those who work in a call center and constantly communicate with customers by phone.

Psycholinguistic problem. What to do: follow the rules and cause sidelong glances or use the wrong option, which is clear to everyone and everyone is pleasant? If you go to the right - you will forget the norm, to the left - you will lose the client.

Finding a solution is not easy. After all main task in such a working conversation, communication still remains, which must not only be established, but also maintained.

Variants of stress and pronunciation, which dictionaries recognize as a literary norm, in general, as it turned out, annoy many. And not just annoying - people, knowing the rules, are afraid to publicly observe them: “Well, how can I say that in a word -“ apostrophe", and on the wall -" graffiti“What will people think? Nobody talks like that." As a result, doubters either reluctantly flout the norm, or shyly bypass the word, choosing descriptive turns and awkward hints.

How to admit to a doctor that you had an illness in childhood whooping cough if the doctor himself says only whooping cough and nothing else?

How to discuss with parents in the average kindergarten New Year costume ball?

How to buy on the market sorrel, eventually?

Interestingly, normative stresses infuriate not only those who do not speak very well, but also those who usually strive to follow the norm, worry about our speech and even consider themselves Grammar Nazis.

"Faithful to their husbands are minxes and scoffers, and sinners walk in the mask of piety." This quote from Shakespeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor very well describes the approach to linguistic "piety". Many fighters for the purity of the language secretly get annoyed at dictionaries that dictate "strange" norms to them.

My Facebook post with a request to create a hate-list of correct accents received one and a half hundred comments.

Linguists have also joined in. Everything that has accumulated spilled onto the pages of the social network. It turned out to be annoying. The list looks like this:

foil(obsolete version, was once the only normative one)
dogma(this option is also recognized as obsolete, modern - "dogma")
whooping cough(literary variant, but "whooping cough" is also acceptable)
apostrophe(in the Big spelling dictionary there is a litter: "apOstrof" is not recommended!)
on WEDNESDAY(let’s also say “on Wednesdays”)
blinds
security(option "providing" is not recommended)
cookingAria(permissible also "cooking")
costume(this particular option is considered literary, "costume" is not recommended)
sorrel
anticipate(the “anticipate” option is marked in the Big Orthoepic Dictionary as incorrect)
plateau("plateau" is wrong)
fetish(The Big Orthoepic Dictionary recognizes this option as incorrect and recommends emphasizing the first syllable, while M.V. Zarva's dictionary "Russian verbal stress" gives the opposite recommendation: "fetish" is correct, "fetish" is incorrect).
chunk(possible and option "chunk")
cakes(the only way!)
graffiti(The Big Orthoepic Dictionary marks the "grAffiti" option as incorrect)
evening("Supper" - incorrect)
masterful(possible and the option "masterfully")
scanty(this option has already moved from the category of the main ones to the category of acceptable ones, and the main one, to the delight of many, has become “ scanty»)
woman in labor(let's say the option "childbirth")
simultaneously(“at the same time” is an equal option, but in audiovisual media it is customary to say exactly “simultaneously”)
enviably(let's say in colloquial speech and the option "enviously")
phenomenon(option "phenomenon" is not recommended)
pamper

The words became champions security“, “phenomenon" and " graffiti“. And one of the users made a shocking confession to the public: “It infuriates that coffee is still masculine.”

All these revelations expose the very bifurcation, the crossroads, which was discussed at the very beginning. On the one hand, a person wants to comply with the norm with all his might, on the other hand, he actually feels uncomfortable in it. That is why, by the way, the participants of the "Total Dictation" were so outraged by the accent in the adjective "lower case", which, explaining the rules, was pronounced by dictators.

Famous Russian linguist Alexey Shmelev admits:

Often I say exactly the way that annoys commentators, but sometimes I also consider alternative stress acceptable (for example, I say “foil”, but I don’t consider the option “foilA” a mistake, I say “yagurt” or “yugUrt”, but I don’t consider “yogurt” a mistake ', I usually say 'money', but I can also say 'money', in equally I can say "at the same time" and "at the same time" or coffee in the masculine and neuter gender - although I prefer the middle one). In some cases, I consider the alternative stress to be a mistake, but not a gross one (say, "provide" instead of the correct "provide"). But I am “annoyed” by some mistakes, considering them to be a manifestation of insufficient literacy (“keychain” instead of the correct “keychain”, “blinds” blinds, “graffiti” instead of the correct “graffiti”).

