Why is the temperature below freezing in space? Is there a highest temperature? What is the temperature in space

Film directors and science fiction writers are constantly trying to prove to us that a person who suddenly fell into open space without a spacesuit will die in a split second. According to them, the temperature in space is such that not a single creature without special equipment they are not able to stay in the open space of the Universe for more than a second. For example, this is quite interesting and vividly written in one of the works of Arthur C. Clarke: the hero, who finds himself in open space, instantly dies due to severe frost and internal pressure. However, according to the theoretical calculations of modern scientists, the death of a person in such conditions does not occur instantly.

It is often suggested that a person who finds himself in the open space of space will be torn apart from the inside by a sharply increased pressure. Space is a perfect vacuum, and the human body maintains a pressure of approximately one atmosphere. At first glance, it may seem quite enough for a living being to instantly die from an “explosion”.

In fact, no "explosion" will occur - the tissues of the body are characterized by sufficient strength and are able to cope with a pressure of one atmosphere. Instead of the expected reaction, a completely different thing happens: the capillaries that supply the skin with blood burst, this is a rather unpleasant phenomenon, but not at all fatal.

Another reason why a person can die very quickly in the open space of the Universe is the very temperature of the Cosmos, which, according to some reports, reaches Kelvin (-273.15 ° C). To be more precise, this is what people who know nothing about the temperature features of interplanetary space think. The temperature in open space, strange as it may sound, is the absence of any temperature. Outer space, according to researchers, has no temperature, respectively, it can neither heat nor cool a living organism in it.

What is traditionally meant by a term such as "temperature"? First - the chaotic movement of atoms or molecules, of which absolutely all bodies are composed. The more intensely the molecules move, the higher the thermometer indicator, respectively. Where there is no substance as such, there can be no talk of such a concept as temperature. Outer space is just such a place where there is very little matter. Therefore, they say that the temperature in space is its complete absence. However, the bodies that are in have very different thermal performance, which depend on many possible parameters.

Outer space is filled with radiation from sources of the most diverse intensity and frequency. And the temperature in space, from this point of view, is understood as the total radiation energy in a certain place in space.

A thermometer in outer space will first show the temperature that was characteristic of the environment from which it was taken, for example, from inner space. Over time, the device will heat up, and very strongly. Indeed, in conditions where convective heat transfer, objects lying in direct sunlight heat up strongly enough that they cannot be touched. In space, such heating will be much stronger, since vacuum is an ideal heat insulator.

Thus, the temperature in Space is a relative concept, however, depending on where in space the body is located, it can either heat up or cool down. Far from the stars, where heat flows practically do not penetrate, the temperature of such a body will be approximately 2.725 degrees Kelvin, as it spreads throughout the entire part of the Universe known to astronomers, however, when the body approaches a star, it will gradually increase.

People who make movies, writers who write fantastic works, with their works they are trying to lead an example to mere mortals. That as soon as a person enters the space environment, he immediately dies. This is due to the temperature that is in this environment. What is the temperature in space?

Film directors and science fiction writers claim that the temperature in the space environment is such that not a single living creature is able to withstand it without a special suit. Finding a person in open space Very interestingly described by Arthur C. Clarke. In his work, a person, as soon as he got into outer space, immediately died due to a terrible frost and strong internal pressure. What do scientists say about this?

First, let's define the concepts. Temperature is the movement of atoms and molecules. They move without a specific direction. That is chaotic. Absolutely any body has this value.

It depends on the intensity of the movement of molecules and atoms. If there is no substance, then we cannot talk about this quantity. Such a place is the space environment.

There is very little matter here. Those bodies that live in the intergalactic medium have different thermal indices. These figures depend on many other factors.

How are things really?

In fact, space is really incredibly cold. Degrees in this space represents -454 degrees Celsius. In open space important role temperature plays.

In general, open space is a void, there is absolutely nothing there. An object that enters space and stays there acquires the same temperature as in the environment.

