At the end of the 20th century, attempts to understand for whom the architect designs resulted in the idea of ​​creating a special method called the environmental approach. It was focused on the individual aspects of a person's life, manifestations of his personality in a particular community of people and in a particular place. The destruction of past social ideas and the unattractiveness of new ones require a renewal of the ideology of architecture, predetermining the increasing relevance of the environmental approach, which, unfortunately, is still poorly mastered in practice. Although its essence lies in designing for the benefit of a person, in modern design business, the combination “object + subject + environment” traditionally tends to work primarily for the object, while the person (subject) is secondary, unless, of course, we are talking about an individual mansion , and the environment is often not taken into account at all.

At the end of the 20th century, attempts to understand for whom the architect designs resulted in the idea of ​​creating a special method called the environmental approach. It was focused on the individual aspects of a person's life, manifestations of his personality in a particular community of people and in a particular place. However, methodological approaches to the formation of the human environment were mainly at the level of intuition. The environmental approach in architecture, which emerged from the environmental movement that emerged in the second half of the 20th century, remained incomprehensible for application in real design. The method of the environmental approach in architecture, which in fact means the reorientation of design from achieving economic and political goals to socio-psychological and ecological-physiological values, was actually used only for public declarations designed to show commitment to relevant ideas of sustainable development. Today, the environmental approach is an attractive general idea, within which, in fact, no basic criteria have been found that would guide research architects and architects-practitioners along a path that is different from both the difficult-to-realize desire to satisfy each individual and the ineffective orientation towards some vague collective .

For a person engaged in a specific activity, the general environment of his life activity includes at least two local environments - residence and activity. Along with them, the environment also consists of the urban space that a person has to cross when moving from one area to another. At the same time, it should be emphasized that the ensembles of city streets and squares are only occasionally perceived actively and consciously by a person. This happens mainly during the recreational periods of his life, when everyday concerns fade into the background.

Some architecture researchers suggest that the environmental design approach should somehow dissociate itself from biological sources, ecology, human physiology and be based on indefinite "non-biological" mechanisms of interaction between people and their social and physical environment. In this concept, the fundamental category of perception of an architectural object is emotions, and they cannot always be applied to reality. It is assumed that the practical needs of people are necessarily boring and colorless for architects who rely on creative intuition in their work. A person is usually seen as a person who must perceive architecture in the aspect of a work of art.

The contrast of residential and public environments in San Francisco

Kindergarten in Wohlfartsweier, Germany. This rather intimidating building in the form of a cat, through whose mouth children must get inside, was created by the imagination of an architect who, apparently, loves cats more than children.

Contempt for the physiological aspects of life, neglect of the functional aspects of design, as well as ignoring the engineering infrastructure of the city and its individual buildings, contribute to design ignorance and depletion of sources of architectural ideas. In applied terms, intuition alone is not enough for designing. Architectural studies, with its characteristic art criticism approach, actually do not work for practice; this requires a more solid and formalized basis than intuition. Understanding architecture, as an activity to create an environment, must take into itself all the diversity of nature and human activity. Not everyone and not everyone can express the requirements for the environment of their stay, residence, labor or creative activity, and it is not always possible organizational and technical. At the same time, the current architect does not own the subjective design method. He, in essence, does not know the people for whom he must design, and relies either on intuition or imagination, replacing a specific person with an abstract and ideal, or his own person. The architect mentally imagines himself in the place of the child, if he plans Kindergarten; a fan, if he creates a stadium; the president and his retinue - if he designs the parliament building; director and spectator, if the theater invents, etc. Who can imagine all this, try it on themselves, be inspired, establish themselves in their plan and carry it out (if they give money for this) in full and unquestioning confidence that they are right? Of course - the Creator!

The peculiarity of the architectural environment on the streets of various cities of the world. On the left is London, on the right is Auckland New Zealand

It is likely that the concept of "architect-creator" is genetically embedded in the profession. Numerous successive generations of architects - from the priests of the Egyptian pharaohs (the first in rank, as they knew how to build temples and tombs of the pharaohs) to the modern creators of the "cities of the future" were creators,

The peculiarity of the architectural environment on the streets of various cities of the world. Auckland New Zealand on the left, Chicago on the right

Architects, or at least architects-artists. Just a century and a half ago, it was easier for an architect to design than it is now. He firmly knew that palaces were built for the ruling elite, villas were built for wealthy people, cathedrals were built for priests, theaters were created for the idle public and actors, museums were arranged for works of art and their connoisseurs, exemplary (typical - in

In modern high-rise buildings, only those buildings that have an unusual shape or finish that distinguish them from other skyscrapers give orientation in space.

In European cities that developed during the Middle Ages, the verticals of churches or town hall towers provided a clear orientation in space, as is observed in a small English town or residential area Porto, Portugal

In the modern sense), one-story houses and shops are set up for the so-called vile class.

It is impossible to create an acceptable space-planning solution for a particular building without accurate and detailed knowledge about the environment and infrastructure elements. In order for the environment and all its components to be complete and really take into account the interests of a person, an accurate and detailed knowledge concentrated, including in scientifically based rules and regulations. It is regrettable that the designer's wasted creative power often resists seemingly unexpected requirements related to ventilation or fire safety of a building, and designs without proper knowledge of these requirements and understanding of the consequences for the architectural and construction part that follow from them. However, even during the period of study, the architect was taught that the norms are a fetter for designers. The restrictions set in the various rules allegedly unduly constrain the creative process. This popular belief is actually not true, since it is the norms that largely provide an environmental approach to design.

For example, the necessary elements of an environmental approach can be seen even in the norms for fire safety of buildings and structures that are far from architecture. The classification of buildings and premises according to the so-called functional fire hazard is focused on the characteristics of a particular category of people. The norms take into account the time spent by the main contingent of people in buildings: constantly or periodically visiting them, working in buildings for various purposes during a certain time of the day or around the clock. In addition, in this classification, buildings, premises and groups of premises that are functionally interconnected with each other are also divided into classes, taking into account the number of people in the main contingent, their physical condition and age, the possibility of being in a state of sleep, and the ability to navigate in the space of the building.

For buildings and premises, for example, class F1.1, the rules and regulations are designed for the most physically weak people. These buildings are designed for permanent residence and temporary (including round-the-clock) stay of people of various ages and physical conditions. These include: preschool institutions, nursing homes for the elderly and disabled, hospitals, dormitories of boarding schools and children's institutions. Other types of buildings are divided into classes F2, FZ and F4 depending on the number of people and on the degree and speed of their orientation in the structure of the building. For example, entertainment establishments (class F2) are characterized by a massive presence of visitors, most of whom are not familiar with the layout of the building, and a relatively small number of employees of these institutions who navigate the building. Another group of public buildings, including food and trade enterprises, clinics, etc. (FZ class) is also characterized by the predominance of visitors over attendants, but not to the same extent as in entertainment institutions. At the same time, at least part of the attendants, who are well oriented in the building, are together with visitors who are poorly oriented. Another group of public buildings for administrative purposes (class F4) is characterized by the presence of a permanent contingent of people who are accustomed to local conditions and are well versed in the building and a small number of visitors who are poorly oriented.

The composition, physical condition and number of the main contingent determine the necessary rules for ensuring safety during evacuation and rescuing people in the event of a fire hazard. These rules affect the space-planning decisions of buildings, their parts and elements, including: the number of storeys, the width and length of the building, its structural system, the areas of floors and groups of rooms, the types and location of stairs, the length and width of corridors, the dimensions of doorways, placement and dimensions of external exits, etc.

Architecture, as an activity of organizing space and creating an environment, must take into itself all the diversity of nature and human activity. One of the tasks of architecture is to ensure an organic connection between a specific place of residence of a person and his needs that arise during various types of life. The features of the place give a system of sensations, feelings, knowledge that indicate to the designer the degrees of freedom and the scope of restrictions, as well as possible coordinates of creativity that create the so-called spirit of the place, that is, the environment in the architectural context.

A specific place can also be called a local environment, which is part of the general environment of life. Local living environment- this is an individual place, a person strives for solitude, relaxation, communication with his family or for office creativity. Local working environment is a collective place of man: an office for managers, a factory for engineers and workers, a theater for actors. curved public environment- these are various public spaces in which management, trade, entertainment, education and other public functions are carried out, ultimately working for a person. urban environment- this is a common environment of life, where local environments: residential, labor and public interact and communicate with each other through a network of streets, highways, squares, and other types of communications.

The growth of large cities into megacities creates a crisis in urban planning, which is expressed in the loss of the integrity of the living environment. Local environments are moving away from each other, the length and volume of transport and engineering infrastructures in the space of the urban environment are increasing. New construction in cities is now being carried out without taking into account the interconnections of the local environments of specific people and the consequences of the lengthening of movements between these environments, which has led to a "crisis" of urban planning.

Striping and spatial displacement of local environments, the loss of the integrity of urban space exacerbate the human need for orientation, which was traditionally provided by vertical structures, horizontal highways and streets, relief differences and the nature of the natural landscape. In European cities, created on the basis of medieval settlements, the vertical of the cathedral and the towers above the town hall gave a clear orientation in space. Urban planning charters, protecting these landmarks, forbade exceeding their height during construction. In modern cities, the set of landmarks is much more diverse: shopping and entertainment centers, groups of high-rise office buildings in business centers, theaters and other objects of public local environments, which assume not only the presence of an original architectural object, but also a space corresponding to its influence.

Pairing two components: subject (person) + environment, accepted in the theory of the environmental approach, is not enough to form the structure of an architectural work. For designing by the method of environmental approach in the architectural process, it is necessary interaction of three components: object, subject and environment."Object" is a building, structure or complex of structures designed for a particular subject. "Subject" is interpreted as a specific person, his family, or community, a group of people united by a specific type of life activity. Then the "environment" is an architecturally organized space for accommodating an object designed for a particular subject. In each specific place, the following are combined: the environment, the objects that fill the environment, and the people whose life activity takes place in these objects and in the environment as a whole. The value of each of the three components varies depending on local characteristics.

Man dominates the living environment. Its needs and social status are subject to the architectural character and environment and its constituent objects. Therefore, the formula of the living environment is: environment + SUBJECT + object.
In a public environment, the main object is usually an object that attracts attention with its architectural forms and claims to have a space corresponding to its function. The value of a building as an object is often emphasized by its original, expressive or even pompous forms. For this category of environment, the aesthetic design of the adjacent territory is important, since the building organizes the space and fills it with a symbolic context. Here the environment formula is: environment + OBJECT + subject.
In the environment of labor activity, the function that determines the main characteristics of the environment dominates, and the objects placed here are subordinate to it. Therefore, it is expedient to represent the formula of the environment of labor activity in the form: ENVIRONMENT + object + subject.





The peculiarity of the living environment on the left is Porto, on the right is Edinburgh

The predominance of one or another of the three elements that make up the environment depends on their characteristics, including functional ones.

The environmental approach as a design concept, apparently, should include, along with many components, the recognition of the consumer's right to influence the nature of the environment in which his life activity takes place. It is especially difficult to implement this when designing an industrial enterprise, where the interaction of an employee and a technicalized production environment takes place. Organization of the design process industrial enterprises excludes the possibility of contact between the architect and the consumer of his products (in this case, the customer cannot be considered a consumer, since it is either the state or a private owner). Therefore, the attitude of the worker to the nature of his environment was not taken into account by the designers. It was believed that a person working in production, like a casual passerby, perceives the architecture of an enterprise mainly from the external streets adjacent to it, driving up or approaching the entrance to the plant. Further, the aesthetic needs of the worker were limited at best to the interiors of the workshop, dressing rooms and the dining room.

Employees at the enterprise appear after its commissioning and cannot show their preferences. At the same time, employees of industrial enterprises are interested in the aesthetic quality of their workplace, premises, workshop and plant as a whole. In the foreseeable historical period in architecture, aesthetics has always been associated with the search for harmony, including the harmony of man with his objective environment. In ancient aesthetics, harmony was considered as a category of human existence. In the Age of Enlightenment, the concept of harmony was supplemented by a new principle: "unity in diversity". This principle is extremely relevant in the modern complex world of forms that surround a person in his field of activity, and especially in industrial enterprises.

Features of the place give a system of sensations, feelings, knowledge, creating the so-called spirit of the place - the unique character of the living environment of various cities, on the left - in Edinburgh, on the right - in London

Based on the currently insufficient certainty of the ways of development of industrial architecture, and on the ability of people, although far from the nature of their occupations from art and architecture, to perceive avant-garde trends in them with sufficient interest, we can assume that consumers of architecture may have preferences that differ from the preferences its creators. It is possible that, being during the working day in the technical environment, which is made up of the surrounding machines, units, automatic lines, various communications and vehicles, technically educated modern workers and engineers will be aesthetically satisfied if all objects of the environment of their life activity are designed in a technical style. Only the lack of technical design leads to the primitive decoration of his workplace by a machine operator or a truck driver.

Urban environment created by nostalgic immigrants
from the Netherlands, California USA

Traditionally, for many years it was believed that production per person can only have a negative impact, and even stressful. Therefore, in theoretical works on the architecture of industrial enterprises, as a rule, the problem of “reducing” the influence of the technical environment on a person was solved. Almost all researchers of the problem of interaction between the worker and the production environment noted the need to introduce elements of a human scale into the architecture of industrial buildings, and the architecture of administrative and other buildings that form pre-factory areas was proposed to be considered as an element of a transitional scale from residential development to industrial development. However, this approach to the problem under consideration cannot be considered universal. People of technical professions, in all likelihood, may perceive the environment of their activity differently than the architects who design it. And for them, the presence or absence of elements of the transitional scale does not matter, and the elements of the human scale are important only from a functional point of view. Therefore, when shaping the environment of a person’s labor activity in production, one can proceed from the premise that workers in technical professions give preference to technically aesthetic environment, not necessarily corresponding with residential development. At the same time, it is not proposed to exclude the architectural linkage of industrial and residential development, but to consider it as just one of the design methods used in urban planning, and not as an indispensable condition.

In a public local environment, it is necessary to have not only an architecturally original object, but also a space corresponding to the significance of the structure and ensuring its impact on the environment.

The study of materials using the methodology of the environmental approach in relation to urban planning did not give any convincing examples. Urban planners offer a division of city residents into active and passive. At the same time, the image of a passive person is likened to a robot whose behavior is determined by external environmental stimuli. The image of an active person comes from the assumption that external stimuli cannot explain human behavior, since the essence of a person is in his vigorous activity. Therefore, the environmental approach should focus on the study of a person in his environmental activity, and in application to practical design problems, on the study of points of contact between human activity and the environment. As such points, behavior and perception, carried out through the knowledge of the environment, and not spontaneous sensations, are proposed.



Frank Gehry's most interesting building in its architecture, which was supposed to revive the modest development of the center of Los Angeles.
did not receive enough space, and therefore, in our opinion, does not fulfill the urban planning task

In the process of reconstruction of the existing urban environment, combinations of three environmental components undergo changes, which can be illustrated by the example of the creation of pedestrian streets in large historical cities. Giving the street the status of a pedestrian street changes, first of all, its environment, which becomes essentially entertaining. This metamorphosis, for example, has undergone the Moscow Arbat. In the project of transforming this street into a pedestrian street, the interests of people carrying out their activities here, that is, living or working, were not taken into account. The changes in the environment were manifested in the fact that offices and dwellings, unsuitable for an entertainment environment, gave way to souvenir shops and catering establishments. On the site of the former roadway, a central one was spontaneously formed with open trade, wandering musicians and artists. From time to time, persecuted by the authorities, they stubbornly returned and set the main tone for the environment of the Arbat transformed for entertainment and leisure.

