Geographic terminology in Siberia.

In Siberian geographical literature and in the folk lexicon, there are numerous local geographical terms, that is, words that express certain geographical concepts. In addition to Russian, there are many terms in the languages ​​of the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia - Buryats, Yakuts, Evenks, Tuvans. In the terminological dictionary, only Russian geographical terms will be given. Very rarely foreign.

The formation of local Russian geographical terminology in Siberia took place over the centuries and followed different paths. The first Russian explorers, later Russian settlers in Siberia, in a new natural environment and in new economic conditions, did not find in their usual vocabulary the right words to indicate some new phenomena for them. In this case they borrowed from the locals necessary words and introduced them into everyday life: maryan, gudjir, taiga, uburs, utugs, kurums, arshan, etc. Or they themselves created new concepts, new terms. Often transferring to local conditions the words known to them at their former place of residence: padun, ural, ridge, rassokha, whirlpool, gallya, shelonnik, etc. Or they created completely new terms denoting local specific natural phenomena: char, pikhun, marmot, white mountain , gnus, monks, hill, etc. Many terms denoting certain local geographical phenomena are formed from the proper names of localities. Where these phenomena are observed. So, for example, local winds on Baikal are called sarma, kultuk, barguzin, etc.

The existence of local terms and their prevalence in the geographical literature is a quite obvious phenomenon. These names given by the people for a long time sometimes very aptly and expressively reflect the peculiar local features. As, for example, treeless, as if bare, ridges and peaks of mountains are aptly named in Eastern Siberia- loaches, or how expressive are the terms icefall, hissing, cheeks, water snow, etc.

The scope of geographical terms is very extensive. Not to mention geographical literature, which to some extent is intended for a narrow circle of specialist readers, and fiction, and local history, and other literature very often uses local geographical terms. In the works of Siberian writers, one can find many such words and expressions that are drawn from the arsenal of folk geographical terminology.

In the dictionary, after explaining the meaning of the term, the place of its use is indicated (if the term is narrowly local), examples of own geographical names formed from this term are given.

Angara - cold wind on Baikal, blowing from the north, from the side of the river valley. Upper Angara.

Padun - the name of the river rapids, waterfall, from the verb "fall". The most famous padunas - rapids are located on the river. Angara, Ude, Ie and others.

Tangui , s., Bratsk district - the name comes from the name of the drill. kindtangut(cm.). The main population of this clan lives in the Alar region; obviously, from here the Tanguts moved to the west. In 1723 there was a Russian vil.Tanguevskayawith three yards of arable peasants.

Anzyob , Russian Railways. station, Bratsky district - the origin of the name is associated with the following unconvincing legend: "Once upon a time, on the banks of a small stream, on the site of the present village, there lived an old Tungus nomad An with his wife Zyob. They had a son, whom they named An-Zyob . This name passed to the river, and later to the village. " We do not know of any other explanation.

Anga , pp., tributaries of the Lena and Lake. Baikal - Evenk. and bur. Anga languages ​​means "mouth of the animal", "mouth", and in figuratively- "gorge", "cleft", "gulp". Indeed, these rivers, dissecting mountain ranges along the gorge, cleft, they carry their waters to Baikal or Lena.

Angara , river, tributary of the Yenisei - to the drill. language from the root anga (see) the words angai, angara, angagar, angarhay equally mean "open", "open", "open", "yawning", as well as "cleft", "gorge", "gulp". And if we keep in mind that the Angara at its source, cutting through the mountains, rapidly flows through a crevasse, a gorge, then it really resembles a "mouth", an "open mouth", greedily and continuously absorbing the waters of Baikal.
The origin of the name Angara is connected with the nature of the morphology of the river valley at its source, resembling a cleft, a gorge along which the Angara breaks out of Baikal. The name Angara was first mentioned in historical sources in the 13th century. in the shape of Ankara Muren.

Vikhorev - the river is named after the Russian serviceman, archery centurion Vikhor Savin, nicknamed Tereshka, who, while swimming up the Angara, was killed in 1630 by local Tungus tribes.

Bratsk - the name comes from the words "brothers", "brotherly" (solid pronunciation of the names Buryats, Buryat by Russians). The first news about the Buryats before the Russians service people reached the Yenisei at the beginning of the 17th century. Since that time, the name "fraternal people" appeared instead of the word "Buryat" unusual for Russians of that time. This name was included in official documents and was assigned to the Buryat tribes living on the Angara. In 1631 near the Buryat nomad camps on the Angara, a prison was built, which was called Bratsk. The name was subsequently transformed into the village and city of Bratsk. Old Bratsk, located at the mouth of the river. Ok, it's flooded. The name passed to the new complex settlements, stretching for a distance of 30-40 km, starting from the dam of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station on both sides of the Bratsk Sea, near the former Padunsky threshold.Attempts to comprehend this name from the Russian word "brother" are incorrect.

Pad at n (village),Pad at narrowing on the Angara River are formed from the verb "fall" (waterfall, threshold, steep rift on the river). This term has been transferred to own name the largest, harshest and stormiest threshold on the Angara -Padun (orPadunsky threshold ). This name was given to the threshold by Russians explorers XVII in. So, Maxim Perfilyev wrote: "And the third threshold of Padun is close under the fraternal uluses: it's cool good, and climb on it, that it's up a mountain." Here, at a short distance, there is a significant drop in water, the river bed is narrowed to 800 m and the bottom is composed of massive crystalline rocks. All these features of the threshold section were favorable conditions for the construction of a dam for a powerful hydroelectric power station - the Bratsk Hydroelectric Power Station. At present, the section of the Padunsky narrowing and the Padunsky threshold has become the deepest place in the Bratsk Sea. Near the Padunsky threshold in 1631 the first Bratsk (i.e. Buryatsky) prison was built. In 1654, a second prison with the same name arose at the place where Bratsk was located before the formation of the Bratsk Sea. Previously, a small ancient village of Padun was located at the Padunsky threshold.

Hydrostro and tel - the name of the station retains the memory of the times of the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station. Adjacent villageos and novka (is a district of the city of Bratsk) was formed in 1960 near a small aspen grove, now almost cut down.

The station was named after the riverKite and Ha . openKite about vskoe The iron ore deposit is named after the Russian ore explorer Shestashko Korshunov, who, back in the 50s of the 17th century, settled on the Ilim River at the confluence of the river, which received the namekite , produced the first smelting of iron ore from the Korshunovskoye deposit. Here he set up a forge, around which a settlement was formed, later calledShestakovo .

Zheleznog about rsk-il and Moscow - a city that arose in the area of ​​the Korshunov iron ore deposit. In the 1950s, tents of prospecting geologists appeared here, then, in connection with the development of iron ore, the settlement of Zheleznogorsk grew up, which since 1965 became known as the city of Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky.

purseus , m. in the Bratsk Sea, near the dam of the hydroelectric power station, the remnant of the rock that towered above the Padunsky threshold is a place and a waterfall falling from a high cliff, on old maps they were calledTur, near flowed rch.Tursay, and the namepurseusis not listed anywhere. Now it is difficult to say what connection exists between these names. But both words have not yet been satisfactorily deciphered.

Siberia , historical and geographical area within the Asian part of the USSR - to explain the origin of the nameSiberiamany conflicting interpretations have been proposed. However, this name still remains mysterious. In historical sources, it is first mentioned in the very early XIII c.: in the "Secret History of the Mongols" (p. 492) it is said that in the year of the "Hare" (1207), the troops of Genghisid conquered all the "forest peoples", including the people of Shibir (Sibir), who lived north of Altai and west of the Angara. A century later, the name was mentioned in the formIbir, Siberia, Shibirby Rashid ad-din (1246 - 1318) and also referred to the southern, little-known part of Western Siberia, which then under this name was part of the Jochi ulus ("Golden Horde"). At the end of the XV century. as a result of the collapse of the Golden Horde in the south of Western Siberia, a Tatar semi-feudal state was formed ( Siberian Khanate), the capital of which in the XVI century. was the city of Kyshlak - the Tatar name, and its more ancient name -Isker(Siberia). The city is located near modern Tobolsk. This village was founded in the XI-XII centuries. local Khanty tribes, related by language to the Finno-Ugric family. Therefore, it is most likely that the nameSiberiaassociated with the language of some tribe belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples. The legends of the Tobolsk Tatars speak of the people of the sybyr,who occupied places along the middle course of the Irtysh before them, the Tatars. This ancient people, obviously belonging to the Finno-Ugric peoples, under the influence of some social reasons, most likely under the oppression of the Tatars, left his country or was assimilated, "leaving" his name to her -Sybyr(Siberia). Thus, it must be recognized that the nameSiberiais a linguistic heritage of some Finno-Ugric tribe that lived in the south of Western Siberia before the arrival of the Tatar-Mongolian horde.Sybyr, Siberiameans the ethnonym of a tribe that lived in the south of Western Siberia. Attempts to derive this name from Mong.shibir- "bog", Russian.siver- north, etc. are not justified.

Vladimir Gromov

MY TERRITORY

Let the city be cherished

With its factories and hydroelectric power stations.

And to me, in conscience, dearer

Places around.

On the "Brotherly Seashore",

by the bay

The bonfires of the wild rose are burning.

Long and slow

The pines are talking about something.

And the land of tourists is Tenga Island,

Where are chamomile and frying?!

A cheerful row of motley tents

Turned towards the river.

And the green of the bays at the edge of the sea,

What pulls like a magnet?!

Argue with the heat of the sun

And, throwing a shadow will cool.

Bratsk is glorified in poems and songs.

And then do not say anything.

But I'm much more interested

Not him - his neighborhood.

1961

3. LOCAL RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS

In the Far Eastern geographical literature and in the folk lexicon, there are numerous local geographical terms, that is, words that express certain geographical concepts. In addition to Russian, there are many terms in the languages ​​of the indigenous inhabitants of the Far East - the Yakuts, Evenks, Mongols. In the terminological dictionary, only Russian geographical terms will be given. Very rarely foreign.

