The youngest city of Chuvashia named. Big cities

Chuvashia is a republic within the Russian Federation, located 700 kilometers from Moscow. The population of Chuvashia is over 1.2 million people. The article will focus on who inhabits the republic, as well as demographic problems oh and the cities of the region.

general information

Chuvashia is one of them. It is located in the center of the European part of the country. The Volga River flows in the north of the republic. The distance from the "capital" of the region to the capital of Russia is 630 km.

The republic occupies a small (by Russian standards) area: about 18,000 square kilometers. The population of Chuvashia is 1.23 million people. The Republic is quite well connected with other regions of Russia by road, rail, and water transport routes.

Most of Chuvashia is located between the Sura and Sviyaga rivers, within the forest and forest-steppe natural zones. The relief of the territory is flat, the climate is temperate continental. Of the minerals in the region, there are deposits of phosphorites.

Chuvashia is a land with a rich culture and traditions. It is often referred to as "the land of a hundred thousand songs". Researchers focus on the originality of the local musical culture, which is expressed not only in a special manner of singing, but also in a set of instruments.

Dynamics and population of the republic

Chuvashia is one of the most populated subjects Russian Federation. As of 2016, 1 million 237 thousand people live here. Wherein average density population of Chuvashia is one of the highest in Russia (almost 68 people/sq. km.).

Nevertheless, the demographic situation in the republic has been very difficult for twenty years now. Since 1994, the population of Chuvashia has been gradually dying out. During this period of time, the region lost almost 100 thousand of its inhabitants! True, by 2016 the rate of population extinction had stopped, primarily due to an increase in the birth rate.

Another serious region is the "aging" of the population. The fact is that young people are actively leaving the republic. Accordingly, in age structure the proportion of people of retirement age is increasing.

The level of urbanization in the region is relatively low - 61.3%. However, in recent times urban population The Republic of Chuvashia is increasing every year.

Age, sex composition of the population and migration

As mentioned above, the share of pensioners in Chuvashia is increasing every year. Accordingly, the proportion of minors is decreasing. If in 1989 it was almost 27%, then in 2002 it was only 19.9%.

If we talk about the gender structure of the population, then women prevail in Chuvashia (53.7%). However, in recent years there has been a tendency to equalize the overall ratio of men and women.

The population of Chuvashia is declining not only due to natural demographic processes but also through active emigration. Over the past five years, there has been a negative migration trend in the region. On average, every year 2-5 thousand more people leave Chuvashia than enter the republic. The main centers of attraction for migrants from this region are Moscow, the Ulyanovsk region, Tatarstan and the Moscow region.

Ethnic composition of the population. Who are the Chuvash?

The national composition of the republic is dominated by the Chuvash (67.7%). Next come Russians (26.7%), Tatars (2.8%) and Mordovians (about 1%). Also on the territory of Chuvashia, diasporas of Ukrainians, Belarusians and Armenians are quite numerous.

Chuvashs are the indigenous population of the republic. This is a Turkic ethnic group, the origin of which scientists associate with the Volga Bulgars. Total population Chuvash in the world is estimated at one and a half million people. Half of them live within the Republic of Chuvashia. The rest of the representatives of this ethnic group are dispersed throughout the territory of Russia, they also live in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine and some other countries.

The Chuvash speak their own language - Chuvash, which has three dialects. In 65% of schools in the region, children are taught in this language. Most of the Chuvash are Orthodox Christians. However, there are also adherents of traditional pagan beliefs among them.

According to ancient Chuvash myths, the Earth has the shape of a square. The firmament rests on four pillars (copper, stone, gold and silver). Each of the four corners of the Earth is reliably guarded by a defending hero.

The modern territorial structure of the republic. Population of Chuvashia by regions

The Republic of Chuvashia is today divided into 21 administrative region. There are nine cities, eight urban-type settlements and 1720 villages here. The capital of the republic is the city of Cheboksary. According to the latter, every third inhabitant of Chuvashia lives in it.

The districts of the republic are different in size. The largest in terms of area is Alatyrsky, and the smallest is Krasnoarmeisky. The table below shows all the districts of Chuvashia, indicating the population for each of them:

District name	Number of inhabitants (thousand people)
Alatyrsky
Alikovsky
Batyrevsky
Vurnarsky
Ibresinsky
Kanashsky
Krasnoarmeisky
Krasnochetaysky
Kozlovsky
Komsomol
Marposadskiy
Morgaushsky
Poretsky
Urmar
Tsivilsky
Cheboksary
Shumerlinsky
Shemurshinsky
Yadrinsky
Yantikovskiy
Yalchiksky

Cities of Chuvashia

The list of cities in Chuvashia includes nine settlements. Two of them are among major cities. But only 8.5 thousand people live in the smallest.

Cheboksary is considered the oldest city within the republic (the first mention in written documents for 1469). In the 16th century, three more cities arose - Alatyr, Yadrin and Tsivilsk.

All the cities of Chuvashia are listed below by population (from the largest to the smallest):

• Cheboksary.
• Novocheboksarsk.
• Kanash.
• Alatyr.
• Shumerlya.
• Tsivilsk.
• Kozlovka.
• Mariinsky Posad.
• Yadrin.

The city of Cheboksary is the capital of the republic

Cheboksary is the largest city in Chuvashia. In addition to the status of the capital, it is also an important cultural, scientific and transport center of the region. In 2001, the city received the honorary title of "the most comfortable" in Russia.

