1. Commas separate parts of a compound sentence, between which there are unions: 1)

connecting: and, yes (in the meaning of "and"), neither ... nor. For example: All faces frowned, and in the silence an angry groaning and coughing of Kutuzov was heard (JI.

Tolstoy); Mountains, wild and even terrible in their grandeur, stood out sharply from the fog, and a barely noticeable white stream of smoke stretched in the distance (Korolenko); Neither the viburnum grows between them [crosses], nor the grass turns green ... (Gogol); 2)

adversative: but, but, yes (in the meaning of “but”), however, the same, but, otherwise, not that. For example: The old man was clearly indignant, and Grigory frowned ... (Sholokhov); I believe him, but the court does not believe his word ... (Dostoevsky); The firefight subsided, but the cannonballs and bombs continued to fly here, as well as from here ... (Sergeev-Tsensky); Cannons rust in the arsenals, but shakos shine ... (Simonov); Study and dinner made the days very interesting, but the evenings were boring (Chekhov); You must talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry about your departure ... (Pisemsky); 3)

dividing: or, or, whether ... or, whether ... whether, then ... then, not that ... not that. For example: I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, muddy, unclear, like a dream (Serafimovich); Either the rustle of an ear, the trembling of the breeze, or a warm hand strokes the hair (Surkov); Am I dreaming all this, or am I really looking at what, under the same moon, we were looking alive with you? (Tyutchev).

Note. In a compound sentence, a pair of whether ... or is treated as a repeated union, in contrast to a simple sentence with homogeneous members, in which whether ... or do not form a repeating union, as a result of which a comma before or in last case not put (see § 87, paragraph 4). Wed also: Whether the ringing of city and monastery bells was heard through the open windows, whether a peacock was screaming in the courtyard, or someone was coughing in the hallway, it involuntarily occurred to everyone that Mikhail Ilyich was seriously ill (Chekhov); 4)

connecting: yes, yes and, too, also. For example: Lisa's decision removed a stone from his heart, and the whole house immediately came to life, as if from the world sent down (Fedin); I liked her more and more, I, too, apparently, was sympathetic to her (Chekhov); 5)

explanatory: that is, viz. For example: Male room servants were brought to a minimum in our country, namely, no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient for the whole house (Saltykov-Shchedrin); The time was the most favorable, that is, it was dark, slightly frosty and completely quiet (Arseniev).

2. A comma before unions and, yes (in the meaning of "and"), or, or is not put if parts of a compound sentence:

a) have a common minor member, for example: Here, just like in the hall, the windows were wide open and smelled of poplars, lilacs and roses (Chekhov) (a common secondary term is here); Gavrila's cheeks puffed out comically, her lips protruded, and her narrowed eyes somehow blinked too often and ridiculously (Bitter) (a common secondary member - in Gavrila); In the mornings, the koumiss house attracted people with weak lungs, and spots of the sun, breaking through the foliage onto the tables, illuminated the pale, long-fingered hands (Fedin) lying motionless near the unfinished glasses (a common secondary member - in the mornings); but (when repeating the union): It was stuffy, hot, and smoky in the bedroom (Chekhov) (a common secondary member is in the bedroom); 6)

have in common subordinate clause, for example: When Anya was escorted home, it was already dawn and the cooks went to the market (Chekhov); But Lelya slept so calmly and such good dreams seemed to be swarming in her eyelashes that Natalya Petrovna did not dare to wake her daughter (Paustovsky); For many centuries, dry winds dried this land and the sun burned hot until it became so strong that it was seized by cement (Perventsev) (a common secondary member and a common subordinate clause); When he returned to the hall, his heart was beating and his hands were trembling so noticeably that he hurried to hide them behind his back (Chekhov);

c) are expressed by two nominative (nominative) sentences, for example: A hoarse groan and an ardent gnash! (Pushkin); Silence, darkness, loneliness and this strange noise (Simonov);

d) are expressed by two interrogative, or two exclamatory, or two incentive proposals, for example: Is there a swamp ahead and the path to retreat is cut off? How often did we meet together and what interesting conversations! Let the enemy in and give fire on command! (Furmanov);

e) are expressed in two indefinitely personal sentences, if the same producer of the action is meant, for example: ... We stood, talked and went back (Lermontov); The defendants were also taken out somewhere and had just been brought back (L.

Tolstoy);

e) expressed by two impersonal sentences having synonymous words as part of predicates, for example: No need to abuse shop terminology, or you should explain the terms (Gorky).

§ 105. Semicolon in a compound sentence

If parts of a compound sentence are significantly common (often they are a combination of complex sentences) or have commas inside them, then a semicolon is placed between such parts (more often before unions a, but, however, but, yes, and, too, also, same, less often before conjunctions and, yes (in the meaning of "and"), or; before the latter, usually only when they connect two sentences that would otherwise be separated by a period). For example: He held her by the waist, spoke so affectionately, modestly, was so happy, walked around this apartment of his; and she saw in everything only one vulgarity, stupid, naive, unbearable vulgarity ... (Chekhov); For six years the commission had been fussing around the building; but the climate was somehow in the way, or the material was already like that, only the government building couldn’t go higher than the foundation (Gogol); It cannot be said that this tender inclination towards meanness was felt by the ladies; however, in many living rooms they began to say that, of course, Chichikov is not the first handsome man, but he is such as a man should be ... (Gogol); Drunkenness was not particularly developed among them; but the predominant features were: idleness, buffoonery and some kind of irresistible attraction to the execution of all kinds of shameful "orders" (Saltykov-Shchedrin); ... It was rumored that he came from the same palaces and seemed to have been in the service somewhere before, but they did not know anything positive about this; and from whom it was to learn - not from himself (Turgenev).

The semicolon is optional in these cases; cf. putting a comma in a similar sentence before the connecting union and yes: he already knew Klikush, she was brought not from afar, from a village only ten miles from the monastery, and before that she was taken to him (Dostoevsky).

§ 106. Dash in a compound sentence

If the second part of the compound sentence contains an unexpected addition or a sharp opposition in relation to the first part, then between them, instead of a comma, a dash is placed before the union, for example: I'm in a hurry to go there - and the whole city is already there (Pushkin); A few more words, a few caresses from my mother - and a sound sleep took possession of me (Aksakov); One more minute of explanation - and the long-standing enmity was ready to go out (Gogol); Everyone jumped up, grabbed their guns - and the fun began (Lermontov); A moment - and I will never see this sun, this water, this gorge ... (L. Tolstoy); Vavila threw something into the fire, trampled on it - and immediately it became very dark (Chekhov); The crack of a torn shirt - and Gavrila lay on the sand, madly wide-eyed (Bitter); Another year, two - and old age ... (Er&nburg).