In turn, Associate Professor of the Institute of Linguistics of the Russian State University for the Humanities Tatiana Bazzina says that most people pronounce many of the words on the list incorrectly simply because they rarely use these words:

"Apostrophe", "oxymoron", "lowercase" are pronounced with the wrong accent for the simple reason that normal person(not a linguist) pronounces these words as often as he writes, for example, the word “water hose”, and therefore strikes where it is convenient / habitual for him, without even realizing that he is mistaken.

And successful communication, according to Bazzina, does not always depend on stress: empathy does not disappear at the same time (she herself says “simultaneously”) with inaccuracies in voicing.

However, in fairness it must be said that there are words that we still use much more often than “apostrophe” and “oxymoron”. For example, the word "insurer", which dictionaries prescribe to pronounce with an emphasis on O. Most people, including insurers themselves, use another, non-normative option - "insurer".

What to do if you are afraid to say the right thing, if the right accent is annoying and you secretly dream of a new normal?

“The correct accents were invented so as not to fix attention every time on such trifles. Like, once they agreed, entered it into the dictionary, sealed the social contract with the authority of the Russian Academy of Sciences - and forgot about this problem of communication. That is, they delegated a purely technical problem to the linguistic “housing and communal services”. And since there is a social contract, we must always strive to comply with it. Like traffic rules - sometimes it seems to go into the yard faster through a continuous one, and everyone goes around for half an hour. It's inconvenient, but they do. What happens if everyone rolls over? But there is a way in the case of a road sign and markings - write a letter to the relevant authorities, let them do it as it is convenient for people. And the same with accents.

It is difficult to say what will come out of such an appeal and how quickly the “linguistic housing and communal services” services can respond to it. But some recommendations to doubters can be given now. To the employees of the company, which does not know what to do with the name Goa, Tatyana Bazzina throws up an idea:

“If a company that deals with concierge services wants to teach its clients the correct way, it can honestly openly, with jokes and jokes, tell the client that in general it is necessary to say GOA, and those who say so, get a 3% discount (5, 15 - depending on the fantasy). Don't go to a fortuneteller - in a month all THEIR clients will say GOa. But actually, about six or seven years ago, I did a series of in-depth interviews with Russian downshifters - the inhabitants of this heavenly place. From none (I emphasize - not from one!) of them I heard the accent on -O-, all on -A. Apparently, this Magic word we initially interpret it as “Russian”, however, we do not reduce the vowel in the first syllable.”

But the main thing that all linguists agree on is that one should not be afraid of either “correct” or “wrong” options. The author of the dictionary is not a punisher, sitting in the bushes with a weighty dictionary. He himself is not alien to colloquial, and sometimes colloquial options. The compiler of the "Dictionary of exemplary Russian stress" Mikhail Shtudiner once admitted to me that in a conversation with drivers he would gladly say "chauffeurA".

The literal meaning of the word "fetishism" is the worship of magic. That's right - "magic", "amulet" with Portuguese translated feitiço. Since the 15th century, Portuguese sailors have called fetish (emphasis on the second syllable) special cult objects worshiped by tribes in Africa.

The original understanding of fetishism as the deification of an inanimate object subsequently went beyond the religious context, and the word had other definitions. Religious fetishism, commodity, sexual ...

Now in the special literature all kinds of fetishism are distinguished. However, two are best known to everyone: fetishism associated with archaic beliefs, and a form of deviant behavior in the sexual sphere. Let's talk more about sexual fetishism.

Love for the inanimate

This phenomenon is expressed in sex drive is directed to inanimate objects, which in themselves have no erotic reference. Normally, individual objects can also cause excitement, but a person does not perceive them as an independent source of attraction, they serve only as an addition, a reminder of a real partner. In other words, elements of fetishism may well accompany normal sex life and even make it brighter and more diverse.

Fetishism becomes a pathology when a thing completely replaces a living person, making in principle impossible either emotional or bodily connection with a real partner. A fetish most often becomes an object or feature belonging to people the other sex.

So, for men, women's stiletto heels can be incredibly attractive; common female fetishes - developed muscles or pronounced hairline on the body of a man. Objects and characteristics that are common to members of the same sex may cause arousal. In general, it is believed that men are more prone to fetishism than women.

There is also the opposite phenomenon - antifetishism. In this case, an element of appearance or a thing, on the contrary, reduces sexual desire to zero.

What is the most common fetishes? The list is truly endless. From rather predictable stockings, underwear and red lipstick to examples such as physical defects of the body (limping, amputated limbs), certain dishes, insects on the body of a partner, and so on.

The pursuit of fetishes can become manic and push a person to crime. So, wanting to collect a collection of certain items, a fetishist is able to steal them, harm the health of the owner, and in individual cases even kill the owner. Of course, such extreme manifestations fetishism require immediate treatment.

What causes fetishism? There are various explanations.