Cheboksary is located on the Volga River. The transport gateway of the city is the airport, Train Station and river port.

The city arose in the middle of the 15th century. By the beginning of the 18th century it had become major center trade in the Volga region. Bread, furs, fish, honey and salt are actively traded here. Currently, more than a dozen large enterprises operate in Cheboksary. It produces industrial tractors, electronic devices and optical equipment, textiles, and confectionery. Two local factories produce a wide range of alcoholic products.

Cheboksary is also known as a recreational center of the region. So, on the left bank of the Volga there is a sanatorium "Chuvashia", which provides health services, as well as services for the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases.

Cheboksary is an important educational and cultural center of Chuvashia. Five universities operate here, as well as a number of branches of other cities. The city has eight museums, five theaters and more than 30 public libraries. Several major festivals are held in Cheboksary every year.

Among the architectural monuments of the city, it is worth noting several of the most beautiful ancient temple buildings and complexes. In particular, the Vvedensky Cathedral of 1651, the Holy Trinity Monastery, founded in the 17th century, the Assumption Church (1763). In the city in different time more than thirty monuments, sculptural compositions and monuments were installed. The most beautiful and famous of them are the Mother's monument (which is considered the main tourist symbol of Cheboksary), the magnificent equestrian monument to Chapaev, the bust of the poet Nizami Ganjavi and others.

Finally

1,236,628 - this is the exact population of Chuvashia (for 2016). The main ethnic group within the republic are the Chuvash - the indigenous inhabitants of the region. Here they are about 68%. The city of Cheboksary is the largest city of Chuvashia and its capital.

Today, this republic is characterized by a number of acute demographic problems: the extinction and aging of the population, as well as the outflow of young people to other, more promising regions of the country.

↗ 480 741 &&&&&&&&&&&&0233.&&&&&0 233
The largest city of the Chuvash Republic, its cultural, technological, scientific and financial center. Capital of the Chuvash Republic. Winner of the competition "The most comfortable city in Russia" in 2001. Novocheboksarsk
(Chuvash. Çĕnĕ Shupashkar) 56°07′00″ s. sh. 47°30′00″ E d. /  56.11667° N sh. 47.50000° E d./ 56.11667; 47.50000(G) (I)
↗ 125 489 &&&&&&&&&&&&&072.&&&&&0 72
The second largest city in Chuvashia. Chemical industry, Cheboksary HPP, machine-building center.

Small towns of Chuvashia

Name (in Chuvash)	Coordinates and coat of arms	Population	Area (km²)	Illustration	Notes
Kanash	55°31′00″ s. sh. 47°30′00″ E d. /  55.51667° N sh. 47.50000° E d./ 55.51667; 47.50000(G) (I)	↘ 45 716	&&&&&&&&&&&&&018.&&&&&0 18		The third largest city in Chuvashia. Transport, engineering center. Major railway junction. The administrative center of the Kanashsky district. Took 2nd place in the competition The most comfortable city in Russia in 2006.
Alatyr (Chuvash. Ulatӑr)	54°51′00″ s. sh. 46°35′00″ E d. /  54.85000° N sh. 46.58333° E d./ 54.85000; 46.58333(G) (I)	↘ 35 591	&&&&&&&&&&&&&041.&&&&&0 41		The fourth largest city in Chuvashia. Transport, engineering center. The administrative center of the Alatyrsky district.
Shumerlya (Chuvash. Çĕmĕrle)	55°30′00″ s. sh. 46°25′00″ E d. /  55.50000° N sh. 46.41667° E d./ 55.50000; 46.41667(G) (I)	↘ 29 954	&&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&0 13		The fifth largest city in Chuvashia. The administrative center of the Shumerlinsky district.
Tsivilsk (Chuvash. Çĕrpӳ)	55°52′00″ s. sh. 47°29′00″ E d. /  55.86667° N sh. 47.48333° E d./ 55.86667; 47.48333(G) (I)	↗ 14 039	&&&&&&&&&&&&&013.&&&&&0 13		The sixth largest city in Chuvashia. The administrative center of the Tsivilsky district.
Kozlovka (Chuvash. Kuslavkka)	55°50′00″ s. sh. 48°15′00″ E d. /  55.83333° N sh. 48.25000° E d./ 55.83333; 48.25000(G) (I)	↘ 9195	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&0		The seventh largest city in Chuvashia. Port on the Volga River. The administrative center of the Kozlovsky district.
Mariinsky Posad (Chuvash. Sĕntĕrvărri)	56°07′00″ s. sh. 47°43′00″ E d. /  56.11667° N sh. 47.71667° E d./ 56.11667; 47.71667(G) (I)	↘ 8754	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&0		The eighth largest city in Chuvashia. Port on the Volga River. The administrative center of the Mariinsky-Posadsky district.
Yadrin (Chuvash. Etĕrne)	55°57′00″ s. sh. 46°12′00″ E d. /  55.95000° N sh. 46.20000° E d./ 55.95000; 46.20000(G) (I)	↘ 8585	&&&&&&&&&&&&&&00.&&&&&0		The ninth largest city in Chuvashia. The administrative center of the Yadrinsky district.

