Grooved tongue in humans. The structure, color and photo of a healthy human tongue: what does a normal organ look like, what are its functions? How language is connected to other parts of the body

Currently, the popularity of diagnosing diseases by the state of the tongue is growing. It is believed that it is a reflection of the state of almost all internal organs, a kind of "mirror" of their health. Due to the fact that the signs of pathology appear in the language before a person notices the usual symptoms, with a well-organized diagnosis, the development of the disease can be found out on the most early stages, which means that the treatment will be quick, simple and successful.

Correspondence of tongue zones to internal organs

To determine the state of health by language, it should be borne in mind that the language is conventionally divided into separate zones responsible for certain internal organs. When identifying pathologies, the doctor, first of all, will pay attention to the dislocation of language changes. An interesting fact is that from the point of view of ancient Eastern practices, the language is also divided into areas according to five "primary elements":

• back - Water;
• the central region is the Earth;
• sides - Wood;
• between the tip and the central part - Metal;
• tip - Fire.

Signs of diseases according to the characteristics of the tongue

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• yellow - liver failure, gastrointestinal diseases, smoking;
• blue - indicates kidney failure;
• blue / purple - heart or lung disease;
• black - acidosis, damage by a chromogenic fungus;
• bright red - pathologies of the cardiovascular system, blood diseases;
• gray - chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• burgundy - speaks of diseases of infectious origin in an acute form;
• reddish - inflammatory processes or infectious diseases;
• white - dehydration, SARS, colds, fungal infection.

When making a diagnosis, it is also important to take into account the intensity and brightness of the plaque on the surface of the tongue.

If it is very pale, almost colorless, then this may indicate that the person is eating poorly, suffering from beriberi or anemia. A plaque of a very dark, saturated color shows that there is a chronic pathology in the body, the treatment of which must be started immediately.

Tongue shape

In the process of identifying pathologies of organs and systems, the shape of the tongue is no less important than the color of the plaque. To determine which disease develops in the body, the specialist who conducts the diagnosis must close attention for this feature as well. The pathological process may be indicated by the signs listed below. Description:

• relief changes - deficiency of B vitamins;
• uneven, curved median line - scoliosis or other pathologies of the spinal column;
• the organ is enlarged, swollen - pathology of the gastrointestinal tract;
• too thin - impaired metabolism, dysfunction circulatory systems s;
• bulges in the anterior zone - diseases of the broncho-pulmonary system;
• enlarged tip too long tongue speaks of heart failure;
• thickened organ - pathologies of the digestive system, liver failure.

The presence of stains

Spots often appear on the surface of the tongue. They may be different shapes, color and size and located in different areas of the body. In some cases, only one spot is formed, but there may be several. Depending on these characteristics, as well as the general condition of the tongue during the examination, it is possible not only to clarify the diagnosis, but also to determine the cause that caused the spots to appear.

Colour	Description Features	Probable Diagnosis
White	Small spots on the edges, the root of the tongue. AT advanced cases spread over the entire surface	Thrush
	The spot area is peeling off	Lichen planus
	The spot is localized under the tongue	the brain receives insufficient oxygen; cerebrovascular pathology.
	A single formation of a round shape	Violations acid-base balance stomach
Red	Spots various shapes on the sides and tip	Injury
	The mark is covered with keratinized particles	Predisposition to the formation of cancerous tumors. You should immediately seek advice from an oncologist
	Many dots on the back of the tongue	dysfunction of the hematopoietic organs; viral infection (mononucleosis).
	The spot is surrounded by yellow-gray bubbles.	Erythema
	In combination with the almost complete absence of salivary secretion	Brain diseases
	Bubbles filled with liquid are located on the tip and sides of the tongue	Herpes
Yellow	-	necrosis; tongue cancer; prolonged and regular smoking; inflammatory processes; blood diseases.
Brown	-	pathology of the circulatory system in severe form; bleeding in the mouth.
Violet	Occurs on rare occasions	blood stasis
Pink	-	Inadequate absorption of nutrients from food.
Black	The result of the modification of the papillae on the surface of the tongue	bad habits (abuse alcoholic drinks, smoking); irritation due to exposure to chemical compounds; long-term use of antibiotic drugs; stomatitis; pathology of the gastrointestinal tract.
Blue	-	severe pathologies (for example, blood diseases); heavy metal poisoning; hemangioma.

Roughness

Tongue surface healthy person looks "velvety" due to pronounced taste buds (papillae). If this muscular organ becomes noticeably rough and rough, then this phenomenon should also be considered from the standpoint of linguistic diagnostics. What may indicate the roughness of the surface of the tongue:

• state of dehydration;
• work disruption salivary glands(we recommend reading:);
• overdose of vitamins A and D;
• overdose of medicines (including antibiotics, drugs of the atropine group);
• rough and swollen - biliary dyskinesia, gastroduodenitis;
• in combination with dryness - complicated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (ulcer, appendicitis, intestinal infection, peritonitis);
• in combination with dryness and the appearance of cracks - diabetes, thyroid disease.