When the loaders, having stopped working, scattered around the harbor in noisy groups, buying various food from the merchants and sitting down to dine right there, on the pavement, in shady corners, Grishka Chelkash appeared, an old poisoned wolf, well known to the Havanese people, an inveterate drunkard and adroit, brave thief. He was barefoot, in old, worn-out plush trousers, without a cap, in a dirty cotton shirt with a torn collar that revealed his dry and angular bones covered with brown leather. From his tousled black hair with graying hair and wrinkled, sharp, predatory face, it was clear that he had just woken up. In one of his brown mustaches a straw stuck out, another straw got tangled in the stubble of his shaven left cheek, and behind his ear he stuck a small, freshly plucked linden branch. Long, bony, slightly stooped, he slowly walked over the stones and, moving his hooked, predatory nose, cast sharp glances around him, flashing with cold gray eyes and looking for someone among the loaders. His brown mustache, thick and long, trembled every now and then, like a cat's, and the hands behind his back rubbed one another, nervously twisting long, crooked and tenacious fingers. Even here, among hundreds of sharp barefoot figures like him, he immediately drew attention to himself with his resemblance to a steppe hawk, his predatory thinness and this aiming gait, smooth and calm in appearance, but internally excited and vigilant, like years the bird of prey he resembled. When he came abreast of one of the groups of tramp-loaders, who were located in the shade under a pile of baskets with coal, a stocky fellow with a stupid, purple-spotted face and a scratched neck, who must have been recently beaten, stood up to meet him. He got up and walked beside Chelkash, saying in an undertone: - Naval two places of manufacture were missed ... They are looking for. — Well? asked Chelkash, calmly measuring him with his eyes. - What - well? Looking for, please. Nothing else. - Did they ask me to help search? And Chelkash looked with a smile to where the warehouse of the Volunteer Fleet was located.- Go to hell! The friend turned back. - Hey, wait! Who adorned you? Look how they ruined the sign... Didn't you see Mishka here? - Haven't seen it for a long time! he shouted, going to his comrades. Chelkash walked on, met by everyone, as a person he knew well. But he, always cheerful and caustic, was evidently out of sorts today and answered questions curtly and abruptly. From somewhere, due to a riot of goods, a customs guard turned out, dark green, dusty and belligerently direct. He blocked Chelkash's path, standing in front of him in a defiant pose, grabbing the handle of the dagger with his left hand, and trying to take Chelkash by the collar with his right hand. - Stop! Where are you going? Chelkash took a step back, raised his eyes to the watchman, and smiled wryly. The red, good-natured, cunning face of the serviceman tried to portray a formidable mine, for which he pouted, became round, purple, moved his eyebrows, goggled his eyes and was very funny. - I told you - do not dare to go to the harbor, I will break my ribs! And you again? the watchman shouted menacingly. — Hello, Semyonitch! We haven’t seen each other for a long time,” Chelkash greeted calmly and held out his hand to him. - I wish I never saw you for a century! Go, go!.. But Semyonitch shook the outstretched hand. “Tell me,” continued Chelkash, not letting go of Semyonitch’s hand from his tenacious fingers and shaking it in a friendly, familiar way, “did you see Mishka?” — What else Mishka? I don't know any Mishka! Get out, brother! otherwise the warehouseman will see, he is those ... - Redhead, with whom I worked last time at Kostroma, - Chelkash stood his ground. - With whom you steal together, that's how you say it! They took him to the hospital, your Mishka, his leg was crushed with a cast-iron bayonet. Go, brother, while they ask with honor, go, otherwise I’ll take it to the neck! .. - Yeah, you go! and you say - I don’t know Mishka ... You know. Why are you so angry, Semyonitch? “That’s what, don’t talk to me with your teeth, but go! .. The watchman began to get angry and, looking around, tried to wrest his hand from Chelkash's strong hand. Chelkash looked calmly at him from under his thick eyebrows and, without letting go of his hand, continued to talk: - Don't rush me. I'll talk to you enough and leave. Well, tell me, how are you?.. are your wife and children healthy? - And, flashing his eyes, he, baring his teeth with a mocking smile, added: - I'm going to visit you, but there's always no time - I drink everything ... - Well, well, - you drop it! You - don't joke, you bony devil! I, brother, really ... Ali, are you going to rob houses, through the streets? Why? And here, for our age with you, there will be enough goodness. By God, that's enough, Semyonitch! Hey, have you slammed two factories again?.. Look, Semyonitch, be careful! don't get caught somehow! The indignant Semyonitch shook, spluttering and trying to say something. Chelkash let go of his hand and calmly walked long legs back to the harbor gate. The watchman, cursing furiously, moved after him. Chelkash cheered up; he whistled softly through his teeth and, thrusting his hands into the pockets of his trousers, walked slowly, releasing sharp chuckles and jokes to right and left. He was paid the same. - Look, Grishka, how the authorities protect you! shouted one of the crowd of loaders who had already had their lunch and were lying on the ground, resting. “I am barefoot, and so Semyonitch is watching, so as not to cut my leg,” answered Chelkash. We approached the gate. Two soldiers felt Chelkash and gently pushed him out into the street. Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the door of the tavern. A line of loaded carts rumbled out of the harbor gates. Empty carts rushed towards them with cabbies bouncing on them. The harbor belched with howling thunder and caustic dust... In this frenzied hustle and bustle, Chelkash felt great. Ahead of him was a solid income, requiring a little work and a lot of dexterity. He was sure that he had enough dexterity, and, screwing up his eyes, dreamed of how he would go on a spree tomorrow morning, when credit papers appeared in his pocket... own leg. Chelkash swore to himself, thinking that alone, without Mishka, perhaps he could not cope with the matter. What will the night be like? .. He looked at the sky and along the street. About six paces from him, by the pavement, on the pavement, leaning back against the bedside table, sat a young guy in a blue mottled shirt, in the same pants, in bast shoes and in a tattered red cap. Beside him lay a small knapsack and a scythe without a handle, wrapped in a bundle of straw, neatly twisted with a string. The lad was broad-shouldered, stocky, fair-haired, with a tanned and weather-beaten face, and large blue eyes that looked trustingly and good-naturedly at Chelkash. Chelkash bared his teeth, stuck out his tongue and, making a terrible face, stared at him with bulging eyes. The lad winked at first, bewildered, but then suddenly burst out laughing and shouted through his laughter; "Ah, weirdo!" - and, almost without getting up from the ground, clumsily rolled from his bedside table to Chelkash's bedside table, dragging his knapsack through the dust and tapping the heel of his scythe on the stones. “What, brother, he took a walk, apparently, it’s great!” he turned to Chelkash, tugging at his trousers. - There was a case, sucker, there was such a thing! Chelkash confessed, smiling. He immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes. - How! .. We mowed a mile - mowed a penny. Things are bad! Nar-rod - a lot! The starving one dragged himself along - the price was brought down, at least don't take it! Six hryvnias were paid in the Kuban. Deeds!.. And earlier, they say, three rubles price, four, five!.. “Before!.. Before, for one look at a Russian person, they paid a ruble there. I've been doing this about ten years ago. You will come to the village - Russian, they say, I am! Now they will look at you, feel you, marvel at you and - get three rubles! Let them drink and feed. And live as long as you want! The guy, listening to Chelkash, at first opened his mouth wide, expressing bewildered admiration on his round face, but then, realizing that the ragamuffin was lying, slapped his lips and laughed. Chelkash maintained a serious face, hiding a smile in his mustache. “An eccentric, you seem to be telling the truth, but I listen and believe ... No, by God, it used to be there ...” - Well, what am I talking about? After all, I also say that, they say, there before ... - Come on! .. - the guy waved his hand. - Shoemaker, or what? Ali is a tailor?.. Are you? — I something? - Chelkash asked again and, after thinking, said; - I'm a fisherman... - Fish-ak! Look you! So, are you fishing? Why fish? The local fishermen catch more than one fish. More drowned people, old anchors, sunken ships - everything! There are rods for that... - Lie, lie! .. Of those, perhaps, fishermen who sing to themselves:

We cast nets
Along dry shores
Yes, in barns, in cages! ..