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Notes

When Mikhail Ivanovich entered, he had tears in his eyes of recollection of the time when he wrote what he was reading now. He took the letter from Mikhail Ivanovich's hands, put it in his pocket, packed the papers and called Alpatych, who had been waiting for a long time.
On a piece of paper he had written down what was needed in Smolensk, and he, walking around the room past Alpatych, who was waiting at the door, began to give orders.
- First, postal paper, you hear, eight ten, here's the model; gold-edged ... a sample, so that it would certainly be according to it; varnish, sealing wax - according to a note from Mikhail Ivanych.
He walked around the room and looked at the memo.
- Then the governor personally give a letter about the record.
Later, latches were needed for the doors of the new building, certainly of such a style that the prince himself invented. Then a binding box had to be ordered for laying the will.
Giving orders to Alpatych lasted more than two hours. The prince did not let him go. He sat down, thought, and, closing his eyes, dozed off. Alpatych stirred.
- Well, go, go; If you need anything, I'll send it.
Alpatych left. The prince again went up to the bureau, looked into it, touched his papers with his hand, locked them again, and sat down at the table to write a letter to the governor.
It was already late when he got up, sealing the letter. He wanted to sleep, but he knew that he would not sleep and that the worst thoughts came to him in bed. He called Tikhon and went with him through the rooms to tell him where to make the bed for that night. He walked, trying on every corner.
Everywhere he felt bad, but the worst of all was the familiar sofa in the office. This sofa was terrible to him, probably because of the heavy thoughts that he changed his mind while lying on it. It was not good anywhere, but all the same, the corner in the sofa room behind the piano was best of all: he had never slept here before.
Tikhon brought a bed with the waiter and began to set.
- Not like that, not like that! the prince shouted, and he himself moved a quarter away from the corner, and then again closer.
“Well, I’ve finally redone everything, now I’ll rest,” the prince thought, and left Tikhon to undress himself.
Wincing annoyedly at the effort that had to be made to take off his caftan and trousers, the prince undressed, sank heavily onto the bed, and seemed to be lost in thought, looking contemptuously at his yellow, withered legs. He did not think, but he hesitated before the work ahead of him to raise these legs and move on the bed. “Oh, how hard! Oh, if only as soon as possible, these works would end quickly, and you would let me go! he thought. He made this effort for the twentieth time, pursing his lips, and lay down. But as soon as he lay down, all of a sudden the whole bed moved evenly back and forth under him, as if breathing heavily and pushing. It happened to him almost every night. He opened his eyes that had been closed.
"No rest, damned ones!" he grumbled with anger at someone. “Yes, yes, there was something else important, something very important, I saved myself for the night in bed. Gate valves? No, he talked about it. No, something like that was in the living room. Princess Mary was lying about something. Dessal something - this fool - said. Something in my pocket, I don't remember.
- Silence! What did they talk about at dinner?
- About the prince, Mikhail ...
- Shut up, shut up. The prince slammed his hand on the table. - Yes! I know, a letter from Prince Andrei. Princess Mary was reading. Desal said something about Vitebsk. Now I will read.
He ordered the letter to be taken out of his pocket and a table with lemonade and a vitushka, a wax candle, to be moved to the bed, and, putting on his glasses, he began to read. It was only then, in the stillness of the night, in the faint light from under the green cap, that he, having read the letter, for the first time for a moment understood its meaning.
“The French are in Vitebsk, after four crossings they can be at Smolensk; maybe they're already there."
- Silence! Tikhon jumped up. - No, no, no, no! he shouted.
He hid the letter under the candlestick and closed his eyes. And he imagined the Danube, a bright afternoon, reeds, a Russian camp, and he enters, he, a young general, without a single wrinkle on his face, cheerful, cheerful, ruddy, into the painted tent of Potemkin, and a burning feeling of envy for his beloved, just as strong, as then, worries him. And he recalls all those words that were said then at the first meeting with Potemkin. And he imagines with yellowness in her fat face a short, fat woman - Mother Empress, her smiles, words, when she received him for the first time, kindly, and he recalls her own face in the hearse and the collision with Zubov, which was then with her coffin for the right to approach her hand.
“Ah, rather, quickly return to that time, and so that everything now ends quickly, quickly, so that they leave me alone!”

Bald Mountains, the estate of Prince Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky, was sixty miles from Smolensk, behind it, and three miles from the Moscow road.

PRIVOLZHSKII federal district. Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia. The area is 18.34 thousand square kilometers. Formed on June 24, 1920.
The administrative center of the federal district - city ​​of Cheboksary.

Cities of the Republic of Chuvashia:

- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Volga Federal District, located in the east of the East European Plain, on the right bank of the Volga River. The main river is the Volga with tributaries Sura, Tsivil, Anish. Cheboksary reservoir. In the south - the tributaries of the Sura (Abyss, Kirya, Men) and Sviyaga (Bula, Kubnya). Floodplain and karst lakes.

Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia part of the Volga-Vyatka economic region. The leading place in the economy of Chuvashia is occupied by the industrial complex, which accounts for more than half of the turnover of organizations of all types of activity. The turnover structure of industrial organizations is dominated by manufacturing, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water. The structure of manufacturing industries is dominated by organizations engaged in the production of food products, electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, machinery and equipment, vehicles. The agrarian complex occupies a special place in the economy of Chuvashia. The main cultivated crops in the Republic are potatoes, vegetables, cereals, industrial crops (rapeseed, hemp, sugar beet) and fodder crops. Traditional culture - hops. In the livestock sector, the Chuvash Republic specializes in the production of milk, meat and eggs.

On June 24, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a resolution on the formation of the Chuvash Autonomous Region as part of the RSFSR.
On April 21, 1925, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee decided to transform the Chuvash Autonomous Region into the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
On October 19, 1990, the Chuvash ASSR was renamed into the Chuvash Soviet Socialist Republic.
On February 13, 1992, with the adoption of the Law "On changing the name of the Chuvash SSR", the Chuvash SSR became known as the Chuvash Republic.
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2001 N 679, the name of the subject of the Russian Federation was changed to "Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia".