Smooth surface

If atrophy of the taste buds occurs, their number is significantly reduced, or these receptors disappear altogether, then the surface of the tongue becomes very smooth and shiny, this phenomenon is called “varnished tongue” (we recommend reading:). This symptom can be triggered by the inability of the body to absorb vitamin B2, chronic colitis, or stomach cancer.

When the tongue is covered with a dark, brown-black coating, which lies on the surface of the tongue in a dense layer and is very difficult to remove, and cracks appear (“chessboard”), then we are talking about such a pathology as pellagra (that is, a lack of vitamin B and nicotinic acid). In the later stages of development, one of the symptoms of the disease becomes the “cardinal tongue” - the organ becomes bright red, and its surface becomes “varnished”.

Other language features

If the tongue hurts, becomes numb, other unpleasant sensations appear, then this indicates a disease of the organ itself or the oral cavity. The appearance of plaque and other surface changes usually indicate the development common diseases in the body and with the health of the oral cavity are not associated. An experienced diagnostician will pay attention to the following features language states:

• papillae at the tip become bright red - diseases of the pelvic organs;
• small sores appeared on the surface - increased acidity (we recommend reading:);
• the appearance of thick dense plaques - candidiasis;
• bright spots - pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract;
• tremor of the tongue - thyroid disease, neurotic disorders;
• burning sensation - cervical osteochondrosis, vegetative neurosis, stress;
• the appearance of imprints of teeth - violations of the digestive process;
• the tongue is twisted or deviated to the side - cerebrovascular accident, cerebellar dysfunction, hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke.

Diseases of the oral cavity

Inflammatory processes in the oral cavity, including the tongue, do not always become a reflection of the development of pathologies of internal organs - sometimes we are talking about independent diseases. If a burning sensation or the presence of a foreign body appears in the mouth, the tongue turns red and swells (while the swelling tends to progress over time), salivation increases, changes taste sensations(they can become dull or completely disappear), speech and eating become difficult, the patient feels pain in the tongue - these are symptoms of the development of glossitis, that is, inflammation of the tongue. This disease can take a variety of forms, but the symptoms listed above are inherent in almost each of them.

What does the change in taste indicate?

If habitual taste sensations suddenly change, this is a serious cause for concern. Different parts of the tongue are responsible for the perception of different shades of taste, depending on the type of receptors in a particular zone. In the case of a violation of taste sensations, we can talk about the development of serious diseases of the endocrine or nervous system. It is recommended to seek advice from an endocrinologist and a neurologist.

How to properly care for the tongue?

To remove food debris and plaque from its surface, you should use a thread and a brush. Removal of plaque should be done with smooth, unhurried movements, in the direction from the base to the tip. After several movements, the brush is rinsed with water and the procedure is continued. It is impossible to apply force to remove plaque - there is a risk of injuring the organ. Rinse your mouth after brushing clean water or special solution.

In order to care for the tongue, you can use ordinary toothbrush(There must be a separate hygiene product for brushing your teeth) or purchase a special tool:

• scraper brush - on one side of the tool there are relief strips of rubber, and on the other - bristles;
• spoon - a special nozzle on the irrigator for soft cleaning of the tongue with water;
• scraper - looks like a small plastic spatula.

Even before the appearance of characteristic clinical signs, some diseases signal “malfunctions” in the body by changes in the mucous membrane of the tongue.

No wonder the people have long believed that the language is a mirror of health.

How to determine the disease by language has been of interest to people at all times. So in the East this issue is devoted whole theory.

Human tongue is a mobile organ. It consists of 16 muscles. Covered with mucous membranes with small papillae responsible for taste sensations. This soft organ, despite its modest size, is involved in important processes- from recognizing the taste of food and swallowing it, to pronouncing sounds and speech.

“Show your tongue” - everyone has heard this phrase more than once at a doctor’s appointment. The thing is that the mucosa of this organ is a kind of indicator of pathologies not only in the oral cavity, but of the body as a whole.

Plaque on the tongue

Normally, the tongue is slightly rough, its color is pink. A thin layer of plaque forms on the mucous membrane of the tongue white color, which is almost invisible. The surface of the tongue is conditionally divided into zones, each of which displays the work of a particular organ.

When examining the surface, the doctor pays attention to the following indicators:

• Colour;
• the presence of plaque and its nature, zoning;
• surface structure;
• formations in the tongue (ulcers, vesicles, papillomas);
• nature of motor processes.