There is no air in this space. All the heat that is present here circulates thanks to infrared rays. The heat received from these infrared rays, is slowly being lost. What does it mean? That an object in space ends up with a temperature of only a couple of degrees Kelvin.

However, it is also fair to note that given object does not freeze at once. Namely, in this way it is filmed in films and described in fiction. Actually, it's a slow process.

It will take several hours to completely freeze. But the fact is that such a low temperature is not the only danger. There are other factors that can affect viability. Various objects are constantly moving in open space.

Since they have been moving there for some time, their temperature regime is also very low. If a person comes into contact with one of these objects, then he will instantly die from frostbite. Since such an object will take away all the heat from him.

Wind

Despite the cold, the wind in outer space can be quite hot. The degrees of the top of the sun are approximately 9,980 degrees Fahrenheit. By itself, the planet sun produces infrared rays. There are gas clouds between the stars. They also have a fairly high temperature regime.

There is still danger here. Temperature can be critical. It can act with tremendous pressure on objects. They are not only within the boundaries of the atmosphere and convection. The orbit that orbits the sun can have a temperature of 248 degrees Fahrenheit.

And the shady side of it can be -148 degrees Fahrenheit. It turns out that the difference in temperature regimes is large. At one point it can be very different. The human body simply cannot bear such a difference in temperature conditions.

The temperature of other objects

The degrees of other objects in space depend on various factors. From how much they are reflected, from how close they are to the sun. Their shape, weight category also matters. It is important how long they are in this place.

Take, for example, aluminum of the smooth type. It faces the sun, is located at the same distance from the sun as the planet Earth. It heats up to 850 degrees Fahrenheit. But a material that is painted with white paint cannot have a temperature regime greater than -40 degrees Fahrenheit. Increase these degrees in this case not help and his appeal to the sun.

All these factors must be taken into account. It is impossible for a person to get into space terrain without special equipment.

Space suits are specially designed. To have a slow rotation to one side long time was not in the sun. And also, so that she does not stay in the shadow part for too long.

Boiling in this space

Perhaps you are also interested in the question, at what degrees does liquid begin to boil in the cosmic realm? In fact, the temperature regime at which the liquid begins to boil is a relative value. It depends on other quantities.

From quantities such as the pressure that acts on the liquid. This is why water comes to a boil much faster on higher terrain. This is because the air in such an area is more liquid. Accordingly, outside the atmosphere, where air is not present, the temperature regime at which boiling begins will be lower.

In a vacuum, the degrees at which water begins to boil will be lower than the temperature in the room. It is for this reason that exposure to the space environment is a danger. AT human body while the blood boils in the veins.

Just for this reason, this environment is quite rarely present:

• liquids;
• solid bodies;
• gases.

Mankind treats the cosmos as something unknown and mysterious. Space is the void between celestial bodies. The atmospheres of solid and gaseous celestial bodies (and planets) do not have a fixed upper limit, but gradually become thinner as the distance to the celestial body increases. At a certain height, this is called the beginning of space. What is the temperature in space, and other information will be discussed in this article.

In contact with

General concept

In outer space there is high vacuum with low particle density. There is no air in space. What is space made of? This is not empty space, it contains:

• gases;
• space dust;
• elementary particles(neutrino, cosmic rays);
• electric, magnetic and gravitational fields;
• also electromagnetic waves(photons).

An absolute vacuum, or almost complete vacuum, makes space transparent, and makes it possible to observe extremely distant objects such as other galaxies. But fog interstellar matter can also seriously hamper the idea of ​​them.

Important! The concept of space should not be identified with the universe, which includes everything space objects even stars and planets.

Travel or transport in or through outer space is called space travel.

Where does space begin

Can't say for sure what height does it start space. The International Aviation Federation defines the edge of space at an altitude of 100 km above sea level, the Karman line.

Need to aircraft moved from the first space speed, then the lifting force will be reached. The US Air Force defined an altitude of 50 miles (about 80 km) as the beginning of space.