Cities and districts of the Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia.

Cities of the Republic of Chuvashia: Alatyr, Kanash, Kozlovka, Mariinsky Posad, Novocheboksarsk, Tsivilsk, Shumerlya, Yadrin.

Urban districts of the Chuvash Republic - Chuvashia:"City of Cheboksary"; "City of Alatyr"; "City of Kanash"; "City of Novocheboksarsk"; "Shumerlinsky".

Municipal areas - Administrative center: Alatyrsky district - Alatyr city; Alikovsky district - with. Alikovo; Batyrevsky district - with. Batyrevo; Vurnarsky district - town. Vurnary; Ibresinsky district - town. Ibresi; Kanashsky district - the city of Kanash; Kozlovsky district - the city of Kozlovka; Komsomolsky district - with. Komsomolskoye; Krasnoarmeisky district- with. Krasnoarmeiskoye; Krasnochetaysky district - with. Red Chetai; Marposadsky district - the city of Mariinsky Posad; Morgaushsky district - with. Morgaushi; Poretsky district - with. Poretskoe; Urmarsky district - the village of Urmary; Tsivilsky district - the city of Tsivilsk; Cheboksary region - the village of Kugesi; Shemurshinsky district - with. Shemursha; Shumerlinsky district - the city of Shumerlya; Yadrinsky district - the city of Yadrin; Yalchik district - with. Yalchiki; Yantikovsky district - with. Yantikovo

The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of the European part of Russia - the Volga-Vyatka region. Chuvashia is surrounded by industrialized centers of Russia: in the west it borders on the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north - on the Republic of Mari El, in the east - on the Republic of Tatarstan, in the south its neighbors are Mordovian Republic and Ulyanovsk region.

Chuvashia is a compact subject of the federation. From south to north, the territory of the republic stretches for 190 km, from west to east - for 160 km, covers an area of ​​18.3 thousand square meters. km.

The Chuvash Republic is located in the east of the Russian Plain, mainly on the right bank of the river. Volga - between its tributaries Sura and Sviyaga. The length of the great Russian river within Chuvashia is 127 km. More than two thousand large and small rivers flow into it. There are over 750 lakes on the territory of the republic. In the north, ravines predominate, in the south - an undulating plain.

The distance from Cheboksary to Moscow is about 630 km. Communication with other regions is carried out by rail, road, water and air transport.

Chuvashia map »

Climate

Moderate continental with distinct seasons. In the northern part, the depth of soil freezing reaches 1 m or more, in the middle and southern - 80-90 cm. The snow cover lasts for five months. The value of relative humidity in December-January is 80-90%, and in May-June - about 60%. On average, 450-550 mm of precipitation falls annually. Winter precipitation is about 39%, spring - 16%, summer - 31%, autumn - 14% (Cheboksary). For the last For 250 years, 32 dry years and 21 cases of severe floods have been recorded. The air temperature in winter averages minus 11 degrees, in summer - plus 20.

Authorities

On December 26, 1993, a presidential form of government was introduced in the republic. On the basis of a universal secret ballot, he was elected the first president. In 1997 he was elected President of the Republic for the second term, in 2001 for the third. On August 29, 2005, at the regular XXVI session, on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, the State Council of the Chuvash Republic empowered the President of Chuvashia for the fourth term.

July 28, 2010 on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation State Council Chuvash Republic is endowed with the powers of the President of the Chuvash Republic. On August 29 in the Great Hall of the Government House a solemn ceremony of inauguration of the President of the Chuvash Republic took place. Since January 1, 2012 - Head of the Chuvash Republic. On September 13, 2015, on the Single Voting Day, having received 362,301 votes (65.54%, that is, more than half of the votes), he was elected to the post of Head of the Chuvash Republic for a second term. September 19, 2015 took office as Head of the Chuvash Republic.

Roads

Communication with the regions is carried out thanks to all types of transport: rail, road, water and air.

Highways are one of essential elements transport system providing a huge impact to social and economic development any region. Today road network Republic is 12253.13 km. The roads contain 404 bridges and overpasses, 7994 culverts. In terms of the density of paved roads, Chuvashia occupies one of the leading places in the Volga region. federal district, and in the top ten in Russia. Road density common use with hard surface on the territory of the Chuvash Republic is 408 km per 1000 sq.m.

The main transport arteries are federal roads: the main highway M-7 "Volga" with western and eastern entrances to the city of Cheboksary, providing international motor transport links and federal roads - A-151 "Tsivilsk-Ulyanovsk" and "Vyatka", providing interregional transport links. The length of federal highways passing through the territory of the republic is 329.074 km.

The total length of motor roads of the regional, intermunicipal and local importance- 11924.056 km, of which 7156.499 km are paved.

- 1540.256 km - roads of regional and intermunicipal significance, constituting the backbone network of roads, connecting the capital of the republic with the centers of municipal districts and urban districts, as well as between the centers of municipal districts, and providing exits to neighboring regions;

- 10383.8 km of local roads, which are the property of the Chuvash Republic, connecting the administrative centers of municipal districts, urban districts with rural settlements, as well as settlements within the borders municipal district, street and road network of settlements and cities.