- Have you seen these? asked Chelkash, looking at him with a grin. - No, you can see where! Heard...- Do you like it? - Are they? How! .. Nothing guys, free, free ... “But what is freedom to you?.. Do you really love freedom?” — Yes, how is it? You are your own boss, go where you like, do what you like ... Of course! If you manage to keep yourself in order, but you don’t have stones around your neck, that’s the first thing! Walk know how you like, just remember God ... Chelkash spat contemptuously and turned away from the guy. “Now this is my business,” he said. To live is necessary. But as? Unknown. I will go to sons-in-law good house. OK. If only they singled out a daughter! .. No, the devil-in-law will not single out. Well, I will break on him ... for a long ... Years! Look, what a thing! And if I could earn a hundred and a half rubles, now I would get up on my feet and - Antipas - screw it up, bite it! Do you want to single out Martha? Not? No need! Thank God, she is not the only girl in the village. And if I were, then, completely free, on my own ... Y-yes! - The guy sighed. - And now there's nothing to be done but to become sons-in-law. I was thinking: well, they say, I’ll go to the Kuban, I’ll pay two hundred rubles - the Sabbath! master! .. but it didn’t burn out. Well, you’ll go to work as farm laborers ... I won’t improve on my farm, not at all! Ehehe!.. The guy really did not want to go to the son-in-law. Even his face turned sad. He slumped heavily on the ground. Chelkash asked: "Now where are you?" - Yes, where to? know home. - Well, brother, I don’t know, maybe you are going to Turkey ... “To Tu-urtia!” the guy drawled. “Who is it that Orthodox go there?” Said too! - What a fool you are! Chelkash sighed and turned away from his interlocutor again. In it, this healthy village guy woke something up ... A vague, slowly maturing, annoying feeling swirled somewhere deep and prevented him from concentrating and thinking about what needed to be done that night. The scolded guy muttered something in an undertone, occasionally throwing sidelong glances at the tramp. His cheeks puffed out comically, his lips protruded, and his narrowed eyes somehow blinked too often and ridiculously. He obviously did not expect that his conversation with this mustachioed ragamuffin would end so quickly and insultingly. The rogue paid no more attention to him. He whistled thoughtfully, sitting on the bedside table and beating time on it with his bare dirty heel. The guy wanted to get even with him. - Hey fisherman! How often do you drink it? he started, but at the same moment the fisherman quickly turned his face to him, asking him: - Listen, sucker! Do you want to work with me tonight? Speak quickly! - Why work? the guy asked incredulously. - Well, what! .. What will I force ... Let's go fishing. You will row... — So... What is it? Nothing. You can work. Only now ... I wouldn’t fly into anything with you. It hurts you zakomurist... you are dark. Chelkash felt something like a burn in his chest and said in an undertone with cold anger: - Don't talk about things you don't understand. I'll beat them on the head, then it will brighten up in you ... He jumped off the bedside table, pulled his mustache with his left hand, and clenched his right hand into a hard, sinewy fist and his eyes sparkled. The guy got scared. He quickly looked around and, blinking timidly, also jumped up from the ground. Measuring each other with their eyes, they were silent. — Well? Chelkash asked sternly. He seethed and trembled at the insult inflicted on him by this young calf, whom he had despised while talking to him, and now he immediately hated because he had such clean Blue eyes, healthy tanned face, short strong hands, for the fact that he has a village somewhere, a house in it, for the fact that a wealthy peasant invites him as a son-in-law - for his whole life, past and future, and most of all for the fact that he, this child, in comparison with him, Chelkash, dares to love freedom, which knows no price and which he does not need. It is always unpleasant to see that a person whom you consider inferior and inferior to yourself loves or hates the same thing as you, and thus becomes like you. The guy looked at Chelkash and felt the owner in him. “After all, I ... don’t mind ...” he began. “I’m looking for work, after all. I don't care who I work for, you or someone else. I only said that you do not look like a working man - it hurts too much ... tattered. Well, I know that it can happen to anyone. Lord, I have never seen drunkards! Oh, how many! .. and even not like you. - Well, okay, okay! I agree? Chelkash asked more softly. — I something? Ayda! .. with my pleasure! Say the price. - My price is for work. What will be the job. What a catch, then ... You can get a five. Understood? But now it was a matter of money, and here the peasant wanted to be precise and demanded the same accuracy from the employer. The boy's distrust and suspicion flared up again. "That's not my hand, brother!" Chelkash entered the role. - Don't talk, wait! Let's go to the tavern! And they went down the street next to each other, Chelkash - with an important mien of the owner, twirling his mustache, the guy - with an expression of complete readiness to obey, but still full of distrust and fear. — And what is your name? Chelkash asked. - Gavril! the guy answered. When they arrived at the dirty and smoky tavern, Chelkash, going up to the sideboard, in the familiar tone of a regular, ordered a bottle of vodka, cabbage soup, roasted meat, tea, and, listing what was required, briefly threw to the barman: “Everything is in debt!” To which the barman silently nodded his head. Here Gavrila was immediately filled with respect for his master, who, despite his appearance as a swindler, enjoys such fame and trust. - Well, now we'll have a bite and talk plainly. While you sit, and I'll go somewhere. He left. Gavrila looked around. The tavern was located in the basement; it was damp and dark inside, and the whole place was filled with the suffocating smell of burnt vodka, tobacco smoke, tar, and something else sharp. Opposite Gavrila, at another table, sat a drunken man in a sailor's suit, with a red beard, covered in coal dust and tar. He hummed, hiccupping every minute, a song, all of some broken and broken words, now terribly hissing, now guttural. He was obviously not Russian. Behind him were two Moldavian women; ragged, black-haired, tanned, they too creaked a song in drunken voices. Then more different figures emerged from the darkness, all strangely disheveled, all half-drunk, noisy, restless... Gavrila was terrified. He wished that the owner would return soon. The noise in the tavern merged into one note, and it seemed that it was some huge animal roaring; something intoxicating and painful is being sucked into his body, which made him dizzy and dimmed his eyes, which ran around the tavern with curiosity and fear ... Chelkash came and they began to eat and drink while talking. From the third glass Gavrila got drunk. He became cheerful and wanted to say something pleasant to his master, who is a nice person! - so tasty treated him. But the words that were pouring into his throat in whole waves, for some reason, did not leave his tongue, which suddenly became heavy. Chelkash looked at him and, smiling mockingly, said: - I got drunk! .. Eh, prison! from five glasses! .. how will you work? .. “Friend!” murmured Gavrila. “Don't be afraid! I respect you!.. Let me kiss you!.. Huh?.. - Well, well! .. Here, still click! Gavrila drank and finally reached the point where everything in his eyes began to oscillate in even, undulating movements. It was unpleasant, and it made me sick. His face became stupidly enthusiastic. Trying to say something, he smacked his lips funny and mumbled. Chelkash, gazing intently at him, seemed to be remembering something, twirling his mustache and smiling gloomily. And the tavern roared with a drunken noise. The red-haired sailor was asleep, leaning on the table. - Come on, let's go! said Chelkash, getting up. Gavrila tried to get up, but could not, and, cursing hard, laughed the senseless laughter of a drunkard. - It's merry! said Chelkash, again sitting down opposite him on a chair. Gavrila kept laughing, looking at his master with dull eyes. And he looked at him intently, vigilantly and thoughtfully. He saw before him a man whose life had fallen into his paws. He, Chelkash, felt he had the strength to turn it this way and that way. He could break her like a playing card, and he could help her settle into a solid peasant frame. Feeling like the master of another, he thought that this guy would never drink such a cup as fate gave him, Chelkash, to drink ... And he envied and regretted this young life, laughed at her and even grieved for her, imagining that she might once again fall into such hands as his... And in the end all of Chelkash's feelings merged into one thing—something paternal and economic. It was a pity for the small one, and the small one was needed. Then Chelkash took Gavrila under the armpits and, gently pushing him from behind with his knee, led him out into the yard of the tavern, where he piled firewood on the ground in the shade from the woodpile, and sat down beside him and lit his pipe. Gavrila fidgeted a bit, mumbled, and fell asleep.

1. All living things are drawn to water, and water gives life to all (SSP; and - connecting union). 2. Snow will bury and will consign forest stories to oblivion and riddles (simple sentence; and- connecting union, connects homogeneous predicates and additions). 3. Camel milk is unusually sweet, but had to drink (SSP; but- opposite union). 4. The badger tried to swim away, but was placed on a patch of land near the stump (a simple sentence; but- adversarial union; connects homogeneous predicates). 5. Father died of illness, a his mother died of grief after him (SSP; a- opposite union). 6. I'm not here then, a lived with my grandmother (simple sentence; a- adversarial union; connects homogeneous circumstances of a place). 7. With these words, a girl of fourteen years old came out from behind the partition and ran into the canopy (simple sentence; and- connecting union, connects homogeneous predicates). 8. Several years have passed, and circumstances led me to that very road, to those very places (SSP; and- connecting union). 9. The boy fell, but was not killed (simple sentence; but- adversarial union; connects homogeneous predicates). 10. Cannonade has become weaker, but the rattle of guns behind and to the right was heard more and more often (SSP; but- opposite union). 11. Let him move to the village, to the wing, or I'll get out of here (SSP; or - dividing union). 12. I I want to be a teenager light or a flower from a meadow boundary (a simple sentence; or- dividing union; connects homogeneous nominal parts of the predicate).