Both heights are proposed as limits for the upper layers. On the international level there is no definition of the edge of space.

The Venus Pocket line is located at about 250 km altitude, Mars - about 80 km. For celestial bodies that have little or no atmosphere, such as Mercury, Earth's moon, or an asteroid, space begins right on the surface body.

When the spacecraft re-enters the atmosphere, the height of the atmosphere is determined to calculate the trajectory so that its influence to the re-entry point is minimal. As a rule, again First level, equal to or higher than the Karmana line. NASA uses a value of 400,000 feet (about 122 km).

What is the pressure and temperature in space

Absolute vacuum unattainable even in space. Since there are several hydrogen atoms for a certain volume. At the same time, the magnitude of the cosmic vacuum is not enough for a person to burst, as balloon, which was transferred. This will not happen for the simple reason that our body is strong enough to hold its shape, but it still will not save the body from death.

And it's not about durability. And not even in the blood, although it contains about 50% water, it is in a closed system under pressure. Maximum - saliva, tears, and liquids that wet the alveoli in the lungs will boil. Roughly speaking, a person will die from suffocation. Even at relatively low altitudes in the atmosphere, conditions are hostile to the human body.

Scientists are arguing: complete vacuum or not in space, but still tend to believe that the full value is unattainable due to hydrogen molecules.

The height at which Atmosphere pressure corresponds to the vapor pressure of water at a temperature human body, ncalled the Armstrong line. It is located at an altitude of about 19.14 km. In 1966, an astronaut tested a spacesuit and was subjected to decompression at an altitude of 36,500 meters. In 14 seconds, he turned off, but did not explode, but survived.

Maximum and minimum values

The initial temperature in outer space, as set by the background radiation from the Big Bang, is 2.73 kelvin (K), which is equal to -270.45 °C.

This is the coldest temperature in space. The space itself has no temperature, but only the matter that is in it, and the acting radiation. To be more precise, then absolute zero is a temperature of -273.15 °C. But within the framework of such a science as thermodynamics, this is impossible.

Because of the radiation in space, the temperature is kept at 2.7 K. The temperature of the vacuum is measured in units of the kinetic activity of the gas, just like on Earth. The radiation filling the vacuum has a different temperature than kinetic temperature gas, which means that the gas and radiation are not in thermodynamic equilibrium.

Absolute zero- That's what it is lowest temperature but in space.

Matter locally distributed in space can have very high temperatures. Earth atmosphere on the high altitude reaches a temperature of about 1400 K. Intergalactic plasma gas with a density of less than one hydrogen atom per cubic meter can reach temperatures of several million K. The high temperature in outer space is due to the speed of particles. However, a general thermometer will read temperatures near absolute zero because the particle density is too low to allow measurable heat transfer.

The entire observable universe is filled with photons that were created during the Big Bang. It is known as the cosmic microwave background radiation. Available a large number of neutrino, called the cosmic neutrino background. Current blackbody temperature background radiation is about 3-4 K. The temperature of gas in outer space is always at least the background radiation temperature, but can be much higher. For example, the corona has temperatures in excess of 1.2-2.6 million K.

Human body

There is another misconception related to temperature, which touches the human body. As you know, our body on average consists of 70% water. The heat that it releases in a vacuum has nowhere to go, therefore, heat exchange in space does not occur and a person overheats.

But before he does it, he will die from decompression. For this reason, one of the problems that astronauts face is heat. And the skin of the ship, which is in orbit under the open sun, can become very hot. The temperature in space in Celsius can be 260 °C on a metal surface.

Solids in near-Earth or interplanetary space experience large radiant heat on the side facing the sun. On the sunny side, or when bodies are in the Earth's shadow, they experience extreme cold, because they distinguish their thermal energy into the space.

For example, the suit of an astronaut making a spacewalk at the International space station, will have a temperature of about 100 °C on the side facing the sun.

On the night side of the earth solar radiation shaded, but weak infrared radiation earth causes the suit to cool down. Its temperature in space in Celsius will be about -100 °C.