Conditioned reflex learning. If normal sexual arousal is repeatedly reinforced by the same material stimulus, then over time this material stimulus can become a source of arousal in itself.
The neurobiological theory is that some people have a special function neural connections: between areas responsible for the sensitivity of the genitals, and areas associated with sensitivity, for example, feet (if we are talking about foot fetishism), a stronger contact is established than usual.
Sexual (imprinting) is an irreversible and non-reinforcing form of learning that occurs during a critical period of sexual development.

Currently, all these theories do not have sufficient experimental confirmation. For obvious reasons, studies are conducted quite rarely, and their conclusions are most often speculative. Author: Evgenia Bessonova

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

21 letters for consonants;
10 letters - vowels;
and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ ( solid mark) that indicate properties but do not by themselves define any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic analysis, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment and syllabic structure phrase, united by a common verbal stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription is used in square brackets. For example, the correct spelling is:

black -> [h"orny"]
apple -> [yablaka]
anchor -> [yakar"]
tree -> [yolka]
sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
shock [´] - with an accent;
in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and word parsing with online examples, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowels and consonants.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

You write necessary word and say it out loud a few times.
Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate their total number. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
- for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
- in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. AT this example 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound literal parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic parsing online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why is it different total number sounds and letters in both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

[b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced clearly and expressively, sound analysis syllables with stressed vowel phonemes are much easier to carry out. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in weak position.

The vowel in a stressed syllable is always in strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme “U” retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of strong position for "O", when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only a few foreign words: cocoa [cocoa" o], patio [pa" thio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a"] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

I'm at home [ya to "ma].
New houses [but "vye da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change phonetic characteristic depending on position:

primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
open syllable at the very beginning;
repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← stressed syllable→ stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all post-stressed syllables with sound parsing belong to the reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In literal analysis, the reduction of the vowel in a weak position in the final open syllable(= at the absolute end of a word):

cup;
goddess;
with songs;
turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
- - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
- - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
- - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
- - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
- (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
- - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
- -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses have crucial. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotized sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" represent two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

at the very beginning of a word:
- - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
- - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
- (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
- in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
- bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: For St. Petersburg phonological school characteristic "screeching", and for the Moscow "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

Letter "I" after soft sign"b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with "im 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
- yo - [o],
- e - [e],
- yu - [y].
Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [zhe´ lty], silk [sho´ lk], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ pt], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
- ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
- e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
- i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
- yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
- Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
- [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
- [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
- [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
- [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
- [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
- [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
- [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
- [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
- [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
- [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
- [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
- [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
- [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
- [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
- [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
- sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
- [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t and others) vocal cords they don’t strain, only noise is emitted: a stack, a chip, a costume, a circus, a sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter phonetically can mean different sound, depending on the position. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, phonetic law assimilation by deafness-voicedness. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis dissimilation is observed - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, the common feature of the two adjacent consonants changes: the combination “GK” sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o′h'k'y], soft [m'a′h' k'iy].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
[u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
the letters "H", "K", "P" during phonetic analyzes in composition can be softened before soft sounds[h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka'n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e'n'sh'ik], donut ik [on'n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'shch'ik], boulevard ina [bul'va′r'shch'ina], borscht [bo′r'shch'];
often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [r] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, it is necessary to take into account their positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters are pronounced as one is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
Combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root at sound-letter parsing is written in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
thu → [ch't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [by´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
!zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. In order to correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in similar phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

"T" - in combinations:
- stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
- stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
- ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
- sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
- sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
- ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
- "-tsya", "-tsya" → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile ts: a], wash [we ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
- ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e´ts k'y], fraternal cue [brother's cue];
- ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
- ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
"D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
- zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
- ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
- ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
- zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
- nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
- rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
- rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
- dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
- ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
"L" - in combinations:
- sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
"B" - in combinations:
- vstv → [stv] literal parsing of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. Literary norms orthoepies are regulated by the publication: "Russian literary pronunciation and accent. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: a short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.

Hello! What is the stressed vowel in the word "effector"? In neurobiology "effector neurons", in genetics "effector key".


	Question #297351

Good afternoon. Can you tell me how to put the correct accent? https://how-to-all.com/phonetics:baraba or http://udarenie.gramatik.ru/barabinskiy- how is the stress BarAba or Baraba? (short for "Barabinskaya steppe") Best regards, Alexey

Answer help desk Russian language


	Question #297334

good afternoon. Tell me please. heard such a description of the rule of stress in the word "cooking": - culinaria - the science of cooking, - culinary - a store that sells ready-made food. is this correct? thank!