Exercise 47

1. Terribly howled wires on poles, Yes signs rumbled in the wind (SSP; Yes- connecting union). 2. Six months have passed, and the book "The Tragedy of Sogdiana" was published (SSP; and- connecting union). 3. I will write to Ivan Ivanovich - and tomorrow everything will be canceled (SSP; and- connecting union; dash emphasizes an unexpected and abrupt result). 4. With this preference, he could inflict a prick on powerful monarchs, and from this he passed the melancholy, but she too abruptly gave way to impatience, which was the most strong trait the character of the duke (mtp; and- connecting union; but- opposite union). 5. In a word, a picture was the most peaceful, a meanwhile, a stone's throw from here was a market, and moreover, the bazaar is very imported and cheap (SSP; a- adversarial union; and- connecting union; word - introductory word). 6. In the early thirties, Arishe managed to get a job in the corps de ballet of the Bolshoi Theater, and the young moved to Moscow (SSP; and- connecting union). 7. Ivan Ivanovich's large expressive eyes of tobacco color and the mouth is somewhat similar to the letter izhitsu (SSP; and- connecting union; comma before union and not put, since the parts have a common member of the sentence - at Ivan Ivanovich ). 8. It's all expected but the mood was spoiled (SSP; but- opposite union). 9. My sister and I cried, mother also cried (SSP; also- connecting union). 10. Everyone's eyes are fixed and noses stretched towards the letter (SSP; and- connecting union; a comma is not put before the union, since the parts have common members - everyone has , towards the letter ). 11. Not only there are no traces of luxury anywhere, but also the rooms themselves were empty (mtp; not only but- connecting union). 12. Evseich lost some big fish and in addition, the pike tore off the fishing rod (SSP; and- connecting union; the comma is not put, since the parts have a common member - at Evseich). 13. ile the plague will catch me, or frost will ossify, or a barrier in my forehead will be slapped by an unagile disabled person (SSP; il... il... il- repeated dividing union). fourteen. Stepan Stepanovich not that not happy with something not that he is offended by something (SSP; not that... not that- repeated dividing union). 15. Katya's lips did not smile and dark eyes expressed bewilderment (SSP; and Katy). 16. She promised to come again and began to come more often, but She didn't give them an address. Yes she has and there was no real address (MTC; but- adversarial union; yes and- connecting union). 17. The hallway smelled of fresh apples. and hung wolf and fox skins (SSP; and- connecting union; a comma is not put before the union, since the parts have a common member - in the hallway). 18. It was glory, but it was all dangerous, tiresome, a for himself, in his opinion, it was unnecessary and harmful (SSP; but- adversarial union; a- adversarial union; in his opinion- introductory word). 19. Here, just like in the hall, the windows were wide open and smelled of poplar, lilac and roses (SSP; and- connecting union; a comma is not put before the union, since the parts have a common member - here). 20. Father did not want to take him with him, Yes Nadezhda Osipovna imposed (SSP; Yes- opposite union). 21. Dr. Brown is clearly out of sorts and not even very kind, but is he wonderful person (SSP; but- opposite union). 22. He would, of course, be indignant, but no one would have responded to his indignation (SSP; but- opposite union). 23. Goose Wings was splayed and beak open (SSP; and- connecting union; a comma is not put before the union, since the parts have a common member - goose). 24. Gavrila's cheeks puffed out funny ... and narrowed eyes somehow blinked too often and funny (SSP; and- connecting union; a comma is not put before the union, since the parts have a common member - at Gavrila). 25. The river froze long ago, a there was no snow and people are tormented without a road (SSP; a- adversarial union; and- connecting union). 26. His face is haggard and heavy eyelids, drooping on the bulging eyes , half-closing them (SSP; and- connecting union; a comma is not put before the union, since the parts have a common member - him). 27. The son of the "former" Pushkin told a fable for laughter, Sergei same Lvovich, more cold and cruel, was indignant (SSP; same- a particle in the meaning of an adversative union). 28. Neither she won't hurt anyone neither no one will touch her (SSP; no no- repeated connecting union). 29. Is the sky so white or salty water? (SSP; or- dividing union; a comma is not placed before the union, since it connects interrogative sentences). 30. Neither minutes of time were not wasted, neither the villager did not experience the slightest malfunction (SSP; no no- repeated connecting union). 31. On the water, smooth as a mirror, circles occasionally went, Yes river lilies trembled, disturbed by a cheerful fish (SSP; Yes- connecting union). 32. And ostrich feathers bowed in my brain sway, and blue eyes, bottomless bloom on the far shore (SSP; and... and- repeated connecting union). 33. That a long bough will suddenly hook her by the neck, then gold earrings will be pulled out of the ears by force; then in the fragile snow, a wet shoe will get stuck from a sweet little foot; then she will drop her handkerchief... (SSP; then... then- repeated dividing union; a semicolon is used to contrast simple sentences with a conjunction then... then homogeneous predicate in the first part, connected by the same union and separated by a comma). 34. Art is a burden on the shoulders, but how we, poets, appreciate life in fleeting trifles! (SSP; but- opposite union). 35. I liked her more and more, I too, apparently, was sympathetic to her (SSP; too- connecting union; apparently- introductory word). 36. Soon the whole garden, warmed by the sun, caressed , revived , and drops of dew, like diamonds, sparkled on the leaves; and the old, long-running garden this morning seemed so young, smart (SSP; and- connecting union; a semicolon is placed between the second simple sentence and the third simple sentence, since everything compound sentence subdivided into two blocks. You can put a dot between them). 37. I hurry there - a the whole city is already there (SSP; a- adversarial union; the dash is placed because the second part ( incomplete sentence- with omitted predicate got together contains an unexpected result). 38. Chord - and the song throws itself upside down into silence (SSP; and- connecting union; the dash is placed because the first part is a nominal sentence, and the second part contains an unexpected result). 39. Sigh of everything - and so much strength will flow into the chest! (SSP; and- connecting union; the dash is placed because the first part is a nominal sentence, and the second part contains an unexpected result). 40. You will leave - and it will become dark (SSP; and- connecting union; dash is put because the second part contains an unexpected result).

Exercise 48

BUT) 1. Frost ran all over the body at the thought, in whose hands I was(adj. definitive; whose- union. next) * . 2. I'm fine I know, whose this is a joke(adj. additional; whose- union. sl.). 3. I that, whose gaze destroys hope(adj. predicate; whose- union. sl.). 4. Whose whatever you are - come in(adj. subject; whose- union. next; putting a dash instead of a comma is optional).

B) 1. Is it you do not understand you , who am I like this?(adj. additional; who- union. sl.). 2. Let that daughter and rescues the father, for whom he took out a scarlet flower(adj. definitive; for whom- union. next; that- decree. sl.). 3. We, who happened at home, rushed out of their rooms(adj. subject; who- union. sl.). 4. This did not promise well-being either on foot or on horseback, who would neither turned up (adj. concessive; who neither).

AT) 1. He won't allow yourself Togo, what could cast a shadow on his behavior(adj. additional; what- union. next; Togo- decree. sl.). 2. What would you neither spoke, I I will not believe in his guilt (adj. concessive; what- union. sl., in combination with a particle neither). 3. Fermor's excitation has reached this degree, what a spasm seized his throat(adj. mode of action and degree; what- union; such- decree. sl.). 4. In cutlets, what served at breakfast, there were a lot of onions (adj. attributive; what which). 5. The main thing in their meeting was then, what both couldn't say each other(adj. subject; what- union. sl.). 6. Egorushka heard a quiet, very gentle murmur and felt, what some other air touched his face with cool velvet(adj. additional; what- union). 7. Young grouse did not respond to my whistle for a long time, probably because, what I whistled not naturally enough(adj. reasons; what- union; because- decree. sl.). 8. Boris more winced Little, what drunkard before a glass of wine(adj. comparative; subordinate clause incomplete - the predicate is omitted; what- union, it can be replaced by another comparative union - as if, as if, as).

G) 1. And he does not know, how pour out your annoyance(adj. additional; how- union. sl.). 2.I'm the one how was , how there is , how I will(adj. predicates; how- union. sl.). 3. Aurora arrived a few before, how promised(adj. comparative; how- union). 4. How the night is darker, topics brighter than a star (adj. comparative; than... the- double union). 5. How hurt yourself, topics and get well(adj. additional; how- union. next; topics- decree. sl.).

