Lecture number 1.

literary language as highest form national language

Subject, purpose and objectives of the course "Russian language and culture of speech".Slide #1

Plan

1. Russian language, its place among other languages ​​of the world.

2. Modern Russian literary language and its properties.

3. Language and speech. Functions of language and speech.

4. The concept of speech culture. Three aspects of speech culture: normative, communicative, ethical.

5.Value literary language in professional training.

Introductory word about discipline:

1. Goals and objectives of the course "Russian language and culture of speech" The course "Russian language and culture of speech" sets itself the following goals:

To form the skills of correct, rich and expressive speech in accordance with the norms of the modern Russian literary language (orthoepic, grammatical, lexical, stylistic);

Learn to distinguish styles and genres of speech and use them correctly in the practice of communication.

To achieve these goals, you must: 1) learn to speak right, i.e. use language units in accordance with the requirements of orthoepy - the science of the correctness of speech; 2) learn to speak expressively, i.e. compose text as required rhetoric- the science of expressive speech; 3) learn:

a) choice language tools, characteristic of scientific and official business styles of speech;

b) the basic rules for creating the texts most needed by the student and future specialist (abstracts, reports, statements, explanatory notes, summaries, etc.). The main forms of studying this discipline are lectures, practical and independent work of students, testing, essays.

1. Russian language, its place among other languages ​​of the world.

The culture of speech as a field of linguistics since the 18th century. has come a long way in its development.

The first basis for its consideration is found in a short guide to eloquence"

M. V. Lomonosov as early as 1748, in which the scientist stated: "... whoever wants to speak eloquently, he must first speak clearly and have the contentment of decent and chosen speeches to depict his thoughts, and this, in turn, " ...depends on a thorough knowledge of the language, on frequent reading of good books, and on getting along with people who speak fluently. In the first, diligent study of grammatical rules contributes, in the second - choosing good sayings, proverbs and proverbs from books, in the third - diligence about a clean pronunciation in front of people who know and observe the beauty of the language.

It was in the works of M. V. Lomonosov ("Rhetoric", "Russian Grammar") that the foundations of normative grammar were laid for the first time in the history of Russian linguistics.

The great merit of Lomonosov in improving the Russian literary, prose and poetic language is noted.

Remarkable words of Lomonosov about the Russian language. (Slide #2)

“Lord of many languages, language. Russian not only by the vastness of the places where it dominates, but also by its own. their space and contentment. great in front of everyone in Europe.

Charles the Fifth, the Roman emperor, used to say that in Spanish with God, French with friends, German with an enemy, Italian with a female, it is decent to speak. But if he were skilled in the Russian language, then, of course, he would add to that that it was decent for them to speak with all of them, for he would find in it the splendor of Spanish, the liveliness of French, the strength of German, the tenderness of Italian, moreover, richness and strength in images brevity of the Greek and Latin languages.

The language, which is commanded by a single power, has a natural abundance, beauty and strength, and is not inferior in any way. Not a single European language Lomonosov emphasizes the splendor, strength, richness of the Russian language .

The Russian language is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. On the the globe it is spoken about 250 million people.

In terms of prevalence, the Russian language ranks fifth in the world, second only to Chinese ( it is spoken by over 1 billion people),

English (420 million), hindi and urdu ( 320 million.) and Spanish (300 million).

Language is not only the most important means of communication between people, but also a means of cognition that allows people to accumulate knowledge, passing it on from person to person and from each generation of people to the next generations.

Relying on historical facts in the development of the Russian language, usually allocatethree periods:

8-14 centuries - Old Russian language

14th-17th centuries the language of the Great Russian people

The 17th century is the language of the Russian nation.

2. Modern Russian literary language and its properties.

Literary language- this is the historically established highest, exemplary form of the national language, processed and normalized.

(slide number 3)

The literary language is used in science, in education, in print, on radio, television, in public institutions, serves such areas human life and activities, such as everyday and international communication, politics, science, culture, legislation and office work.

The main properties of the literary language: (slide number 4)

Processing

Stability

Compulsory

Normalization

Availability of functional styles

Its main features: (Slide number 5)

is the language of culture

the language of the educated part of the people

consciously codified

Codification– is it a fix orconsolidation various kinds of dictionaries and reference books, grammarrules and regulations which must be observed in oral and written speech.

(for example, the correct accent: m a rk e ting, dogs about r, rolled about g, kras and vee, provide e h e ringing and t).

Literary language has two forms - oral written.

Features of oral and writing speeches:

Oral speech (u.r .)- This sounding speech which operates in the sphere of direct communication between people.

Written speech (p.r.) is an independent communication system. It serves as a means of communication between people when direct communication is impossible (when they are separated by space and time). ). (slide number 6)

Characteristics of written and oral speech. (slide number 7)

Oral speech carried out mainly in a conversational style.

oral form is an primary and the only form the existence of a language without a written language.

Written form is secondary, later in time of occurrence.

For the Russian language, the first fixation dates back to the 11th century. The Tale of Bygone Years tells about many scribes who worked under Yaroslav the Wise. Mostly liturgical texts (Psalters, service books, breviaries, Gospels) were copied. Manuscripts were the originals. South Slavic dating back to the Cyril and Methodius tradition. During the census, Russian scribes developed their own spelling and morphological norms.