Each of the studied indicators may indicate health problems.

What diseases can be identified by language

By changes in color, functionality, violations of the structure of the language, you can see signs of some diseases. Since the tongue is the initial link in the chain of the process of digesting food, first of all, in the event of a failure in the gastrointestinal tract, visible changes appear:

• dense plaque;
• redness;
• dry cracks and swelling.

Redness of the tongue in a child

In cases of obstructed outflow of bile, the color of the mucous membrane of the tongue changes (from bright red to yellow-green).

Rough thickening indicates a malfunction of the endocrine system or mental disorders Oh.

Many diseases can be identified by language. Most important point lies in the fact that it can be done before the manifestation clinical picture i.e. in the earliest stages.

How can you determine

One should immediately clarify important detail: relying only on visible language changes is wrong. For staging accurate diagnosis examination by specialists and a number of clinical tests and diagnostic procedures are required. You can examine the language yourself. This is done in daylight in the morning, preferably on an empty stomach.

Tongue with thrush

On self-examination, the following signs should alert:

• the presence of an unpleasant odor;
• structure and color changed;
• dense coating.

A more complete and correct diagnosis will be carried out by a doctor. Do not self-medicate. Attempts to diagnose and treat the disease on your own can be not only useless, but also lead to complications due to wasted time.

Pregnancy is a special period in a woman's life. If pregnancy is complicated by thyroid diseases, a woman should especially carefully monitor her health. Causes, symptoms and treatment.

You can read about the functions of melanin in the human body.

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Signs by which the disease can be identified

By language, you can evaluate the work of internal organs, thanks to the zoning of its surface:

• the tip informs about the state of the lungs and heart;
• the middle is responsible for the functioning of the pancreas, spleen and liver;
• the lateral parts are responsible for the work of the kidneys;
• the root is for digestion.

If you look closely, you can conclude that the zoning scheme is identical to the location of the vital important organs person.

Tongue zones and compliance with internal organs

In addition to the pathologies of the internal organs according to the state of the mucosa, it is possible to identify diseases of the tongue. The cause of such ailments is often a violation of oral hygiene.

Warning signs and reasons for immediate medical attention are:

• hyperemia and swelling of individual parts of the body;
• deep cracks;
• rough thickening.

External characteristics

Let us consider in more detail how to determine the disease by language based on an external examination.

Normally, the tongue is mobile, quite flexible, with a slight coating. The edges are even, the surface looks "velvety" due to small papillae.

A smooth, shiny surface of a bright red tongue can be a sign of stomach cancer, dryness, oral candidiasis, a lack of vitamin B in the body, and chronic colitis.

healthy tongue

Dryness of the tongue is evidence of dehydration, impaired nasal breathing, high fever, accompanied by infectious processes. Thick edges like a gutter, the center of the tongue is deepened - a sign of involvement in the pathology of the liver and spleen. Such a picture can be observed, for example, in cirrhosis of the liver with portal hypertension.

A different picture can be observed with ascites (accumulation of fluid in abdominal cavity). The tongue is thickened in the central part, convex.

In some cases, there is a deviation of the midline from the center. This symptom is called deviation and occurs in patients with myasthenia gravis and impaired innervation (traumatic brain injury, stroke, neuropathy). The central line is skewed towards the lesion.

Geographic language

"Geographic language" is another medical term indicating a change external characteristics. The language is reminiscent geographical map. The changes concern both the color (it can be changed in some areas) and the surface structure (areas of different heights). This symptom is a sign of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, mental disorders, allergic processes, metabolic disorders in the body.

Deep cracks (transverse furrows) occur during a stroke.

A separate group is distinguished by changes in the size of the tongue. Macroglossia - an increase in the body, is congenital, and also acquired throughout life. Malformation of intrauterine development has several causes:

• muscle hypertrophy (causes have not been identified), such a deviation often indicates mental retardation;
• impact negative factors during pregnancy (radiation, severe infection, etc.).

Acquired pathology may be evidence of such abnormalities:

• hypothyroidism;
• loss of teeth;
• amyloidosis;
• syphilis;
• cretinism;
• oncology.

Microglossia - a decrease in the size of the tongue occurs as a malformation of the intrauterine development of the fetus. An acquired deviation indicates injuries or the consequences of a surgical intervention, for example, in case of organ cancer.

Deep ulcerative foci on the surface indicate the presence of malignant neoplasms or syphilis (lues).

Expressed middle line(its deepening) indicates problems of the spine.

Seals, formations, cracks, dense plaque or discoloration are a signal of disturbances in the body.

Tongue color

Bright red color indicates hyperthermia, an infectious disease. If the color is dark red during infection, then the kidneys are involved in the pathological process.