Residents and employees of various institutions were driven out by the entertaining crowd, under the influence of which they were no longer able to live or work on the street, where every day from morning until late at night the holiday rages. The objects of this street have also changed: transport and other elements of infrastructure have disappeared, old facades have remained from former residential buildings and office space, and their functions have changed. From business and residential, they turned into a decorative frame for a street intended for idle walks. It should be noted that the architects who designed the pedestrian Arbat did not foresee the consequences of changing the environment, which led to a change not only in the functional purpose of the objects, but also in the subjects - the inhabitants of this environment.

In the production environment, as a rule, the function dominates, which determines the nature of the environment, where the presence of a person is usually not felt.

Modern stage civilizational development is often called scientific and technological revolution, since the rapid development of technology and technology based on scientific achievements has a significant impact on all aspects of human life, including architectural shaping in the public environment of cities

Undoubtedly, design and construction should be carried out taking into account the real situation corresponding to a specific space and a specific local environment. But before starting these important processes of transforming the human environment, it is necessary to understand and analyze the initial data and the situation as a whole as a complex set of interrelated factors. An architect who frees himself from the restrictions caused by the necessary connections loses the sense of place, the sense of the peculiarities of this or that local environment, the dominance of certain objects in it, human needs, or the environment itself due to its nature. Including for this reason, there is an architectural diversity of objects that make up the development of modern suburban settlements around Moscow and other large cities of Russia.

Modern mini-villas with colonnades and mini-castles with turrets, which crowd the territories around large cities and irritate with their miserable pretentiousness and stupidity, are the result of the mutual influence of several reasons. Firstly, tiny plots of land measuring 6-10 acres were distributed in the former socialist state to citizens with the hidden goal of partially solving the food supply of their families with their own hands. Due to the limited functional purpose of these plots for gardening and horticulture, the size of the second "recreational" dwelling was limited, first of all, the dimensions of the so-called "garden houses", both in plan and in height. The restriction on the area was motivated by the need to give more land for a garden, and the height rationing was caused by the desire not to obscure the plantings. In the early 1990s, these restrictions, although they were not officially lifted, were forgotten as a legacy of the "totalitarian regime". In addition, plots of land are increasingly being used not so much for growing agricultural products, but for recreation. A certain part of the population got free money, the market for building materials expanded, and the houses became three-story and spacious. The specific environment of gardening and dacha cooperatives has collapsed, it has become practically uncontrollable by the local administration. In the development of suburban areas, a momentary and non-systemic object approach began to prevail.

Architects, receiving private orders for "villas", tried to make the project simply please the customer, and did not care about the problems of creating a favorable and holistic environment. In most cases, the customer began to dictate his architectural preferences, which can be considered an implementation of the environmental approach, albeit an unprofessional one, since with such a subject-object design method, the interests of specific people were taken into account to some extent. However, in such practice, the urban planning aspect is completely absent, which predetermines the inferiority of the results.

The environment must correspond not only to the needs and preferences of a particular person - the consumer, as theorists suggest. She, no matter how they argue with this, also represents the physical and historical environment of the object. For example, a villa is an object designed for a specific subject, taking into account his aesthetic preferences and providing a normal level of comfort. But a villa located on six acres is difficult, without sinning against it. enter, count in the category of works of architecture. To do this, it must stand on a plot of considerable size and with such landscape features that would allow compositionally separating neighboring houses, and especially villa-like ones, if they are built nearby. If pseudo-villas torment the architectural taste when perceiving the development of new settlements near Moscow, then in the landscape of Finland they look quite good. In the country of numerous islets, channels and lakes, almost every villa can be located on a separate island with rocks, trees and its own pier. This made it possible to form magnificent landscapes, despite the apparent intrusion of artifacts into nature, which is due to the balance of neighboring elements.

The focus of architectural creativity mainly on the creation of "liquid real estate objects" and the lack of an environmental approach in the design of the development of suburban areas of large cities led to the mass construction of pseudo-palaces and pseudo-fortresses, decorated with turrets, domes, and empire-style pediments. Such "works of architecture" closely stuck on small plots of land create a chaotic and flawed urban fabric, unjustifiably replacing natural


In a large industrial city, as Las Vegas really is, one of the most famous streets in the world has created a unique environment for entertainment

The architectural and artistic character of the living environment and its constituent structures must be subject to functional needs and also correspond to social status residents and other socio-psychological parameters. If these requirements are not met, the design results may be questionable. The layout of a small village of houses claiming to be a palazzo is unsatisfactory from an urban planning point of view, since it does not allow creating an environment around each mansion that is adequate to it in terms of spaciousness, the presence of mandatory landscaping elements and other facilities that ensure a normal life in a luxurious house

Landscape. The customer, the owner of a small piece of land, by erecting this kind of mansion publicly demonstrates an individual idea of ​​his microenvironment, drawn from illustrations for the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm and left in memory from childhood. The executors of the will of the customer are often novice architects, students of architectural faculties, or construction companies specializing in the manufacture of construction kits for cottages. This phenomenon cannot be called an environmental approach, although here the interests of the subject come first. This is most likely the absence of urban planning activity, the loss of architectural control over the formation of the environment. This is ignorance environments as a single entity by the customer ( subject) with his individual preferences and designers creating an object at the request of the customer.

After the completion of the construction of many elite settlements near Moscow, it turned out that the result was not so much a residential environment as a demonstrative exhibition of objects - masterpieces, since each country house imitates either a palace XVIII century, or a modernist villa from the 1930s, or a medieval castle, placed on small plots. However, a real palace requires a large space around it, which is inherent in a public, and not a residential environment. The palace is a dominant object, both the person and the environment must obey it. In the Middle Ages, functionally, a palace or castle was essentially a public building with living quarters for the owner, his retinue and servants, in which both residential and public functions were carried out.

Thus, in the development of some elite settlements, a discrepancy is clearly visible objects in the environment, although taking into account the interests of a person, in principle, corresponds to the method of the environmental approach. When creating settlements from buildings designed in the same style, but with different facades and layouts, the influence subjects on Wednesday sleep

The date: 28.08.1978 03:36
Publication source: Speech at the Union of Architects of the Ukrainian SSR 08/22/1978

As is known, the environmental approach is a replica of environmental issues. If ecology is the preservation and reproduction of natural, natural, natural human resources and in this sense is part and development of a naturalistic and natural-science approach to the natural environment, then the environmental approach deals with environmental issues rather in a figurative, metaphorical sense, because it is not so much about the natural environment , how much about the cultural, semiotic environment, filled with all kinds of signs and symbols, in which a person carries out meaningful and experiential behavior.

As soon as this issue was recognized as culturally significant, it turned out that design and architecture, without suspecting much of it, first turned out to be the birthplace of a new environmental reality and even a new aesthetic reality, which I venture to call ecological aesthetics, and whose processes I am going to approach at the end. your message.

Accounting for environmental conditions and restrictions is common place in the professional practice of design and architecture, so we will not talk about such well-known concepts as the subject environment (subject-material environment, which has been written about in design theory), but I will try to talk about the other side of the issue, more closely related to environmental semiotics , about how and from what sign environments are arranged. And at the end of the message I will try to give an aesthetic interpretation of environmental concepts.

In the first part of my message, I will talk about the situational structure of the environment and the functional typology of environmental situations.

The main approach of the environmental concept is, in fact, not even the concept of the environment, but the concept of the situation, or rather, the opposition of three categories: the environment, the situation and the object. They are to each other, firstly, in a hierarchical relationship, in the sense that situations can take place in objects, and environments can take place in situations. And therefore, these concepts could most simply be defined as follows: situations, firstly, can be decomposed into other, more fractional situations, and secondly, they can be made up of more fractional situations; objects are situations that are no longer environments for any other situations, that is, elementary environmental formations that cannot be divided into any new situations; and, conversely, environments are situations that are never objects in any other situations, i.e., objects are the lowest level of realization of situations, and the environment, on the contrary, is the top layer of this consideration, it itself is not in any of situations does not enter and is the limiting mass of situations.

The place of inclusion of one and the other in relation to the problems of design and architecture can be very simply determined, because the starting point here is a person who can move from one situation to another. A situation is something in which a person can move, in which he can stay, from which he can leave, and environments are where we always stay, without entering there and without leaving anywhere - this is a situation of permanent residence.

Now, if we accept this hierarchical definition, and also accept the image of human displacement, then we can turn to the functional typology of the situation, associated primarily with the sign of the preservation and reproduction of the situation. I will first set this typology formally, constructively, and then I will talk about the contents that lie behind this typology. In particular, I will try to justify such an important conclusion that if, within the framework of the system approach, the functions that we consider are usually organized into complex functional structures and are considered in interaction, that is, as dependent on each other, then the essence of the environmental approach is that these functions access us autonomously, and a number of interesting and important conclusions will follow from this.

Each situation, insofar as a person can stay within it, can hit into this situation, moving into it, and can get out of this situation, is characterized in relation to a person, in fact, as a neutrino. And here is one of the typologies of situations that we are considering, and it speaks precisely of these three temporary states.

The first moment is getting into the spatial symbolism of the environment, getting into the situation.

The second is the moment of exit from the situation.

The third is to stay in it.

This is one dimension.

Then, since each situation is objective, filled with objects, and can itself be an object for some other situations, we can appeal to some generalized objects, and we can also distinguish situations functionally. In particular, based on the distinction, we will also distinguish the functions themselves, to which we will appeal, and which we can organize into functional structures (Fig. 1).

		S	M	F
	Tr
	An
	Ad
	Pr
	pl
	Ut
	X
	N

Rice. one

The first and simplest type of situation is broadcast a situation that is completely independent of the fact that a person is in it, getting into it and getting out of the situation. The sign by which we characterize this situation is independence from the fact that a person gets into a situation, stays in it and leaves it - the situation does not change in any way. This means that it is broadcast in the environmental structure completely independently of a person. Here there are natural objects and all object-embodied formations, in particular, structures and objects that reside in them, so there are urban formations.

If we remained on such a purely natural, natural-scientific point of view, or a scientific and technical point of view on urban structures, then we would consider them as if without regard to the existence of a person: how many people visit some object, how they visit it and whether they visit it at all - this, as it were, does not affect the functional qualities of urban situations.

Consideration of the situation can be of a different type - it no longer characterizes the subject part of urban environmental formations, but the way they function and the way people master these situations.

The second type - we will call it " annihilating" situations are situations that change in such a way from a person getting into them that while staying in this situation we experience its certainty, and when leaving this situation, we somehow lose this sign. Further, when we differentiate environments into psychological, socio-psychological, and purely natural, there we will separate those different aspects that will interpret both the preservation of an objective point of view and the preservation of the impressions that a person acquires.

Other types of such annihilating situations include texts of communication. So while a meeting is going on, and we are paying all our attention to its content, and then someone who is late gets here and still finds this attention in in perfect order, then he leaves and he has nothing left - such an unsuccessful report that in the end nothing is left of the situation - this is the functional type of an annihilating situation, which belongs to the plane of the socio-psychological experience of the act of sharing the situation.

The third type is adaptable situations. They exist before we get into the situation, then they adapt or recover after we get into it, but during our stay in these situations, their external signs are lost, the situation, as it were, does not exist. For example, a situation when people are talking about something they understand well, and an outsider “gets into” this situation, and the previous characteristic of communication between one and the other seems to disappear, then the outsider leaves and the general agreement is restored. The same thing can happen to such an intelligent intellectual who goes to see, say, architectural monuments. He has previously loaded himself with all sorts of book and other secondary information, but when he gets to the object he is looking for, when active walking, looking and experiencing begins, he does not find any response in himself to what he sees, although when he returns to his office or to some familiar state, the course of associations nevertheless emerges, but already in hindsight.

The fourth type productive a situation that, on the contrary, generates in us a content that persists. In human communication, this is a conversation in the course of which mutual understanding is born, in relation to some object, some kind of image arises, and then it is stably preserved by us upon exiting the situation.

Further (fifth type) - ongoing situations. They are such that the external initial semantic potential with which we enter the situation is realized, embodied in something else, and leaving the situation we no longer have what we came there with. Such are the expended forces, or the embodied experiences, or something else that we bring to where we go and leave there.

The sixth type virtual situations that haunt us in conscious active behavior. These are, as a rule, illusory consequences of experiences, feelings that we do not own either in the situation or outside it. Something is going on in this moment and it seems very important to us, suggests staying for life, but when we wake up or go beyond the threshold, we find that nothing is left, that experiences have not produced anything.

And two other types. The seventh characterizes our conscious, subconscious, unintentional participation in a situation, when only in hindsight, having left the situation, we suddenly discover that some knowledge remains in our consciousness.

And finally neutral situations in which nothing happens at all, by which we pass completely without noticing them.

Having enumerated the distinctive and functional types of situations, we can make a few remarks as to what these functions mean for the aesthetic application of the environmental approach.

The most characteristic thing that could be noted is the abstraction of the independence of functions. The essence and meaning of the concept of environment lies in the fact that situations remain in the environment regardless of our stay in them, getting into them and generating these situations, and the situation of leaving them. The basis and foundation of the environment are precisely the situations of the broadcast type.

Only because somehow, either due to natural inertia, or due to the special structure of the mechanism of social functioning, situations are able to live when we can get into them, and remain in their original form when we leave them. The presence of this main layer of recreated situations characterizes the environmental approach.

Of course, in an artificial urban environment, all situations were once generated and then implemented, and someday they will either change themselves or be rebuilt, reconstructed, redone. But it is important that in some way, in which we do not stipulate now, the translation function is autonomous, it is master, which is why we have the right to say that the environment consists of situations, that they seem to exist and are recreated themselves, and we can consider types spatial movements that are characteristic of any kind of network architectural reality.

Although professional communication is possible between those who are in the situation (residents living in the city), those who create it (architects, urban planners, designers) and all other authors participating in labor cooperation, this communication refers, as it were, to a special, top professional layer of life of the environment and within the framework of the environmental approach is considered as insignificant, irrelevant to what takes place in this environment.

This first judgment is an abstraction of the independence of translation functions from the functional types of media of another kind.

Other situations rather characterize the way a person participates in the environment, the way of experiencing the environmental situation, and how this experience occurs, I will try to consider further. And to correlate the fixed types of environment with the types of signs that are developed in perception and with the types of the ability of consciousness with which we perceive these situations.

In order to take the next step in the discussion, I will compare two sets of concepts, one of which refers to the usual spatial representations of a person, and the other, which refers to the reality of ...... consciousness.

In order to separate, actually, functionally certain situations, given in the concepts I have listed so far, from those spatial images, ......

……

our immediate spatial experiences. Thus, we will establish a correspondence, or rather, we will describe a kind of spatial metaphysics of consciousness, for our spatial representations turn simultaneously in two ways: on the one hand, into literally words, since our visual apparatus, as it were, serves for ... ... our movement in space, and therefore it needs all spatial concepts in a utilitarian, pragmatic sense, and on the other hand, the language of spatial images of a figurative, metaphorical plan that characterizes the inner world of a person, his thinking and consciousness.

And so, if we now establish such an unambiguous correspondence between literal spatial representations and these representations in a figurative sense, then further we will be able, speaking in spatial language, to create the reality of inner experience. What we, in fact, are striving for, because we are interested in environments primarily of sign and socio-psychological types.

Here, in order to register this metaphysics, you can use a fairly simple scheme that fixes different types of adaptation of the relationship of thinking, consciousness and situation. (Fig. 2)

Wednesday

(Fig. 2)

These will be concentric circles, the outer of which will depict the environment, it is limiting and therefore there is nothing behind it; the middle one will depict the situation, and the smallest one will represent the subject.

Two types of relationship between a person and a situation are allowed. Two types of relationships that are provided by two different features of consciousness. One relation is the relation to objects, to what is “thrown” in front of us, and what is displayed by a person with his ability to represent. The faculty of representation is the faculty by which we can imagine something in front of us, as in literal, physical sense- put the object in front of you, and in ....... logical sense, when we imagine a certain image.