D) 1. We are talking did not hear, as the bell struck again(adj. additional; as what). 2. At these moments, the fighters are already knew, as you can get through to the shore(adj. additional; as- union. sl.). 3. Often, as sit by the lamp, the conversation will imperceptibly and turn into “terrible hearts and nasty tastes” (adj. time; as- union, it can be replaced by union when). 4. But everything was not at all So, as I thought(adj. mode of action and degree; as- union. next; not this way- decree. sl.). 5. She experienced a feeling of amazing mental fatigue, as feeling tired body after a hard day's work(adj. compare; as- union). 6. Find a job as you want(adj. conditions; as- union, it can be replaced by union if). 7. how I didn't balk, I had to sit next to him (adj. concessions; as- union. sl., in combination with a particle neither).

E) 1. Brianchikov went to Petersburg, where his stay seemed very dangerous(adj. definitive; where- union. sl.). 2. Now I can't take apart, where it was this wooden house(adj. additional; where- union. sl.). 3. Where sick wants, let be there and will be (adj. places; where- union. next; there- decree. sl.). 4. Where salmon neither lived, he will definitely come to spawn in his river (adj. concessions; where- union. sl., in combination with a particle neither).

G) 1. Now same, when he broke his silence with a phrase from Hamlet, Peak was offended even more (adv. time; when- union; now- decree. sl.). 2. Here I come This moment, when you have to say goodbye(adj. definitive; when- union. sl., it can be replaced by an allied word in which; that- decree. sl.). 3. Mother nature! When b such people you sometimes not sent to the world, the field of life would have died out (adj. conditions; when- union, it can be replaced by union if). 4. And when b i neither opened my eyes, you [mother] were always near me (adj. concessions; when- union. sl., in combination with a particle neither). 5. waiting at the reception when will invite, he took off his straw, in the past chocolate, and now lilac hat and gave it to Vitya to hold (adj. additional; when- union. sl.).

Exercise 49

1. I was drawn to look, No whether missing money here(adj. additional). 2. Just I moved away from the shore, some kind of anxiety arose in my soul (adv. time). 3. They do not want to know about our tricks, for don't want to be asked about them(adj. reasons). 4. He left clean, so after his departure, even some parquets were not found in the governor's house(adj. of the investigation). 5. Do not get carried away to recklessness, so that not to feel betrayal of Russian customs(adj. purpose). 6. People invented vices for themselves, if only do not pass for fresh (adj. purpose). 7. She was before that spoiled what did not know the measure of their whims(adj. mode of action and degree). eight. As is he got excited , he began to puff, whistle, scream (adv. time). 9. Uncle always got it right So good and pompous as if he wrote an editorial to Aksakov in the newspaper(adj. comparative). 10. He walked easily, as if only out of mercy touched the ground(adj. comparative). eleven. Before evening she recovered so much, / 1 what called Nadia / 2(SPP; the first sentence is the main one, the second is a subordinate clause; adventitious image actions and degrees; adjective refers to the predicate recovered, expressed by the verb; means of communication: union what and index word soch. + uk. sl.], (what- with.)). 12. This promise kept Nastya from going to Novosibirsk, although at first she was going to her husband(adj. concessions). thirteen. But while, / 1 to which my memoirs relate, / 2 among Trubetskoy's contemporaries there were several such governors / 1(SPP; the first sentence is the main one, the second clause; the subordinate clause; the clause refers to the adverb of time while, expressed by a combination of a noun with a pronoun; means of communication: allied word to which and index word thennoun + uk. sl., (to which- with. sl.), ]). fourteen. Everything, what could be done , already done (adj. subject). 15. Razumikhin was still so wonderful, what no failures ever bothered him(adj. additional). 16. Happened then, what usually happens with a child(adj. subject). 17. In the general turmoil, everyone is rushing about and taken as the most important then, what it doesn't matter at all(adj. additional). 18. Of all my peers, not one worried such scary sensations, what I could boast (adj. definitive). 19. Will he really be again so, what was once?(adj. predicate). 20. Not to that extent i'm stupid to don't figure it out(adj. mode of action and degree). 21. From the end of the corridor, on the side where there was a spacious captain's room, I heard multiple votes(adj. definitive). 22. The poor thing kept dreaming of August Matveich, and just such, which he was really(adj. predicate). 23. Everyone, / 1 who called Selivan a “scarecrow”, / 2 he himself was a “scarecrow” / 1(NGN; the first clause is the main clause, the second clause; the subject clause; the clause refers to the subject everyone, expressed by the pronoun; means of communication: allied word who; the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause; scheme: [ places, (who- with. sl.), ]). 24. Until now, I could not consider mediocrity for that reason, what I'm completely couldn't work (adj. reasons). 25. There was such a swift expression in her black eyes, as if she flew(adj. comparative). 26. What there is a secret, then and must remain a secret(adj. subject). 27. how will start to tell , So you'll tear your tummies from laughter (adj. time). 28. My grandmother was extremely happy with me, because of she never expected me(adj. reasons). 29. Due to the fact what summer was hot and dry, needed to be watered each tree (adj. reasons). 30. Cadets decided to quit military career, despite, what she could smile at them very much(adj. concessions). 31. And, princess! The girl is crying what dew will fall(adj. comparative). 32. And you, neighbor, know callous nature, what you can't see tears? (adj. conditions). 33. I spied, as Lyoshka secretly dried bread on the oven from his mother.(adj. additional). 34. Grandmother embraced her granddaughters with her hands, as mother hen covers chickens with wings(adj. comparative). 35. As dance night came to an end , in the dining room it got noisier(adj. time). 36. Every time, as to me had to hire driver, I entered into a conversation with him (adv. time). 37. how they would leave me and my grandmother alone, so it would be better (adj. conditions). 38. I spoke mistress, to she sent for the police(adj. additional). 39. This pension was enough for that, to live comfortably with your daughter in your town(adj. purpose). 40. I'm not at all didn't say that, as if you are not suitable for this service(adj. additional). 41. They made him comment, / 1 what you can't serve like that / 2(SPP; the first sentence is the main one, the second clause; the subordinate clause; the clause refers to part of the predicate comment, expressed by a noun; means of communication: union what; the subordinate clause comes after the main clause; scheme: [ noun], (what- with.).). 42. How much I neither listened , I could not distinguish not a single sound (adj. concessions). 43. She is so I did not recognize, why she was never sent to the gymnasium then(adj. additional). 44. But probably because, / 1 what soft temper Maria Ivanovna was the opposite her character, / 2 she became very attached to Marya Ivanovna / 1(SPP; the first sentence is the main one, the second is a subordinate clause; adventitious reasons; the clause refers to the entire main clause; means of communication: union what and index word because; the subordinate clause is in the middle of the main clause; scheme: [ uk. sl., (what- with.), ].). 45. One of them waited, when this frank conversation will begin(adj. additional). 46. ​​The next day mother said her, what should be done in such cases.(adj. additional).

Commas in compound sentences

1. Commas separate parts of a compound sentence, between which there are unions:

1) connecting: and yes(in the meaning of "and"), no no. For example: All faces frowned, and in the silence one could hear the angry groaning and coughing of Kutuzov (L. Tolstoy); Mountains, wild and even terrible in their grandeur, stood out sharply from the fog, and a barely noticeable white stream of smoke stretched in the distance (Korolenko); Neither the viburnum grows between them [crosses], nor the grass turns green ... (Gogol);

2) adversative: ah but yes(meaning "but") however, the same, but, but that, not that. For example: The old man was clearly indignant, and Grigory frowned ... (Sholokhov); I believe him, but the court does not believe his word ... (Dostoevsky); The firefight subsided, but the cannonballs and bombs continued to fly here, as well as from here ... (Sergeev-Tsensky); Cannons rust in the arsenals, but shakos shine ... (Simonov); Study and lunch made the days very interesting, but the evenings were boring (Chekhov), You must talk to your father today, otherwise he will worry about your departure ... (Pismsky);

3) separating: or, either, whether... or, whether... whether, then... that, not that... not that. For example: I don’t want to think about anything, or thoughts and memories wander, muddy, unclear, like a dream (Serafimovich); Am I dreaming all this, or am I really looking at what, under the same moon, we were looking alive with you? (Tyutchev); Either he was going to enter the Zoological Garden to study as a lion tamer, then he was drawn to the fire business (Kaverin).