The crimson (strawberry) color of the tongue on examination indicates anemia due to a lack of vitamin B or scarlet fever.

In the second case, the color is determined after a dense plaque is removed from the tongue.

The pallor of the mucous membrane indicates the exhaustion of the body, weight loss, iron deficiency anemia. Cyanosis is a sign of serious disorders of cardiac activity, arrhythmia or hypoxia (oxygen starvation). The blueness of the lower part in the region of the frenulum will indicate the imminent approach of a heart attack.

A dark purple hue occurs for several reasons:

• impaired blood clotting;
• cardiovascular insufficiency;
• problems of the respiratory system;
• coronary artery disease;
• stroke.

A black tint appears as a result serious illnesses digestive tract, dehydration, decreased adrenal function, taking certain antibacterial drugs, cholera.

A greenish-yellow color of the tongue indicates stagnation of bile, brown indicates severe kidney failure and bleeding in the mouth, blue indicates heavy metal poisoning, scurvy, circulatory problems, dysentery or typhoid fever.

Color change may be uneven. In this case, pay attention to areas that are subject to change. For example, hyperemia of the edges of the tongue and middle part indicate problems with the lungs, and redness of the tip of the tongue indicates problems in the pelvic area.

Plaque

Normally, a slight white coating forms in the oral cavity (on the teeth, gums and tongue). AT initial stages diseases, the plaque is thin, in chronic forms - a dense layer. You should pay attention to the color of the plaque:

Areas in which there is a dense layer of plaque are responsible for the internal organs:

• the root of the tongue is the kidneys;
• the middle lateral parts on both sides are the liver;
• the central part is the stomach;
• lateral parts on both sides, closer to the tip - light;
• tip is the heart.

Pathology is considered too dense plaque and changes in its color. The thickness of the plaque also plays a role.

Taste properties

Human language is a unique organ. With its help, we not only speak and feel the taste, but also recognize its shades. If there is a violation of taste sensitivity, the doctor raises the question of a neuropsychiatric disorder, problems of the endocrine system, or oncology of the tongue.

Smell

The smell from the mouth is a sign of a disease of the gastrointestinal tract, carious cavities.

At the same time, the character of the smell is putrid.

Acetone odor from the mouth indicates poisoning, dehydration as a result of severe infections, diabetes mellitus.

The smell of ammonia is present in patients with severe renal impairment.

Related video

Language is not just an organ digestive system, but also a specific indicator that unmistakably tells a person how to this moment feels the body, whether it needs special protection or not.

Often it is the language that attracts attention, makes you think about whether it is time to see a doctor, despite the fact that the general condition and well-being in general does not cause anxiety.

It is by the state of the tongue that many diseases are determined, even at the doctor's office, the examination of the tongue acts as one of the stages of diagnosis.

Anatomy and functions

The human tongue is by nature a muscular organ that does not have bones. From above it is covered with a mucous membrane. Tasks and functions that it performs:

• participates in the work of the speech apparatus;
• determines the taste of the food a person eats;
• is part of the digestive system primary processing food, mixes it and forms a food lump, which pushes it further into the esophagus.

The structure of the language is simple but interesting. This organ is divided into two parts - the back - the root and the front - the body. Also, the upper surface is called the back and has a velvety texture.

The tongue is covered with papillae, which are divided into 4 groups responsible for recognizing tastes. That is why, with a burn and others, a person temporarily loses the ability to perceive one or more tastes.

What does a healthy tongue look like?

A healthy tongue without any pathologies should be pink and have a fold that runs along its entire surface. Also language in normal condition soft to the touch, does not cause discomfort if moved while talking or eating. Taste buds are usually well defined and pronounced.

A small amount is normal for healthy language. Its amount may vary depending on the season. Also, the presence of a thin whitish plaque indicates a minor pathology that develops slowly and has a local location.

Lead to the appearance of plaque can:

Gastrointestinal problems, food allergies, and vitamin deficiencies are the root cause of yellow or white. Plaque compaction may indicate diseases, including chronic ones, requiring immediate medical attention.

All the colors of the rainbow in your mouth

Everyone knows that by the color of the tongue you can easily determine that something is wrong with the body, since some diseases are “reflected” on it by a characteristic color. The most common of them:

• measles or flu, high fever - burgundy plaque;
• malnutrition, anemia, heart failure - pale tongue;
• diseases of the blood or respiratory tract - purple plaque;
• problems with the gastrointestinal tract, smoking, jaundice - yellow or gray plaque;
• diseases of the liver, spleen, dysentery, abscesses, advanced viral diseases - black plaque;
• kidney disease - blue plaque;
• circulatory disorders, heavy metal poisoning, scurvy - blue plaque;
• dehydration, fungal infection - white tongue;
• diseases of the oral cavity - dark brown plaque.