The formation of local Russian geographical terminology in the Amur Region followed different paths. The first Russian explorers, and later the Russian settlers in the Amur region, in the new natural environment and in the new economic conditions, did not find the necessary words in their usual vocabulary to designate some new phenomena for them. In this case, they borrowed the necessary words from local residents and introduced them into everyday life: maryan, taiga, utugs, kurums, arshan, etc. Or they themselves created new concepts, new terms. Often transferring to local conditions the words known to them at their former place of residence: padun, ural, ridge, rassokha, whirlpool, gallya, etc. Or they created completely new terms denoting local specific natural phenomena: char, puff. Surchina, belogorie, gnus, monks, hill, etc. Many terms denoting certain local geographical phenomena are formed from the proper names of the areas where these phenomena are observed.

The existence of local terms and their prevalence in the geographical literature is a quite obvious phenomenon. These names given by the people for a long time sometimes very aptly and expressively reflect the peculiar local features. How, for example, treeless, as if bare, ridges and peaks of mountains - bald mountains, are aptly named, or how expressive are the terms icefall, hissing, cheeks, water snow, etc.

The scope of geographical terms is very extensive. Not to mention geographical literature, which to some extent is intended for a narrow circle of specialist readers, and fiction, and local history, and other literature very often uses local geographical terms. In the works of Siberian writers, one can find many such words and expressions that are drawn from the arsenal of folk geographical terminology.

In the dictionary, after explaining the meaning of the term, the place of its use is indicated (if the term is narrowly local), examples of own geographical names formed from this term are given.

ALYABUSHKI - unleavened cakes.

AMERICAN - a kind of plow.

ARAMUSES - a term common among hunters: high tops made of skins, soft leather, tarpaulin, worn over trousers; armlets made of soft leather, covering part of the arm from the hand to the forearm. Let's compare aramus (Evenki) - legs (long gaiter for the whole leg).

AYANCHIK is a small bay on the river. From Evenk. ayan - an old woman.

BABASHKA - a float on a fishing tackle.

BADOG - the beating part of the flail; chain handle.

BAYDARA - a clay pot or pan used for cooking food, storing dairy products.

LHC - an obstacle made of a row of reinforced logs or a cable stretched across the river during timber rafting.

BAKLUSHKA - the handle of a fly saw.

BALAGAN - 1) a temporary light wooden building in the field, on the mowing, on a raft; 2) a hut in the forest made of branches, grass or birch bark; 3) a cone-shaped temporary structure made of poles and straw over an ice hole during ice fishing.

BALO - a wooden machine made of one or two hewn logs connected together, designed for bending skids, arches.

BAMBERA - float on fishing tackle.

BANCHOK - a flat tin vessel for vodka, in which the Chinese "humpbacks" carried smuggled alcohol.

DRUM - a wooden frame that served as a form in the construction of an adobe oven, i.e. formwork.

BARAKCHA - ladle, ladle.

LAMB - a wooden or metal ring at the harrow, to which a shaft is attached, which regulates the turns of the harrow.

BARLINA - the skin of a wild goat or red deer with short, strong autumn hair.

BASTRIK - a pole with which hay or sheaves are pulled onto a cart.

BAT - a boat hollowed out of a tree trunk.

SHOE - 1) a hunting trap (usually from foxes and small fur-bearing animals in the form of a wooden trough, turned upside down.

WHITE TAIGA - an expression adopted by the old-timers to refer to pure birch plantations (see belniki).

BELYSH - egg white.

BELNIK - more or less pure birch stands with an admixture of aspen and in some places pine and larch. These are most often birch forests that have grown on the site of a cut down or burnt taiga.

BERDO - one of the poles intertwined with rods that blocked the river during fishing.

BEREGOVUSHKA - fishing tackle.

BEREZHNIK - a fishing structure on a river (channel, bay) in the form of a partition.

BEREMYA - an armful, a bundle of firewood.

BITOK - birch bark scoop for picking berries.

DISHERS - rich unleavened cakes.

FIGHTER - a whirlpool on the river, formed from the collision of a strong current with rocks; rock jutting out in the river.

BOYCHI - steep, devoid of vegetation ledges of rocks.

BOLON - 1) an unhardened layer of wood under the bark of a tree; 2) a spit on the inside of the abdominal part of the animal's skin; 3) peritoneum.

TALKER - 1) swill for livestock from flour, placed in water; 2) flour porridge on the water.

BOM - in the meaning of "obstructing" - an impenetrable place. From here to the Amur with the Evenk. area means: a high, sheer cliff or a steep slope in a narrow part of a valley, creating a difficult passage along the river bank. The Bom River in the Zeya region.

BORKA - a small pine forest with a slight admixture of birch.

BEARD - detail of an axe.

BOTALO - a bell tied around the neck of grazing horses, cows, deer.

BRICHKA - a cart for the transport of goods.

BRODNI - leather boots without heels that do not let water through.

BUGACHAN - an island in a swamp, overgrown with grass, shrubs and individual trees.

BULGUNYAKH - in Yakut. literally means an isolated hill (knoll, kurgan), regardless of its origin. Bulgunakh entered the geography as a term denoting mounds of permafrost origin. These are dome-shaped swelling mounds with an ice core, standing alone on a flat flat surface from one to thirty to forty meters high and differing long duration existence. They are distributed in closed basin-like relief depressions in Yakutia, the northern regions of the Amur Region. There is a contradictory spelling of this term in the literature: bulgunyah, bulgunyah, bulgunnyah, bulgunyak, etc. That's right: bulgunyakh.

BURDUK - 1) a dish of flour brewed in boiling water; 2) sour dough made from rye flour, which was smeared on the inside of the skin during dressing.

BURUNS - high wind waves on a lake or reservoir.

BUS - a small, short-term rain, poorly wetting the ground. This term is widely used in the Far East as well.

Bhutan - hill, hill. For example: Sokolovsky butane; a dry, grassy mound in a wetland with badger and raccoon burrows.

BUTARA - 1) a wooden trough with gratings, in which gold-bearing rocks are washed; 2) the simplest convenient device used for sand washing to obtain concentrates containing valuable minerals - gold, platinum, cassiterite, etc.

BULL(I) - rocky ridges in the middle of the riverbed, which stretch at some distance from the coastal rocks that have crumbled into small parts; small threshold.

FAST, FAST, SPEED - a line of low speeds of the river. The words matera, mainland, are used with the same meaning.

QUICK - hunting trap.

ROLLING - wheat flour of the highest grade, grits.

VARNAK - a hooligan, a robber.

VEYNIK - reed and sedge-reed grass meadows in the Amur region.

VENTER - a fishing trap in the form of a bag-shaped net tapering to the bottom, which is attached to hoops.

VERTUG - 1) a structure in the form of a wheel rotating on a pole with a long pole, designed for ice skating.

UPPER CRUSH - part of the pressing mechanism of a hunting trap - a log or a heavy board, which is placed on top across the bottom board.

VERHNIK - 1) a sheaf, which covers several sheaves, compiled in a field for drying; 2) top part double hive; 3) the ceiling in the hive.

VERHOVIK - the wind of the eastern and southeastern directions, blowing usually during the onset of cyclonic weather. "Verkhovik is blowing - there will be bad weather." Sometimes the winds blowing through the valleys from the upper reaches of the rivers are called verkhovik.

TOP - the upper reaches of the river, the beginning of the stream. For example: the top of the Zeya is the source of the river. Zei.

RAG - 1) last year's uncut grass; 2) perennial grass, blister sedge.

Anemone - a gap, a crack in a log.

EVENING - 1) youth festivities in the house, which paid off the owner for one or more evenings; 2) wedding festivities of young people in the evening on the day of the wedding.

HANGED - a device for hanging frames for storing sushi pulled out of the hive.

THING - a bag made of dense fabric or tarpaulin, designed for a small catch of fish.

SIDE - a small, but more or less steep slope of the terrace across the road. Vzlobok, in contrast to the hillock, which has two opposite slopes, does not have a reverse SLOPE.

VLUMINA - a pit, a small ravine filled with snow.

VODILINA - 1) part of a horse team in the form of a thick stick that guides the movement of horses in a circle; 2) bridle.

WATER SNOW - a very apt name for a snow-like variety of bottom ice, loose, resembling snow, saturated with water and formed on rifts.

VOLOCHUGA - 1) a small cart of hay that can be transported at a time by dragging; 2) a small pile of hay.

VOSTRYAK - a hill with a pointed peak, a mountain peak, peaked hills.

VOSTRYAKI - pointed peaks of mountains, peaked mountains (ridges Aesop, Yam-Alin, Stanovoy).

VOSCHINA - stems of garden plants.

SUCCESS - a place to ascend a mountain (pad, valley, path along a gentle slope).

SECOND HIVE - the second swarm of bees in the hive.

BUSHING - a sleeve, a metal ring inserted into the wheel hub.

REVOROTYASHKI - light shoes, sewn from the skin with fur inside.

VYSELKI - originally a small village, separated from a large village, village; farm.

PADDING - sheaves laid on the current in a circle, with ears towards the center for horse and hand threshing.

GAYNO - 1) lair of wild boars; 2) squirrel's nest.

GALYA is a pure moss swamp that looks like a green meadow, almost impassable, since a thin fur cover only covers the water of an overgrown or recently overgrown lake.

GAT - 1) non-drying quicksand swamp; 2) always a swampy place at the bottom of a valley, stream, littered with logs, brushwood for travel and passage; 3) flooring of brushwood and logs for this purpose.

SLUSHNIK - a solid fence made of boards or logs.

ROTTEN CORNER - the side where rain clouds usually come from. In the region - east, northeast.