In terms of their significance and the volume of transported goods, federal and republican roads serve as routes that form the framework of the transport network. These are routes with exits to external destinations, duplicating federal roads and passing through all regions of the Republic: Cheboksary - Surskoye, Anish, Nikolskoye - Yadrin - Kalinino, Sura.

One of the main federal highways passes through the capital of the republic, connecting Moscow with the Southern Urals, Western and Eastern Siberia. And the Volga and Sura rivers connect Chuvashia with the international network of waterways.

Along the river The Volga opened the way for ships up to the years. Volgograd, Astrakhan, Rostov-on-Don and to the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.

Area dialing code

8352 + six-digit number (Cheboksary and Novocheboksarsk).

On the territory of the republic there are communication standards GSM - 900-1800, AMPS - 800, CDMA, NMT - 450.

Historical digression

By scientific information, the first people on the Chuvash land appeared 80 thousand years ago. In the IV - III millennia BC. Here lived the Finno-Ugric peoples, the ancestors of today's Mordovians and Mari. Ogur (Bulgarian) and Suvar (Sabir) tribes, from which the Chuvash descended, lived in the upper reaches of the river. Irtysh in Siberia. Their ancestors were the Huns, nomadic pastoralists, already at the end of the last millennium BC. who joined the agricultural labor and knew how to make bronze tools.

In the X century. AD on the lands of present-day Chuvashia arises early feudal state- Volga Bulgaria. Handicraft is intensively developing here - jewelry, blacksmithing, pottery.

AT early XIII in. The state of the Bulgarians fell under the yoke of the Golden Horde. Fighting with the Mongols, the Bulgarians partially moved to the interfluve of the Sura and Sviyaga rivers, where they mixed with the Finno-Ugric peoples. The Bulgarians (Suvars) called themselves "Suvaz", hence the name of the people - Chuvash. It should be noted that the main language in Volga Bulgaria was the so-called Middle Bulgarian language - the direct ancestor of the modern Chuvash language, containing all its characteristic phonetic and morphological features. This is evidenced by the texts of the Bulgarian gravestone inscriptions of the XIII-XIV centuries.

In 1438 the Golden Horde fell, and Volga Bulgaria passed into Kazan Khanate. Once a flourishing land was devastated, the pagan Chuvash began to hide in the forests to avoid Islamization.

Since mid-eighteenth before mid-nineteenth centuries Chuvash were forcibly converted to Orthodoxy.

The modern Chuvash people developed by the 15th century. In 1551, the Chuvash region voluntarily joined the Russian state. The history of the Chuvash developed in such a way that wherever they lived, they always found themselves at the crossroads of cultures and civilizations, on lands where there was active interethnic interaction, where migration flows and economic and trade relations intersected. This fact has left its mark on ethnic culture and the language of the Chuvash people.

The Chuvash language belongs to the Turkic language group while retaining elements of the Finno-Ugric language. There are many Persian and Arabic words in it. Chuvash letter on the base Slavic alphabet in 1871 created the educator of the Chuvash people, the organizer of the first national school in Simbirsk Ivan Yakovlevich Yakovlev. At the same time, the first books and textbooks appeared in the native language.

AT tsarist Russia the territory of modern Chuvashia was part of two provinces - Kazan and Simbirsk. June 24, 1920 formed the Chuvash Autonomous region, in 1925 - transformed into the ASSR, in 1990 - renamed Czechoslovakia, and in 1992 - the Chuvash Republic.

AT Chuvash Republic there are 21 administrative districts, 9 cities, 8 urban-type settlements, about 1700 rural settlements. The capital of the republic is the city of Cheboksary (founded in 1469) with a population of over 470 thousand people.

In terms of population, the Chuvash occupy the fifth place in Russia. They live in many regions of the Russian Federation.

In the Chuvash Republic, two state languages- Chuvash and Russian. The Chuvash Republic was awarded the Orders of Lenin (1935), the October Revolution (1970), Friendship of Peoples (1972).

The State Emblem of Chuvashia is a heraldic shield, which shows the "Tree of Life", growing from the Chuvash land. The purple color of the Tree and the lower semicircle symbolizes the eternal desire of the people for freedom. The light yellow background is the color of the Sun, which gives life to everything on earth. According to Chuvash folk ideas, yellow is the most beautiful of all colors. Above the heraldic shield there are three octagonal stars - one of the most common elements of the Chuvash ornament, expressing beauty and perfection. The stylized hop at the ends of the semicircle is an image of the traditional wealth of the Chuvash people and the republic - "green gold". Back in the first treaty Kyiv prince Vladimir with Volga Bulgaria in 985, it was said: “Then there will be no peace between us when the stone begins to float, and the hops sink” (“The Tale of Bygone Years”).

The national flag of the Chuvash Republic is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 5:8. Main emblem State Emblem- "The Tree of Life" is a sign of a long historical path passed by the Chuvash people.

Anthem of the Chuvash Republic.

Words - I. Tuktash. Music - G. Lebedev.

Chuvash text national anthem The Chuvash Republic expresses three circles of images:

• the awakening of nature to a new life;
• relatives, father, mother, children - family circle;
• unity and consent of all relatives in the "Chuvash world" - the Chuvash Republic.

The melody and words of the anthem are very close to the Chuvash folk song, but have a modern sound and meaning.

April 29 is celebrated in the Republic as the Day state symbols Chuvash Republic. The attitude to the symbols of statehood is one of the indicators of the culture of society, as they reflect the history of the people, their past and present, the traditions of our ancestors and new aspirations for the future. As President of Chuvashia Nikolai Vasilyevich Fedorov noted: "The national flag, coat of arms and anthem of the Chuvash Republic are symbols designed to unite all citizens living in the same territory. They fully and capaciously reflect the Chuvash national flavor as evidence of the connection of times."