That is why it is important to pay attention to the details, as they can tell more about health than the person himself.

Plaque formation

The presence of a plaque in the tongue of an unhealthy color indicates that changes are taking place with some particular organ or even a group, there is a problem that requires attention and medical intervention. In order to understand exactly what is happening, it is necessary to know the features of the location of the plaque.

Most often, the color of the tongue and plaque is different, which allows you to determine the approximate system of organs in need of treatment.

The thickness of the plaque shows the severity of the problem - the thicker it is, the faster changes occur that harm human health.

In the event that it lay down in a thick layer, then the gastrointestinal tract suffers, and the likelihood of constipation increases. If it is located in a thin layer on the tip of the tongue, the main problem is gastritis. At the same time, a thick layer on the tip of the tongue indicates complications with gastritis or that the disease has become chronic.

If the plaque is located at the root of the tongue, then this is the first sign of inflammatory processes in the intestines. In the event that plaque is concentrated at the root of the tongue, then chronic diseases of the intestines and stomach, such as increased acidity, can be judged.

Plaque can also be yellow or black - this is an occasion to think about the health of internal organs, including:

• spleen;
• gallbladder;
• liver.

A sign of a serious pathology is a long period of plaque preservation in the tongue. If plaque lasts only a few hours or a day, then in this case it is necessary to take into account the fact that there is a violation of the microbial balance in the oral cavity.

Most likely, the reason is gastrointestinal problems, so consultation with a specialist in this field is necessary to prevent the situation from worsening.

It is important to remember that a white coating on the tongue can also indicate respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia.

This disease can be determined by the gradual darkening of the plaque and its location along the edges of the tongue and on its front. If darkening does not occur, then with a similar placement of plaque, we can talk about inflammation of the lungs.

Bumps at the base

The appearance of tubercles at the base of the root of the tongue may indicate an increase in the tonsils. You can correct the situation at home by washing the nose with special means, but it would be best to consult a doctor, since a full examination will reveal the exact cause of their appearance.

Crack formation

The tongue does not always have a perfectly flat surface. You can often watch it. If there are a lot of them, then such a language is called “geographical”, it may indicate that problems with the gastrointestinal tract have become chronic, and also that mental disorders are possible.

In addition, a lot of talk about:

• disorders in the work of the brain;
• the presence of an allergic reaction;
• somatic disorders in the body.

Also, if there are cracks in the tongue, it is necessary to consult a doctor, since the pathology of the hypoglossal nerve is likely.

You can recognize it if, along with the cracks, there is a deviation of the tongue to the side. According to the location of the cracks, the side on which the organs are under stress or there is a disease is diagnosed.

For example, if they are exactly in the middle of the tongue, then there is a high probability of problems with the spine. A curved fissure located at the root of the tongue indicates problems in lumbar, at the tip of the tongue, then in the cervical region.

Ulcers and sores on the tongue

They are not rare and can occur for a variety of reasons:

• burn;
• dental problems in the oral cavity;
• Crohn's disease and other gastrointestinal problems.

Usually the sores are small in size, but present in large numbers, so they cause a lot of inconvenience and discomfort to a person. It is impossible to ignore wounds and ulcers on the tongue, especially if they arose without a reason.

One of the types of disease in which the body gives such a symptom is syphilis, therefore, the treatment must be immediate and professional. However, in the case of this disease, the sore will be present on the tongue in the singular.

Its surface is bright red, shiny and hard. In addition, it is completely painless. The formation of warts at the root of the tongue or along its sides is a sign of HIV, and flat sores on the tip of the tongue, lateral sections or along the midline indicate the onset of tuberculosis.

Map of diseases of the internal organs

Language is called a map of organ diseases for a reason. Each of them has its place. So in Chinese medicine It is customary to divide the surface of the tongue into three parts:

• root - Bottom part bodies and organs located below;
• the body of the tongue is the middle part of the body;
• tip - upper body.

There is another division in which the place in the language is assigned to the organ. So the front part of the surface of the tongue tells about the health of the liver, heart and lungs, the middle gives an understanding of how the stomach, pancreas and spleen work. The root of the tongue helps in diagnosing the intestines. The sides of the tongue let you know how the kidneys work.

What diseases does the color of the tongue speak about - Elena Malysheva knows:

Thus the language is universal way quickly and with high precision to diagnose the work of internal organs. Its significance for a person is not limited to the processing of food and participation in the formation of speech, since the language is a real doctor who will always help to recognize the most complex disease.

Appearing changes should be taken into account, as they indicate the emergence and development of pathologies and changes in the body. It is necessary not only to notice the signs of the disease in a timely manner, but also to promptly take measures to eliminate it - consult a doctor.