GNUS - the popular collective name for a number of blood-sucking insects, very common in the Amur region (gadflies, midges, miniature wood lice) - the "punishment" of the Far Eastern taiga. In some areas, this word is replaced by another - midge or midge.

CHAR - a peak that protrudes above the border of the forest. slopes and summit. The bald mountains are covered with stony mountain-tundra soils and blocky placers of hard rocks with scale lichens.

HEAD - 1) the front curved part of the sleigh runner; 2) a bar with wooden teeth, mounted on a rake handle.

HEADS - 1) the lower part of light shoes (oloch, ichigov), covering the foot; 2) light shoes without tops, made of mainly home-made leather.

GOLTEL - a tool in the form of a small planer with a narrow blade for making grooves on wooden parts.

GOLTERNIK - tes with longitudinal grooves that cover roofs.

GOLTSI - peaks, ridges and high slopes of mountain ranges, rising above the border of forest vegetation, look like a bare, bare surface.

MESSENGER - the largest and strongest animal in the pack, the leader; fish leading the school during spawning.

THROAT - a narrow strait connecting two neighboring lakes, a small channel connecting two large parallel riverbeds.

MANE - an elongated low ridge with gentle slopes, overgrown with forest; crest of a mountain range.

HREE MOUNTAINS - low hills stretched for several kilometers, a mountain range.

GRIDEL - part of a plow, a plow, a wooden or metal bar on which a plowshare is attached.

RADILKA - a wooden plow with an iron plowshare.

GUBA - a softener for home-made leather.

GUZHIK - a belt loop connecting the beating part of the flail with the handle.

GURAN - male roe deer; the nickname of a resident of the Amur region, a descendant of Russian settlers from Transbaikalia.

GURIK - dance.

DAVOK - 1) oppression on the slopes of a birch bark roof in the form of two interconnected logs; 2) a detail of a trap for fur-bearing animals, a pressing mechanism made of a log, a board or several boards knocked together.

DADAN - square-shaped hive.

DEL - a net knitted from special thick threads for the manufacture of various fishing tackle.

DROZHINA - a long cart with a deep body for transporting hay.

DYGEN is a tall man.

HOLES - fur hunting gloves with a slit for quick release of the hand when shooting.

ELAKAN - meadow-steppe areas in the form of islands in the forest.

ELAN - flat open treeless space, meadow plain, suitable for mowing, pastures. Yelan is also called a low swampy plain overgrown with shrubs, and an island in the middle of a swamp or wetland, and arable land located at a distance from the settlement.

ERGACH - 1) a fur coat made of wild goat skins, with fur outside; 2) an outdated nickname for a hunter.

ERGASH - goat fur coat without wool.

YERNIK - thickets of low shrub birch, willow and other shrubs up to one to one and a half meters high, most common in the northern taiga and in the mountains. They look like oppressed plantations, more or less waterlogged.

TOAD - the transverse bar of the mill spindle, on which the upper millstone is held.

STAFF - tall, dry, thin, sometimes leaning trunks of trees (birch, aspen, pine) that died from a forest fire in the subtaiga zone.

VOTE - a passage between stones on the rapids of the rivers, along which skilled steersmen from local residents skillfully guide the boat.

ZHIVETS - small springs spouting from the ground.

ZHIGALO - an iron rod with a pointed end for burning holes in a tree.

ZABEREGI - ice that forms along the banks of rivers during frosts before freezing of rivers. Zaberezhs appear in the region in late September - early October.

DOWNLOAD - snow that fills various relief depressions in the mountains (ravines, gorges, pits). The faces are very dense and lie for 10–11 months a year. Sometimes they don't stay at all. Streams originate from them.

SIDE - 1) a floodplain terrace on the bank of a mountain river, expanding in a semicircle, as if with one side in its bend or meander, and representing a good flood meadow with a rich herbage; 2) a place located away from the village, from the main arable land.

WRAPPERS - confectionery products in the form of various figures from rich sour dough.

ZAVOR - a pole, a crossbar blocking a passage or passage in a fence.

FLAT - a valve that closes an opening in a chimney.

ZAGAN - a wild kid under the age of one year.

ZAGNETA - 1) a corner or recess inside the hearth or in the furnace of a Russian stove, where hot coals are raked; 2) poles in a Russian stove; 3) a damper that closes the mouth of the Russian stove.

ZAGUBA - a ball of grated tobacco and wrapped in a tobacco leaf.

ZADOROGA - one of the sides of the hearth of the Russian stove.

ZAYAZDOK - a fishing structure on the river in the form of a partition.

Zaimishche - swampy non-hummocky lowlands in the forest-steppe, formed from overgrown lakes and covered with continuous thickets of reeds and reeds; in some places in the borrowings there are open water spaces - "windows"; the bottom is made of liquid peat mass - "labza". Sometimes they serve as hayfields.

ZAKOT - a large-stone placer in the mountains, covered with cedar-spruce-fir-larch taiga with an undergrowth of berry bushes and abounding with rodents and predatory fur-bearing animals.

ZAVOK - a small plain on a ridge, or a large high terrace, or a terrace-like ledge on a mountainside. Often used for arable land.

DEPOSIT - 1) the accumulation of minerals in the earth's crust or on its surface. In the region there are deposits of iron, titanium-magnetite ores, etc.; 2) arable land not cultivated for several years.

ZALOM - 1) a long stick used when hunting for a bear as a crossbar that closes the exit from the den; 2) a pole, a bolt with which the gates are locked; 3) the accumulation in the riverbed of trees, washed and demolished by the current, forming dams in the form of trunks randomly piled on top of each other in the narrow places of the river; stagnation of loose timber, rafted down the river.

ZAMOR - the death of fish in winter in various reservoirs of Siberia after freezing from a lack of oxygen. There are frequent cases of death of animals in Siberian taiga from the strong winter frosts from lack of food.

ZAPADINA, WEST - a deepening, a hollow between the hills.

ZAPON - apron, apron.

START - a place of shelter for sable. The root launch is a permanent habitat for sable with comfortable shelters in stone placers and kurma (see) with thickets of dwarf birch (see), dwarf pine (see) and berry bushes.

ZAROD - a large stack of hay in the form of an oblong stack.

ZARUB - threshold on the river.

ZARYANKA - morning and evening breeze, arising in the form of light gusts at sunrise and sunset from uneven heating of individual sections of the earth's surface.

ZAKREBYSH is the last child of a mother with many children.

TAP - dirt rolled up on the body.

ZATON - a bay on the river, protected from ice drift. Used for winter mooring of ships. For example, the Zeya backwater in the city of Blagoveshchensk.

ZATURAN - tea seasoned with milk, cream and toasted flour.

CORNER - an illegitimate child.

MUNCH - a tool that cuts a recess in the barrel to insert the bottom.

CAPTURE (fuse) - droughts, exciting crops during the ripening of bread. They are observed in July and August, but very rarely, since these months in the Amur region have a relatively high humidity.

ZIMNIK - a winter road laid straight across frozen rivers, lakes and swamps, shorter than the summer one. Some taiga wetlands of the Amur region can only be reached by a winter road.

SNAKE - 1) a long plow for cultivating virgin lands; 2) a narrow saw with fine teeth.

UMBRELLA - hipped roof.

TOOTH - a spike at the end of a log, drives it into a notch corresponding to its size at the end of another log.

ZYBKA - a device for catching fish in the form of a basket of twigs or a net on a hoop.

ZIB, ZYBUN - a swamp, a swamp covered with a carpet of vegetation, swaying underfoot, dangerous, because it can be deep. The plant carpet can be up to 1–2 m thick.

HEAD - the upper cape of the island in the riverbed downstream: the beginning - the head and the end - the ear (see).

INZHIGAN - a wild goat.

Istok - a channel connecting two lakes or a lake with a river, a deepening or ravine on the bank of a river, connected to a river and filled with water during a flood.

ICHIGI - leather boots without heels that do not let water through. Light footwear for hunters of local ethnic groups, such as high summer boots, made of soft, well-dressed leather of ungulates. Ichigi are wrapped around the legs with special ties - supports, sewn without heels. They allow you to easily, gently, almost silently walk through the taiga, they are very comfortable.

HEEL - a sheaf that covers several sheaves, made up in a field for drying.

KADAR - steep, rocky slopes, cliff, rock.

KADKA - the beating part of the flail.

KAZACHOK - short women's jacket in the waist.

TREASURY - an iron box, a casket with a treasury, a sign of the treasurer, later replaced by the Book.

GALOSHA - a large wicker basket.

KALTUS - the term is used in different meanings: 1) a low swampy place, usually swampy; 2) a drying swamp overgrown with grass; 3) an elevated place, a hillock in the middle of a swamp; 4) a small shrub growing in a wetland, along the shore of a lake.

KALYP - a rifled, home-cast bullet for an old gun.

STONE - threshold on the river.

STONEFALL - a steep rocky cliff in the mountains.

KAMUS - a strip of skin taken from a deer's leg, used for sewing high fur boots; home-made skis, lined with skin and wool on the outside. Camus skis are used by hunters.

KARGANA - thickets of bushes, mainly wild rose, on small elevations among the swamp or in damp hummocky depressions among the steppe.

KARCHI - tree trunks and roots lying at the bottom of rivers, sometimes for a very long time. They often form from landslides of a forested shore, dragging trees along with their roots into the water during spring and summer floods. Dangerous. Distributed throughout the region along all rivers.

KATALKA - a wooden shaft for threshing bread.

KATYRGA - a tool in the form of a knife with teeth for scraping the skin.

KECURS - huge pillar-shaped rocks of the original form, usually stretching in rows along the watersheds of the Olekma, Nyukzha and along the tops of the mountains.

KIBAS - a sinker for fishing tackle made of lead, stone or clay.

KILIKA - wooden hammer for carpentry work.