Natural resources

Mineral resources are represented by a group of non-metallic minerals: peat, sand, clay, gypsum reserves, dolomites, carbonates and oil shale. The data of geological surveys of recent years testify to the presence of oil and gas deposits in the bowels of the republic. The Chuvash Republic has a unique natural environment. The sources of water resources are the beauties of the Volga, Sura, Tsivil rivers, as well as 754 lakes, pearls scattered around the Chuvash region. The fish fauna of the reservoirs is characterized by an abundance of cyprinids - bream, carp, ide, and roach. One of the riches of the republic is forests, which cover a third of the territory, mainly along the Sura and in the Volga region. The forests of Chuvashia are mountain oak forests, mixed forests, and upland redwoods. Typical representatives of the animal world are elk, bear, wolf, wild boar, hare, fox, marten and otter.

Vegetation

Chuvashia is included in the forest-steppe and forest natural zones. Meadow-steppe associations dominate in the southeastern and southwestern steppe regions. Many plants of the steppe areas are located at the northern and northeastern borders of their ranges and are represented by populations that have been isolated for a long time. Herbage is dominated by forbs. Hayfields are insignificant, represented by upland, floodplain and marshy meadows. Of the vegetation of the swamps, thickets of black alder and downy birch are predominantly found. Bogging processes were noted on all lakes. About 200 species of weedy, ruderal (plants of disturbed habitats), adventitious (associated with human activity) species grow on the territory of the republic.

forest resources

In some areas, forests occupy more than 50% of the territory. The entire territory of the Chuvash Republic is divided into 6 vegetation areas. Zavolzhsky coniferous region is covered with pine forests various types, including mossy-lichen, green moss (lingonberry and blueberry), long-moss, lily of the valley, etc. About 65% of the entire area of ​​the district is occupied by lingonberry pine forests and bilberry pine forests. In these types of pine forests, a continuous moss cover is developed, consisting of pleurotium, dicranum species, and brilliant hylocomia. The usual types of undergrowth are Russian broom, dyed gorse, ground reed grass, May lily of the valley, medicinal kupena, lingonberries, blueberries from shrubs. In small areas there are coniferous plantations with a dense herbaceous cover. In the second tier of the forest stand there are mountain ash, sometimes - buckthorn. The types of spruce forests in this region correspond to the types of pine forests (oxalis, mainnikova, bilberry, etc.). The forests of the Trans-Volga region are of water protection and recreational importance. To the south of the Volga is the Volga oak forest-steppe region, which occupies about one third of the territory of the republic. Oak forests predominate among the forests, which perform water and soil protection functions. There are pure oak forests and oak forests with linden, maple, elm and elm, and in the western parts of the region - with ash. The undergrowth consists of hazel with constant participation of euonymus, mountain ash, viburnum, bird cherry. West of the Volga oak-forest-steppe region and east of the river. Sura is located Prisursky oak forest area. His southern borders pass along the line Poretskoye - Vurnary. Oak forests with an admixture of ash, linden, maple, and elm are common here. In the undergrowth, along with hazel, raspberries and currants grow. The herbaceous cover is composed of broad oak forests, which includes species that are not characteristic of the Volga oak forests (for example, feverfew, etc.). South of the line Poretskoye - Vurnary and east of the river. Sura is located Prisursky coniferous region. Overgrown spruce forests grow in the northern part of the region, the rest of the territory is occupied by pine, birch, and aspen. Along with the widespread ones, rare species are found here: Austrian shieldwort, multipartite grapevine, representatives of the orchid family.

Soils

From north to south, there is a change of soils of four main genetic types: podzolic, soddy-podzolic, gray forest and chernozems. Podzolic soils occur mainly in the Trans-Volga and Surye regions, soddy-podzolic soils - in the central part of the republic. The territories of the Yalchiksky, Batyrevsky and partially Alatyrsky and Shemurshinsky districts before their settlement were steppe landscapes with forb vegetation. Relatively dry weather and poor soil leaching led to the development of a humus-accumulative process and the accumulation of humus - chernozems formed here. Soddy-floodplain accumulative soils have developed on the floodplains and terraces of the rivers. Moss-peat and meadow-peat bog soils are found in the Surye and Trans-Volga regions. The weighted average content of humus in the soils of the republic is 4.3%.

Industry

the most important integral part economy of Chuvashia is a diversified industry. This is a modern branch of material production, in which means of production and objects are created. consumer goods. It accounts for more than 30% of the employed population, about half of the fixed production assets.

In the Chuvash Republic there are about 3 thousand industrial enterprises. Of these, only 217 are large and medium-sized, which produce about 82% of goods and services. If earlier the entire volume of industrial production was produced at state industrial enterprises, then at present the picture has changed dramatically. Up to 77% of production is produced at enterprises of mixed ownership, mainly open and closed joint-stock companies, and only a little more than 11% - at state-owned enterprises.

The leading industries of Chuvashia are mechanical engineering and metalworking, electric power, chemical, light and food industries. All of them belong to the group of manufacturing industries. Industrial enterprises operate on imported raw materials, fuel and semi-finished products that come to us from neighboring regions - the Urals, Northern and West Siberian regions, from countries near and far abroad.