Diagnosis of diseases by language is one of the main stages in examining a patient and making a general diagnosis, which are most often used in the East. This type of diagnostics allows you to learn about the processes occurring in our body, the origin and stage of development of certain diseases.

Language is an indicator of our health, this has always been known in the East, where such an unusual, but enough effective method diagnostics - diagnostics of diseases by language.

AT oriental medicine It is believed that the tongue is connected with the heart. This means not only the physical state language, but also the speech that we utter - all this indicates certain problems with the heart. However, the body is a single whole, and the condition of the heart affects other organs as well. And the state of various organs of our body is “projected” onto the corresponding parts of the tongue. Accordingly, changes in these areas of the tongue, including a change in their color or hypersensitivity, speaks of violations and imbalance of energies in their respective organs.

According to ancient Chinese medicine, the tip of the tongue corresponds to the upper body and indicates the condition of the lungs and heart, the sides of the tongue indicate the health of the liver and gallbladder, the back of the tongue - the stomach and spleen, the root of the tongue indicates the condition of the kidneys.

Often, the first signs of the disease appear on the tongue (discoloration, plaque, redness, etc.). Therefore, when diagnosing diseases by language, first of all, attention is paid to the size, shape and color of the tongue. According to Eastern medicine, when the wind energy (rlung) is imbalanced, the tongue is red, dry and rough, with small indentations along the edges. When the energy of mucus (beken) is disturbed, the tongue may have a smooth or dull surface, it is slightly swollen, moist and sticky, with a whitish-gray coating. An imbalance in the body of bile energy (tripa) also changes the appearance of the tongue: a pale yellow coating appears on it, a bitter taste is felt in the mouth.

Diagnosis of diseases by tongue

The best time for diagnosing diseases by tongue - in the morning on an empty stomach. First, projections of all internal organs are determined in the tongue and any changes are noted. These changes allow us to talk about the state of the corresponding organ or body systems, and, above all, about the state of the blood. The doctor pays attention to the color of the tongue, the type of plaque in different parts of the tongue, the shape of the surface (smooth, loose, dense, etc.), formations on the tongue (blisters, papillomas, ulcers) and their location, tongue mobility.

What does a healthy person's tongue look like? Such a language has pink color and a smooth surface, covered with a slight whitish coating, the papillae on the surface of the tongue are clearly visible, due to which it looks velvety.

The connection of the zones of the tongue with the internal organs

The root of the tongue is the intestines;

To the left of the tip of the tongue - the left lung, to the right - the right;

The center of the tongue is the heart;

On the left side of the root of the tongue - the left kidney, on the right side - the right;

On the right side, between the projections of the lung and the kidney, there is a projection of the liver.

Tongue color

1. Pale tongue - lack of energy and blood. This is a sign of anemia and exhaustion of the body.

2. Pale color of the underside of the tongue - diseases of the liver and gallbladder.

3. Red (crimson) color - heavy infectious diseases, accompanied high temperature, poisoning, pneumonia.

4. Dark red color - severe renal and toxic disorders, obesity and chronic alcoholism.

5. Bluish tint - cardiovascular diseases, circulatory disorders with cardiopulmonary insufficiency.

6. Yellowness in the lower part of the tongue - the development of jaundice.

Plaque on the tongue

Plaque covering the tongue indicates the accumulation of toxins in the stomach, small or large intestine. If only the back of the tongue is coated, there are toxins in the large intestine; if the plaque is only visible in the middle of the tongue, the toxins are present in the stomach, small intestine, and duodenum.

1. No plaque, shiny tongue - weak energy of the stomach, problems with intrasecretory activity.

2. Slightly swollen and moist tongue due to excess plaque. May indicate the following diseases: stomach or duodenal ulcer, gastritis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, bad job kidney disease, food or drug poisoning, infectious diseases (measles).

3. Thin plaque - an incipient disease or its superficial localization. Thick plaque is a chronic disease.

4. White, wet, thin, coating - the energy of the stomach is in order.

5. Weak white coating- decrease in acidity in the stomach, dysbacteriosis.

6. Yellowish plaque - excess bile in the gallbladder or liver disease.

7. Oily, silty plaque - stagnation of food.

8. Purple spotted plaque - stagnation of blood.

9. Black plaque is a serious violation of the digestive system, especially the pancreas and gallbladder. Also, such a plaque occurs when the acid-base balance of the blood is disturbed (increased acidity) as a result of dehydration of the body.
11. Light gray plaque - diphtheria.

12. If, over time, the white coating gradually thickens and becomes yellow, and then gray and dark, this indicates that the disease is progressing. And if the plaque brightens and becomes thinner, the disease recedes.