MASONRY - an element of the wedding ceremony, a mutual agreement between parents on a bride price.

KEY is a small river, 10–20 km long, sometimes more. For example: Kholodny Klyuch is a tributary of the middle Zeya, 11 km long, Kalyagin Klyuch is a Belaya tributary, 24 km long.

KNYAZYOK - a longitudinal beam covering the junction of the planes of a gable roof.

KOBYLINA - 1) a pole that serves as a support in any structure; 2) a wooden machine for leather dressing at home; 3) stand for sawing firewood; goats.

MARE - 1) detail of a plow or a plow in the form of a frame; 2) oarlock.

KOVARY - tops of olochs, homemade shoes.

KOZLYAK - a fur coat made from the skin of a wild goat with fur on the outside.

KOZULKA - 1) a wooden plow with an iron plowshare; 2) a kind of iron plow that rolls the earth to one side.

KOLOK - 1) an island, a ridge in the middle of a swamp; 2) thickets, bushes along the bank of a stream or in a low, damp place; 3) a small grove in the field; woodland between arable land.

KOPARULYA - 1) a tool for manually digging potatoes; 2) a view of a wooden plow with an iron plowshare.

KOPYTOCHKI - model shoes with high heels.

KORCHAG - 1) a large earthen vessel; 2) fishing tackle in the form of a round narrow basket with a funnel-shaped hole, woven from twigs or wire.

Trough - 1) a fishing shell woven from thick rods, which was placed at the hole in a special structure on the river - a ride; 2) dugout boat.

Bonebreaker - an old round dance.

KOTUH - insulated room for livestock and poultry.

CATS - winter women's quilted shoes.

KOSHMA - a type of hunting trap for birds.

KREPI - daytime habitat of hoofed animals (deer deer, roe deer) in a dense forest shelter.

Krivda - bag-shaped fishing tackle.

Krivulya - the wooden base of an old plow.

Krivun - a large bend of the river, bend, meander. For example: Korsakovsky Krivun, Cherpelsky Krivuns on the river. Amur.

Krinitsy - small lakes in a swampy valley, where from the former dried up river its deep places have been preserved in the form of a chain of lakes, interconnected in high water through the throat.

CRUMBERS - shoulder bags.

KRUPA - small hail, typical for late autumn and early spring.

KRUPKA - fish scales.

KRUTA - a steep bend of the river, a large meander.

KRUTIK, KRUCHINA, KRUTYAK, KRUTOYAR - a cliff, a steep steep slope of a mountain or hill; steep steep bank of the river.

PORCH - 1) upper back, shoulder blades; 2) the upper part of the back of the garment.

HOOK - 1) sickle; 2) a device for dressing leather in the form of a wooden hook with a scraper; 3) a mold for making homemade cookies.

KUKUYA is a narrow strip of leather cut spirally from the neck of an animal.

KULEMA - a hunting trap in the form of a wooden box-trap.

KUNGURKA - a type of wooden plow with a curved plowshare.

KURGAN - a hillock in a swampy place, overgrown with moss or grass, a bump; drying marshy places with bumps.

KURNIK - a pie with some kind of filling, usually with meat.

KURUM, KURUMNIK - stone placers on the slopes or on the flat surfaces of mountains, slowly sliding down ("stone rivers" and "stone seas"). Sometimes kurums are covered with taiga, and water flows under the stones. Kurums are the result of frost weathering rocks in high mountain climates. Widely distributed in the northern regions of the region.

KURIA - a river bay, an old dry riverbed, a small channel. Kurya is also called deep place with a whirlpool in the river, and a place cleared by a fisherman for catching fish.

KUHTA - frost on the trees; abundant or wet snow on the branches, under the weight of which they bend; poplar "fluff" on trees.

KUCHERGAN - an elevation, an island in a swamp, overgrown with moss or shrubs.

Kushtan - a tool for uprooting stumps and cultivating land such as a hoe.

LABAZ - a platform on the branches of a tree or a light building on high poles, made in the forest for hunting needs.

LABZA - liquid peat mass, formed from the rotten remains of lake-marsh vegetation; accumulates at the bottom of "loans".

LABUTS - worn shoes of large sizes.

LANOK - earthenware jug.

PAW (in the paw) - a method of sealing corners in a wooden building, in which the ends of the logs do not stick out.

PATCH - 1) a clay pot used for storing milk, cooking; 2) a large clay bowl.

ICEFALL - a frozen waterfall. "hanging" ice.

LEDYANKA - a track of a winter road specially sprinkled with water for the removal of timber from a cutting area.

LENIVKA - 1) a wide board thrown over from a Russian stove on a shelf; 2) a wooden extension to the Russian stove in the form of a bench.

TAPE - a long raft, consisting of several sheaths connected at the end.

LETNIK - a road that can be driven in summer; the skin of a wild goat killed in the summer; light master building in the yard; ice cellar.

LETNIK - a summer road in the taiga, in contrast to winter roads - winter roads (see).

LIMAN - a small depression on a plain or in a river valley. When it rains, it fills up with water, turning into a lake. Sometimes a flat clearing overgrown with grass and used as hay or arable land. Examples: p. Limannoye in the Seryshevsky and Tambov districts.

LISTVYAK is the local name for pure larch stands.

LOB - 1) frontal ledges of mountains, rocks, but sometimes individual peaks of mountains, and in this case the mountain or hill itself is often called Lob; 2) the pediment of a wooden house or outbuilding.

LOGO - the habitat of the seal on the ice among the heaps of the hummock. This permanent winter dwelling of the seal has a connection with water through a hole in the ice - "blowing".

LOGOTINA - synonyms - log, lozhina. Valley, depression between the hills. A low place where moisture is stored for a long time, usually overgrown with grass.

Crowbars - blockages of forest in the taiga, formed by a pile of trees that fell on each other after a forest fire in the mountains: windbreaks - crowbars formed from strong winds.

LONCHAK - 1) an animal in the second year of life; 2) an animal under the age of one year.

SPATULA - a part of a spinning wheel, a vertical plank, which was fixed at the end of the seat.

LUBKA - a basket of birch bark.

LYVA, LYVINA - temporary lakes, formed in the spring in the lowering of the relief from melted snow waters.

BALD SOPKA - a synonym - a coot. Hill, on top of which there is no vegetation.

MALANGA - 1) boiled vegetable oil for drying oil; 2) a slovenly, untidy woman.

LOW WATER - the water level in the river during the dry season of summer.

MANTULE - to do hard physical work.

MANTULA - corns.

MARALNIK - a place where deer are kept (ungulates from the deer family) - reserves or special farms.

MAREVASTA - another pronunciation of the term mar.

MAR - 1) swampy light forest of oppressed larch with areas of swamps and dwarf dwarf thickets located in it; 2) hilly hummocky swamp, overgrown with shrubs, dwarf birch, oppressed by a sparse forest.

MARYANS - the southern (in the sun) slopes of the mountains, devoid of tree vegetation and occupied by a kind of steppe vegetation. Maryany are in sharp contrast with the northern slopes (Sivers), completely covered with forest vegetation. Snow melts early on maryans, the soil warms up quickly, plants wake up early, and herbivorous inhabitants of the forest come here to feed in the spring.

MATERA, MATERIK - the line of the highest flow velocities in the river.

MATERIK - 1) a riverbed convenient for navigation; 2) "virgin", steppe lands on a hill.

MATKA - 1) a wooden beam on which the ceiling flooring rests; 2) one of the beams on which the floor is laid.

LIGHTHOUSES - single giant specimens of larch or pine, found in the forest-steppe zone of thickets among birch forests or in areas devoid of woody vegetation (in swamps, fields, burnt areas). They are, as it were, monuments to the disappeared taiga.

MELEN - a long wooden handle, with which the millstones of a home mill were rotated.

MENDACH - a forest with large-layer soft wood, growing in a damp, low-lying place, in swamps, unsuitable for construction.

MONKS - a bizarre outcrop, resembling human figures, formed by weathering, the destruction of mountains made of crystalline rocks.

MONEYKI - beads, necklaces.

Morok, Moroka - synonyms - gloom, cloudberry, cloudberry. Cloud, cloud; stormy, cloudy weather.

MOROCHA - birch bark boat.

MOTH - a detail of a hunting trap - a pointed stick on which the load was held - crush.

MOTYNE - a wide blouse worn by pregnant women.

POOL - a low damp place or a blurred impassable part of the road; shaky place, quagmire. Found throughout the region in swampy areas.

CAPE(S) - treeless, grassy areas of mountain slopes. Similar to Maryans (see).

MOUSE - the skin of an animal or a piece of fur attached to a lure for bait.

PULP - plowed land.

MYASIGA - semi-marsh soils on the Zeya-Bureya plain. After rains become viscous and sticky.

NAVIV - snow drift in the mountains. Windings form snow peaks, cornices at the edge of steep rocks, at rockfalls - see Fig.

NAVOLOK - places in the expansions of the valley, covered with slightly swampy meadows with a rare thicket of birch, spruce, fir; the soil is covered with a not very thick layer of moss, forming a kind of "pillow", there are no peat formations. Navoloki are always passable and serve as excellent hayfields.

NAZEM - manure.

SCAPE - peculiar icing phenomena, very common in the mountains and plateaus of the Amur region. They are formed in places where groundwater comes out - in the sources and valleys of small streams and rivers that freeze during the first frosts. Scale often "flies", i.e., does not have time to thaw during the summer. Often in spring or early summer, scales are observed that have melted from below, but remain above the channel and serve as an ice bridge across the river.

SCALE, SCALE - a layer of ice on a river and lake, formed as a result of freezing of river or ground waters that have come to the surface.

NALEVKA - stuffing for dough products.

ICE - ice formations that occur on mountain rivers, streams in winter during the onset of severe frosts due to freezing of water flowing to the surface and spreading over ice from below.

ATTACK, NAKHLEBEYKA - index finger at the mitten.