Heat exchange

Important! Heat transfer in space is possible by one single type - radiation.

This is a tricky process and its principle is used to cool the surfaces of the apparatus. The surface absorbs radiant energy that falls on it, and at the same time radiates energy into space, which is equal to the sum of the absorbed and supplied from the inside.

It is not known exactly what the pressure in space could be, but it is very small.

In most galaxies, observations show that 90% of the mass is in an unknown form called dark matter, which interacts with other matter through gravitational but not electromagnetic forces.

Much of the mass energy in the observable universe is the poorly understood vacuum energy of space, which astronomers call dark energy. intergalactic space takes most volume of the universe but even galaxies and star systems are composed almost entirely of empty space.

Research

Humans started during the 20th century with the advent of high-altitude flying on hot-air balloon and then manned rocket launches.

Earth orbit was first achieved by Yuri Gagarin from Soviet Union in 1961, and unmanned spacecraft have since made their way to all known .

Because of high cost flight into space, manned space flight was limited to low earth orbit and the moon.

Outer space is a difficult environment for human study due to the double hazards: vacuum and radiation. Microgravity also negatively affects human physiology, which causes both muscle atrophy and bone loss. In addition to these health concerns and environment, the economic cost of putting objects, including people, into space is very high.

How cold is it in space? Could the temperature be even lower?

Temperatures in different points universe

Conclusion

Since light has a finite speed, the dimensions of the directly observable universe are limited. It leaves open question about whether the universe is finite or infinite. Space continues to be a mystery to man full of phenomena. Modern science still cannot answer many questions. But what temperature in space has already been found out, and what pressure in space can be measured over time.

The science

Temperature is one of the fundamental concepts in physics, it plays huge role in that concerns terrestrial life of any form. At very high or very low temperatures ah different things can behave very strangely. We invite you to learn about a number of interesting facts related to temperatures.

What is the highest temperature?

The most heat, which was created by man, amounted to 4 billion degrees Celsius. It is hard to believe that the temperature of a substance can reach such an incredible level! This temperature 250 times higher temperature of the core of the sun.

An incredible record was set in Brookhaven Natural Laboratory in New York at the ion collider RHIC, whose length is about 4 kilometers.

Scientists forced gold ions to collide in an attempt to reproduce conditions big bang, creating a quark-gluon plasma. In this state, the particles that make up the nuclei of atoms - protons and neutrons - break up, resulting in a "soup" of constituent quarks.

Extreme temperature in the solar system

The temperature of the environment in the solar system is different from that to which we are accustomed to on Earth. Our star, the Sun, is incredibly hot. At its center, the temperature is about 15 million Kelvin, and the surface of the Sun has a temperature of only about 5700 Kelvin.

Temperature at the core of our planet is about the same as the surface temperature of the sun. The most hot planet solar system- Jupiter, whose core temperature 5 times higher than the surface temperature of the sun.

coldest temperature in our system is fixed on the Moon: in some craters in the shadow, the temperature is only 30 Kelvin above absolute zero. This temperature is lower than the temperature of Pluto!

Human habitat temperature

Some peoples live in very extreme conditions and unusual places, not quite comfortable for life. For example, some of the coldest settlements – the village of Oymyakon and the city of Verkhnoyansk in Yakutia, Russia. The average winter temperature here is minus 45 degrees Celsius.

The coldest more Big City also located in Siberia - Yakutsk with a population of about 270 thousand people. The temperature in winter there is also about minus 45 degrees, but in summer it can rise up to 30 degrees!

The tallest average annual temperature was seen in an abandoned city Dallol, Ethiopia. In the 1960s, it was recorded here average temperature - 34 degrees Celsius above zero. Among major cities city ​​is considered the hottest Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, where average temperature is also in March-May about 34 degrees.

The most extreme heat where people work is seen in gold mines Mponeng in South Africa. The temperature at about 3 kilometers underground is plus 65 degrees Celsius. Measures are being taken to cool the mines, such as using ice or insulating wall coverings so that miners can work without overheating.