The second relationship that we can talk about is the relationship of understanding, which registers our involvement in a certain situation or environment as a whole, when we do not imagine any object, do not contemplate its external properties, but, on the contrary, recreate in ourselves a meaningful state that does not is not limited, and to which neither the object, nor the person with whom we communicate, nor any memory related to them, and any states of understanding given by our inclusion in some kind of community can be put in correspondence.

Thus, we understand some properties natural environment in which we live, we understand some features of the folk psychology, language and culture of our people in which we were born and raised, never seeing it in its entirety in front of us, but owning this content.

Thus, we understand the representatives of that community, which is already more complete: a professional group or one or another primary group, own the signs and means by which we communicate with each other, and recognize each other, but we will not always be able to express this in something something external, in a thing, in an object ...

In addition to these types of relations, there are also a number of others that are extremely important for our logical-spatial metaphor. We will distinguish between two types of freedom that a person has: internal, external and ……. And we will build systems again in the presence of absence (Fig. 3).

	external
internal
	adaptation Ability of judgment	Identification Understanding
	suspension Performance	Apperception naturalization

(Fig. 3)

In the case of representation, since when we are outside the object, we cannot get into the object itself or into the situation, we have

So, in the case of representation, since we are outside the object, but we cannot get into the object itself or into the situation, we have only external freedom, we are removed from the object and represent it. The spatial state of detachment from the subject generates a representation.

In another case, on the contrary, we register complete involvement in the situation, internal identification with it, and we do this in the form of understanding.

These two cases are opposed to each other.

Now let us ask ourselves as to why we are registering this inner and outer freedom.

In the figure, this is a certain border or what we depict this border with. This is a state that has both external and internal freedom. Spatially - this is the possibility of exit and entry into (from) the situation, in a figurative sense - it is also the possibility of inclusion or non-inclusion in some kind of relationship, i.e. this is “adaptation”, because here we have full ability, and speaking relatively representation and understanding, then it is the ability of judgment.

And, finally, the fourth state, when we do not have either internal or external freedom, according to a certain opposition with others, is apperception, the ability to have some internal experience, images and symbols without being included in any situation, this is what is directly embodied……

…… in its dismemberment, which we acquired along with consciousness itself in the process of training and education. This state could be called naturalization.

Here we already see that each of the positions corresponds to some kind of ability. Now this metaphor can be formulated explicitly.

What is a border? That which operates the faculty of judgment. What is the faculty of judgment? It operates with signs and with the meanings of these signs, which are not capable of judgment, i.e., judgment is an act of deciding on the meaning of some object or some situation. Judging, we are, as it were, developing a sign or giving a definition of a sign. That is why any boundary, delimitation turns out to be, so to speak, a spatial synonym for the logical concept of a sign, and the ability to move becomes a synonym for the ability to judge.

In the same way, internal …….., which we can talk about in the language of space, corresponds to what the faculty of understanding deals with, and it deals with …… thoughts that we understand and possess.

Therefore, such synonymy is everything that we qualify in spatial symbols as inner, then in logical symbols it qualifies as meaningful or meaning.

That is why we say that a person does not understand the inner meaning, which means that he is not included in this issue, he is outside of it, he has an external, superficial view. This means that he does not understand what constitutes the inner semantic core of the problematic. He can outwardly imagine what is at stake, but he does not own the essence of the matter.

Then we get the following graph (Fig. 4):

A(x) = S(┐ x);

Signs correspond to boundaries, thinking corresponds to moving from one situation to another: we looked out the window, and then moved on - that means reasoning has been done, a series of judgments has been made that will lead us to a new logical situation.

The very …….. judgment corresponds to the ability to put boundaries on a certain semantic space, delimits and gives ourselves the idea that we get out of the situation and look at it from the outside and through which we begin to understand the meaning.

Having understood all this, we have registered the logical semantics that stands behind natural, everyday spatial representations. And in general, all natural everyday ideas are, as a rule, ideas of a spatial type and only metaphorically hint at what happens in consciousness in a certain way. In fact, representation, understanding, judgment, apperception, signs, meanings, meanings of objects enter consciousness, and we speak of it as if it were an internal space. Although, where this inner space is is unclear.

We say - just imagine ..., we say - we imagine ..., we are talking about some internal movements, we are talking about the inner world, which is more complex or less complex. Religious people say that the kingdom of God is within us. Although it is clear that it is not inside the skull, as a physically limited volume, but inside some other space, which, it seems, is not placed anywhere in us, nevertheless, we do not experience any misunderstandings speaking in spatial language, which means for us it existence is certain enough.

And so, what is this internal semantic space in which all these sensations are justified, we will talk about this at the very end of the message. Spanking we're just applying naively, on believing what's natural……,

therefore, the ordinary experience of consciousness is quite, so to speak, correct, and that our ideas do not deceive us, and that we can talk about logical idealized entities ... taking this on faith, one can say that the functional situations that I spoke about earlier are only in appearance, according to this ordinary layer, they are literally spatial, and if we translate into a logical language, then it is clear that these are logical situations, that is, related to the reality of thinking, and further these situations should already be interpreted in logical terms. At this stage, neither natural nor known historical ideas about the city as a book that moves in the course of reading it, which speak of just such a reality, will be considered.

It doesn’t matter what moves before what: whether the text is literary, whether it unfolds page after page, or we as perceiving movements in the environment – ​​the nature of reading can be unidirectional here, at least it is described here in the same concepts. And this metaphor, characteristic of more or less refined perception, is realized in the synonymy I have noted.

Finishing the second part, we could notice one simple internal structure of the listed functional situations. If we take the presence or absence of signs literally, i.e., in the sense of the negation procedure, then we get such a peculiar thing: if we take the presence of these signs (as well as negation) literally and if we oppose in a rude sense a person (Author) and field of the situation, then it will turn out to be quite a natural thing for this typology that the image of the situation, the objective, so to speak, structure of the situation, and the image that a person takes away from it, turn out to be diametrically separated. Let's say that situations that are broadcast in this sense are synonymous with situations of a neutral type (Fig. 5).

Tr=N;Ad=Vt;

An=X; Pr=Rl;

(Fig. 5)

In fact, the situation, as it were, remained the same, regardless of whether we entered it or left it - it is positive, it exists, regardless of whether we enter it or leave it, it is still the same. But precisely because nothing changes when entering or leaving it, when crossing the border, no increment is registered by consciousness, no derivative from our stay in the situation in consciousness has occurred, and therefore it will be perceived as neutral, and the person in it as Anonymous, who has no signs.

In such a classical, scientific, technical, objectifying idea of ​​the urban environment, this is exactly what happens: a person acts as an anonymous person who himself does not have any signs, who is not aware of any personal property of any other person, and he quickly moves from one functional situation to another. satisfying one need after another, all situations in the city are known to him, nothing new happens, and not a single situation has any figurative or any other characteristic, since the very basic structural structure of the environment comes from the image of a city dweller, which is described in anti-urban criticism.

Actually, in it the city is criticized for the fact that the more flawlessly each function is performed, the more neutral each situation is for a person and the more neutral each citizen is for another citizen. In the limit, each situation is depicted as extremely neutralized, all the townspeople - as not knowing each other, this is the crown of functional freedom, but this freedom is completely inhuman - it is good to have it in a negative sense, that is, not to be bound by a poorly functioning situation, but in the limit it is ... ….

What happens as a result comes from the conception of the environment and the person as objects, from the assumption that signs can only take on two meanings, the idealization of an anonymous citizen, is a simple consequence of the idea that perfect city is made up of well-functioning functional situations.

All this suggests that consciousness always assimilates the opposite image of how a situation works: if it is destroyed by our participation in it, then what remains in our consciousness is that which is unchanged.

Here already from a number of………, without introducing any definitions, any…… functional types of situations and correlating spatial types with figurative ones, we can mark all this as……… spaces of conversation, interpret different types of urban behavior in a situation.

For now, it is important for me to fix the technique itself, for the sake of which we define functional situations and how we translate spatial properties into non-spatial ones, so I will not dwell on this further.

Question: Can the same situation have different features?

O. G.:I'm talking about the situation and the participation of only one person in it. Therefore, each situation can have many authors and be experienced in different ways, that is, be different situations, have different signs. One sign, one person...

Question:Is the situation objective in relation to the perceiver or something else?

O. G.:They have an objective character to the extent that they are broadcast, if the mechanism of translation is adjusted, then they are completely objective.

Question.:The same, but in other words?

O. G.:That's precisely because we are talking not about natural but about socio-cultural environments that, without the attention of an understanding being in them, are unthinkable, do not exist.

Questionabout the adequacy of some real, objectively existing situation to the reading of it by the individual.

O. G.:The answer to your question lies in the very concept of the situation. If reading were absolutely effective, if a person had absolute information capacity, then there would be no situations, he would perceive the entire environment at once. Precisely because man is a finite, spatially finished being, he can at any given moment only abide one spatial situation, in another he needs more move. And in situations, the fact of human finiteness is manifested. For this, the environment is divided into situations on a human scale, where he could stay and process the appropriate amount of information. He is finite in his powers and possibilities, after all. It is precisely the fact that we consider situations, and not environments, that expresses the fact, I would not say - the objective, but vital, finiteness of a person.

And then we can fix the following four positions (Fig. 6).

i (internal); e (external);

T (def. for consciousness);

┴ (indefinite for consciousness)

IDENTIFICATION

SITUATIONS OUTSIDE AND INSIDE

T(i)┴ (e )/ i - communal exchange type

T(i)┴ (e )/ e - displacement

┴ (i ) T (e )/ i - transformation

┴ (i ) T (e )/- transformation

with which we must reflect already known concepts. It is only important for me that……. from the same row and they refer to the same ......

If an object is internally self-identical, externally it is not self-identical, i.e. its external position in space changes, and at the same time……. how to be reflected from the external to the external, then this is an ordinary movement, but not a displacement, however, if, under the same assumptions, we refer to the internal, then this is an exchange, and what is very important for us, this is an exchange of a communicative type.

Thus, moving and exchanging are, in fact, the same thing, only when we talk about it ... so I give ... this pack to my wife and if we look at the pack itself (at what, how exchange), then this is an exchange, and if we say where it takes place, in what spaces, then this is a fixed movement, although, in essence, objectively speaking, the same thing happens. As in the case of communication: we exchange texts and it is the texts that are important to us, and we are talking about communication. And if we talk about today's message, then we will pay attention not to the content, but to how it all goes along the wires ... how it all happens. In the same way, the opposite case, if this or something else is self-identical, then we make two other distinctions: transformation and transformation.

When we talk about transformation, we are talking about the fact that some objects and some structures are transformed, as it were, from outside, and when we talk about transformation, we are talking about the own decomposition or transformation of the object.

It is important for me to note one simple thing here, which, of course, is a structural approach, insofar as it was formulated in the practice of scientific and technical attitude to socio-technical systems, primarily in the field of machinery, where machines are purely devices. external to man, then the agent gives it to the actual active attitudes to transform some objects, to transform the states of the system, to transform some material of this system ... when it processes this material - this is a setting for transformability. Behind this is a whole system ... premises that the material always not only can, but always should be converted; if in some situation or in some place something is not right, then urgent measures must be taken, this situation must be transformed, improved. So here it is technical, or the system-technical attitude inherent in the system approach, is associated with some professional optimism, with the belief that all problems can be solved by taking some measures, by developing a project of measures, by introducing some device or some wonderful project into life - and then everything will change. If in the space of history we move after the future, then this will be a process.

At the same time, the second pair characterizes an ideologically different attitude to reality. First, it insists on the inherent value of communication, dialogue, communication. If in the case of a systematic approach such rationalism, an attitude towards development, the validity of the project, then the possibility of developing a project - it also applies to transformed states of consciousness, then the inverse function is emphasized in the means of the approach, not the value of perspective, but the value of communication. Namely, that the desired solution or preliminary understanding should be developed in the process of mutual understanding, should be the agreement of those communicating, and not submission to the logical authorities of the project. And, accordingly, the substantive part of the situation should or can be improved as far as possible not by applying external efforts, i.e. by introducing into the situation and transforming it, but only by naturally transforming the situation as a result of selecting ... a communicative type, finding mutual understanding and agreement, developing the acquisition of the basis, which can then serve as a decision.

So, if in the first case the emphasis is on the distinctness of…….. the logical concept into which the solution is transformed, then in the second case it is rather on the traditional foundations of consciousness, this is a reference to historical tradition, to its content, i.e. to what can be the basis for mutual understanding and communication.

So, the environmental approach naturally gravitates towards historicism and emphasizes the value of traditional formations, which are natural dominants around which environmental communication revolves.

Opposing each other transformation, on the one hand, transformation and movement in space, on the other, I do not want to insist on some kind of antagonism or even a purely logical difference between environmental and systemic approaches, but it is important for me to emphasize that in terms of its internal form, internal content the environmental approach is closer to the reality of design and architecture, firstly, due to the historicity of the objects of architecture and design themselves, the form of participation of needs, users, at the same time being in a situation.

Therefore, it must be said that the appearance of an ominous figure of a designer against the background of the environment somehow did not please me, in this sense, because the assertion of the design nature of architecture, and, secondly, to load the designer while declaring him a system designer - all this translates the matter into completely different side, therefore, there are a lot of system projects - projects of design organization, which, as a rule, are completely indifferent to the natural environmental life of objects and to what actually happens in the process of environmental communication.

Now I want to tell just as briefly about the types of relations in the environment that this transforming and communicating individual of ours sends. Everything speaks for doing it in such a typological form, so that the whole ... ... .. meaning of what is being said is translated into a commentary on it.

In the first case, in the first typology, which I will later compare with the second, we will deal with the social properties of the environment. Here we need a specific distinction between the words "all" and "each" (Fig. 7).

	all
Everyone
	exotic environment	Mental environment
	Social group environment	Habitat (accommodation)

(Fig. 7)

Since this, if we somehow fix our attention on this, is not the same thing, and in this case we are talking about types of environment in connection with various kinds of socio-psychological characteristics, i.e., the environment can be different for everyone and for everyone.

It is clear that the natural environment literally corresponds to the type of……. Spatio-temporal material objects that exist due to the inertness of their existence, and since we are talking about processes completely alienated from us, they form an environment that is completely irrelevant to a person’s attitude to it. This is the natural environment in the literal sense, but the same, in essence, is the artificial environment that exists naturally, as if conditionally natural. This is supported by a hidden, invisible to us activity, such as, for example, the already noted ideal, neutral city, where everything is automatically carried out, work and provision are also ideally organized, where each object for use becomes, as it were, natural and, as it were, natural (in the sense of second nature) . Therefore, such a kind of natural environment belongs to this neutral type are registered after all other types of environments are registered.

There is such a type of environments, and these are, first of all, the social and functional environments of the city, related to certain service areas that are relevant to their group consumer as a group representative, and which are not relevant to the consumer himself as a person. If in the first case, the environmental characteristics of this type of environment will have some parameter of placement, placement in the environment, i.e. this is a spatial characteristic, and also the possibility of visiting this environment, then in the case of a social group environment, only non-personal for each related to this characteristic of the situation, and there is a typical characteristic for a consumer of a certain type. We are talking about a contingent that, by the function of the situation, is associated with it by group characteristics, and not by its individual characteristics.