INJECTION - 1) the first honey; 2) a layer of fatty honey to bait bees.

NIZHNIK - the first tier of a two-story hive.

NIZOVIK - wind at the underlying surface.

OBKLAD - the lower part of the stack, stacks.

CLOUDS - 1) a cart box in which longitudinal poles were placed on arcuate transverse bars; 2) arcuate decoctions in the sleigh.

STRINGS - chaff.

EXPOSURE - a place where the bedrock is not covered by sediment, but comes out, or "exposes" on the surface. Exposure can be natural and artificial (clearing, quarry).

ROLLS - leather laces or ropes that were tied around the tops of the ichigs, olochs.

OVIN - 1) large stacking of sheaves (25–60 or more); 2) a measure of beveled bread.

ODENKI - leftovers from a haystack.

ODER - 1) a peasant cart for the transport of goods; 2) a cart box, in which the longitudinal poles were placed on arched transverse bars.

ODUSHKA - the front transverse beam of the cart.

OKLAD - the bottom row of logs in a log house.

WINDOW - a small area of ​​open water on the surface of an overgrowing lake. In the swamps. See glass.

OKOL - the upper part of a mountain, hill, hill.

ABOUT - a small deciduous forest, a grove in the middle of a field or near a river.

OLOCHI - 1) home-made slippers, usually made of rawhide, cut to the size of the foot and tied with a lace at the ankles; 2) home-made shoes with a leather base and tops made of coarse fabric.

Omorochka is a light single-oared birch bark or dugout boat.

OPECHKA - frequent shoals on the river; seredysh, stranded, spit on the rivers.

OPECHNY - southern, sunny slope of the mountain.

Slap - a device on a raft for steering.

ORAL - plowed land.

OROGDA - a fur hunting hat sewn from the skin taken entirely from the head of a wild roe deer (the ears of the animal and cuts in place of the eyes are preserved).

OSOSOK - a bear cub in the first year of life.

REMAINS - isolated uplands, surviving from denudation and erosion, areas of a once higher country, composed of harder rocks. characteristic of the region.

SHADE - an accumulation of stone material, fragments of hard rocks in the middle, lower parts steep hills, mountain slopes or their foot. They are formed as a result of the destruction of bedrock outcrops and gravitational movement (sliding) down the slope.

FOLD - fluff, undercoat.

DRAIN - a cornice with a gutter on the roof of the house.

Otpadok - a small valley, an offshoot from the main valley. Synonym - offspring.

Otpadok - a gorge-like deep valley of a stream that flows into a valley (see).

OTROG - a term used in the Raichikhinsky brown coal deposit; a narrow low flat hill of elongated shape, bounded on both sides by valleys. Examples: Moss Spur, Wide Spur.

SUCKS - a rock with a platform on top, standing under a cliff, on which deer and elks driven by them fight off wolves. Synonym - sump.

OTHON is the youngest, the last child in the family.

OTYMALKA - dry kitchen rag.

OHLUPEN - a longitudinal beam covering the junction of the planes of a gable roof.

Okhryapka - a corner of a wooden building, in which the ends of the logs stick out at the junction and are hemmed into a semi-oval.

OCEP - 1) a long pole at the well, which serves as a lever for raising water; 2) a pole attached to the ceiling, on which a baby cradle hangs and swings; 3) a trap for a hare.

OSHKUR - 1) a belt sewn to trousers, skirts; 2) wide belt, belt.

OSHCHEPKA - a small narrow planer.

PABEREG - 1) coastal, floodplain strip of the river; 2) the slope of the shore, leveled by ice drift, resembling a cobblestone pavement.

PADERA, PUDERA, PUDERA - strong wind with rain or snow, storm.

PADUN - the name of the river rapids, waterfall, from the verb "fall". The most famous padunas - rapids are located on the river. Bureya and Tyrma.

PAD, PADUSHKA - an intermountain depression, a mountain saddle, a beam on a plain, devoid of a watercourse or with a small watercourse. Often forested, on the plain - swampy.

PAZNIK - a carpentry tool with a pointed end for grooving.

PAL - forest fire with strong wind.

PANEVA - a headdress of the hood type.

PANTS - young soft horns of deer deer.

PARUNIA - a mother hen.

SHEPHERD - a hunting trap in the form of a warning device with a loop.

MOUTH - a hunting trap (often with a bait for an animal) in the form of a split log with a wedge - alert.

Plowman - 1) an anchor on a raft in the form of a log with a pointed iron tip and a load; 2) a person who slows down, delays a seine with the help of a special device - a plowman.

FALL - the first snow, usually significant.

EDIT - 1) the front of the sleigh, cart; 2) a rope loop in front of the cart or sleigh for pulling the cart.

FLIGHT - snow, snow drift in the mountains, which did not have time to melt over the summer; snowfield.

VERLINOCHKA - a large round collar on a women's dress.

BROKEN - a shotgun with a reclining barrel.

PEREMET - a fishing hook-type device of the "castle" type.

FEATHER - an iron plowshare of a wooden plow.

PESTLE - a wooden stopper for vessels with drinks.

PEKHLO - a wooden shovel for raking grain, snow.

PECHINA - a piece of burnt clay that fell off the arch of a Russian stove.

PLASCHINA - half of a log sawn along.

Quicksand - a small unsteady area on the surface of the earth with the presence of an aquifer at a shallow depth. In winter, quicksand, freezing, sometimes bulges in the form of a mound.

RUN - a wooden or metal ring at the harrow, to which a shaft is attached, which regulates the rotation of the harrow.

TURNING - a device in a trap that protects the chain from twisting.

VERT - a light building with a shed for livestock or storage of household equipment.

A COLLECTOR - a carpentry tool used to make grooves on wooden parts.

PENDANT - the headdress of the bride.

SUDDER - ceiling or attic.

PALLET - an iron strip cut into the axle of the cart so that it rubs less.

PODKAT - a building in the yard for storing household equipment.

PODKLET - marriage bed.

PODIL - a plain, a low place under a mountain.

PRESSURE - nest, recess at the junction of parts.

PODSKALNIK - a pole with which birch bark roofs were fixed.

POUCHING - a site in a coniferous forest intended or used for collecting resin. At present, the collection of resin thanks to new methods has little effect on the quality and further growth of wood on taps.

POSTEGA - heavy rain with wind. Synonym - slanting.

PODTAIGA - the foothill strip of the taiga, the southernmost strip of the taiga zone, the most economically developed - cut down, uprooted and populated.

POKOT - the slope of the mountain.

POMHA - fog that affects ripening cereals.

POSTEGONKA - fight.

POSTORONKA - a valve in the chimney.

POTNIK - a mattress made of felt.

CHIEF - plain scarf with tassels.

Prikopotki - fur stockings or socks.

SEIZURES - trees burnt from above. Burnouts during small forest fires ("lowland" fires) affect the lower parts of tree trunks.

PROGOLYZINA - a missed or poorly cultivated place in a field during plowing, sowing.

Slick - a pole for attracting a net under the ice.

PROPARINA - a section of the river that does not freeze for a long time in winter, a polynya.

PROPARINA - polynyas on rivers that do not freeze in the most severe frosts, over which there is a ball of fog.

PROTORS - a road running along a slope, a mountainside with frequent ascents and descents.

PROHAVA - places with pure sparse forests, covered with good meadow vegetation.

PUDERGA - a strong wind with rain or snow, a storm.

BUBBLES - ice swelling mounds formed in a river valley or on small rivers. Sometimes the bubbles burst and the water gushes like a fountain, throwing pieces of ice far away.

Putze - a strap or rope that connects the parts of the flail.

PUTZO - hair snares for catching birds and small animals.

PYKHUNY - a kind of soil cover in the forest-steppe of the southern Angara region, characterized by black color, a relatively high content of humus, structurelessness, dustiness. Pukhun is easily dusty, blown out by the wind.

PYALY - the back of the body of the sleigh with raised sides.

PYATIKLINKA - a skirt with five stripes expanding towards the bottom.

RALO - an iron plowshare of a wooden plow.

GROWTH - a small fall, a shallow flat hollow, a depression between the hills.

RASPUSKA - a cart for transporting logs.

RASSOHA, RASSOSHINA - the term is used to determine the bifurcation of pads, dry valleys. For example, the upper river Tom is called Tomskaya Rassoshina, Left Rassoshina Stoyba, Rassoshina Jayana.

RVANTZY - pieces of dough, dumplings boiled in boiling broth.

REJAVINA - a thick pole used in construction.

REZHAK - a bag-shaped piece of fishing tackle, consisting of two or three sheets.

RELKA - 1) more or less extensive elongated areas rising above the general lowland swampy plain and covered with forests. The surface of the rails is uneven, hummocky, partially swampy, it has many hollows and tubercles; 2) a low ridge in a swamp, on a wide swampy floodplain; in some areas, rivers are forests of an island character.

RZHAVETS, RZHAVITSA, RZHAVKA - a body of water with reddish stagnant water.

ROGALYUKHA - 1) a wooden stick curved in the form of a horn; 2) a handle of a primitive wooden plow in the form of a natural fork; 3) a wooden plow with an iron plowshare.

SLINGSHOT - a house or booth in which the customs house was located.

BIRTH - a long pole pointed at both ends, which is used for mowing when transporting hay.

Placer - loose river deposits in the channels and along the sides of rivers and streams, composed of pebbles with a significant admixture of sandy-clay material and containing valuable useful components: tin or gold, platinum, precious stones, etc.

RUBEL - 1) a wooden block with cut-out transverse grooves for ironing or knocking out linen; 2) a pole, with the help of which hay or sheaves are pulled onto a cart.

ORE - a natural mineral substance containing valuable or useful metals or metalloids in such quantities, of such quality and in such chemical compounds as to permit their economic recovery on a factory scale. Gold, iron, tin, titanium-magnetite and other ores are common in the region.