What is the lowest temperature?

In trying to get lowest temperature, scientists are faced with a number of important things for science. Man has managed to get the coldest things in the universe, which are much colder than any thing created by nature and the cosmos.

Freezing allows the temperature to drop to a few miles Kelvin. The lowest temperature that could be reached under artificial conditions - 100 picoKelvin or 0.0000000001 K. To achieve this temperature, it is necessary to use magnetic cooling. Similar low temperatures can also be achieved using lasers.

At these temperatures, the material behaves completely differently than under normal conditions.

What is the temperature in space?

If you, for example, take a thermometer into outer space and leave it there for some time in a place far from the source of radiation, you may notice that it shows the temperature 2.73 Kelvin or so minus 270 degrees Celsius. This is the lowest natural temperature in the universe.

In space, the temperature keeps above absolute zero from the radiation left over from the Big Bang. Although space is very cold by our standards, it is interesting to note that one of critical issues faced by astronauts in space is heat.

The bare metal that objects in orbit are made of can heat up to 260 degrees Celsius due to free sun rays. To lower the temperature of the ships, they need to be wrapped in a special material that can only lower the temperature by 2 times.

However, the temperature of open space constantly falling. Theories about this have been around for a long time, but only recent measurements have confirmed that the universe is cooling by about by 1 degree every 3 billion years.

The temperature of space will approach absolute zero but will never reach it. temperature on earth does not depend on the temperature that exists today in space, and we know that our planet recent times gradually warms up.

What is caloric?

Warmly – mechanical property material. The hotter an object, the more energy its particles have while moving. Atoms of substances in a hot solid state they vibrate faster than the atoms of the same, but cooled substances.

Will the substance remain liquid or gaseous state depends on what temperature do you heat it up to?. Today, any schoolchild knows this, but until the 19th century, scientists believed that heat itself is a substance - weightless fluid named caloric.

Scientists believed that this fluid evaporated from the warm material, thus cooling it. It can flow from hot objects to cold. Many predictions based on this theory are actually correct. Despite misconceptions about heat, many have been made correct conclusions and scientific discoveries . The caloric theory was finally defeated at the end of the 19th century.

Is there a highest temperature?

absolute zero- temperature below which it is impossible to fall. What is the highest possible temperature? Science is still unable to answer this question accurately.

The highest temperature is called Planck temperature. This is the temperature in the Universe at the time of the big bang, according to the ideas modern science. This temperature is 10^32 Kelvin.

For comparison: if you can imagine, this temperature billions of times the highest temperature obtained artificially by man, which was mentioned earlier.

According to the Standard Model, the Planck temperature remains the highest possible temperature. If there is something even hotter, then the laws of physics familiar to us will stop working.

There are suggestions that the temperature can rise even higher than this level, but what happens in this case, science cannot explain. In our model of reality, anything hotter cannot exist. Maybe the reality will be different?

The temperature of space cannot be expressed in the degrees Celsius we are used to for one simple reason: temperature refers to matter, there is almost none in space, so there is nothing to heat up or cool down. However, on every celestial body there is matter, therefore there is also temperature.

If we start to rise from Earth on a spacecraft, measuring the temperature of the atmosphere, we will see that it first drops to 50-80 degrees below zero, then the temperature rises to about zero in the stratosphere and remains constant at an altitude of 40 to 55 kilometers. Then the temperature rises again and reaches +50 degrees Celsius at an altitude of 60 kilometers. Then the atmosphere cools down to -80 degrees again. At a distance of 10,000 kilometers from the Earth, the atmosphere ends and a vacuum begins, which does not have its own temperature due to the absence of any matter.

What is the temperature in space?

The concept of temperature in our usual sense is inapplicable to outer space; it's just not there. Here we have in mind its thermodynamic concept - temperature is a characteristic of the state of matter, a measure of the movement of the molecules of the medium. And the substance in open space is just practically absent. However, outer space is permeated with the radiation of the most different sources variety of intensity and frequency. And temperature can be understood as the total energy of radiation in some place in space.