Note. In a compound sentence, a couple whether... or considered as a repeating union, in contrast to a simple sentence with homogeneous members, in which whether... or do not form a repeating union, as a result of which the comma before or in the latter case is not set. Wed also: Whether the ringing of city and monastery bells was heard through the open windows, whether a peacock was screaming in the courtyard, or someone was coughing in the hallway, it involuntarily occurred to everyone that Mikhail Ilyich was seriously ill (Chekhov).

4) connecting: yes, yes, and, too, also. For example: Lisa's decision removed a stone from his heart, and the whole house immediately came to life, as if from the world sent down (Fedin); I liked her more and more, I, too, apparently, was sympathetic to her (Chekhov);

5) explanatory: that is, namely. For example: Male room servants were brought to a minimum in our country, namely, no more than two lackeys were supposed to be sufficient for the whole house (Saltykov-Shchedrin); The time was the most favorable, that is, it was dark, slightly frosty and completely quiet (Arseniev).

2. Comma before unions and yes(in the meaning of "and"), or, or not put if parts of a compound sentence:

• a) have a common secondary member, for example: Here, just like in the hall, the windows were wide open and smelled of poplars, lilacs and roses (Chekhov) (the common secondary member is here); Gavrila's cheeks puffed out comically, her lips protruded, and her narrowed eyes somehow blinked too often and ridiculously (Bitter) (a common secondary member - in Gavrila); In the mornings, the koumiss house attracted people with weak lungs, and spots of the sun, breaking through the foliage onto the tables, illuminated the pale, long-sleeved hands (Fedin) lying motionless near the unfinished glasses (a common secondary member - in the mornings); but when the union is repeated, commas are put: The bedroom was stuffy, hot, and smoky (Chekhov) (a common secondary member is in the bedroom);
• b) have a common subordinate clause, for example: When Anya was escorted home, it was already dawn and the cooks went to the market (Chekhov); But Lelya slept so calmly and such good dreams seemed to be swarming in her eyelashes that Natalya Petrovna did not dare to wake her daughter (Paustovsky); For many centuries, dry winds dried this land and the sun burned hot until it became so strong that it was seized by cement (Perventsev) (a common secondary member and a common subordinate clause); When he returned to the hall, his heart was beating and his hands were trembling so noticeably that he hurried to hide them behind his back (Chekhov);
• c) are expressed by denominative (nominative) sentences, for example: A hoarse groan and an ardent rattle! (Pushkin); Silence, darkness, loneliness and this strange noise (Simonov);
• d) are expressed by two interrogative, or two exclamatory, or two incentive sentences, for example: Do you understand me or hit you? (Bulgakov); Is there a swamp ahead and the path to retreat cut off?;
• e) are expressed in two indefinitely personal sentences, if the same producer of the action is meant, for example: ... We stood, talked and went back? (Lermontov); The defendants were also taken out somewhere and just brought back (L. Tolstoy);
• f) are expressed by two impersonal sentences that have synonymous words as part of the predicates, for example: It is urgent to consider the author's applications and it is necessary to give a conclusion on them.

Exercise 1.

Explain the punctuation marks in the following compound sentences. Highlight unionsconnecting parts of sentences.

1) The plane was climbing, and Big city with squares and rectangles of quarters quickly decreased before our eyes (Azhanov). 2). He appeared at our construction site only six months ago, and we immediately became friends (Chakovsky). 3) The hot sun was longingly looking for the wind, but there was no wind (Turgenev). 4) Either I did not understand myself, then the world did not understand me (Lermontov). 5) Warm summer rain fell all night, and by morning the air was fresh, it smelled strongly of lilacs, and I wanted to run out into the garden as soon as possible (Nagibin). 6) He never cried, but at times a wild stubbornness came over him (Turgenev).

Exercise 2.

Indicate in which cases the union and is used in compound sentences, and in which - in sentences with homogeneous members. Put necessary signs punctuation.

1) Mountains stretched on the right side of these meadows, and the Dnieper (Gogol) was burning and darkening in a slightly visible strip in the distance. 2) It became dark and the street gradually became empty (Chekhov). 3) We walked towards the sea and soon found ourselves on a rocky ledge hanging over an abyss (Nagibin). 4) Cranes fly away and low autumn clouds cloud the sky (Soloukhin). 5) The summer was dry and hot, and the glaciers in the mountains began to melt already in early June (Babel).

Exercise 3

Put the necessary punctuation marks.

1) By evening it got colder and the puddles were covered with thin ice. 2) In early April, starlings were already making noise and yellow butterflies were flying in the garden (Chekhov). 3) Dark rain clouds were moving in from the east and moisture was sipping from there. 4) Sunrise rose and fell again and the horse got tired of galloping in the steppes (Svetlov). 5) B blue sky clouds float and migratory birds rush by (Prishvin). 6) Soon the whole garden, warmed by the sun, caressed, came to life and dew drops like diamonds sparkled on the leaves, and the old long-running garden that morning seemed so young and smart (Chekhov). 7) The swallows disappeared, and yesterday at dawn all the rooks were flying, and like a net they flickered over that mountain (Fet).

Exercise 4

Write with the missing punctuation marks. Highlight the grammatical bases in compound sentences.

1) The memory of the past of Russia is kept not only by the manuscripts of ancient authors, ancient burial mounds and settlements, but also by old geographical names hide some historical facts. 2) KamAZ is known as a supplier of heavy dump trucks and this fact allows it to actively use its trademark. 3) The Trinity-Sergius Lavra was founded in the 14th century and the monks still maintain the tradition of hospitality. 4) A strong cyclone hit Sakhalin, but communication with the mainland was not interrupted.

Exercise 5

Highlight the grammatical bases in the sentences. Set up punctuation marks. Write only compound sentences.

1) The artist depicted for us a deep swoon of lilacs and colors, sonorous steps on the canvas like scabs laid. 2) Both the sea and Homer are all moved by love. Who should I listen to? And now Homer is silent and the black ornate sea rustles and approaches the headboard with a heavy roar (O. Mandelstam) 3) In my country, the autumn days of the cranes have flown away and, as if a strict account of the moments, clouds pass over it. 4) Let my friend, having cut the volume of the poet, get drunk in it with the harmony of the sonnet and the letters of calm beauty! (V. Bryusov) 5) And I left and took away the questions, confusing the deity with them, but I did not see anything in the world above this cliff. 6) But the gaze of my eyes was quiet, and could the calmly waiting heart be seduced by a chain of harmonious, lightly enchanting speeches? (N. Gumilyov) 7) And the exquisite flower beds and the sharp cry of a crow in the black sky and in the depths of the alley, the arch of the crypt, please. 8) A dark-skinned youth wandered along the alleys near the sad lake shores, and for a century we cherish the barely audible rustle of steps. (A. Akhmatova) 9) And soon I will part with you and you will see me over there behind long mountains flying in a cloud of fire. (A. Blok) 10) Mile mile of glory to me is the expanse of my native fields and the spring rumble of oak forests and the cries of cranes. (S. Klychkov) 11) And the sonorous forest is cheerful and the wind between the birches is already blowing gently, and the white birches drop a quiet rain of their diamond tears and smile through their tears. (I. Bunin)

Exercise 6

Set up punctuation marks. Write out the sentences, parts of which are: a) nominal, b) interrogative, c) incentive, d) impersonal.