HANDLE - oarlock.

RYAZH - 1) fishing net with large meshes; 2) top of the hill.

SABAN - wheel front plow.

SAIKCHAN is a wild kid up to one year old.

SAIBA - a small temporary building, sometimes on piles, in a forest, in a field or on the banks of rivers for storing meat or fish.

SAK - a type of plow.

SAKMA - animal trail in the taiga.

SARAPINKA - light cotton fabric in a box or in a strip.

Dump - a build-up on the dump, roots or branches of a tree, an influx.

PIG - a wooden frame that served as a form in the construction of an adobe stove; formwork.

LINK - the top row of logs on which the rafters are placed.

SELNITSA - a wooden trough or sieve for sifting flour and other household needs.

SENOGNOY - a fine lingering rain. Options - rush, mukosey, wet, cloudberry, orphans cry.

SIVER, SIVERKA - wind blowing from the north side; mountain slopes.

SIVERA - northern or northwestern cold winds (Eastern Siberia).

SIDBA - a temporary building, a hut or shelter on a tree, where a hunter guards animals, birds.

SILUSHEK - one of the short strings on which the float of the fishing net is attached.

SITNIK - fine lingering rain.

SCARMAK - an outstanding large rock, often completely hanging over the valley of a mountain river; coastal rocks. The main meaning is a rock, a rocky cliff.

WAREHOUSE - 1) a strip of plowed land formed as a result of driving a plow to one side of the field and back; 2) one of the methods of plowing an array, in which they begin to plow from the center of the field.

FOLDING - a folded and evenly folded strip on the fabric.

SKOBILO - a wooden knife for dressing leather.

SKOK - a fishing facility into which a fish got into by jumping over a fence on the river - zaezdok.

SKOLOTEN - a piece of birch bark of a cylindrical shape, completely removed from a tree.

SKRADKA - a shelter at a hunting place, in the form of a hut on the ground or a platform on the branches of a tree, for watching for an animal or game.

SKRES - a break at work, a short rest.

SKUKLA - rings of rods used to tie logs on a raft.

SLANIK, STLANIK - thickets of a creeping plant - cedar slanik, from the verb "to creep" (on the ground).

SLIVAN - strong tea seasoned with butter, raw eggs, cream or milk. Tea is salted and usually aged in a Russian oven, mixed by "draining" with a ladle. Favorite drink of Transbaikal and Amur old-timers.

SMERTASH - a strong whirlwind, hurricane wind.

SNICHKA - an overlay for the lock.

SOGRA - swampy, swampy, hummocky, grassy and moss-covered areas on watersheds with a very slight slope. They are confined to small depressions where snow water usually stagnates.

SOKUY - one of the types of ice on lakes, formed along the shores during the initial freezing phase of the lake in the form of a thin ice edge - zaberezh, as well as ice formed in autumn from wave splashes.

SOLNOPEK - south, the slope of the mountain of southern exposure, warmed by the sun; an open elevated place warmed by the sun.

SOPKA - a mountain or hill of a rounded shape, standing alone or in a mountain range. Often a hill is called any elevated territory. For example: hills to the north and west of Blagoveshchensk.

SORVENTSY - dumplings made from buckwheat flour.

Icicle - the movable part of the washstand on which water flows.

SOCHEN - a rolled piece of dough, a blank for dumplings, cookies, noodles.

SOCHILO - a wooden spatula, which is used to clean a raw log from the bark.

SOYUZKA - a leather lining or a leather sole for cloth or fur shoes.

STANOVIK - high mountain ranges, watersheds, usually elongated, with steep slopes, difficult to pass, as if they had become an impregnable barrier, a wall across the path. The term originated in the 17th century. from the base of the camp - "the place where the road travelers stopped (stopped). From here came the toponyms Stanovoy ridge, Olekminsky Stanovik, Stanovoe upland, Tokinsky Stanovik, Dzheltulinsky Stanovik.

STARITSA is the name of many small rivers, stagnant lakes and reservoirs of various types. The name is based on the word staritsa - "the old, abandoned river bed." Reservoirs, representing the old river bed, can have the forms of Stark, Old Man, Old Woman, Old Lake.

STEGNO - part of the leg from the pelvis to the knee, thigh.

GLASSES or GLASSES - a free space of water in the middle of a swamp, representing the remnant of an overgrown lake.

STOYBA - the location of ungulates in winter. Ungulates in the taiga usually "stand" all winter in one place. Only extreme need (lack of food, fear of the enemy) makes them leave their stalls. There are stalls of elks, stalls of goats, etc.

PILLARS - rocky peaks, remnants, ridges of outcrops, often very beautiful and picturesque, pillar-shaped, formed as a result of weathering of crystalline rocks (Mikhailovsky pillars in the Blagoveshchensk region).

FEET - log cabin.Local residents During the next trip to Turkey in the resort town of Oludeniz, I accidentally met a married couple from Moscow. They spent two weeks in an all-inclusive hotel. But one day they nevertheless dared to escape the walls of the hotel and went to

From the book Encyclopedia of the Lawyer of the author

Local taxes LOCAL TAXES - obligatory payments physical and legal entities received by the budgets of administrative-territorial units. M.S. are part of the country's tax system. In most foreign countries, M. n. - the main method of mobilization

From the book Germany and the Germans. What guidebooks are silent about author Tomchin Alexander

10.2. Russian Germans or German Russians? Russian Germans have the right to come to Germany for permanent residence, that is, our compatriots with German roots. These are the descendants of those Germans who, at the invitation of Catherine II, settled in Russia and were famous with us for their

From the author's book

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From the author's book

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Local coagulants Hemostatic collagen sponge (Spongia haemostatica collagenica) Indications: as a hemostatic agent for capillary and parenchymal bleeding, for tamponade of the sinuses of the dura mater, to stop alveolar bleeding,

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Local anesthetics Dikain (Dicainum) Synonyms: Amethocaine, Anethaine, Decicain, Felicain, Foncaine, Intercain, Medicain, Pantocain, Pontocaine hydrochloride, Rexocaine, Tetracaini hydrochloridum, Tetracaine hydrochloride, etc. Indications: use only (!) For surface anesthesia. Contraindications: contraindicated in children under 10 years of age and

M.: Thought. - 230 pp. "Questions of Geography" - a series of scientific thematic collections on geography, founded in 1946 on the initiative and under the leadership of N. N. Baransky in the Moscow branch Geographic Society THE USSR.
In 1946-1963. The series was published by the publishing house Geografgiz. After its merger in 1963 with other publishing houses, the series continued to be published under the brand name of the Mysl publishing house until 1989.
Collections were published several times a year (from 1 to 7). Until 1989, 132 issues of "Questions of Geography" were published, the last was the issue of "Modern Village: Ways of Development".
In 2009, the series was renewed as a publication of the Russian Geographical Society. After a 20-year break, a new collection was released with the same number as the last one published in the USSR. After a short break in 2010-2011. The publication of the series has been resumed by the Kodeks Publishing House. Contents
Learning local geographic terms
EAT. Pospelov (Moscow). Toponymic works of E.M. Murzaeva (to the 60th birthday)
EM. Murzaev (Moscow). Local geographical terms and their role in toponymy
Yu.A. Karpenko (Odessa). Toponyms and geographical terms (relationship issues)
N.I. Tolstoy (Moscow). On the problem of studying Slavic local geographical terms
N.V. Podolskaya (Moscow). Folk geographical terms as scientific terms
G.N. Klepikova (Moscow). From the Carpatho-Ukrainian terminology of the mountain landscape
V.M. Mokienko (Leningrad). Semantic models of Slavic telmographic terminology
Yu.S. Azarch (Moscow). Names of arable and haylands in Northern Russian dialects
SOUTH. Vylezhnev, L.G. Dvinyaninova, M.V. Mityagina, T.A. Ryabova (Perm). The Role of Geographical Terms in the Formation of Toponymy in the South of the Perm Region and Adjacent Territories
EAT. Pospelov (Moscow). The Method of Geographical Terms in the Analysis of the Substratum Toponymy of the North
A.K. Matveev (Sverdlovsk). Geographical terms in the substrate microtoponymy of the Russian North
Scientific messages
A.V. Superanskaya (Moscow). Are the color names of the rivers terminological?
G.P. Bondaruk (Moscow). Local geographical terms and dialectology
V.F. Dambe (Riga). Geographical terms in the toponymy of the Latvian SSR
M.F. Semenov (Riga). Russian-Latvian language relations according to geographic terminology
V.A. Zhuchkevich. Local geographical terms in the toponymy of Belarus
G.P. Smolitskaya (Moscow). Geographical term measles/korek
G.Ya. Simina (Leningrad). Geographical terms in the names of settlements in Pinezhye
IN AND. Tagunova (Murom). About changes in geographical terms
L.L. Trumpet (Gorky). Local geographical terms in the toponymy of the Gorky region
L.G. Guliyeva (Krasnodar). A gap in the hydronyms of the Kuban
T.I. Teplyashin. Place names on the Kar and some issues related to the resettlement of the Bessermen
E.G. Becker (Tomsk). About some Selkup geographical terms
G.K. Konkashpaev (Alma-Ata). General features of the Turkic terminology of Central Asia and Kazakhstan
V.N. Popova (Chimkent). Information role local geographical terms as part of toponyms
A.Z. Rosenfeld (Leningrad). Hydrographic terms in the toponymy of Tajikistan
S. Karaev (Tashkent). Geographical terms in the contact zone of the Uzbek, Kyrgyz and Tajik population
K.F. Grishchenko (Tomsk). Selected Yakut geographical terms
FROM. Molchanov (Tomsk). On the hydrographic terms of Gorny Altai
M. Geldykhanov (Ashgabat). Hydrographic terms of Turkmenistan
A.N. Kamalov (Ufa). Once again about the toponym Ural, the hydronym Aral and the term Aral
Chronicle
N.T. Kholopov. Report on the activities of the Moscow branch of the Geographical Society of the USSR for 1968

Geographical terms and concepts. Geographic definitions. Altitude is the vertical distance from sea level to a given point.a.v. points above sea level is considered positive, below - negative.
Azimuth- the angle between the direction to the north and the direction to any object on the ground; is calculated in degrees from 0 to 360° clockwise.