A thermometer placed here will first show the temperature that was characteristic of the environment from which it was taken, for example, from a capsule or a corresponding compartment spaceship. Then, over time, the device will begin to heat up, and heat up very much. After all, even on Earth, in conditions where convective heat transfer exists, stones and metal objects lying in the open sun heat up very strongly, so much that it is impossible to touch them.

In space, the heating will be much stronger, since vacuum is the most reliable heat insulator.

Left to chance spacecraft or some other body will cool down to a temperature of -269 o C. The question is, why is there no absolute zero?

The fact is that various elementary particles, ions, emitted by hot celestial bodies fly in outer space with monstrous speeds. Space is pierced radiant energy these objects, both in the visible and in the invisible ranges.

Calculations show that the energy of this radiation and corpuscular particles in total is equal to the energy of a body cooled to a temperature of -269 o C. All this energy incident on square meter surface, even with its complete absorption, it would hardly be able to heat a glass of water by 0.1 o C.

Temperature in outer space

Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of the particles that make up solid, liquid and gaseous bodies. Yes, and plasma particles in the stars and the sun. AT solids kinetic energy determined oscillatory movements atoms or molecules. In gases - speed forward movement molecules. Kinetic energy is expressed in joules. The temperature is in degrees Kelvin. The most minimum temperature- this is 0 K. All movement of all particles ends. The kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is also equal to zero. So kinetic energy and temperature are actually the same thing. For example, distances can be measured in meters, inches or arshins. It's still the distance.

But in outer space there are no particles - there is almost a complete vacuum. And there are no particles - it is impossible to determine the temperature. So, in space, there is simply no such thing as temperature. But the temperature of a substance, for example, an asteroid, can be determined. As well as the temperature on Earth or in the sun. Our Earth is not too far from the sun and the sun warms the Earth. So, a temperature of 10 C is 10 + 273 = 283 K. The absolute zero temperature of 0 K corresponds to -273 K. One would think that the temperature of an asteroid very far from the stars would become zero Kelvin. But in fact, the temperatures of such bodies do not fall below 3 K. Why?

In the universe after the Big Bang remains background radiation that pervades the entire cosmos. It heats all bodies up to 3 K. And the radiation of stars heats these bodies to higher temperatures. And outside of our asteroid, the concept of temperature is absent. I wrote about this above. Inside the ISS space station, a quite favorable temperature is maintained for astronauts. And when an astronaut goes into outer space, the right temperature is also maintained inside the spacesuit. But here is a counter question: what temperature will an astronaut feel if he goes into outer space without a spacesuit? I do not mean that he will quickly lose consciousness and die, since the pressure outside the astronaut will be zero. The concept of pressure also makes sense in open space. If you do not take into account the cosmic rays and the heat of stars, the temperature will be about -270 degrees. Near the earth's space it will be -120 -150 degrees. And the concept of temperature is generally not applicable to vacuum. Space is not equally cold.

As for interplanetary space, its every cubic centimeter may contain hundreds of thousands of gas molecules. Also in interplanetary space there are small and large meteorites as well as great amount space dust.
It can be concluded that the interplanetary medium is a space filled with dust, meteorites and rarefied gas. In addition, there are radio waves, streams x-rays, ultraviolet, infrared and much more.

So you got the answer to the question of what is the temperature in outer space. Of course, such a temperature is very difficult to imagine, and it can only be created in special laboratory conditions. besides, if a thermometer is placed in space, it will show the temperature of the room where it was before for quite a long time. And then it starts to heat up. The body of the thermometer itself will begin to heat up, despite the fact that the temperature in space is below zero. This can be explained simply - there is no air in space, space itself is a vacuum, which means that it perfectly retains heat.

Sources: navopros.ru, han-samoilenko.narod.ru, www.bolshoyvopros.ru, otvet.mail.ru, elhow.ru

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