Most developed industry industry remains mechanical engineering and metalworking. By the end of the 20th century, a machine-building complex was formed in the republic, in which machine-building enterprises are interconnected through the supply of components, finished products and semi-finished products. Qualified middle and top-level personnel for these enterprises are being trained in the republic.

The second in terms of production is the power industry. Its significance is extremely high for the entire economy of Chuvashia. Thanks to the Cheboksary HPP, the republic fully provides itself with electricity and supplies it to neighboring regions.

Of great importance in the economy of the republic is chemical industry. largest chemical production located in Novocheboksarsk. Keep enterprise value light and Food Industry.

Agriculture

About 113 thousand workers are employed in agricultural production, which is about 20% of all those working in the branches of the economy of Chuvashia.

Chuvashia has relatively favorable natural conditions for agriculture. largest specific gravity(56.7%) in the structure land resources belongs to agricultural land, including 44.8% of arable land, and 8.3% of pastures. The existing difference in the ratio of cultivated land and pastures in different regions of the republic affects the specialization and degree of development of crop and livestock industries. The proportion of arable land is higher in the central and southeastern regions of the republic. The highest rates are in the Yalchiksky and Tsivilsky districts, respectively 97.3% and 97.2% of the total land area of ​​these districts. In the central and southeastern regions of the republic, grain, potatoes, vegetables and forage crops are cultivated, and in animal husbandry, preference is given to pig and poultry farming. Hayfields and pastures in more are presented in the southwest (Alatyrsky district) and northwest (Krasnochetaisky and Yadrinsky districts), which creates favorable conditions for the development of meat and dairy cattle breeding here.

Nai large areas in the republic are occupied by grain and fodder crops, their share is 42.3% and 45.7%, respectively. From grain crops in the republic grow up: spring and winter wheat, barley, oats, rye.

In addition to grain crops in the farms of the republic, large areas are currently allocated for potatoes (20,611 hectares), which are located in all districts, but especially a lot of it is planted in the farms of the Morgaush, Batyrevsky, Vurnarsky districts. Potato yields have increased markedly. Agricultural enterprises of the republic receive an average of 121 centners per hectare, and in Morgaushsky - more than 160 centners.

AT southern regions significant areas are occupied by onions and other vegetables. In general, 2754 hectares are occupied with vegetables in the republic. The largest producers of vegetables are the Cheboksary and Morgaush regions. Vegetables are grown in specialized enterprises. An example of such an enterprise is the agricultural firm "Oldeevskaya", located in the Cheboksary region. Its products (cucumbers, tomatoes, herbs, radishes, etc.) please us all year round.

In the north-eastern regions and some central and southern regions of the republic (on an area of ​​2000 hectares), hops are cultivated - an important industrial crop. For its cultivation in the republic there are good soil and climatic conditions and skills of the population. Hops are a perennial crop. Hop cones are an indispensable raw material for brewing. The medical, perfumery, canning, baking and paint and varnish industries cannot do without it. Chuvashia is the only region of Russia where the main industrial hop-growing of the country is concentrated (87%).

The climatic conditions of Chuvashia are the most favorable for growing apples and berries, therefore, horticulture has developed in the republic, especially in suburban areas. In Cheboksary, Mariinsko-Posadsky, Tsivilsky and Kanashsky districts, orchards and berry fields occupy up to 1200 hectares of land.

Animal husbandry remains the leading branch of agriculture in the republic. Farms in Chuvashia raise cattle, pigs, sheep, and birds. In some farms, horse breeding has been preserved. The structure of animal husbandry is dominated by cattle, which has a meat and dairy direction.

Pig breeding has been developed in the suburban farms of the republic and in areas with a sufficient fodder base. The farms of Morgaushsky, Yalchiksky, Kanashsky, Tsivilsky districts have the highest number of pigs. And the most productive pig breeding is represented in the farms of the Morgaush, Yalchik and Yadrinsky regions.

Insufficient attention was paid to sheep breeding in the republic, so the number of sheep is insignificant.

More:

Chuvash Republic: nature, population, history, economy, health care, physical culture, education, literature, culture and art: scientific reference edition / Chuvash. state in-t humanitarian. Sciences. - Cheboksary: ​​ChGIGN, 2014.

NOVOCHEBOKSARSK, a city (since 1965) in the Russian Federation, Chuvashia, a port on the Volga, 20 km from the Cheboksary railway station. Population 123.1 thousand people (2002). Production of building materials, cotton-spinning factory. It arose in 1960 as a satellite of the city of Cheboksary. Near Novocheboksarsk - Cheboksary hydroelectric power station.

KANASH(until 1920 Shikhrany), a city (since 1925) in the Russian Federation, Chuvashia. Railway junction. Population 55.3 thousand people (2002). Mechanical engineering and metalworking (factories: electric forklifts, auto-aggregate, etc.); PO "Lakokraska", plant of polymeric materials; food industry. Regional Museum.

ALATYR, a city in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Chuvashia, is located in the Middle Volga region, on the left bank of the river. Sura, at the confluence of the river. Alatyr, 195 km south of Cheboksary. Railroad station. The airport. Regional center. Population 46.2 thousand people (2001). Founded in 1552. City since 1780.

Coat of arms of the city of Alatyr. Approved December 22, 1780.

The main industrial enterprises: JSC Elektroavtomat, Elektropribor, electromechanical Lisma, low-temperature refrigerators, mechanical, Alba (piano production), Furniture Factory. Shoe, textile, food industry enterprises. Deposits of peat, clay, sand, etc. have been found in the area.