Iceberg- a large block of ice floating in the sea, lake or sitting aground.
Antarctic belt– descends from the South Pole to 70°S.
Anticyclone- area of ​​high air pressure in the atmosphere.

area- the area of ​​distribution of any phenomenon or group of living organisms.
arctic belt– descends from the North Pole to 70°N.
Archipelago- a group of islands.
Atmosphere the air envelope of the earth.
Atoll- coral island in the form of a ring.
Beam- a dry valley in the steppe and forest-steppe regions in the Russian Plain.
Barkhan- accumulation of loose sand, blown by the wind and not fixed by vegetation.
Swimming pool- the area of ​​lowering, which does not have a runoff on the surface.
Shore- a strip of land adjacent to a river, lake, sea; slope descending to the water basin.
Biosphere- one of the shells of the Earth, includes all living organisms.
Breeze- local wind on the shores of the seas, lakes and large rivers. Daytime breeze. (or sea) blows from the sea (lake) to land. Night breeze (or coastal) - from land to sea.
"Brocken Ghost"(along the Brocken mountain in the Harz massif, Germany) is a special kind of mirage observed on clouds or fog at sunrise or sunset.
Wind- the movement of air relative to the ground, usually horizontal, is directed from high pressure to low. The direction of the wind is determined by the side of the horizon from which it blows. Wind speed is specified in m/s, km/h, knots, or approximately on the Beaufort scale.
Air humidity- the content of water vapor in it.
Watershed- boundary between watersheds.
Elevation- an area elevated above the surrounding area.
Waves – oscillatory movements the aquatic environment of the seas and oceans caused by the tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun (tidal waves), wind (wind waves), fluctuations in atmospheric pressure (anemobaric waves), underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions (tsunamis).
highlands- a set of mountain structures with steep slopes, pointed peaks and deep valleys; absolute heights are more than 3000 m. The highest mountain systems of the planet: Himalayas, Mount Everest (8848 m) is located in Asia; in Central Asia, in India and China - Karakorum, peak Chogori (8611 m).
Altitudinal zonality- change natural areas in the mountains from the sole to the top, associated with climate and soil changes depending on the height above sea level.
Geographical coordinates are angular quantities that determine the position of any point on the globe relative to the equator and prime meridian.
Geospheres- shells of the Earth, differing in density and composition.
Hydrosphere- water shell of the Earth.
Mountain- 1) an isolated sharp elevation among relatively flat terrain; 2) a peak in a mountainous country.
The mountains- vast territories with absolute heights up to several thousand meters and sharp fluctuations in heights within their limits.
mountain system- a collection of mountain ranges and mountain ranges that extend in one direction and have a common appearance.
Ridge– elongated, relatively low relief form; formed by hills lined up in a row and merged with their foothills.
Delta- the area of ​​​​deposition of river sediments at the mouth of the river when it flows into the sea or lake.
Longitude geographic is the angle between the plane of the meridian passing through given point, and the plane of the prime meridian; measured in degrees and measured from the prime meridian to the east and west.
Valley– negative linearly elongated relief form.
Dunes- the accumulation of sand on the shores of the seas, lakes and rivers, formed by the wind.
gulf- a part of the ocean (sea or lake), which goes quite deep into the land, but has free water exchange with the main part of the reservoir.
The earth's crust is the outer shell of the earth.
Swell- small, with a calm uniform wave, the excitement of the sea, river or lake.
Ionosphere- high layers of the atmosphere, starting at an altitude of 50-60 km.
Source- the place where the river begins.
Canyon- a deep river valley with steep slopes and a narrow bottom. K. underwater - a deep valley within the underwater margin of the mainland.
Karst- dissolution of rocks by natural waters and the phenomenon associated with it. Climate is the long-term regime of the weather in a particular area. Local K., distributed over a relatively small area.
Climatic zone (or belt)- a vast region distinguished by climatic indicators.
Spit- a sand or pebble shaft, stretching along the coast or protruding in the form of a cape far into the sea.
Crater- a depression that arose after the explosion of a volcano.
Ridge- a sharply uplifting large uplift, one of the types of hills.
Avalanche A mass of snow or ice falling down a steep slope.
Lagoon- a shallow bay or bay separated from the sea by a spit or coral reef.
landscape geographical- type of terrain, a relatively homogeneous section of the geographical envelope.
Glacier- a mass of ice moving slowly under the influence of gravity along the slope of a mountain or along a valley. The Antarctic glacier is the largest on the planet, its area is 13 million 650 thousand km2, the maximum thickness exceeds 4.7 km, and the total ice volume is about 25-27 million km3 - almost 90% of the volume of all ice on the planet.
glacial period- a period of time in the geological history of the Earth, characterized by a strong cooling of the climate.
forest-steppe- a landscape in which forests and steppes alternate.
Forest-tundra- a landscape in which forests and tundra alternate.
Liman– a shallow bay at the mouth of the river; usually separated from the sea by an oblique or embankment.
Lithosphere- one of the shells of the Earth.
Mantle The shell of the earth between the earth's crust and core.
Mainland- a large part of the land, surrounded on all sides by oceans and seas.
Australia- in the Southern Hemisphere, between the Indian and Pacific Oceans (the smallest of the continents);
America North and South- in the Western Hemisphere, between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans;
Antarctica- in the central part of the South Polar Region (the southernmost and highest continent on the planet);
Africa- in the Southern Hemisphere (the second largest continent);
Eurasia- in the Northern Hemisphere (the largest continent of the Earth).
Meridians geographically e - imaginary circles passing through the poles and crossing the equator at a right angle; all their points lie on the same geographic longitude.
World Ocean- all the water space of the Earth.
Monsoons are winds that periodically change their direction depending on the season: in winter they blow from land to sea, and in summer from sea to land.
uplands- a mountainous country characterized by a combination of mountain ranges and massifs and located high above sea level. Tibet- in Central Asia, the highest and greatest highlands on Earth. Its base rests at absolute heights of 3500-5000 m and more. Some peaks rise up to 7000 m.
lowlands- the lower tier of mountainous countries or independent mountain structures with absolute heights from 500 m to 1500 m. The most famous of them are the Ural Mountains, which stretch for 2000 km from north to south - from the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. The vast majority of the peaks of the Urals are below 1500 m.
Lowland- a plain that does not rise above 200 m above sea level. The most famous and significant among them is the Amazonian lowland with an area of ​​more than 5 million km2 in South America.
Lake- a natural body of water on the surface of the land. The largest in the world is the Caspian Sea-Lake and the deepest is Baikal.
oceans- parts of the oceans, separated from each other by continents and islands. Atlantic; Indian - ocean of heated waters; The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest ocean; Pacific Ocean (Great), the greatest and deepest ocean on the ground.
Landslide- displacement down the slope of a mass of loose rock under the influence of gravity.
Island- a piece of land surrounded on all sides by the waters of the ocean, sea, lake or river. The largest island in the world is Greenland with an area of ​​2 million 176 thousand km2. Relative height is the vertical distance between the top of a mountain and its foot.
Geographic parallels- imaginary circles parallel to the equator, all points of which have the same latitude.
the greenhouse effect(atmospheric greenhouse effect) - the protective effects of the atmosphere associated with the absorption of reflected long-wave radiation.
trade winds- constant winds in tropical regions blowing towards the equator.
Plateau- 1) a high plain, bounded by steep ledges; 2) a vast flat area on a mountaintop.
underwater plateau- elevation of the seabed with a flat top and steep slopes.
Plyos- a deep (wide) section of the river bed between riffles.
Plateau- a vast piece of land with a height of 300-500 m to 1000-2000 m or more above sea level with flat tops and deeply incised valleys. For example: East African, Central Siberian, Vitim Plateau.
floodplain- part of the river valley, which is flooded in the flood.
semi-desert- transitional landscape, combining the features of the steppe or desert.
hemisphere- half of the earth's sphere, allocated either along the equator or along the meridians of 160 ° E. and 20°W (Eastern and Western hemispheres), or on other grounds.
Geographic poles- points of intersection of the axis of rotation of the Earth with the earth's surface. Magnetic points of the Earth - points on the earth's surface where the magnetic needle is located vertically, i.e. where the magnetic compass is not applicable for orientation to the cardinal points.
arctic circles(North and South) - parallels that are 66 ° 33 ′ north and south of the equator.
Threshold- a shallow area in a riverbed with a large slope and a fast current.
foothills- hills and low mountains surrounding the highlands.
prairies- vast grassy steppes in the North. America.
Ebb and flow – periodic fluctuations the water levels of the seas and oceans, which are caused by the attraction of the moon and the sun.
desert- vast areas with almost no vegetation due to the dry and hot climate. The largest desert in the world is the Sahara in the North. Africa.
Plains- vast flat or slightly hilly expanses of land. The largest on Earth is East European, or Russian, with an area of ​​​​more than 6 million km2 and West Siberian in the north of Eurasia, with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout 3 million km2.
River- a constant stream of water flowing in a channel. Amazon - a river in the south. America, the largest in the world in length (from the source of the Ucayali River more than 7000 km), in terms of basin area (7180 m2) and in terms of water content; The Mississippi is the largest river in the North. America, one of the greatest on Earth (length from the source of the Missouri River 6420 km); The Nile is a river in Africa (length 6671 km).
Relief- a set of various irregularities of the earth's surface of various origins; are formed by a combination of impacts on the earth's surface of endogenous and exogenous processes.
channel- the deepest part of the valley floor, occupied by the river.
Savannah- the landscape of the tropics and subtropics, in which grassy vegetation is combined with individual trees or their groups.
North Pole- the point of intersection of the earth's axis with the surface of the Earth in the North. hemisphere.
sel- a mud or mud-stone stream, suddenly passing through the valley of a mountain river.
Tornado(American name tornado) - vortex movement of air in the form of a funnel or column.
Middle mountains- mountain structures with absolute heights from 1500 to 3000 m. Mountain structures of medium height are the most on Earth. They spread over the vast expanses of the south and northeast of Siberia. Almost all of them are occupied Far East, eastern China and the Indochina peninsula; in northern Africa and the East African Plateau; Carpathians, mountains of the Balkan, Apennine, Iberian and Scandinavian peninsulas in Europe, etc.
Slope- a sloping area on land or the bottom of the sea. Windward Slope - facing the direction from which the prevailing winds blow. Leeward slope - facing away from the direction of the prevailing winds.
Steppe- treeless spaces with an arid climate, which are characterized by grassy vegetation. In Eurasia, the steppes stretch in an almost continuous strip from the Black Sea to Northeast China, and in North America they occupy vast expanses of the Great Plains, merging in the south with the savannahs of the tropical belt.
Stratosphere- layer of the atmosphere.
subtropical belts(subtropics) - located between the tropical and temperate zones.
Subequatorial belts- located between the equatorial belt and tropical belts.
Taiga– zone coniferous forests temperate zone. The taiga covers the northern part of Eurasia and North America in an almost continuous belt.
Typhoon- the name of tropical cyclones of storm and hurricane force in Southeast Asia and the Far East.
Takyr- a flat depression in the desert, covered with a hardened clay crust.
Tectonic movements- movements of the earth's crust, changing its structure and shape.
Tropics- 1) imaginary parallel circles on the globe, spaced 23 ° 30 ° north and south of the equator: the tropics of Capricorn (northern tropic) - the tropics of the northern hemisphere and the tropics of Cancer (southern tropic) - the tropics southern hemisphere; 2) natural belts.
tropical belts- located between the subtropical and subequatorial belts.
Troposphere- the lower layer of the atmosphere.
Tundra- treeless landscape in the Arctic and Antarctic.
temperate zones are located in temperate latitudes.
temperate latitudes– located between 40° and 65° N and between 42°S and 58°S
Hurricane– a storm with a wind speed of 30-50 m/s.
mouth A place where a river flows into a sea, lake or other river.
front atmospheric A zone separating warm and cold air masses.
Fiord (fjord)- a narrow deep sea bay with rocky shores, which is a glacial valley flooded by the sea.
Hill- small in height and sparing gently sloping hill.
Cyclones- area of ​​low atmospheric pressure.
Tsunami- the Japanese name for the huge waves resulting from underwater earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Parts of the world- regions of the Earth, including continents (or parts of them) with nearby islands. Australia, Asia, America, Antarctica, Africa, Europe.
Shelf– continental shelf with prevailing depths up to 200 m (more in some cases).
Geographic latitude- the angle between the plumb line at a given point and the plane of the equator, measured in degrees and measured from the equator to the north and south.
Squall- a sharp short-term increase in wind before a storm.
Calm- Calm, stillness.
Storm- very strong wind, accompanied by strong sea waves.
Equator- an imaginary line connecting points on the globe that are equidistant from the poles.
Exosphere- layer of the atmosphere.
Ecosphere- an area of ​​​​outer space suitable for the existence of living organisms.
Erosion- destruction of soils and rocks by flowing waters.
South Pole- the point of intersection of the earth's axis with the earth's surface in the southern hemisphere.
Earth's core- the central part of the planet with a radius of about 3470 km.