1) Why did your memory fade away and, caressing your ears so languidly, did you take away the bliss of repetition? (A. Akhmatova) 2) Let the sea rage and the wind whip the crests of the waves, lifting them into the sky. (P. Galin) 3) Frost and sun; wonderful day! (A. Pushkin) 4) How cold it is dewy and how good it is to live in the world! (I. Bunin) 5) Who told her my poems and why does she forgive me? (A. Akhmatova) 6) Play the trumpeters and join the ranks, recruits! 7) It is damp in the forest and cool at the edge. eight) Train Station... Joyful meetings and sad partings. Hasty passengers and sedate conductors. 9) How many abandoned estates and neglected gardens in Russian literature and with what love they were always described! (I. Bunin) 10) No need to abuse foreign words or should they be explained

Exercise 7

Insert the missing letters. Arrange punctuation marks, make diagrams reflecting the rules for punctuation marks.

1) He fell silent and everyone is in turmoil and the ships sail away and the faithful servants rush in a hurry to all ends of the earth. 2) And in the light of the last cold and damp (?) beams, Pan's laughter rang out and the voice of unearthly speeches was heard. 3) For a moment, in the merry and noisy hall, everyone calmed down and got up frightened (?) About from their seats ... 4) Some bird called out and now, in front of it, d..fins flashed in the moisture ... (N. Gumilyov) ) The expanse of canvas is shrouded (?) th lifeless (?) her backstage and the whole month is entangled (?) th helplessly hung. 6) The ears of corn are so recently compressed in even rows and thin fingers tremble to the same ones as they are pressed. 7) And more than one treasure .. it may be that bypassing grandchildren to great-grandchildren will leave and again the skald will compose someone else's song and pronounce it like his own. (O. Mandelstam) 8) I interpreted other people's dreams and in the pale furrows of my palms I read about the secrets of depth and the torments of prolonged agony, but not someone else's, but my own fate, I read in the dreams of the homeless and greedily drank from the dark currents without partaking of life. 9) Disturbing the ancient sleep of the graves, I raised the slab with a pick, I looked for it, I loved it in the features of the Mycenaean Aphrodite, to the roar of prayers and the distant ringing, bowed in sweet impotence before the face of wax Madonnas (?) On the sultry streets of Seville, but unchanged (?) Behind the shaky and soft fabric, the lips glow with an inevitable smile. (M. Voloshin) 10) How did all this happen? I entered the garden and the bees were on me; I rushed to the gate and there were dogs; I ran to the gardener's house and there was a lock on the door.

Exercise 8

Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Determine the type of compound sentence.

1) Somewhere near the feeling, a girl sang and her voice carried across the steppe. (M. Gorky.) 2) Fat mud flew right and left from under the feet and hoarse exclamations of sleepy voices were heard. (M. Gorky.) 3) And here's what: our bakery stores are in good condition, that is, it couldn't be better. (I. Turgenev.) 4) Standing under steam, heavy giant steamships whistle and hiss, and in the sound born by them there seems to be a mocking note of contempt for the gray dusty figures of people crawling on their decks. (M. Gorky.) 5) The day turned out to be sultry, windless and the hot earth burned the soles of the feet. (A. Kuprin.) 6) I sat down at some distance from them, stopped two familiar officers and began to tell them something funny and they laughed like crazy. (M. Lermontov.) 7) Only the eleventh hour is running out, and you can’t get away from the heavy heat that the July day breathes. (M Lermontov) 8) Sometimes deserted fields covered with sea air stretched on both sides of the road, or a pair of oxen in a yoke dragging a heavy cart on creaking wheels, accompanied by villagers in wide felt hats, came across. (A. Ladinsky.) 9) There was not even a weak ointment, and the leaves of the lindens tossed and turned on the cuttings, exposing the sun to the face or shirt. (Yu. Nagibin.)

Exercise 9

Place punctuation marks, find a common term for predicative constructions related coordinating conjunctions. Make proposals.

1) Here, just as in the hall, the windows were wide open and there was a smell of poplars, lilacs and roses. (A. Chekhov.) 2) But Lelya slept so calmly and such good dreams seemed to swarm in her eyelashes that Natalya Petrovna did not dare to wake her daughter. (K. Paustovsky.) 3) When he returned to the hall, his heart was beating and his hands were trembling so noticeably that he hurried to hide them behind his back. (A. Chekhov.) 4) Gavrila's cheeks puffed out funny, her lips protruded and her narrowed eyes somehow blinked too often and funny. (M. Gorky.) 5) For many centuries dry winds dried this land and the sun burned hot until it became so strong as if seized by cement. (A. Perventsev) 6) The stars had already begun to fade and the sky was turning gray when the carriage drove up to the porch of the house in Vasilevsky. (I. Turgenev.) 7) This time he was in a good mood and even several times his hard face was adorned with a smile. (B. Okudzhava.)

Exercise 10

Try to explain the semicolon in the following sentences.

1) I only had blue paint; but, despite this, I started to draw a hunt. (L. Tolstoy.) 2) He held her by the waist, spoke so affectionately, modestly, was so happy, walked around this apartment of his; and she saw in everything only one vulgarity, stupid, naive, unbearable vulgarity ... (A. Chekhov.) 3) For six years the commission was fussing around the building; but the climate, or something, interfered, or the material was already such, only the government building could not go higher than the foundation. (N. Gogol.) 4) Usually, Werner surreptitiously mocked his patients; but once I saw him weep over a dying soldier. (M. Lermontov.)

Exercise 11

Rewrite by opening parentheses. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. In each sentence, find predicative stems, underline the subject and predicate.

1) And behind the barn, under a snowdrift, a small village was sleeping quietly, oh) and he also (same) dreamed of spring. (V. Astafiev.) 2) Yegorushka looked at him for a long time, and at the same time he looked at Yegorushka. (And Chekhov.) 3) The mournful song either froze, then again swept through the stagnant air, the monotonous (n) o murmured stream, and time dragged on infinitely accurately and it froze and stopped. (And Chekhov.) 4) It made women (s) strange and fabulous, and I, willy-nilly, admired this (un)seen picture. (M. Gorky.) 5) The stranger (does not) smell (or) of anything at the carpenter’s apartment, there is always fog in the apartment and it smells great of glue, varnish and fresh wood shavings. (And Chekhov.) 6) But the shoemaker soon died and Sergei remained forever connected with his grandfather and soul and petty worldly interests. (A Kuprin.) 7) I was brought up at home, and what would my mother do if I was sent to a boarding school or to a government institution. (I. Turgenev.) 8) He looked around and at the end of the street he saw an illuminated (o, e) corner of the house where he had just lived and where he would not return again (never) ever. (V. Nabokov.) 9) Their work had a calming effect, and this same (e, o) bright brilliance of fresh wood was more alive than the most vivid dream of the past (V. Nabokov) 10) Further, the mountains are piled up all blue and foggy, and silver stretches on the edge of the horizon (n)th chain of snow peaks. (M. Lermontov) 11) On both sides of the road (some) where (from) under the snow bushes peeked out but not a single dry leaf (did not) move and it was fun to hear among this dead sleep of nature the (un) even tinkling of a Russian bell (M. Lermontov) 12) The branches of flowering cherries look straight out the window to me, and the wind sometimes strews mine desk their (white) pink petals. (M. Lermontov)

Exercise 12

Insert missing punctuation marks. Make a syntactic analysis of the highlighted sentences.

- Farewell! - Margarita and the master answered Woland with one cry. Then the black Woland, without understanding any road, rushed into the abyss and after him his retinue collapsed noisily. Nothing, no rocks, no platform, no lunar road, no Yershalaim, was around. The black horses disappeared and the master with Margarita saw the promised dawn, which began immediately after the midnight moon. The master went with his girlfriend in the brilliance of the first morning rays through a stony mossy bridge and soon leaving the stream behind they went out onto a sandy road.
(According to M. Bulgakov)

Exercise 13

Rewrite with punctuation marks. Underline unions, give their characteristics. Perform syntactic parsing of sentences.

1) The prince's anxiety increased, and he wandered around the park, absently looking around him. (F. Dostoevsky.) 2) Love is a dream, and a dream is one moment. (F. Tyutchev.) 3) The fallen leaf trembles from our movement, but the shadow is still fresh above us. (A Fet.) 4) The shadow of the foliage crept closer to the trunks, and Gray was still sitting in the same uncomfortable position. (A Green.) 5) It became stuffy in the sakla, and I went out into the air to freshen up. (M. Lermontov.) 6) Either the sun shines dimly, then a black cloud hangs. (N. Nekrasov.)