Spots on the tongue

1. Alternation of white and red spots - a disease of scarlet fever.

2. Bluish spots - congestion in the cardiovascular system.

3. Dark spots - severe kidney damage.

Also, when diagnosing diseases by language, attention should be paid to:

1. Tooth marks on the edges of the tongue. Deep imprints of teeth on the front and side of the tongue speak of stress, neurosis, severe overwork. The most clear imprints are observed in serious diseases of the central nervous system. In addition, the imprints of the teeth along the edges of the tongue indicate dysbacteriosis, slagging of the body and insufficient digestibility of the intestine.

2. " dry tongue". The feeling of a dry tongue and general dryness of the mucous membrane is due to insufficient saliva production (thirst) and may be a sign a large number diseases: intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, fever, diabetes. Often, dryness of the tongue is accompanied by the appearance of a brown coating. If the mucous membrane loses too much moisture, cracks may appear on it. Also, dryness of the tongue causes loss of taste.

3. Lacquered and chess language. Lacquered tongue - the surface is smooth, shiny, bright red (as a result of atrophy of the taste buds). Diseases: chronic colitis, pellagra, stomach cancer. "Chess" tongue is a type of lacquered tongue. It occurs as a result of a deficiency of vitamin B and nicotinic acid.

4. Atenlargement and redness of the papillae of the tongue. Enlargement and redness of the papillae on the right half of the tongue, closer to the tip, indicates liver damage, the left half - spleen disease, on the tip of the tongue - diseases of the pelvic organs, along the edges and in the middle of the tongue - lung disease.

5. Curvature of the tongue line indicates a curvature of the spine: a curvature of the fold at the root of the tongue indicates a curvature of the spine in the lumbar region, a curvature of the fold in the center of the tongue - a curvature in the thoracic region, a curvature of the line at the tip of the tongue - a curvature in the cervical region (cervical osteochondrosis).

6. Curvature or deviation of the tongue to the side- vascular disorders of the brain (stroke), mental illness.

7. Trembling tongue- a disease of the brain, a deep neurotic disorder.

8. Ulcers on the tongue. Ulcers on the surface of the tongue may indicate a disease of the digestive system (Crohn's disease).

We have listed only the main signs by which the diagnosis of diseases by language can be carried out. This diagnostic method requires the skill of a doctor, the ability not only to notice changes in the language, but also to combine the information received in order to make a correct diagnosis, which can be confirmed by subsequent diagnostic methods.

Language type options great multitude, by structure and appearance of this organ, one can judge concomitant diseases, especially diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, nutrition, lifestyle, habits and, of course, heredity. Consider the most common types of language.

Definition and symptoms

Black (hairy) tongue is a condition in which the surface of the tongue becomes keratinized and there is hyperplasia of the filiform papillae. The epithelium sloughs off, bacteria begin to multiply on the lesions, producing a dark pigment, as a result of which the tongue becomes brown or black. Painted papillae outwardly resemble short hair, hence the name. The lesion spreads along the central line of the tongue, acquiring an oval or triangular shape.

The papillae reach a length of up to 2 cm and a diameter of up to 2-3 mm. Black tongue is not an independent pathology, but a symptom of various diseases or a consequence of exposure to a number of provoking factors. It occurs most often in men over the age of 40. The disease proceeds in two stages - the first is the growth and thickening of the papillae without changing color. Timely treatment can prevent darkening and eliminate symptoms. In the second stage, the papillae begin to keratinize and blacken.

Reasons for development

Factors that cause damage are divided into three groups:

1. physical and chemical: antibiotic therapy, alcohol, cigarette smoke, insufficient hygiene mouth, burn of the mucous membrane of the tongue;
2. infectious: candidiasis, systemic fungal infections;
3. pathological conditions of the body: fever, dehydration, decreased saliva production, metabolic disorders, diseases of the stomach and intestines, impaired trophism of the papillae of the tongue.

Treatment

Therapy consists in eliminating provoking factors, treating comorbidities and dieting. When diagnosing, diseases of the stomach and intestines, diabetes and fungal infection should be excluded. If candidiasis is detected, in addition to the main treatment, rinsing the mouth with salicylic acid and resorcinol is prescribed.

It is undesirable to eat salty, sour and bitter foods that aggravate the course of the disease. With a strong growth of the papillae, the cryodestruction method is used. The overgrown tissues are exposed to cold, after which they are removed.

Prevention and prognosis

Prevention consists in the timely treatment of major pathologies, daily cleaning of the tongue with a special brush, refusal of alcohol and smoking. With adequate therapy and the elimination of provoking factors, the prognosis is favorable, the tongue returns to normal in a few weeks.

Definition and symptoms

Candidiasis of the tongue (candidiasis glossitis)- an acute disease of the tongue caused by fungi of the genus Candida when they multiply excessively in the oral cavity. It affects representatives of all age categories, but most often occurs in children and the elderly.