Founded by Ivan the Terrible as a fortified point to protect the borders of the Moscow State at the mouth of the river. Alatyr. From 1780 county town Alatyr.
The city has local history and art museums.

Alatyr. The building of a branch of the Chuvash University.

There are 15 cathedrals and churches in the city and its immediate environs, including those of John the Baptist (1703), the Nativity of the Virgin (1747). Operating monasteries: Holy Trinity for men (founded in 1584) and Kiev-Nikolaev Novodevichy for women (founded in 1634). Stone mansions of the late 19th - early 20th centuries have also been preserved in Alatyr.

There is an arboretum in the city.

Children's and youth sculptor S. D. Erzya (Nefedov), shipbuilder A. N. Krylov (monuments were erected, memorial houses-museums were opened), designer-gunsmith A. I. Sudayev, etc.

SHUMERLYA, in Chuvashia, republican subordination, regional center, 110 km south-west of Cheboksary. Located on the slopes of the Volga Upland, the pier on the right bank of the river. Sura. Railway station on the line Moscow - Kazan. The population is 42.7 thousand people (1992; 15.2 thousand in 1926; 30.2 thousand in 1959; 36.2 thousand in 1979).
It was founded in 1916 as a railway settlement. In the 1930s became the location of a number of industrial enterprises. City - since 1937. In modern Switzerland: a plant for motor vans (built in 1931); factories - special vehicles (1928), chemical (1930); woodworking and food industries. Sh. is the center of an agricultural region. Museum of History and Local Lore.

TSIVILSK, a regional center in Chuvashia, 37 km southeast of the city of Cheboksary. Located on the Volga Upland, on the banks of the river. Bolshoy Tsivil (near the confluence with the Maly Tsivil River), 8 km from the railway station of the same name on the branch line to Cheboksary from the Moscow-Kazan line. Road junction (to Cheboksary, Ulyanovsk, Kazan). The population is 10.4 thousand people (1992; 2.3 thousand in 1897; 8.3 thousand in 1979).
The first mention refers to 1584, when, by order of Boris Godunov, a fortress inhabited by Russians was built here. In 1609 C. was burned by the Cheremis, in 1671 it was attacked by detachments of S. T. Razin, and in 1774 it was taken by detachments of E. I. Pugachev. In 1781, Ts. received the status of a county town of the Kazan viceroy, and from 1796 - in the Kazan province. AT late XIX in. in Ts. there were 4 stone churches, 17 small industrial enterprises operated. The inhabitants were mainly engaged in agriculture. From 1920, the C. was part of the Chuvash Autonomous Okrug, and in 1925-90 it was in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In modern Central Asia: food and light industry enterprises; brick and car repair factories. Regional Museum.

Yadrin

Yadrin, a regional center in Chuvashia, 86 km southwest of the city of Cheboksary. Situated on the left bank of the river. Sura, 59 km from the Shumerlya railway station on the Moscow-Kazan line. The population is 10.6 thousand people (1992; 7 thousand in 1979).
Known since 1590. According to Chuvash legends, the city is named after a pagan Chuvash. In 1708, Yadrin was assigned to the Kazan province, in 1781 he received the status of a county town of the Kazan province. In modern Yadrin: enterprises of the metalworking, food and clothing industries; production of building materials. Near Yadrin, on the banks of the Sura, is the Chuvash stud farm.
The creator of the 17-volume Dictionary of the Chuvash language N. I. Ashmarin, the artist N. D. Mordvinov were born in Yadrin.

NOVOCHEBOKSARSK, in Chuvashia, republican subordination. It is located on the slopes of the Volga Upland, on the right bank of the Volga, 5 km below the city of Cheboksary (the nearest railway station to N.). River port. The airport. The population is 120.2 thousand people (1992; 39 thousand in 1970; 86.5 thousand in 1979).
It arose in 1960 as a settlement of builders during the construction of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station. City - since 1965. In modern N.: production of building materials; enterprises of light and food industry; a chemical plant is under construction (1992).

MARIINSKY POSAD, a regional center in Chuvashia, 48 km east of the city of Cheboksary. Situated on the right bank of the river. Volga, at the confluence of the river. Syndyrka. Pier (Kuibyshev reservoir). The nearest railway station is Cheboksary. Population 10.7 thousand people (1992).
Known since early XVII in. like the village of Sundyr. At the request of the inhabitants of the village of Sundyr with adjacent villages, in 1856 it was transformed into the city of the MP of the Cheboksary district of the Kazan province. In modern M. P.: factories - cable products, car repair, machine-building, building materials, alcohol, oil refinery, etc. Museum of Local Lore.

KOZLOVKA, a regional center in Chuvashia, 95 km southeast of the city of Cheboksary. Located on the right bank of the Volga (Kuibyshev reservoir). It is connected by a road (9 km) to the Kazan-Moscow highway and the Tyurlema ​​railway station on the Moscow-Kazan line. The population is 13.1 thousand people (1992; 11.4 thousand in 1979). City - since 1967. Combine of motor vans, oil refinery.

Buinsk

Buinsk, an urban-type settlement in the Ibresinsky district, in Chuvashia, 117 km south-west of Cheboksary. Railway station on the line Kanash - Ruzaevka. The population is over 2 thousand people (1993; 4.2 thousand in 1897; over 2.5 thousand in 1979).
In 1780 the village of B. was transformed into a county town of the Simbirsk viceroy. After 1917 - rural settlement, since 1938 - an urban-type settlement.