Exercise 14

Rewrite with punctuation marks. Perform syntactic parsing of sentences.

1) Weeping birches lowered their green braids and a blue silence hung in the fir trees. (M. Prishvin.) 2) Days late autumn they usually scold her, but she is dear to me, dear reader. (A. Pushkin.) 3) In the middle of the day a heavy rain fell and now the washed leaves of poplars and chestnuts shone like a festive one. (A Kuprin.) 4) He spoke, and the corners of his lips twitched with strange, malicious, mocking, inhuman smiles, and an ominous yellow gleam played in his eyes under black, severe eyebrows. (A. Kuprin.) 5) On Return trip loaded with firewood, but their weight was no longer terrible for me. (V. Soloukhin.)

Test on the topic "Punctuation marks in a compound sentence"

1. In what case does the union and connects parts of a compound sentence?

1) The corridors and the large room stood bare and empty and seemed unusually spacious and bright.
2) Chalk blizzard-blizzard and chilled the blood.
3) It is getting fresher, and the mountains, blown by the sea air, take on purple tones.
4) Only thoughts rush about, and fight, and welcome that restlessness.

2. In what case is a comma needed before the union?

1) Blue stars shine high in the sky and a milky white moon shines.
2) A horn is blowing in the yard and howling at different voices dogs.
3) The windows to the garden are raised and a cheerful autumn coolness blows from there.
4) Silence and solitude.

3. In what case is a comma not needed before the union?

1) The sun went down and it began to get dark.
2) It was freezing and behind the snowy fields, in the west, dimly shining through the clouds, the dawn turned yellow.
3) And the forests would not grow without the sun and the bread in the fields would not ripen.
4) It blows cold from the window and pours snow.

4. In which answer option are sentences indicated in which an error was made in the formulation (absence) of a comma before the union and?

A. Ox sprawled on the dusty road and chewed his endless cud with a kind of submissive hopelessness.
B. Throwing machines began to work on both sides, and the sharp whistle of flying stones filled the air.
Q. She looked around and was struck by some crimson streaks on the western horizon.
G. Dmitry walked boldly, almost without looking around, and as if concentrating on one thought.

1) A, D 2) B, C 3) C, D 4) A, B

5. In which answer option are sentences indicated in which an error was made in the formulation (absence) of a comma before the union and?

A. The safety of the crew and passengers should be kept in mind, and inconvenience from overloads should be minimized.
B. Twilight fell, and the first stars lit up in the clear dark purple sky.
Q. A few minutes later we reached the top, and along the opposite slope we approached the collapse.
D. The sky cleared, and a crane wedge chirped in the sky, leaving its homeland.

6. How should commas be placed in the highlighted part of the sentence?

The potatoes were fried in a pan, spicy, tasty came from it smell and beast obviously ran to this smell.

1) ... the smell, and the beast obviously ...
2) ... the smell, and the beast obviously ...
3) ... smell and beast, obviously ...
4) ... the smell, and the beast, obviously ...

7. How should commas be placed in the highlighted part of the sentence?

Screaming over the sea seagulls and it's obvious another beauty of the seascape.

1) ... seagulls, and this is obvious ...
2) ... seagulls, and this is obviously ...
3) ... seagulls and this, obviously ...
4) ... seagulls, and this is obviously ...

8. Which digits should be replaced by commas in a sentence?

The wind climbed into empty rooms (1) and into chimneys (2) and the old house (3) all shaky (4) full of holes (5) dilapidated (6) was suddenly enlivened by strange sounds.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 3) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2) 2, 3, 6 4) 3, 4, 5

9. Which digits should be replaced by commas?

Spring came (1) and (2) fulfilling his promise (3) Ignat took his son with him to the ship (4) and now a new life unfolded in front of Foma.

1) 1, 2, 4 2) 1, 4 3) 2, 3, 4 4) 1, 2, 3, 4

10. In which answer option are indicated complex sentences having a common minor term?

A. The helicopter overcame a rocky ridge and immediately below opened a valley overgrown with stunted vegetation.
B. At night, guards roamed around the house and crackled rattles.
AT. underground river went somewhere to the side and at the very turn the raft was washed up to the pier.
G. And the flames are raging all around and the bullets are whistling.

1) A, B 2) C, D 3) B, D 4) A, C

11. Which answer option indicates complex sentences that have a common minor member? (No punctuation marks.)

A. The earth was in an icy crust, and last year's dark grass was sticking out of this shiny crust.
B. It was cozy and lively inside.
V. Through the curtain came the buzz of the crowd and the solemn sounds of the orchestra.
G. His heart warmed and his always irreconcilably steely eyes became slightly moist.

1) A, B 2) C, D 3) B, C 4) A, D

12. In which case are punctuation marks incorrectly placed in the sentence?

1) Love knows no fear, and rejects fear, and rises from the dust.
2) And why is this strange night, and why is this sleepy ship in a sleepy sea?
3) It sweeps and there is no end to the blizzard.
4) The snow came down and washed away the trail.

13. In which case are punctuation marks incorrectly placed in the sentence?

1) Petersburg Street aroused in me a thirst for spectacles, and the very architecture of the city inspired me with a kind of childish imperialism.
2) The comedy was staged under his direction, and he himself rehearsed with the actors.
3) A lot was said about Pushkin and something was said, little was said about Lermontov and nothing was said.
4) Someone gives me a hand, and someone smiles.

14. In which answer option are sentences indicated in which a comma should be in place of the gap before the union?

A. At such a moment, his face relaxed (...) and he looked like an ordinary kind grandfather of a pensioner.
B. From behind an uneven ridge of rocks, a red sun rolled out (...) and each snowflake greeted him with an unbearable sparkle.
V. Steel sparkled all around (...) and soldier's jackets flashed.
D. It was completely dark (...) and only faint reflections street lamps lay on the walls of the room.

1) A, C 2) B, C 3) A, D 4) B, D

15. In which answer option are sentences indicated in which a comma should be placed in front of the union at the place of the gap?

A. It was always sunny in this wasteland (...) and the dogs were lying.
B. The sky in the east was already turning pink (...) and some birds were chirping in the thickets with might and main.
Q. It was dark outside (…) and smelled of young greenery.
D. The tight sound of a shot hit the slopes of the gorge (...) and hundreds of stones fell off the spot.

1) A, D 2) B, C 3) B, D 4) A, C

16. In which answer option are sentences indicated, the structure of which corresponds to the scheme: [bipartite], union [impersonal] ? (No punctuation marks.)

A. A fair wind filled the sails and the ship sailed merrily on the waves.
B. Titmouse flew from branch to branch, hung upside down on the thin branches of a birch, and they had a lot of fun.
C. During the day, the thermometer jumped up to thirty-five degrees in the shade and the night did not bring coolness.
G. The motor pulled silently and the car only occasionally rocked on potholes.

17. In which answer option are sentences indicated, the structure of which corresponds to the scheme: [impersonal], union [two-part] ? (No punctuation marks.)

A. The plaster on the walls and ceiling was cracked and everything in the house was covered with a thick layer of dust.
B. It was almost completely dawn and the birds were making their morning trills with might and main.
V. I run to open and suddenly a cheerful and noisy company flies in to me.
D. Outside the window it was almost summer-like warm and the buds on the trees burst almost before our eyes.

1) A, B 2) B, C 3) C, D 4) B, D

18. Point out the error in parsing suggestions.

Apples were still hanging on some trees, but there were no leaves anywhere.

hanging apples, the second - there were no leaves

19. Indicate an error in the parsing of the sentence.

The ice crust was visible near the shore in only one place, and most of the surface of the pond was free of ice.

1) complex, compound, consists of two simple sentences
2) narrative, non-exclamatory
3) grammatical basis first offer - the crust was visible, the second - part was
4) between sentences of opposition relationship

20. Indicate an error in the parsing of the sentence.

The nights were getting shorter and shorter, and the days were getting longer and longer.

1) complex, compound, consists of two simple sentences
2) narrative, non-exclamatory
3) the grammatical basis of the first sentence - the nights were getting, the second - the days were getting
4) between sentences of opposition relationship