This is the majority of situations in standard service systems, to use the well-known distinction between standard service and selective service. These situations should be active, i.e. narrowly focused, in a functional sense, only for a typical consumer. And, conversely, they remain neutral, in this sense, for each of the individuals. And therefore, in standard service systems, it is natural to aim at minimizing the time spent, at the utmost specificity of serving visitors, striving to minimize contacts both with other visitors and with the representatives of the service sector themselves, etc. which the visitor encounters in the system of standard service (as well as in a neutral city, it at the same time means the ultimate depreciation of the spatiality of the environment, because space has no independent value) in this sense, in standard networks, service, in particular transport, when they are placed into the basis of the city, a wonderful paradox arises that setting to minimize all elements in the limit would mean reducing all elements of the sphere to zero. This is, of course, idealized, it only means that for this standard, neutral city, space has no self-sufficient value, it is only an obstacle to moving from one situation to another, and the time it takes is “time wasted”, wasted time . Pastime as such is also not significant. Space and time are not values ​​that would be inseparable from human nature. Although they are at the same time an irremovable evidence and therefore spatial, and therefore temporal, and this irremovable characteristic of all life on earth (as opposed to the dead) and it would seem that it was the spatio-temporal properties that created all desires and somehow /…/ with the very fact of life, and at the same time, this functional, neutral city has a set to devalue it all.

And therefore, this type of environment highlights, on the one hand, the function of an object, and on the other hand, a standard consumer, a psychologically standardized group, here it is relevant for everyone included in this group, but this type of environment is not relevant for everyone, in particular.

An environment that is polar to this type of environment, which can be conditionally designated as a socio-psychological or simply “mental” environment. This is a type of environment that is completely irrelevant to the motivated sociological (psychological) features of a person, his personal or any other survey data, and which twists only in acts of communicative consent of a person with himself or one person with another person and somehow spontaneously arising in the city, points of gravity, either marked by some social characteristics, aesthetic or historical properties, or sometimes appearing in completely unexpected places, which differ only in acts of internal communication and therefore these acts are most closely connected with time in general and with the inner consciousness of a person, because the internal time of a person is measured by the acts of consent, disagreement in communications, entering into contact and leaving contact. At the same time, the events of the emergence of a connection and the rupture of time of this state are signified by the objects included in the situation or by the situations themselves, and therefore these situations become, as it were, marks on the internal time or clocks that organize it and that simply create it. Therefore, we can say that a situation of this type is a kind of city clock that dismembers the inner time of a city dweller. It must be said that the difference, in emphasizing the value of time, or vice versa - in depreciating it, it also takes place for the city as a whole: if a neutral functional city, by the way, is paradoxical in one more sense: since space is nevertheless irremovable, then the reduction time would lead to the ideal of an absolutely homogeneous, homogeneous city, when at each of its points, or at each given moment, it would be exactly to satisfy any need, i.e., all situations are functionally identical.

For situations of the opposite type, the city, on the contrary, is a space of unexceeded possibilities, where at each point it is possible to satisfy only one specific need and only at one specific time. That is why one space and time is loaded with a certain value load, and it is characteristic that this type of situation is purely subjective, since it refers to the inner time of human existence.

And finally, the type of environment that is both relevant to everyone and everyone's share. This can happen if we are already adjusting according to the internal structures and time of consciousness, if we register it… it is like a set of means, which, as it were, does not want to be an internal space or an internal world. This is something that characterizes not the group, not individual, but the generic nature of a person, his inclusion in some kind, either in humanity in general, or in the people as a whole, that is, what is, as it were, identical in us to each other completely regardless of our own activity, our desire or unwillingness to understand each other, that which constitutes the actual space of human existence. Descartes called him Lumen Natural supernatural light, in which the internal processes - thinking ... this is where we move with clear vision - the ideal of clarity and distinctness suggests that we see clearly in some kind of light. Metaphorically, this is like a luminous space in which we see, internally contemplate objects, in which we move, making judgments and delineate the boundaries of that internal movement, in contrast to the external one, from where we start.

And this is not some kind of mysterious metaphor in the sense that, according to the opposition of signs, signs, we take quite specific distinctions. And the environments that are distinguished at first are also then more complete, more subjective when considered, because the very presence of a series of consideration indicates that its limit is not only to some extent complete, but also content-natural, then if at first we are talking about a purely natural environment, then we are through the functional belonging of the social environment, relevant to some groups, then - about the psychological environment, relevant only to acts of internal communication and mutual understanding, then, finally, we see a type of environment that is also relevant to a person, then we can explain this by space inner world, which allows us to internally clearly (in the inner light), as it were, to contemplate everything that is happening around.

If the social environment is opposite to the mental environment, i.e., one is relevant only for groups, and the second only for everyone, and in such a way that everyone opposes everyone as a person, then this graphic environment of the inner world is opposed only to the natural environment.

It is clear that it is she, as the ultimate type, that is the prerequisite for environmental contemplation as for ... open types. When we spoke in the previous picture about the border, about internal and external, about thinking as a movement, about boundary signs, etc., then there for us the question of what kind of internal space remained open, i.e. where these internal mental acts take place (it still deals directly there ...), that in this case we can say that this synonymy of logical and “mechanical” experience is possible only because this mechanical experience of moving in masses of bodies in personal space occurring in natural environment, is once again supplemented by social and psychological communication in neighboring environments and can be implemented and logically possible in this "objective" environment, which can be a city.

Everyone or almost everyone talks about the development of the city. However, even if everyone would have the same understanding of the essence of development (which, of course, there is no mention of), there inevitably remains a qualitative difference in the ways of understanding the city itself. so-called. the branch approach to understanding any phenomena of the external world is so deeply rooted in the minds of all specialists that it controls their activities, and in a certain sense it can be argued that any task interpreted by a specialist is overwhelmingly “solved” even before it was set.

A transport specialist sees the city as a complex network of connections through which flows rush with greater or lesser success, outlines areas of transport accessibility (and, accordingly, relative inaccessibility), determines "sections of pipelines", which - if they are not expanded in a timely manner - must inevitably lead to to "traffic jams" and a decrease in the average speed of movement, etc. A transport specialist can assess what the road network will look like and what will be the need for parking, depending on whether the public transport system will develop or, on the contrary, degrade in relation to the individual car. However, as vast experience, primarily American, has shown, a specialist in transport can never be aware of the validity of a specific law of urban development, according to which not only the need to compensate for the overload of traffic flows requires the laying of new or expansion of old tracks, but the laying of new and expansion old ways, in turn, give rise to a new wave of increasing transport load on the city and its surrounding landscape.

The heating specialist sees the city as a huge factory for absorbing and releasing heat energy. He is able to quite accurately determine the need for heat depending on the volume and tightness of buildings, he is able to quite accurately determine the heat loss in the network and choose the heating technology depending on the task assigned to him, taking the planning scheme and building types as a supporting fact. At the same time, the task for the heat engineer will be set by the city authorities in the way it was defined in our country during the Khrushchev reforms, based on the idea that any concentration and enlargement is good, and therefore the transition from medium-sized boiler houses to powerful thermal power plants is an undeniable blessing; or - developers-developers interested in building densely in the system of private households, and then the transition from medium-sized boilers to small efficient heaters will be considered the highest good; or by oil companies interested not only in maintaining the level of sales, but also in strengthening their image as guardians of ecological balance, and then the public good will be defined as the reduction of harmful emissions from heat production, regardless of the source and form of its receipt, etc.

The builder sees the city as a complex sum of buildings of varying degrees of deterioration, while taking into account the difference in unit costs for reconstruction, depending on the chosen construction technology and the method of financing it. The developer-developer sees it as an opportunity for new replacement development with varying potential for commercial viability, although of course it takes into account political considerations such as conservation movements or heritage conservationists or organized groups of citizens fighting to preserve habitual places of residence.

The financier and the economist who serves him see the city as a space for the movement of capital, marking on its map the zones and nodes of the highest and average intensity, and even outlining in red the zones where it is inexpedient to invest until the cost of land and buildings falls below a critical level, and then, after buying such areas, their reconstruction will be determined only according to the criterion of increasing the efficiency of capital investments.

The sociologist sees in the city a drama of interaction between layers and groups that react differently to the same phenomena of the surrounding reality, stating shifts in value orientations and behavioral stereotypes, but his forecasts are more than problematic. The historian sees in the city a layering of traces of the activity of generations and centuries, depending on the philosophical orientation, evaluating them with admiration or despondency, but his knowledge of the past does not provide a reliable orientation in the near future. The politician sees the city as an arena for the clash of group and institutionalized interests, including competitive politicians, and seeks both financial support and popularity at the same time, which pushes him to form complex, compromise programs by definition, and so on.

The traditional planner is just one of many other specialists, but his perception of the city as the coexistence of many filled and conditionally empty spaces with different functional purposes creates the illusion that he is able to independently coordinate the efforts of all others. In fact, he is engaged in just as partial reconciliation of various interests, as, say, an economist or politician, answering their task, while his own claims to set an independent task, widely reflected in the literature (from Tony Garnier and Le Corbusier to Kenzo Tange), turned out to be nothing more than self-deception. As soon as a new actor appears on the social scene of the city - organized groups of citizens who put forward their own ideas about the necessary, desirable and harmful - the traditional planner is at a loss. He was brought up in a professional school, which assigned him the duty, the opportunity and therefore the right to speak on behalf of the townspeople, he functioned in a system of more or less successfully defending his ideas in relations with the city authorities, declaring himself in the form of a spokesman for the needs of the same townspeople, and suddenly, in the eyes of these very townspeople, he found himself ranked among a number of alienated experts serving the interests of the authorities and the dominant economic forces.

Already by the end of the 1950s, a split began to emerge within the corps of planners-experts (who only in Soviet times, with a fair amount of self-praise, declared themselves city planners), from which a small group of "renegades" emerged at first, realizing their responsibility for a new understanding of the city - without self-satisfaction, but also without self-indulgence - including for the productivity of contact with new social movements. In America, this was caused primarily by a clear urban crisis due to the explosive growth of new suburbs that became the realm of the automobile. In Europe, the same phenomenon was generated later - by the destruction of historical quarters, general irritation about new mass construction and ethical problems of experts in the context of the crisis of traditional culture in the second half of the 60s. Here we have already managed to experience delight over the first five-story buildings, to go over to despondency at the sight of a horizon pierced with five-, nine-, and then twelve-story "boxes", not experiencing joy from all subsequent, ever higher box forms, but the very thought about the socio-cultural content of urban life could not arise in a situation outside the economy, outside politics and outside free access to world culture. We first heard about new interpretations of the city in the context of a general stunning new information about events in Western culture during its crisis renewal only in 1967 - from Polish colleagues, because then Poland was the only bridge of communication with the rest of the big world.

By 1970, based on a series of experimental design work for various cities of the then Soviet Union, we had passed the first stage of liberation from purely design stereotypes, when it was assumed that the project, like a stamp, should be printed on the neutral soil of the city. During the 70s, we were still only mastering those fragmentary fragments of information that penetrated to us with considerable difficulty: suffice it to say that one of these fragments was the idea of ​​ecology as such, which today seems incredible, so much the word "ecology" has become at least familiar and, as it were, generally understood. Still, economic and political realities remained not only taboo in the social world external to us, but also internally remained as if non-existent. Even in purely theoretical terms possible forms organization of architectural design in my book, published in 1977, I spoke about design, about the sphere of construction and the more or less conditional world of management, without feeling the need for an economic form of consideration: there was, of course, some economy in the country, but he had an economic organization was not and could not be.

It was only in the early 1980s, when communication with the West finally became more or less regular, that we were able to discover that, in any case, we had time to master the modern level and style of theoretical knowledge. It turned out that our Western colleagues were by no means able to overcome the traditional burden of sectoral disunity of knowledge, skills and ideas. We were able to make sure that our own developments of what came to be called the environmental approach (comprehensive or holistic planning - comprehensive planning, as they say in the West), are not inferior to the work of colleagues in anything, except for one, but an extremely significant element - practical experience. Since 1984, when the pre-perestroika mentality was already in the air, remaining unidentified, it was possible to make the first attempts in our country to approach the solution of urban problems from a new side, fraught with surprises: trying to establish a constructive dialogue between experts from outside, city or industrial authorities, and, finally, the city dwellers themselves. Just at this moment, I managed to publish the first book in Russia not so much about the environmental approach itself, but about moving towards it, and it was at that moment that a UNESCO conference was held in Suzdal, dedicated to the methodological crisis of misunderstanding between specialists working with the city as an object of research .

The circuit I posted was fairly straightforward. In a few words, it can be reduced to the following. No matter how many specialized views of the city we find, whether there are ten, one hundred or five hundred, they can all be grouped into three broad approaches: natural science, sociotechnical and sociocultural. The first one covers any special activities where an object external to the observer is studied as such in a feasible objective way: a classic example of this is the ecological analysis of the hydrogeological map of the city, on which all levels, directions and intensities of movement of underground and surface water. The eternal key philosophical category for the first approach is truth. The second approach turns out to be common to all kinds of operations, where a conceivable object must be translated into reality according to the will of the author, disciplined in accordance with the accumulated knowledge and skill: the most characteristic example of this approach is the traditional architectural and engineering design, the result of which is all the buildings of the city and all its technical infrastructures ranging from water supply and sewerage to e-mail and cellular phone systems. It is absurd to talk about truth here, and the key category of the approach is the viability or realism of the project, which, of course, is evaluated according to the time of its development. The third key approach covers the area of ​​a more or less refined assessment of the surrounding world: philosophy, religion, art, literary criticism, and indeed all ordinary human reactions to external stimuli. Here, within the framework of this approach, the city is assessed as comfortable and uncomfortable, beautiful and ugly, boring and enticing. Here, in the final analysis, the very not quite definite public opinion is formed, which directly or indirectly emerges outside in the sphere of making economic and political decisions (which should clearly be attributed to the second, or sociotechnical approach).

For the sake of clarity, I glued a small model of the interaction of these three approaches from thin sticks, so that it stood on a shelf above my typewriter for a long time (there were no personal computers in our everyday life). It should be admitted that a well-known cunning is hidden in the above enumeration - the very possibility of listing the three main approaches is feasible only from some external position in relation to any of them, and this implies the presence of a fourth approach, methodological. Only one stereometric figure connects four planes together, even if these are only speculative planes for viewing an object - this is a tetrahedral pyramid, a tetrahedron. The tetrahedron was glued out of sticks and therefore was transparent, which made it possible to hang an object ("city") to the top on a thread.

Practical experiments, overshadowed by this small transparent design, took place in Naberezhnye Chelny, Yelabuga and Tikhvin in the transition years 1985-1987. The fundamental difference from the traditional analytical and project approach was that, while paying tribute to the usual objectified information about the state of development, infrastructure, composition of residents, etc., we focused on everything that had always been left out. We were interested in the extent to which people identify themselves with the place: the "old city" and the "new city" were found not only in Tikhvin, where the old wooden town and the prefabricated concrete "settlement" obviously oppose each other, separated by a river valley, but also in Naberezhnye Chelny, where a sharp contrast was found between the “settlement” of the builders of the hydroelectric station of the 50s and the super-settlement of KamAZ, and in Yelabuga, where the “new city” existed only in projects related to the planned (and never took place) construction of a huge tractor plant. We were interested in how residents perceive the surrounding urban world, and we used a simple and effective technique: schoolchildren of the fifth and sixth grades drew "my city" at our request. In Naberezhnye Chelny, an essentially terrible world grew up on standard sheets of albums, chained in a lattice of seams between panels, so that even people and cars on the street turned out to be inscribed in the same lattice. In Tikhvin, the "worlds" depicted by the young inhabitants of the "old city" and the "new city" had nothing in common, the "new city" was seen from the old as a kind of cubist silhouette, while the "old city" was not seen from the other side and , as it was checked, practically did not know. We were interested in how and to what extent urban residents were ready for independent thinking, preparing to enter adulthood, and we found in the writings of high school students an imprint of the deepest conformism with external decorative freethinking. It was important for us to understand whether the workers, engineers and managers of enterprises were at least to some extent ready for the opportunities and difficulties of the clearly impending changes in economic life, whether they were open to new forms of co-organization of efforts to solve new problems, and we found incredible timidity in the formulation own assessment and constructive judgments about the simplest things like mastering the space around the "family club" or protecting children from accidents ...