Economic and social geography

Enclave- a part of the territory of one state, surrounded on all sides by the territory of other states and not having access to the sea.
Urban agglomeration- a group of closely located cities, united by close labor, cultural, social, infrastructural ties into a complex system.
Trade balance- the difference between goods exported from the country (exports of the country) and imported (imports).
population reproduction- a set of processes of fertility, mortality and natural increase, which ensure the continuous renewal and change of human generations.
Geographic environment- a part of earthly nature with which society interacts at a given stage of historical development.
Geopolitics- the dependence of the foreign policy of the state on the geographical location and other physical and economic-geographical factors.
Global population problems- a set of socio-demographic problems affecting the interests of all mankind, creating a threat to its present and future; joint efforts of all states and peoples are needed to solve them.
Demographic policy- a system of administrative, economic, propaganda measures with the help of which the state influences the natural increase of the population in the desired direction.
Demographic revolution- transition from one type of population reproduction to another.
Demography- a spider about the population, the patterns of its reproduction.
natural population growth- the difference between the birth and death rates per 1000 inhabitants per year.
Immigration- entry into the country for permanent or temporary (usually long-term) residence of citizens of other countries.
Import- Import of goods into the country from other countries.
Industrialization - the creation of large-scale machine production in all sectors of the economy, the transformation of the country from an agrarian to an industrial one.
Integration international economic- the process of establishing deep and stable economic relations between countries, based on the implementation of their coordinated interstate policy.
Intensive development path- increase in production volumes due to additional investments in existing production facilities.
Infrastructure- a set of structures, buildings, systems and services necessary for the normal functioning and ensuring the daily life of the population.
Conversion- transfer of military production to the production of civilian products.
Megalopolis (metropolis)- most large form settlement, which arose as a result of the merging of several neighboring urban agglomerations.
Intersectoral complex- a group of industries that produce homogeneous products or have close technological ties.
Population migration- the movement of the population across the territory, associated with a change of place of residence.
National economy- interaction of people and means of production: means of labor and objects of labor.
Science intensity- the level of costs for research and development in the total cost of production.
Scientific and technological revolution (NTR)- a fundamental qualitative revolution in the productive forces of society, based on the transformation of science into a direct productive force.
Nation- historical and social community of people, formed in a certain territory in the process of development of social market relations of industrial type and inter-district (international) division of labor.
Industry- a set of enterprises that produce homogeneous products or provide homogeneous services.
Socio-economic area- the territory of the country, which includes several administrative units, differs from others in features of historical development, geographical location, natural and labor resources, specialization of the economy.
Zoning- the division of the territory into districts according to a number of characteristics.
Regional policy- a set of legislative, administrative, economic and environmental measures that contribute to the rational distribution of production across the territory and the equalization of people's living standards.
Resource availability- the ratio between the value of natural resources and the size of their use.
Free economic zone- a territory with a profitable EGP, where, in order to attract foreign capital, a preferential tax and customs regime, special pricing conditions are established.
Production specialization- production by enterprises of individual parts and assemblies, certain types of products, the performance of one or more technological operations.
Territory specialization- concentration in the area of ​​production of certain products or services
The structure of the national economy- the ratio between different areas and industries in terms of the value of products, the number of employees, or the value of fixed production assets.
suburbanization- the process of growth of suburban areas of cities, leading to an outflow of population and places of employment from their central parts.
Territorial division of labor- specialization of individual regions and countries in the production of certain types of products and services and their subsequent exchange.
Human Resources- part of the country's population capable of working and possessing the necessary physical development, mental abilities and knowledge for work.
Urbanization- the process of urban growth and the spread of urban lifestyle to the entire network of settlements.
Service- work aimed at meeting the needs of an individual consumer.
Economic and geographical position (EGP)- the position of the object in relation to other geographical objects of economic importance to it.
Economically active population- part of the population of the country, a comma in the national economy, and the unemployed, actively job seekers and ready to work.
Export- export of goods to other countries.
Extensive development path- increase in production volumes due to the quantitative growth of production units.
Emigration- departure of citizens from their country to another for permanent residence or for a long time.
Power system- a group of power plants connected by power lines and controlled from a single center.
Ethnos- a historically established stable community of people, which has a unique internal structure and an original stereotype of behavior, determined to a greater extent by the "native" landscape.

LOCAL RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS

In Siberian geographical literature and in the folk lexicon, there are numerous local geographical terms, that is, words that express certain geographical concepts. In addition to Russian, there are many terms in the languages ​​of the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia - Buryats, Yakuts, Evenks, Tuvans. In the terminological dictionary, only Russian geographical terms will be given. Very rarely foreign.

The formation of local Russian geographical terminology in Siberia took place over the centuries and followed different paths. The first Russian explorers, later Russian settlers in Siberia, in a new natural environment and under new economic conditions, did not find the necessary words in their usual dictionary to designate certain phenomena new to them. In this case, they borrowed the necessary words from local residents and introduced them into everyday life: maryan, gudjir, taiga, uburs, utugs, kurums, arshan, etc. Or they themselves created new concepts, new terms. Often transferring to local conditions the words known to them at their former place of residence: padun, ural, ridge, rassokha, whirlpool, gallya. Shelonnik, etc. Or they created completely new terms denoting local specific natural phenomena: char, puff. Surchina, belogorie, gnos, monks, hill, etc. Many terms denoting certain local geographical phenomena are formed from the proper names of localities. Where these phenomena are observed. So, for example, local winds on Baikal are called sarma, kultuk, barguzin, etc.

The existence of local terms and their prevalence in the geographical literature is a quite obvious phenomenon. These names given by the people for a long time sometimes very aptly and expressively reflect the peculiar local features. How, for example, treeless, as if bare, mountain ridges and peaks in Eastern Siberia are aptly named - bald mountains, or how expressive are the terms icefall, hissing, cheeks, water snow, etc.

The scope of geographical terms is very extensive. Not to mention geographical literature, which to some extent is intended for a narrow circle of specialist readers, and fiction, and local history, and other literature very often uses local geographical terms. In the works of Siberian writers, one can find many such words and expressions that are drawn from the arsenal of folk geographical terminology.