The most characteristic symptoms:

• the tongue increases in volume due to blood flow;
• after 1-2 days, a cheesy coating of white or brown color appears on the mucous membrane of the tongue;
• over time, the site of the lesion begins to itch, there is a burning sensation and pain;
• in more severe cases, the tongue swells and becomes immobile, it is difficult for a person to speak, a lot of saliva forms in the mouth;
• there is a strong bad smell from mouth;
• in patients with reduced immunity, erosions and ulcers appear on the tongue;
• with the development of the disease, a weakening or perversion of taste sensations is possible;
• in severe cases, systemic reactions appear - fever, lethargy, headache, nausea and poor appetite.

If untreated, the disease can go into a chronic phase. Exacerbations will occur with the appearance of colds and with any decrease in immunity.

Reasons for development

Candidiasis glossitis can develop as a result of the ingress of a pathogen from the outside or as a result of the reproduction of fungi that already live in the mouth. In the first case, the cause may be a kiss with an infected person, using his toothbrush, eating from poorly washed dishes, and so on. In the second case, the reason for the reproduction of fungi is a decrease in immunity, which can be caused by:

• pregnancy
• stress and overwork;
• childhood or old age;
• metabolic disorders;
• influenza, mononucleosis, AIDS;
• autoimmune diseases;
• neoplasms;
• undergoing treatment with immunosuppressants and glucocorticosteroids;
• alcoholism or smoking;
• hypovitaminosis.

Treatment

Therapy is divided into local and systemic.

Locally applied:

• 2% soda or a slightly pink solution of potassium permanganate - rinse the mouth 4-5 times a day;
• preparations based on hexinidine (Oracept, Stomatidin) - make applications for 4-5 minutes 5-6 times a day;
• 1% solution of clotrimazole - rinse the mouth 2-3 times a day.

Systemic treatment includes:

• antifungal therapy - fluconazole 0.05 g or ketoconazole 0.2 g per day;
• drugs to strengthen the immune system - interferon, echinacea extract, multivitamin complexes;
• analgesic therapy - dicloberl or movalis 1 capsule 2 times a day.

Prevention and prognosis

To prevent the disease, you should adhere to the regimen, eat right, maintain personal hygiene and exercise. It is necessary to treat infections on time and visit the dentist annually for a routine examination. With timely and complex treatment, the prognosis is favorable.

It is a congenital anomaly of the structure, characterized by the appearance of deep folds on the back of the tongue, resembling wrinkles. The mucous membrane is not damaged, the person does not experience any discomfort. The folds are located in the longitudinal and transverse directions, they can appear both in childhood and in adulthood. Sometimes a folded tongue is a symptom of Melkersson-Rosenthal disease, but in general it is a variant of a normally developed organ.

The causes of the folded tongue have not been elucidated. Treatment is not required, but it is necessary to regularly clean food debris from the folds. If you do not take care of the tongue, then as a result, its inflammation and bad breath can occur.

Definition and symptoms

- a pathology of an inflammatory-dystrophic nature, manifested by desquamation of the epithelium on the back and lateral surface of the tongue. As a result of desquamation, one or more spots of red color and arbitrary shape are formed. The lesions have a smooth surface surrounded by a white rim of exfoliating epithelium. As a result of the alternation of red and white areas, drawings resembling a geographical map are visible on the tongue.

There is no pain syndrome, sometimes there is a perversion of taste and a slight burning sensation from irritating food. In about 40% of cases, patients also experience folded tongue.

Reasons for development

The final cause of the disease has not been clarified. Important role plays heredity and a tendency to develop allergies. Geographic tongue is often accompanied by vegetative-endocrine disorders, acute infections, diseases of the digestive and circulatory systems. Collagenoses (systemic lupus erythematosus, acute rheumatic fever) also contribute to the appearance of pathology. AT childhood helminthic invasion may be a provoking factor.

Treatment

If there are no complaints, then there is no need for treatment. In the presence of concomitant diseases, their therapy is carried out. In the case of a combination of pathology with a folded tongue, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the oral cavity and regularly remove plaque and tartar. When pain occurs, applications of a 5% suspension of anestezin in a solution of vitamin E should be applied. You can also make a 10-15 minute bath of boiled sunflower oil. Spicy, hot and cold foods are excluded from the diet.

Prevention and prognosis

For prevention geographical language it is necessary to treat concomitant diseases in time, regularly take vitamin complexes, undergo preventive examinations at the dentist and observe oral hygiene. You need to give up alcohol and cigarettes.

The prognosis for recovery is from cautious to favorable, depending on the cause of the pathology and the general condition of the body.