We have made some progress. In Tikhvin, it was possible to unite the interests of disparate groups, linking the task of creating their own club space for teenagers, the task of restoring an old post station, the possibilities of a museum and the possibilities hidden in such an empty, seemingly empty formality as labor lessons at school, in which it turned out to be quite possible to manufacture parts cladding and carved decoration, i.e. to do meaningful things with insignificant, but still pay. In Elabuga, where our main partner was the General Directorate of the plant under construction, whose management we convinced of the importance of the city for the establishment of production, we managed to bring things to a point where the costs of socially oriented reconstruction of the old city were included in the summary estimate of the construction of the plant as a separate item, which was a very significant precedent (alas, the refusal to build a plant in the conditions of the beginning of perestroika crossed out what had been achieved). In Naberezhnye Chelny, having strengthened the preliminary work by holding a major organizational and activity game, we achieved an immediate halt in the demolition of the remnants of the "old", i.e. post-war city and prepared the holding of a citywide forum, which subsequently played a lot important role during the period of confrontation between the public and the old party-Soviet power.

The transparent design of the model teased more and more with its inner emptiness - it became more and more obvious that it was necessary to find a way to connect together a holistic four-approach (scientific, sociotechnical, sociocultural and methodological approaches) attitude to the city, which we began to call the environmental approach, with technologies for the interaction of an external expert and the city. At first, this was done in a purely formal way, by dragging the tetrahedron through itself and obtaining a much more complex stereometric figure (it is known in geometry as a hypertetrahedron), in which all the vertices of the pyramid were “linked” to its center of gravity by rigid rods, which had to be given names: programming, design, planning, action.

Tetrahedron of the environmental approach

Hypertetrahedron of the environment approach

Of course, one should not attach magical significance to such pictures. They are nothing more than an auxiliary construction, which makes it possible to feel some qualitatively new attitude and, therefore, a new content. We now had the right to call environmental only such an approach, in which, at all stages of work, the integrity of the natural-science, socio-technical, socio-cultural, and "supervising the very integrity" of the methodological relations to the city is preserved. However, in order not only to declare the possibility of an environmental approach to the development of the city, but also to realize this possibility, there was only one way, which we had already groped for intuitively, but now required systematic implementation: to preserve the integrity of the environmental approach, perhaps not in a contemplative-observant position, but in an active position - through programs, projects, plans, actions, through the process of interaction with the city.

The spatial model has fulfilled its role: the very possibility of seeing it "from the outside", given as rather a formal device, nevertheless means a certain external position in relation to that holistic relationship, which we called, for lack of a better word, the environmental approach. And this external position means practical attitude active approach. It would seem that we have received nothing but a truism: who does not agree that the urban environment in the richness of its constituent relationships of objects in space, individuals and groups is, first of all, the world of human activity? In fact, we have made significant progress towards understanding that we have no other way to ensure the integrity of the environmental approach, except to increase the means of all traditional approaches in a single chain: program (the process of creating a program), project (the process of creating and testing projects), plan (the process of creating, coordinating and implementing plans) and, finally, the action itself as complex in nature interaction external experts, citizens and city authorities.

Naturally, only the most difficult transitional time, the so-called. perestroika opened up for us the possibility of deploying a long-term experiment to implement the model of an activity-environmental approach to the city.

We started with a rather difficult test, inviting them to work together in a very difficult Moscow quarter adjacent to Leninsky Prospekt and bordering on Cheryomushkinsky Market, which already then, by 1991, had become the center of diverse criminal activity. With the support of the then executive committee of the Cheryomushkinsky district, we ventured to compare our own predominantly theoretical developments with the vast practical experience of Western experts, accumulated by them, however, in qualitatively different conditions in England and Germany. Together, for the first time in Russia, we were able to achieve a real involvement of dozens of residents in the analysis of the problems of the quarter and in the construction of a realistic program for developing its potential, in the process of a truly massive discussion of the expansion of the program, which took place in the evenings at a local school. As a result, a real integral program was formed, covering all aspects of the life of the quarter without exception: from the drama of the inhabitants of five-story "Khrushchev" houses to the drama of the pond dying in the center of the quarter, from the problem of protecting the inner space of the quarter from exhaust gases flowing into it from avenues, to the task of more effective use of non-residential spaces and the creation of new jobs, increasing the real efficiency of local self-government, which was barely getting on its feet.

The first experience needed to be consolidated and developed, including further development of auxiliary tools for the interaction of various specialists and those who should be considered experts on the conditions of life on the spot - the residents themselves. We undertook a second experiment in Moscow, working on a development program for a group of blocks, now in the old city center (Chistye Prudy) and in close cooperation with a previously unseen customer - a self-government committee. Again, while paying tribute to the usual system of objectified information about layout, housing, and population, such as the discovery that low-lying playgrounds with their sandboxes turned out to be a kind of collection of harmful emissions from a nearby printing house and heavy automobile emissions, we focused on usually ignored information. We were interested in the image of the district in the eyes of the police officers and from the point of view of the head physician of the polyclinic, in the perception of the elderly almost isolated in their apartments and from the point of view of the executive directorate of the self-government at the time of its short heyday, interrupted by the decision of the mayor, who used the pretext that allegedly some (not named) self-government committees supported the putschists in 1993. We finally came to the key moment when interaction with the district could move into a new quality, which later acquired its clear name - personalization.

Personalization, which we intuitively sought from the first works in provincial cities, appeared before us not only as a fundamentally important means of establishing genuine interaction, achieving real complicity of residents in our expert work, but also as the main spring of possible development. If previously only direct customers, clients, turned out to be personalized for us, as well as for traditional designers, now we discovered what seemed to be obvious, but before in no way integrated into the system of steps and procedures of professional activity: personality traits and the orientation of the consciousness of leading figures in local community. This came out most clearly when comparing two schools located in identical buildings two hundred meters from one another. In the conditions of the same late Soviet reality, with the same subordination to the district authorities, the directorate of one school sought to modernize it, which was then accessible, to isolate classes whose students needed additional pedagogical efforts, to expand the already allowed economic independence of the school, while the directorate of another school categorically did not I saw grounds for restructuring my own activities in a new way. We could not but fix qualitative differences in the condition of the entrances of houses served by the same city administrations, sharp changes in the volume and quality of services offered by stores that were by no means privatized ... The area appeared to us as a complex, by no means homogeneous field of activity and behavior of organizations , groups, individuals, among which it remained to identify the most promising "agents of development".

Perhaps only from this moment we could understand the nature of the activities of Western colleagues is not based on book awareness of the practice of the so-called. participatory design. From this moment on, we can count our own actual restructuring from the usual design, i.e. sociotechnical approach to the activity-environmental one, and the formal theoretical construction of the model got a chance to be implemented in action.

Our special difficulty in relation to our Western colleagues was, of course, not only in the difficulties of reorienting our own professional thinking, but also in the fact that we are dealing with a public consciousness that has been closed for so long, passive, not believing in own forces people, with a socio-economic and administrative system that has entered the most difficult period of structural change, when the old mechanisms of linear command management are in no hurry to give way to new ones, which involve a continuous balance between demand, supply and opportunities. A new experiment was needed, free from the distorting influences of a very special force field of Moscow, and we managed to convince the then still somewhat free resources Ministry of Culture to finance work in several small towns in central Russia. We needed cities as small as possible, amenable to holistic coverage in a short time, but at the same time possessing at least a shadow of economic and organizational independence. Myshkin with its six and a half and Staritsa with its eight and a half thousand inhabitants turned out to be a very good choice.

The simultaneity of work in cities similar in formal properties made it possible to speak of their kind of personalization, which was predetermined by a combination of autonomous actions, in turn, personalized groups, which was deeply individual in each case. If in Myshkino, along with people from the city administration, the employees of the museum and the library became our main partner in content (unfortunately, neither at school nor at the technical school we managed to arouse a strong response), then in Staritsa, activists from the city administration created a situation , in which our direct contact with interesting characters from the local community was practically blocked, and the administration "gateway" it delicately, but persistently. If in Myshkino we managed to find a rather powerful active minority of educated old-timers and with their help identify two dozen groups that are quite definite in their orientations in the local community (for example, it turned out to be a complete surprise that one of the strongest and most united groups was made up of local beekeepers) , then in Staritsa, where such a layer is much thinner, we could not move far.

By a happy coincidence, we were "found" by work in two more curious places - in the village of Ordzhonikidze in the Crimea and in Dmitrov, near Moscow. In both cases, our direct customers were local councils, and in both cases we managed to include in the contract an article on financing the work of a local expert group formed with our direct participation. There is no need to describe both works in detail here. It is only important that in different ways, but in both versions, we worked not only with the settlement itself (its central core in the relatively large Dmitrov), but also with its natural district, with a vast territory in the aggregate of its ecological, economic and social problems. The settlement - as a result of interaction with us - turned out to be presented not as an abstract, statistically described mass of people, but as a specific group assembled from different specialists, in equally capable of embodying the interests various groups population. The technology of personalization was advanced one step further, and the urban environment for us actually appeared as an interaction of the subject-spatial environment in its history and the complex-composite ratio of groups of residents.

And yet, the underinvestment and the forced short-term work associated with it did not allow us to rebuild the entire chain of the activity-environmental approach with the necessary completeness. Finally, thanks to a grant from the European Community, we got the opportunity to work out all the links of the necessary chain on a very successful experimental site - in the Gonchary microdistrict in Vladimir: a very compact site for a thousand inhabitants in the context of a large city with a fairly solid cultural layer in every sense of this expression. This time we could build the activity in three steps.

At the first, we performed almost traditional design and analysis work, proposing a draft outline of the microdistrict development program, discussed and approved by the city administration, which cemented the first personal contacts with local specialists serving the administration and created a favorable regime for subsequent operations.

The second stage actually began with a massive sociological survey local residents, whose task was not so much to supply us with quality new information(opinion polls almost always only confirm the intuition of an experienced analyst) how much to arouse in the residents an interest in the upcoming work, in connection with which the interviewer began the conversation by presenting our letter to the residents of Goncharov. The work itself was structured as a chain of six intensive seminar sessions, during which the initial number of local residents who came to the meeting first decreased to six participants, and then slowly, seminar after seminar, grew until it reached more than thirty people. The personalization of interaction developed without haste and, therefore, with less chance of random contacts, especially since we were concerned about the constant change in the mode of dialogue: working with all participants in the hall where problems were written out on paper, and attempts to solve them; directly on the territory where other participants joined the group for a while; work with three problem groups, which received the conditional names "planners", "economists" and "managers"; and again working together when the groups were introduced by their "speakers" from among the locals, and so on. The finale of this stage of work was a “round” table in the mayor's office, where specific projects, which are the substantive expression of the general program, were already presented as their personal carriers, which emerged in the course of interaction. In other words, the final stage was reached when the primary personalization scheme expanded and enriched to such an extent that we had the right to fix: this level of personalization was impossible and inaccessible at the beginning of the work, and therefore a new level of personalization has already become the implementation of the program.

Finally, the third stage of work began and received the opportunity for a promising continuation, when, on the initiative of the Vladimir partners and on the basis of an agreement with the administration, we moved on to consulting local development groups both in Gonchary themselves and on another (usual new development) Vladimir site.

A new comparison of the experience we have gained with the extensive experience of Western colleagues in problematic urban areas has made it possible to state that in terms of strategy, tactics and tools, we have reached a truly modern level, which made it possible for partnership constructive participation in the work of the Salzburg Congress of Planners and Developers.

The European and American experience accumulated by the mid-1990s finally acquired such a developed meaningful form that it turned out to be possible to build it in the form of a kind of charter. It's not about the literary form, not about the orientation towards the conversion of all others to their own faith. From time to time, it is fundamentally important to achieve a certain orderliness of ideas about the subject and goals of professional activity, achieved not by the power of suggestion, not by the charm of authority, as was once the case with the author's doctrines of Le Corbusier, Russian constructivists or F.L. Wright, but by agreement on the content experience gained by new professionals in significantly different economic and cultural conditions.

The basis for the preparation of the charter was a comprehensive discussion of the topic of poverty in the city, which is decisive for Russian cities of the post-perestroika period, but by no means eliminated in the richest countries, where, on the contrary, over the past decade, there has been a general increase in the problems of poor housing, quarters, districts - before , just because of the rapid increase in immigration and the ineffectiveness of the policies of state and municipal bureaucracies. However, as the extensive experience of Europe and America shows, the same structural principles are valid for urban and suburban areas where the so-called. middle class, not extending only to the most prosperous areas. The principles of the charter are the principles of an active-environmental approach, refracted through large-scale international experience, and therefore it is advisable to name them and at least briefly characterize them. In view of the instability of terminology, we everywhere present the theses of the charter in their English sound along with the interpretation in Russian.

1. Empowerment of People - it is best to translate this as "mobilization of human potential" through great educational work and, most importantly, through the involvement of residents, the very active minority to which we have always paid so much attention, into the process of analytical and constructive work on the formation of local programs development. It is natural that such programs acquire a chance for viability only when they are worked out to the details of organizational and economic mechanisms and the legal framework for their functioning. It is evident from experience that without the participation of experts initiative groups unable to independently develop and implement effective programs, but it is equally obvious that without relying on self-aware groups of active citizens, experts are left face to face with private investors and city authorities, depriving them of the opportunity to realize their full potential.

2. Top Programs - Local Decisions - comprehensive programs while reducing the level of decision making to the very foundation of the urban community. Both the professional and socio-economic foundations of activity are such that the development and implementation of decisions at the local level (quarter, "neighborhood") is practically extremely difficult if they are not included in the context of citywide development programs that recognize the right to make decisions for the grassroots, supporting local community . However, it has been just as clearly proven by experience that, without the transfer of such a right to a grassroots support level, generalized city-level programs either remain on paper, or, more often, are distorted beyond recognition in the field of private interests, turning into programs for obtaining superprofits by those who have in their hands the means of practical planning .

3. Comprehensive Approaches - a holistic approach, which we defined as an activity-environmental approach that does not leave aside any of the social, economic, cultural, environmental and management factors of the potential development of the territory from analytical consideration. Extensive world experience has convincingly shown that the connection of initially disparate professional approaches is unattainable after the fact, and in order to ensure the integrity of ideas about the urban area, it is vital to perform a special function of the "keeper of integrity", which turns out to be a special task of the expert - coordinator and general mediator.

4. Rebuilding Local Economy - restoration of local economic strength. This position is fundamentally important, since economic theory has been focused on macro-processes for half a century, practically ignoring the key role of supporting grassroots territories for providing employment and creating jobs, upgrading skills and retraining, and producing goods and services. In Russian conditions, the transition to microeconomic thinking is especially difficult, since until now the importance of this component of development has not been recognized either by the city administration or, what is even more dangerous, by novice entrepreneurs and the residents themselves, brought up by decades of passive existence in the single and unified field of stateization of any activity. However, the entire world experience has shown with all certainty that both the importance of the local economy and the key issue of the mandatory reinvestment of part of the profits into the territory, and the vital need to ensure several circuits of the money supply within the local territory, are not understood before joining the citywide, regional and national circulation networks.

5. Creating Networks - the formation of communication networks. We are talking about the vital need for the exchange of experience and effective organizational forms between the very supporting lower territories of cities. This is not about "networking within poverty", but about the inclusion, integration of information exchange between developing local territories into existing information networks. Modern technical means make it possible to build such networks on a global scale (connection to Internet networks via e-mail and satellite telecommunications), however, the poorest urban areas are deprived of this opportunity, which is especially typical for the Russian situation, where not only there are still not enough sufficiently powerful personal computers, but also technical means of communication remain primitive, unreliable and extremely expensive relative to the average income of the inhabitants. And yet it is necessary to at least see the problem in terms of purpose - for the first time, thanks to a personal computer and a modem, a situation arose when the monopoly on the transfer of information was destroyed and horizontal communication of individuals and groups became a reality.

6. Widening the Role of Planners - expanding and deepening the role of "planners" (there is no analogue in Russian, because the used ideas about the planner as a city planner are incredibly outdated, while the rigid scheme of professions does not imply the necessary "voids" to fill with new content. Speech This means that the functions of an intermediary-mediator between various group interests interacting in the supporting urban area clearly come to the fore in relation to the traditional technical and technological skills of working with the objective environment. in turn, it imposes fundamentally new qualification requirements on his knowledge and skills, and this, in turn, requires a huge amount of work to re- and retrain existing specialists.

7. Relative Social and Environmental Sustainability - the ability of a territorial neighborhood community to self-sustain (in economic terms, the same was said in paragraph 4) depends on the degree to which environmental problems are rethought in terms of social problems and social actions. Since we are talking about a city, about urban areas, where the intensity of contacts and clashes of group interests is extremely high, this principle means the need for a radical rethinking of ideas about ecology. Ecological principles that have grown out of the biological interpretation of life require adjustment and supplementation with principles based on the social content of urban life - only in this case there is a chance for a transition from a purely negativistic position (prevention of something) to a constructive one when it comes to creating a new quality removing the old problem for a while. So, let's say, the general problem of reducing the level of pollution in the city should be addressed simultaneously at several levels: the macro level - the development of public transport and the taming of the automobile element, as well as the tightening of requirements for engines, fuel, and drivers; middle level - competent regulation of flows through the street network; micro-level - a competent solution to the problem of car parks, protection from noise and emissions, separation of the paths of cars and pedestrians on the micro-scale of a block, lane, yard. Each of these levels has its own social and economic factors of the possibility, admissibility, realism of certain decisions, and it is possible to achieve a relative optimum not only by counting it from the requirements, but also from the interests and understanding of people.

The above short list is obviously incomplete and not completely ordered, but it must be kept in mind in order to be aware of the direction in which the active thought of experts is moving, with all individual differences, equally interested in the world of the city being the world of developing the potential of its inhabitants. of people.

Everywhere this new understanding encounters resistance from interest groups, traditional institutions and institutions, and the habitual thinking of specialists. The environmental approach, or rather, the activity-environmental approach to urban problems, has the potential for a revolutionary shift in thinking, when an expert in working with a subject necessarily turns into an expert in the cooperation of people on the basis of their theoretically equal interest in the subject. This kind of shift is not feasible for several years, it requires a long the work of generations, but that is precisely why it is not an abstract future, but the reality of today's choice for any specialist acting in the arena of the city.

Media Approach:

Arises on the basis of Skydyyyysch…. And then Ostap suffered ...

Acoustic content and other factors of our perception of the created environment are important for us. We consider the environment outside the context of architecture and constructions.

Approaches:

Architectural - form, volume and work with orientation to the cardinal points.

Technical - don't give a damn about the form ... The main thing is a comfortable environment.

The essence of the environmental approach is to expand the design object from a single thing or building to a complex of things or buildings. In architecture, this leads to a change in the traditional types of structures and the formation of multifunctional complexes - "superbuildings" that unite and properly organize a wide range of life processes on the scale of large fragments of the urbanized environment.

The method of the environmental approach in architecture means the reorientation of design from achieving economic and political goals to socio-psychological and ecological-physiological values.

In the theory of the environmental approach, the conjugation of two components is generally accepted: the subject (person) + the environment. But it would be more correct to replace it with a combination of these two components with the third, which is the object. The term “object” refers to a building, structure or complex of structures designed for a particular subject. The term “subject” is interpreted as a specific person, his family, or community, a group of people united by a specific type of life activity. The term "environment" is appropriate to call an architecturally organized space for the placement of an object designed for a particular subject. In each specific place, the following are combined: the environment, the objects that fill the environment, and the people whose life activity takes place in these objects and in the environment as a whole. The value of each of the three components varies depending on local characteristics.

In order for the environment and all its components to be full-fledged and really take into account the interests of a person, accurate and detailed knowledge is necessary, concentrated, including in scientifically based rules and regulations, supported by specific solutions that researchers can recommend to designers as samples.

Priorities of the environmental approach

1. The transition of the project culture from a leadership, teaching position to research and understanding of human needs and demands, including aesthetic ones. The use of participation - the participation of the future consumer of architecture and design in the design process.

2. The search for the comprehensibility of a formal language for an artistically unprepared consumer, the search for sociability arose as a desire for various contacts with a person.

3. Change in attitude towards the consumer. A departure from the image of the consumer as an abstract, “average” city dweller who humbly and gratefully accepts any project. The emergence of the design concept of approaching an authentic lifestyle and personality-oriented design.

4. Understanding the design object as a fragment of reality, the surrounding world, based on the idea of ​​the interconnectedness of the objective world.

5. Departure from traditional methods solving design problems, from design by prototypes. Search in each individual case for an original design concept based on identifying the visual code of a particular place.

Now the environmental design methodology is focused on the creation of design concepts. At the same time, the category "environment" is understood as a part of the space that has been mastered, understandable and acceptable for stay. Even significant ensembles are designed as a kind of large-scale spatial design, and their functional content - as independent design environments formed by engineering and technical components. Objects for environmental design are functional, procedural-spatial, material and physical parameters of the environment, behavioral situation. And the goal and result of the activity can be defined as the creation of an ecological balance of nature, man and the environment of life, streamlining the links "man-nature-culture", providing household amenities, the formation of emotional-figurative states of environmental situations and communication.

Methodological aspects of eco-reconstruction and eco-rehabilitation of the environment. Techniques for designing environmentally oriented building elements

From the already formed environment, we try to make a living being.

An eco-friendly city is new type a city in which the natural environment is in a state of ecological balance with the urban environment. Unlike any modern city, an eco-friendly city should be perceived as a natural component of nature and not rejected by it. The creation of such cities on the basis of "sustainable" engineering and design solutions to all environmental problems is a relatively new direction that has emerged at the intersection of general ecology, urban ecology, and engineering (industrial) ecology. But the urban environment is constantly changing and developing, so most often we are faced with a change in the existing situation, and not with the creation of an environment from scratch.

Eco-reconstruction is bringing the parameters of an existing city into a state of equilibrium with the natural environment.

Eco-restoration is the return of landscape components to the natural, natural state in which it was before.

Summarizing all of the above, we can formulate the requirements that an environmentally sustainable city must meet (T. Miller).

Shorten the distance between residential and business districts to reduce energy consumption, reduce traffic congestion and space required for car parking.

Build biological treatment plants in parks and other vegetated areas.

Establish composting centers to turn food waste and landfill contents into soil amendments for parks and other public lands.

Use food waste, partially treated effluents and sludge from sewage treatment plants as fertilizer for parks, roadsides, flower beds and recreational areas.

Encourage water savings by installing meters in all buildings and raise the price of water in line with its true cost.

Build small water treatment plants.

Restore coastlines, swamps, streams, bays and rivers.

Recycle and reuse solid waste and some types of hazardous waste.

Plant wild flowers and other naturally growing plants in public areas instead of lawns that require watering, fertilizers and pesticides.

Grow food crops in abandoned sites, vegetable gardens, small orchards, greenhouses and hotbeds, apartment balconies, sun-heated ponds and small ponds.

Organize ecological land use planning and control.

Design energy efficient buildings in accordance with climatic conditions.

Create green belts of non-industrial forests and open spaces within and around the urban area, preserve surrounding waterlogged lands and agricultural land.

Plant many trees in greenbelts, unused areas and along roads to reduce air pollution and noise and create recreational areas and habitats wild plants and animals.

Reduce over-reliance on automobiles by creating an efficient network of bus and trolleybus routes, bicycle lanes, bus and express car routes, and increasing car entry and parking fees.

Get more energy from local resources. Many cities can increase their energy consumption from non-exhaustible and renewable resources by using more wood fuel (with adequate reforestation and control of pollution from wood combustion products), solar energy, small hydro power plants, wind turbines, hydrothermal horizons, methane from industrial waste dumps.

Introduce a code of rules for the use of buildings, providing for energy and water savings in buildings under construction and existing ones.

Introduce and tighten laws to control noise pollution to reduce noise-related stress.

Hinder the development of industries that pollute the environment and consume large quantities energy and water.

Adjust the balance between the needs of the city and the countryside, increasing investment in rural areas and improving the welfare of rural residents.

Don't artificially lower food prices. Fixed low prices hinder food production in rural areas and can lead to food shortages in cities, increased dependence on food imports, external debt and rural migration to cities.

Legalize shacks and provide their residents with support and low-interest loans for building houses, running water, improving sanitation, utilities, planting city gardens, and trees that provide fruit, shade, and fuel.

Stimulate the sustainable development of medium-sized cities and the construction of new ones to reduce stress and overcrowding in large urban areas.

Reduce the rate of population growth.

Of course, these processes should be carried out in a complex manner and be accompanied by the greening of all human activities. Without such a systematic approach, it is impossible to achieve the main goal - the simultaneous restoration of the natural environment, quality of life, ecological balance and sustainable development of the city.

Basic principles:

1) Ecological continuity. Preservation of the natural landscape by constant restoration of vegetation; localization of foci of increased load on the soil and vegetation cover, regular care of plantations. Environmental protection of natural landscapes in the construction region is largely achieved by improving the quality and reliability of the facilities under construction, effective technical, technological and organizational solutions and methods.

2) The principle of consistency. The urban landscape should be considered as a balanced ecological system in which natural systems are interconnected. And any change in one system is inevitably reflected in another, which in the design model acts as a driving principle of constant renewal.

3) The principle of biopositivity. It is reflected in the reconstruction of the industrial area into a more favorable environment for human habitation. Thus, the structure of the city becomes more developed, abandoned territories do not clutter up, but enliven the streets. The use of vertical gardening, green roofs and landscaping creates an environment as close to natural as possible.

4) The principle of social orientation. It aims to create spaces that meet the needs of different categories of citizens. In this case, the consumers are students of creative universities for whom residential cells, creative workshops, libraries, conference rooms and classrooms are created. As well as the formation of public spaces in the form of a museum, sports complexes, recreation areas, parks and walking alleys for city residents and visitors.

The evolution of safety requirements in the design techniques of the twentieth century. until now. Building height classification.

Peter who washed away. Moscow, which burned out. And other examples...

Buildings are subdivided into low-rise (up to 3), mid-floor (3-8), high-rise (9-22), high-rise (over 22).

A sharp leap in the development of building safety requirements occurred in the era constructivism that began in the 1920s.

First of all, this was due to the relocation of rural residents to large cities. For them, communes and typical residential buildings were built, designed according to uniform safety rules. In addition, at this time a huge number of public buildings are being built, designed for large masses of people. This raises the issue of fire safety. On the way to change the regulatory requirements, the evolutionary approach mainly prevailed, but revolutionary changes also found their place. For each type of building, SNiP rules (building codes and regulations) are established that govern design and construction in Russia. Compliance with SNiP is mandatory in the design. However, the requirements themselves are not stable. As the material well-being of society grows, the requirements for the parameters of the premises of buildings and their improvement increase. In accordance with this, regulatory requirements for various parameters are periodically reviewed and improved: from min. sizes S of apartments to allowable temperatures in them in winter. These changes contributed to the greatest extent to the introduction of innovative technical solutions in the construction of buildings and the development of industries aimed at the production of innovative building materials and products. As a result, the construction industry in the Russian Federation today is the least dependent on the supply of imported building materials and products (but not engineering equipment).

Currently, there is no single unambiguous interpretation of the concepts "low-rise building," mid-rise "," high-rise building, "high-rise building" "high-rise building. "On the Internet, you can find various definitions of such concepts and classification of buildings by height and number of floors.

Not only in Russia, but also in the world, there are no uniform criteria for the concepts: "multi-storey building", "high-rise building" and others.

Typically, residential buildings and buildings in Russia are classified by number of storeys:

low-rise - 1-2 floors;

medium-rise - 3-5 floors;

multi-storey - 6 or more floors;

elevated number of storeys - 11-16 floors;

high-rise - more than 16 floors.

In all cases, it is important to remember that the design documentation of some buildings and houses in terms of height, area and other characteristics does not require mandatory examination. Such a group of houses and buildings can be attributed to a special category that is in ever-increasing demand.

According to the reference book of the head of the fire extinguishing - RTP (Povzik Ya.S.M.), buildings with an increased number of storeys include buildings of 10-25 floors.

In 1976, at the CIB symposium, a height classification was adopted. Structures with a height of up to 30 m are classified as high-rise buildings, up to 50, 75 and 100 m - respectively, to categories I, II and III of multi-storey buildings, more than 100 m - to high-rise buildings. Within a group of high-rise buildings, an additional subgroup is usually resorted to with a height gradation of 100 m. The number of skyscrapers with a height of more than 400 m in the world is not more than 20; from 300 to 400 m high - no more than 50, from 200 to 300 - about 150, and buildings from 100 to 200 m high - several thousand, and the number of such buildings is rapidly increasing. For the classification of skyscrapers, the height criterion was adopted in meters, and not the number of floors, since the heights of the floors are accepted as different depending on the purpose of the building and the requirements of national design codes. The classification framework adopted by the CIB is not rigid, and may vary in different countries in accordance with established design traditions and its norms. In Russia, the practice of multi-storey mass housing construction and design standards were previously focused on the height of buildings up to 75 m. Therefore, there is a tendency to refer to high-rise buildings above 75 m.

On a note:

According to the number of storeys, the existing classifications are rather conditional and not unambiguous.

For example, according to the number of storeys, buildings are classified: low-rise (up to 5 floors), medium-rise (5-12 floors), high-rise (more than 12 floors);

It is customary to call a high-rise a building with a height of more than 75 m (more than 25 floors).

According to the totality of requirements regarding the degree of durability, fire resistance and other operational qualities, all buildings are divided into four classes: I - large industrial and public buildings, residential buildings of 9 floors or more with increased operational and architectural requirements; II - most small industrial and public buildings, residential buildings up to 9 floors; III - buildings with average operational and architectural requirements, residential buildings up to 5 floors; IV - temporary buildings with minimal operational and architectural requirements.

An evolutionary transition in design from a barrier-free to a universal environment. The concept of low-mobility groups of the population and their classification. Techniques for organizing a barrier-free and universal environment. The beginning of the design of a barrier-free environment - 70 years.

A disabled person is a person who has health problems with a persistent disorder of body functions, including damage to the musculoskeletal system, visual impairments and hearing defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for his social protection. Limited mobility groups of the population - people who experience difficulties in independent movement, obtaining services, necessary information or orienting themselves in space. Here, people with limited mobility include: disabled people, people with temporary health problems, pregnant women, older people, people with prams, etc.

Limited mobility groups of the population is a fairly wide category of citizens, which includes:

Disabled. Despite the fact that the musculoskeletal system is mainly responsible for movement, not only its diseases make a person with limited mobility. If he does not see well, then poor orientation in space can also prevent him from fully moving around.

Pensioners. This is a potentially sick category of citizens. Among pensioners, the percentage of disabled people is much higher, since they are prone to diseases. Even if a pensioner has not registered a disability, he may have diseases that limit his ability to move. In this case, assistive devices such as a cane or crutches are used. The speed of movement with them is much less. Walking with a cane will be at the level of fast walking in a healthy person.

Preschool children. Lack of mobility is provoked by the fact that they either have not yet learned to walk or cannot fully navigate in space without the help of their parents.

This includes other categories of the population. Disabled people and people with limited mobility are sometimes very big difference. This is especially true for young children, who are simply not that developed yet. But disability can sometimes remain for life.

To ensure unimpeded access of people with disabilities to the building and terrain sections with elevation changes, it is necessary to perform the following measures: - arrangement of a ramp with a limited slope (1:12) at the entrance to the building and on the traffic routes; - arrangement of elevator nodes in limited areas, where the possibility of building a ramp is excluded.

For independent movement of MGN along flights of stairs, the following is required: - the device of special lifting platforms moving parallel to the flight of stairs; - equipping the building with lifting platforms with a release mechanism.

In order to provide people with disabilities with equal opportunities, it is necessary: ​​- to allocate sanitary and hygienic premises equipped with special necessary equipment; - provide bathrooms with space for maneuvering.

For the full participation of MGN in the educational life of the university, it is necessary: ​​- to adapt the premises of the university for a comfortable stay of people with disabilities in them; - partially replace door blocks, the dimensions and design of which do not meet the requirements of the accessible environment.

To transform the existing environment into an accessible one, it is necessary to create: - a system of reference points intended for people with limited or completely lost vision, affecting the compensatory sense organs: hearing, touch, smell, as well as residual vision; - a visual reference system designed for people with speech and hearing impairments

Architectural and constructive methods of building development in a hot climate.

Let's talk about thermal convection. Plus! Let's talk about the atrium. (do not forget to take a red and blue felt-tip pen: D)

In architectural design, climatic specificity affects the forms of settlement, the structure of planning and development of a residential formation, volumetric and spatial methods of composition of buildings and complexes, the expected modes of operation and the choice of load-bearing structures, materials and insulating-protective qualities of enclosing structures.

In the first project for the hot climate of Africa, a closed volumetric-spatial structure and vaulted coverings, characteristic of folk architecture, were used. In another project for the hot-humid climate of Guinea, an open volumetric-spatial structure is proposed that is permeable to the environment. The dwelling of a frame structure is raised on thin pillars above marshy soil, screen walls and screen mats are used, a roof with protruding overhangs.

Designing in specific landscape-climatic zones is based on the study of the experience of people's dwellings.

The study of the typology of folk dwellings and progressive methods of modern practice allows us to put forward the principle of a three-part space-planning structure - the volume of enclosed spaces, semi-closed spaces and an organized part of open space (yard-garden)

In the projects of settlements for Central Asia, compact systems of carpet building from L-shaped and U-shaped residential buildings are being developed for large families with an internal landscaped and watered courtyard. high density development is achieved by a four-story structure with a shift of floors and the organization of terraces.

For the conditions of a hot-dry zone, in order to ensure an optimal temperature balance between a person and the environment, students of the Tajik Polytechnic Institute are developing gallery and gallery-sectional structures with double-sided apartments and through ventilation, summer and winter transformation of premises, organization of "green" rooms, sun protection. The layouts confirm the expediency of combining the longitudinal axis of the building with the solar thermal axis, which ensures the equality of the irradiation of surfaces.

For thermal and wind protection, facilitating aeration and ventilation in the closed mode of living quarters, students offer wide buildings with internal courtyards-shafts.

A diplomat from Ethiopia, based on the thermal regime, proposes a house-complex in the form of a ziggurat with a perimeter arrangement of block apartments and terraces around a central darkened space containing stairs, elevators and galleries.

In the diploma project of the center of Khiva (MARHI), retail premises, a restaurant, a hotel, baths and a theater complex in the desert are designed with a large width, closed and semi-closed composition with walls with thermal inertia. Spaces with domed coverings (along the inflatable formwork), the surface of which heats up minimally and cools quickly at night, provide a favorable microclimate. This solves the problem of tradition and innovation.

With a change in the value of one of the climatic factors, the effect of the whole complex of factors on the formation of buildings changes and a new problem situation is created. So, for the conditions of a hot-humid climate, the hulls are oriented taking into account the direction of the prevailing air flows and acquire a specific structure.

Housing in a hot climate and active wind activity. The climate with hot, humid weather in summer and strong winds has a significant impact on the architectural and planning structure of the dwelling. The study of the experience of people's housing allows us to apply the principle of organizing an individual residential building with summer rooms in the structure of multi-storey buildings.

Studies of weather microclimatic conditions and aerodynamic processes on the Apsheron Peninsula have revealed specific patterns of interaction between wind and living environment. The principle of using unfavorable winds in order to improve the microclimate of the dwelling and reduce summer overheating through the use of large-scale and wind-regulated perforated residential structures is substantiated.

This principle is used in the problematic educational AP - residential buildings of a cell structure are solved with through apartment terraces (summer rooms during most of the year) and openwork barriers (help reduce the speed of strong winds and do not prevent the penetration of weak favorable winds). Opening courtyards help cool air flow from the shady to the sunny side of the house and during calm hot weather (when a pressure difference occurs between the heated and shady side of the house).

These techniques also contribute to the creation of the appearance of the southern dwelling.

1.Construction in hot and cold climates

Depending on the type of hot climate - dry or humid and, accordingly, the nature of the adverse factors from which protection is necessary, in the first case of high temperatures and dryness, in the second - high temperatures and high air humidity, there are requirements for building structures and their specific solution. These solutions for two types of hot climates are different, since a dry hot climate requires the creation of a closed mode of premises, all-round protection from dry hot air and dust, and a humid hot climate, on the contrary, requires an open mode, creating the best conditions for ventilation, air exchange, air movement.

Foundations.

For a dry hot climate, strip foundations with developed basements and semi-basements are characteristic, since the deepening of buildings into the ground helps to protect the premises from overheating and from dry hot winds. In humid hot climates, separate foundations for frame structures are more rational, allowing to raise the building above ground level on racks and ensure airflow from below, avoid the formation of a wind shadow, and protect the building from abundant ground moisture, insects and rodents.

The skeleton of buildings in a dry hot climate should be made in the form of massive walls with good heat-shielding qualities, high heat resistance, softening sharp daily temperature changes. Walls should be hard, smooth, cool, easy to clean. For the outer surface, light colors are preferred, reflecting the sun's rays. The most important measure is the use of wall structures and coatings that exclude overheating of buildings in summer. For this purpose, for example, layered structures of walls and coatings with vents located behind heat-reflecting screens are used. In the ducts, they provide the movement of outside air, which contributes to the cooling of structures in conditions of summer overheating.

For buildings in a hot, humid climate, external enclosing structures (except for coverings and walls oriented to the west and east) should be light, perforated, transformable, opening the premises to the external environment, contributing to the free movement of air. At the same time, curtains, nets, shutters, screens to protect against insects should be provided.

Windows in dry, hot climates should be as small as possible to meet lighting requirements. It is necessary that their location and design contribute to the reduction of heat gain in the room. In hot, humid climates, windows should provide maximum airflow, and their size and placement should facilitate air movement. In both cases, it is necessary to use sun protection devices, and in a dry hot climate (and in a humid one when using air conditioners) - heat-shielding glasses: puts, thermolux, glass profiles, etc.

Overlappings.

For hot climate areas, floors with high heat absorption rates are preferred: marble, cement, ceramic, etc. In a dry hot climate, the floors of the first floors are laid directly on the ground. Wooden floors can be arranged only where there are no termites and conditions for the development of putrefactive processes.

Coatings in hot climates are exposed to strong heat stress. They are exposed to solar radiation in much the same way as all the walls of the building put together.

In hot, dry climates, flat, exploitable roofs are traditionally used for recreation. They also arrange domed and vaulted coatings, which reduce solar radiation and increase heat transfer. Ventilated double roofs are often used, "heavy" earth roofs, irrigated roofs and bath roofs are not excluded. In hot, humid climates, roofs, in addition to providing protection from the sun's rays, provide drainage during high-intensity rainstorms. These areas are characterized by ventilated gables and umbrellas, light and steep, with far-protruding roof overhangs.

Energy efficient planning solutions for public space. Building design techniques using atriums.

An atrium surrounded by a group of smaller rooms. Fine-meshed groups - rapid heating of air.

Tentatively, housing can currently be divided into two main types: municipal, provided free of charge to the poor, and commercial - for wealthy segments of the population.

Currently, there are many real estate options on the market, ranging from standard apartments in sectional houses - council housing, apartments in blockhouses, apartments in luxury residential buildings and complexes to penthouses. Such a variety of types of residential buildings affects the consumption of energy resources in general.

If in municipal buildings it is possible to drastically reduce energy consumption due to a set of architectural and technical measures, then in commercial buildings, due to their much higher energy saturation, the effect of the introduction of such measures can be significantly reduced. This is due to the fact that in addition to apartments with an increased total and living area, these buildings include underground parking lots, shops, gyms, swimming pools, solariums, restaurants, bars or cafeterias, etc. Forced supply and exhaust ventilation is understood as special engineering equipment , central and local air conditioning, autonomous water filtration systems and even a built-in vacuum cleaner. The air conditioning system used in elite residential buildings and complexes is an object of increased energy consumption.

In addition, elite apartments use such energy-intensive equipment and appliances as underfloor heating, a multi-level ceiling with lighting, illuminated niches and passages, the installation of several TVs or a home theater device, microwaves, computers, apartment saunas, etc. All this leads to an overall increase in energy consumption in commercial housing compared to municipal housing.

The complex of architectural and technical measures to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings provides for the development of rational space-planning solutions for houses, heat-efficient structures of external fences, engineering systems, instrumentation and control devices, as well as the use of non-traditional heat sources.

Space-planning decisions of residential buildings significantly affect their energy efficiency. First of all, you should dwell on the number of storeys of buildings. Studies by domestic scientists have shown that multi-storey 17-25 and more storey residential buildings experience special environmental impacts. At a height around the houses, powerful vortex flows arise, causing additional loads on the structures. The wind "presses" on one of the sides of the house, causing infiltration and cooling of the air in the apartments located on the windward side, which must be taken into account in the heat engineering calculations of heating systems. In the building itself, an unfavorable situation arises in terms of the air regime and the microclimate in the premises of the apartments. There is a so-called overflow of exhaust air from the lower floors to the upper ones. In order for clean air to enter the apartments of the upper floors from the street, hygienists recommend two tricks: arrange 1-2 sealed doors between the stair-lift hall and the apartment and install an exhaust fan on the hood from the kitchen. The first solution is quite feasible by architectural techniques, and the second - by personally living.

Many architectural and planning solutions for individual projects of elite residential buildings and complexes provide for 1-2 doors to the entrance to the apartments, which is in line with the recommendations. The arrangement of additional doors provides not only the correct ventilation mode, but also reduces heat loss in the premises of the apartment and protects residents from excessive noise.

In the urban development decision, taking into account the indicated wind loads on low-rise buildings, it is advisable to install wind-shelter residential buildings with a decrease in the number of storeys of residential buildings on the leeward side, which will ensure thermal protection of residential buildings following the wind-shelter ones. The use of the town-planning technique of “closed” yards for shelter from the wind, the noise of highways and streets leads to the preservation of heat.

In this regard, modern regulatory documents introduce such an indicator as the compactness coefficient, which is the ratio of the area of ​​​​external fences to the heated volume of the building. In addition, the standards provide for a differentiated allowable energy consumption for heating a residential building, depending on its number of storeys. According to these indicators, the optimal height of the building is in the range of 9-16 floors.

The so-called wide-frame houses are characterized by rational compactness. Such houses make it possible to reduce heat losses, the microclimate in them is more stable, less prone to wind “blowing”, cooling of the apartment premises. Therefore, where possible, one should strive to widen the body of the designed residential building, since this reduces heat loss by improving the compactness factor. When developing individual projects, other architectural and planning solutions can be proposed that ensure the thermal efficiency of a residential building. In particular, there are planning solutions for residential buildings based on the radial arrangement of apartments. Such a planning technique allows placing a larger number of apartments on the floor (from 8 to 12) without lengthening out-of-house communications. These solutions provide a reduction in the perimeter of the outer walls per unit of the total area of ​​the house, a reduction in the length of external and internal engineering communications, an increase in the load on elevators, which ultimately leads to economical use of energy resources. The main non-apartment corridors with this planning solution can be illuminated with a second light.

As a planning solution that improves the comfort of living and allows you to keep warm in the room, we can recommend a rational ratio of the length and width of the room. It has been established that the ability of a square room to withstand external thermal influences is reduced by half compared to a deep room. In an elongated room, the temperature regime improves, and especially the radiation regime, but at the same time natural illumination and ventilation deteriorate. Therefore, the appropriate ratio of the depth and width of the premises can be taken within 1.4–1.6. With this ratio, the temperature regime of the premises is more stable.

It is advisable to consider the issue of building residential buildings with an internal location of the staircase and elevator assembly, as is done in the West, and not with the placement of the staircase against the outer wall with mandatory natural lighting. Such a technique would allow to increase the used light front directly for the apartments, which, in turn, would increase the number of apartments on the floor and change the ratio of the perimeter of the outer walls to the enclosed area in favor of the latter. In addition, it will reduce the heat loss of the building by eliminating uncontrolled heated space, such as the staircase in our residential buildings.

A significant decrease in the thermal efficiency of a residential building is associated with the indentation of facades, ledges, west, projections and other similar techniques. The heating costs of such a building can increase by 12-15% compared to a building with a flat facade. The presence of bay windows, according to the same data, does not lead to a noticeable decrease in the energy efficiency of the building.

The organization on the roof or on the last two floors of penthouses - separate cottages erected on the roof of a multi-storey residential building - leads to a significant heat consumption. An obligatory attribute of a penthouse is access to the roof with a large terrace or a large glazed space for a panoramic view of the environment. Since the apartments are located on the upper floors and are protected from visibility, glazing in some houses is practically carried out along the perimeter. Such glazing in our climatic conditions leads to a large overspending of energy for heating.

A significant number of residential buildings under construction are built with already glazed loggias or balconies, which gives the architecture of the facade of the house a single, integral expression. Glazing of loggias and balconies reduces heat consumption. At the same time, it should be taken into account that glazing worsens the conditions of insolation, reduces the illumination of rooms with natural light by about 30%. In addition, the glazing of the loggias deprives the room of direct ventilation. Opening part of the glazing does not provide the full effect of ventilation and ventilation.

Regarding the problem of glazing, it should be noted that in accordance with the current SNiP II-3-79*, the area of ​​translucent external fences (windows, balcony doors, etc.) is limited to 18% of the area of ​​external walls, i.e. e. The heat-shielding qualities of translucent fences with triple glazing are 5.6 times less than those of walls.

To increase the thermal efficiency of residential buildings, it is advisable to apply such architectural techniques as the orientation of the building to the cardinal directions, taking into account the prevailing directions of the cold wind, the maximum glazing of the southern facades and the minimum glazing of the northern facades.

The main architectural and planning and space-saving solutions aimed at energy saving are:

selection of the optimal form of buildings, characterized by a reduced compactness factor and providing minimal heat loss in winter and minimal heat gain in summer;

choosing the optimal orientation of buildings to the cardinal points, taking into account the prevailing wind direction in winter, in order to neutralize the negative impact of climate on buildings and its heat balance;

the use of windproof buildings in the form of a streamlined arc with a radius of curvature of at least six building heights or in the form of a streamlined bracket (with rotation angles of at least two) at different ranges of wind points;

improvement of architectural and planning solutions for residential buildings with a wide body, which can significantly reduce heat loss;

reduction of the area of ​​external enclosing structures by reducing the perimeter of the external walls due to the rejection of the indented facades, ledges, west, etc. "architectural openings";

installation of attic floors on existing buildings from light building envelopes with increased heat-shielding properties;

maximum glazing of the southern facades and minimal glazing of the northern facades of buildings;

the use of translucent external enclosing structures with increased heat-shielding characteristics and equipped with ventilation valves;

installation of additional vestibules at the entrances to the building;

installation of door closers;

maximum use of natural lighting of premises to reduce the cost of electrical energy;

connection of premises without unnecessary corridors, halls and dark rooms.

4.3.1 Energy-saving space-planning solutions for residential buildings are provided by: - ​​reducing the surface area of ​​the outer walls by reducing the irregularity of the building volume; - increasing the width of the body, taking into account the regulatory requirements for the illumination of the premises; - an increase in the length of the building, taking into account urban planning situations; - increase in the total area of ​​apartments on the floor, taking into account fire safety requirements; - the use of planning elements that increase the thermal efficiency of a residential building (including the use of smoke-free staircases of types H2 or H3 and a conventional staircase of type L2 with overhead lighting).

4.3.2 Ensuring the energy efficiency of multi-section residential buildings by increasing the output of the area on the floor of the section is recommended to be carried out: - in residential buildings with straight ordinary or rotary sections - by increasing the width of the section at the end; - in residential buildings with latitudinal T-shaped sections - by increasing the number of apartments per floor to 6 - 8; - in corner sections (with an angle of rotation of 90°) - due to the placement of the maximum number of apartments along the outer light front.

4.3.3 In residential buildings (sectional, corridor, corridor-sectional and gallery types) of state and municipal housing stocks, an increase in the output of the total housing area per floor, which ensures an increase in their energy efficiency, can be achieved: - in wide buildings - through the use of apartments with a large number of rooms, as well as by increasing the number of apartments on the floor of the section; - in extended meridional houses (including those with a shift in plan) - by increasing the number of apartments per floor and reducing the specific perimeter of the outer walls.

Choice of atrium concept

The advantage of atrium buildings is to increase natural light without the associated heat loss or overheating common in traditional buildings. Reduction of heat loss is achieved by using double glazing of the atrium as an additional fence, capturing or reflecting solar radiation required to ensure climatic comfort. To achieve better lighting, you need to give the atrium the shape of a catcher and diffuser of daylight and organize the space around it accordingly.

Taking advantage of the atrium to improve heating and ventilation also requires optimal orientation and shaping of the atrium building to retain shade and retain solar heat, as well as the judicious use of volumes to create the necessary ventilation flows. The main spatial scheme of the atrium is dictated by these considerations.

Depth of atrium buildings

The desire for natural light is a trend that is the opposite of building planning practices prior to the early 70s, when it was customary to increase the depth of rooms and arrange small window openings. Even many atrium buildings are still relying on inertia mainly for artificial lighting, and the atrium space is used more as a means of relaxation than as a means of natural interior lighting. To achieve the true benefits of atrium structures, one must either reduce the width or increase the height of the rooms adjacent to the atrium until the normal required level of natural light is reached.

By raising the floor height and constructing some special reflective devices, these parameters can be increased (for example, by raising the floor height from 2.7 m to 3.6 m, it is possible to provide satisfactory illumination of rooms to a depth of 9 m). There is a certain relationship between the depth of the premises and the height of the floor in a given volume. With shallow plans, the premises can be easily illuminated through openings along the perimeter and do not require additional means of illuminating deep zones. The volume of the atrium in such cases can be increased by reducing the height of the floors. If, from a functional point of view, it is required to arrange deep rooms, then you should carefully study the connections of these spaces with the atrium.

It should also not be forgotten that the atrium can effectively perform the functions of cooling and heating rooms. To determine the exact proportion, it is necessary to solve a number of equations and determine which is more profitable: to use the atrium as a heating device or as a fan to remove excess heat.

According to the laws of thermodynamics, additional heating of a building is more economical than its forced cooling.

Organization of the space of atrium buildings

With a certain width of the rooms, it is necessary to arrange them in such a way as to fulfill all functional requirements. The atrium turns out to be an empty core space around which floor plans of the premises are strung. The most productive method for determining external form of the atrium structure is the concept of double fencing. The outer shell of the building should be determined based on urban planning factors and solar lighting conditions. The difference between the volume of the atrium obtained and the volume of usable space can serve as an indicator of the extent to which the atrium is being used.

The location of the atrium depends to a large extent on the heating or cooling needs of the interior spaces, as well as on the climatic conditions. In all latitudes, the maximum natural light comes from above, so the installation of overhead lighting is the most beneficial. Overhead lighting can always be designed in such a way as to provide protection from direct sunlight and use reflected and diffused light. In countries with a cold climate, it makes sense to arrange a glazed wall oriented to the equator.

Western and eastern glazed surfaces can only be recommended if they create a particularly attractive appearance. In summer, they let in the rays of the low-lying sun and can hardly be shaded. In winter, they lose much more heat than walls oriented to the equator. Pole-oriented walls only make sense with glass in very hot climates, as they provide only light and no heat at all.

So, the search for the shape and glazing of the atrium is similar to the corresponding tasks for an ordinary room, only on a larger scale: for a cold climate, they are looking for opportunities to increase sunlight, in a hot climate, on the contrary, they tend to avoid sunlight.

Initial forms of atrium buildings

At the stage of maturation of the main idea, it is useful to choose a form based on a certain system of principles. One-, two-, three- and four-sided and linear atriums can be used for designing both small individual buildings and large complexes. Complex shapes are most suitable for dense buildings. In tight areas, the choice of atrium building forms is very limited, while spacious areas allow the use of a variety of horizontal forms, allowing you to organize compact low-rise complexes with natural light on each tier. Unlit rooms can be used to place technical and communication devices.

Atrium lighting

The most important principle on which the design and construction of atrium buildings is based is the principle of returning to natural light and maximizing energy savings. The cost of natural lighting is mainly reduced to the installation of fences and shadow curtains, glazing, as well as the associated heat loss or, conversely, overheating of the premises. Good natural lighting implies satisfactory illumination in the depths of the premises. It's not so much about the quantity, but about the quality of the light. Low glare and lighting contrast are desirable. It is believed that the best lighting conditions are achieved with the combined use of two types of lighting: general and local. The ratio of general and local lighting should not be excessively contrasting.

Natural lighting in the atriums

The most significant factors that provide illumination of the atrium space are climatic conditions the area in which the building is located. For areas with a temperate climate and frequent cloudiness, calculations are carried out on a standard cloudy day. An ideal atrium for these conditions involves bright overhead lighting with maximum glazing throughput, providing maximum light flux into the atrium (Fig. 2, a). Such glazing gives diffused light, capturing the flow of light from different parts of the sky. In case of sunny weather, special means are required to provide natural lighting to the rooms on the shady side of the atrium.

In areas with clear skies, the use of direct incident light should be limited. The sunlight is usually too bright and the shadows are too dark. In such cases sunlight must be specially dispersed (Fig. 2, b). In this case, both passive and active means of shading can be used. Passive means of shading consist in the installation of special strips to reflect light and scatter it in the space of the atrium. Active shading should be used in hot climates with sharp seasonal changes in weather conditions. On fig. 2b shows a shading device with automatically controlled shutters. On the one hand they have a mirror surface, and on the other - white matte. These blinds provide the necessary lighting for every season, and in winter at night they form a covering that reflects the light back into the room.

Since a zone of increased air heating is formed under the roof surface, it is best to make it high or arrange a special lantern that is taken out of the used spaces and rooms. The lantern is also convenient because it uses side lighting, and is especially attractive in the northern regions. Side glazing is structurally less complex than a glass roof, and even in areas with cloudy weather, the sun often hits the atrium from the side. It is better to place shading devices in the windows of the rooms inside the atrium, since otherwise a large proportion of solar radiation will be lost, which is especially undesirable in cloudy weather.

Scattering of light inside the atrium space

The atrium can be likened to a light guide. The openings of the premises adjacent to it can be likened to exits, but the total pressure of the light flux depends on the nature of the wall surfaces, which play an important role in the distribution of light from top to bottom, down to the lower tier.

The first and strategically most important decision in terms of lighting concerns the size and proportions of the atrium. The ratio of its length, height and width determines the attenuation of illumination at various levels. The less bright the sky in a given climate zone, the wider the light court or atrium should be to provide enough light to the lower level.

Equally important is the reflectivity of the interior walls. For the lower levels and rooms, the role of the sky is played, first of all, by the opposite side of the atrium, reflecting the upper light. If the walls of the atrium are all glass or fully open, then a very small part of the overhead light will be able to reach the lower level. On the contrary, in the case of a theoretically ideal courtyard with solid walls that have good reflective properties, the light will go like in a glass fiber light guide and reach the lower level with almost the same intensity. The rational use of light implies a system in which as much light as needed to illuminate this level would be lost in each area, and the rest of the light would spread further to the lower levels.

The logical consequence of this principle is the need for a different number of openings and windows at each level of the atrium space, therefore, as the interior opening decreases, the openness of the interiors should increase up to the continuous glazing of the lower level.

28. Methodology for designing an acoustic environment. Space-planning solutions for noise-protective multi-storey buildings. Sound travels along the hypotenuse. Distance shielding due to building height.

Acoustic design is a set of measures carried out at the stage of construction preparation aimed at creating an optimal acoustic environment and reducing the adverse effects of unwanted noise. If acoustic issues remain unresolved at the time of the project, it is likely that the premises will be unusable in terms of acoustic comfort or sound quality.

The task of acoustic design in residential premises is to identify the best methods for suppressing (preventing unwanted propagation) of sound, acoustic design of the halls of entertainment enterprises, on the contrary, is carried out to ensure good audibility of sound waves throughout the coverage area.

28.1 Acoustic environment design methodology.

1) As with any design, the first step is to gather information. It is important to know what the level of noise pollution in a given area is. 2) Next, based on the data obtained, you need to choose one of the existing methods for reducing noise in residential buildings. The required level of noise insulation can be achieved with the help of: 1. a special noise-protected layout with a predominant orientation to the main street of utility and additional premises of apartments, common rooms of 3-room apartments, as well as non-residential premises; 2. constructive means of noise protection of external enclosing structures; 3. windows and balcony doors with enhanced soundproofing properties; 4. technical means of sound protection, including mufflers, etc., while ensuring the normative air exchange in the apartment.

28.2 Space-planning solutions for noise-protective multi-storey buildings.

When placing residential buildings in an area with an increased level of traffic noise near highways, noise-protected residential buildings are designed: - with a conventional layout and structural and technical means of noise protection; - with a special noise-protected layout; - with a special noise-protected layout and structural and technical means of noise protection (windows with effective glazing, providing a reduction in traffic noise by 28-39 dBA in the closed position, including those with separate double glazing, with triple glazing (separately paired with double-glazed windows and glass or with a double-glazed window, ventilation silencers).

When placing noise-proof residential buildings, it is recommended to use a partially limited or limited orientation for building the southern, eastern and western sides of the main streets and a universal orientation - for building any of the sides of the main streets.

Classification! According to the nature of the protection of residential premises from traffic noise, planned noise-protected residential buildings can be designed: - with full planning noise protection of residential premises, in which the windows of all bedrooms and common rooms (living rooms) are oriented towards the acoustic shadow; - with incomplete planning noise protection of residential premises, in which the windows of common rooms (living rooms) of apartments with 3 or more living rooms are oriented to the main street with an increased noise level, and the windows of bedrooms in all types of apartments and common rooms of 1-2-room apartments - towards the acoustic shadow.

When building up areas with a normal terrain and the spread of traffic noise from the main street located at the level of residential development, but not higher than the protected area, planned noise-protected residential buildings are designed with the following space-planning characteristics: - with a plan configuration - U-, C-shaped, as well as close to them, including O-shaped and complicated (when substantiated by acoustic calculations); - with the length of the front of a residential building: along the main street - from 100 m or more, and volumes located perpendicular to the street - from 30 m or more; - height - not less than 20 m; a lower height is allowed when justified by acoustic calculations.

In cases where residential buildings are located on a territory with a significant relief, as well as the location of a transport highway below the protected territory, the height of the noise-protected building is specified by calculations based on sound propagation conditions.

In planned noise-proof residential buildings, the following premises can be oriented towards the side of main streets with an increased level of traffic noise: 1) a common room (living room) in apartments with 3 or more living rooms; 2) utility rooms of apartments; 3) summer premises of apartments, including glazed ones; 4) non-apartment premises, including: corridors, halls, stairwells, elevator lobbies, waste disposal system premises, utility storerooms and non-apartment summer premises (loggias, balconies and terraces). 5) in non-municipal apartments, the windows of additional premises may also come out.

When building north side main street should be applied

planning noise-proof residential buildings of universal orientation, corridor-sectional,

corridor

sectional structure with a central corridor and apartments located on two levels,

sectional structure with two single-level apartments on the floor of the section, oriented to two sides of the horizon.

TOTAL: The technical devices used must ensure the reduction of penetrating noise into residential premises to the standard values ​​when these devices operate in the ventilation mode or with other methods of air supply to the premises used to achieve standard air exchange.

Topical issues of tectonics in the design of a multi-storey residential building. Influence of design execution on the composition of the building.

Translation of the construct into the external appearance. 1 - strip glazing in the frame ... 2 - nuclear architecture (using a carrier core 10 * 10, 10 * 12). The principle of hanging floors.

Tectonics is understood as a set of means that make it possible to reveal the constructive nature of a structure. Consists of three "elements:

functioning space

structures

building materials.

Tectonics is based on the rules and laws of mechanics. Revealing the constructive beginning of the object, it demonstrates the degree of its stability, strength, safety for humans. the material affects the shape.

Walls - The thickness of the outer walls is determined on the basis of a thermal calculation. The walls are the main element of the building, so they must have the necessary strength, durability, sound and heat insulation, fire resistance and expressiveness. Ceilings - horizontal load-bearing and enclosing structures that divide buildings into floors and perceive loads from their own weight, the weight of vertical enclosing structures, stairs, and also from the weight of interior items, equipment and people on them. These loads are transferred from the floors to the load-bearing walls of the building. Ceilings provide sound and heat insulation, they also meet the high requirements of rigidity and bending strength.

Floors - in residential buildings must meet the requirements of strength, wear resistance, sufficient elasticity, noiselessness, ease of cleaning. When choosing a floor structure, the mode of operation, interior architecture and the economic feasibility of using individual materials are taken into account. The floor covering in the apartments is made of parquet boards along the logs with a hollow structure of the underlying layer, the floor of the first floor is made of parquet boards along the logs with a layer of insulation.

In the bathrooms, floors are made of ceramic tiles over a layer of built-up waterproofing. Mosaic floors are adopted in the corridors, vestibules, stairwells. The positive aspects of these floors are their hygiene and noiselessness. The negative side is the high labor intensity, which also increases the construction time.

In the basement, the floor is made of cement-coated concrete on compacted soil below the clearance level. Roof - a structure that protects the building from atmospheric precipitation and is the upper fence of the building. To organize the drainage of water from the roof, galvanized steel drainpipes are arranged in the inner part of the walls.

Elevator: For vertical communications, an elevator assembly of monolithic concrete is provided for the shaft with the installation of an elevator installation (load capacity = 500 kg and speed 1m / s.)

Staircase: Access to the roof from the stairwell via a metal staircase equipped with a fireproof door. Staircase to have artificial and natural lighting through window openings. All doors along the staircase and in the vestibule open towards the exit from the building. Windows and doors: Windows largely determine the degree of comfort in the building and its architectural and artistic design. Windows according to GOST, in accordance with the areas of the illuminated premises. Plastic window structures are resistant to changes in air humidity and do not rot.

To ensure quick evacuation, the entrance doors to the building and apartments open outward in the direction of movement to the street, based on the conditions for evacuating people in case of fire. For external wooden doors and on stairwells in the vestibule - boxes are arranged with thresholds, and for internal doors - without a threshold. Door leafs are hung on hinges (canopies) that allow you to remove the door leafs that are wide open from the hinges - to repair or replace the door leaf.

Methodology for designing and choosing a compositional solution for a public building. Interrelation of the functional and planning solution with the artistic image of the object.

Designation of the entrance group and auditoriums.

1) Architectural and compositional solution of the building - building a composition of the volumes of the entire building, facades, interiors when processing a volumetric-spatial solution through architectonics of volumetric forms and architectural and artistic techniques)