The surviving ancient monuments of this kind include:

Ostromirov Gospel (1056-1057);

Archangel Gospel (1092);

Mstislav Gospel (StartXIIcentury). Monuments of this type were mass production.

The main differences between oral and written speech (slide number 8)

Oral speech

Written speech

Addressed to the interlocutor Interactive(Interactivity (from the English interaction - “interaction”) is a concept that reveals the nature and degree of interaction between objects. It is used in the fields: information theory, computer science and programming, telecommunications systems ...) The speaker creates speech immediately to obtain a perfect oral text, it is necessary to improve not the text itself, but the ability to reproduce it. Oral speech is pronounced spontaneously. We do not follow the norms of syntax. We use non-verbal factors.

Interlocutor is optional Does not affect the reaction of those who read it Written language can be improved Written language is not supported by non-verbal support. Written speech must strictly follow the rules of syntax, punctuation, spelling.

3. .Language and speech. Functions of language and speech.

Language is a system of signs, means and rules of speaking,

common to all members of a given society.

Speech is the manifestation and functioning of language, the process of communication itself; it is unique for every native speaker. This phenomenon is variable depending on the speaker.

(Slide number 9)

Signs of language and speech (Slide number 10)

Language features: (slide number 11)

informational - the transfer of information, the message about the thoughts, intentions of people;

communicative - function of communication;

expressive - direct expression of feelings, emotions;

aesthetic – impact function;

phatic - establishing contact between the participants of the communication.

metalinguistic - the use of language to describe the subject.

Speech functions: (slide number 12)

Communicative function(the word is a means of communication);

indicative(a word is a means of pointing to an object),

intellectual(a word is a carrier of a generalization, a concept). All these functions of speech are internally related to each other.

Russian language among other languages ​​of the world.

Russian language total number speaker occupies a place in the top ten world languages, but it is rather difficult to pinpoint this place. The number of people who consider Russian as their mother tongue exceeds 200 million people, 130 million of whom live in Russia. The number of people who are fluent in Russian and use it as their first or second language is estimated at 300-350 million. everyday communication. In total, more than half a billion people in the world speak Russian to one degree or another, and according to this indicator, Russian ranks third in the world after Chinese and English.

In the post-Soviet space, in addition to Russia, there are at least three countries where the fate of the Russian language does not cause any concern. These are Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

In Belarus, the majority of the population speaks Russian in everyday life and in general in everyday communication, and in the cities, young people and many middle-aged people in Russian speech practically lack even the Belarusian accent that was characteristic in the past. At the same time, Belarus is the only post-Soviet state where state status Russian language was confirmed in a referendum by an overwhelming majority. Almost all official and business correspondence in Belarus is conducted in Russian.

The language situation in Kazakhstan is more complex. In the 1990s, the share of Russians in the population of Kazakhstan decreased markedly, and Kazakhs became the national majority for the first time since the 1930s. According to the Constitution, the only state language in Kazakhstan is Kazakh. However, since the mid-nineties there has been a law equating the Russian language in all official areas with the state language. And in practice most public institutions at the city and regional level, as well as in the capital's government institutions, Russian is used more often than Kazakh. The reason is simple and quite pragmatic. Representatives of these institutions of different nationalities- Kazakhs, Russians, Germans, Koreans. At the same time, absolutely all educated Kazakhs are fluent in Russian, while representatives of other nationalities know Kazakh much worse.

A similar situation is observed in Kyrgyzstan, where there is also a law giving the Russian language official status, and in everyday communication, Russian speech in cities can be heard more often than Kyrgyz. Azerbaijan adjoins these three countries, where the status of the Russian language is not officially regulated in any way, however, in the cities, the majority of residents of the indigenous nationality speak Russian very well, and many prefer to use it in communication. This is again facilitated by the multinational character of the population of Azerbaijan.

For national minorities since Soviet Union language international communication is Russian. Ukraine stands apart in this row. Here language situation peculiar, and the language policy sometimes acquires extremely strange forms. The entire population of the east and south of Ukraine speaks Russian, and the population of Carpathian and Transcarpathian Ukraine speaks dialects that neighboring countries(Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia) are considered a separate Ruthenian language.

In the Baltic States, young people who were born in Latvia and Estonia already in the period of independence speak Russian well enough to be able to understand each other. And cases when a Latvian or an Estonian refuses to speak Russian on principle are rare. In Lithuania, the language policy was initially softer. In Georgia and Armenia, the Russian language has the status of a national minority language. In Armenia, the share of Russians in total strength The population is very small, but a significant proportion of Armenians can speak Russian well. In Georgia, the situation is approximately the same, and the Russian language is more common in communication in those places where the proportion of the foreign-speaking population is large. However, among young people, knowledge of the Russian language in Georgia is very weak. In Moldova, the Russian language has no official status (with the exception of Transnistria and Gagauzia), but de facto it can be used in the official sphere.

In Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the Russian language is less commonly used than in neighboring Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. In Tajikistan, according to the Constitution, the Russian language is the language of interethnic communication, in Uzbekistan it has the status of a national minority language, in Turkmenistan the situation remains unclear. One way or another, the Russian language is still the language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. Moreover, the main role here is played not by the position of the state, but by the attitude of the population. But in the Far Abroad, the situation with the Russian language is the opposite. Russian, alas, is one of the languages ​​that are lost in two generations. Russian emigrants of the first generation prefer to speak Russian, and many of them learn the language new country not fully and speak with a strong accent. But already their children speak the local language with almost no accent and prefer the local language in communication. They speak Russian only with their parents, and in recent times also on the internet. And by the way, the Internet plays an extremely important role in preserving the Russian language in the diaspora. But on the other hand, in the third or fourth generation, interest in the roots of the descendants of emigrants is revived, and they begin to specifically learn the language of their ancestors. Including Russian.

In the 1970s and 1980s, with almost complete severance of ties with the USSR, the Russian language gave way to English or Hebrew much faster than now, when any emigrant can keep in touch with relatives, friends and acquaintances via the Internet. In the seventies and eighties in Israel, emigrants from Russia learned Hebrew at an accelerated pace. And in the nineties, Israeli officials began to learn Russian at an accelerated pace, so as not to overload them with unnecessary work translation agencies. Today at Last year, relating to the "zero", the Russian language not only remains the main language of interethnic communication throughout the post-Soviet space. He speaks well older generation and well explained younger in many countries of the former socialist bloc. One can only rejoice that the role of national languages ​​has increased over the years in the post-Soviet space. But the Russian language continues to be the language of interethnic communication and one of the world languages, which is not in vain one of the official languages ​​of the UN.

Russian is the mother tongue of 170 million people and 350 million understand it. This is official language for 145 million Russians, the language of communication of more than 160 peoples and nationalities of Russia. The Russian language is studied by more than 180 million people on all continents of the planet. Russian language - language Pushkin and Tolstoy, Brodsky and Pasternak. It brings to the world the great Russian culture and literature, inexhaustible spiritual wealth, the key to which is acquired by every student of the Russian language.

Literature:

Bibliography

1.Official languages ​​of the UN

2.Aitmatov Ch.T "On the Russian language".

3. Vinogradov V.V. Russian language. (Grammatical doctrine of the word). M. graduate School, 1986.

4. Modern Russian language. Proceedings of E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk Part II. M. Publishing house of Moscow State University. 1997. 5. N., Pavlova. N.D., N.D. Zachesova Speech in human communication. Moscow: Nauka, 1989

Russian is one of the most widely spoken languages ​​in the world. On the globe, it is spoken by about 250 million people. According to the number of speakers, the Russian language occupies 5th place in the world, yielding Chinese(over 1 billion people), and English(420 million people), Hindi and urdu(320 million people) and Spanish(300 million people).

Nowadays, the Russian language performs important public functions: national the language of the Russian people and state the language of Russia; language international communication peoples of Russia; one of the most important world languages. All these functions testify to the high status of the Russian language, which is due to both linguistic and social factors.

Russian language as a state language Russian Federation
used in higher bodies power and administration, in the official
office work and official correspondence, federal programs radio and television, it is studied in secondary and higher educational institutions Russia.

Languages ​​widely used as a medium international communication,
called world languages. Russian language has a status
official or working language in most international
intergovernmental organizations of which Russia is a member: the UN,
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), IAEA
(International Agency for atomic energy), OSCE (Organization for
security and cooperation in Europe), etc.

At the UN, Russian is one of the six official languages.
(together with English, Spanish, French, Arabic and Chinese), i.e., simultaneous interpretation of all speeches in the bodies of the Organization and written translation all resolutions, decisions and other major documents.

Nowadays, the Russian language is state language of the Russian Federation, on which all state acts, all are created official documents that govern the life of society. Taking into account the fact that Russia is a multinational state, it is he who is currently means of international communication peoples of Russia . Russian language in present stage is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. In addition, it is also the language of international diplomacy. It is studied by more than a third of the population of the entire planet.

The development of the language is continuous and leads to the enrichment of its vocabulary and streamlining grammatical forms. The Russian language, like other languages, is constantly evolving: changing vocabulary, pronunciation norms, the grammatical structure of the language. The development of the language is influenced by changes taking place in society, as well as by language features. AT recent decades of the past century, Russian vocabulary was replenished with foreign words denoting phenomena new to our reality public life: fishburger, player, chips, management, monitoring, leasing, parking, selfies, etc.

Questions for self-control

1. To what language family, group and subgroup belongs to Russian
language?

2. What is the classification of Slavic languages?

3. What is the Proto-Slavic language? When did it exist?

4. What are the main periods in the development of the Russian language? Briefly
describe each period.

5. When was formed Old Russian people and what is the language of this
nationalities?

6. When is the Great Russian people formed and what kind of state
formed at this time? What dialects formed the basis of the language of the Great Russian people?

7. Tell us about the main periods in the development of the Russian language. Give the most typical examples.

8. Describe recent period development of the modern Russian language. Give examples that testify to its dynamic development.

9. What is the position of the Russian language among other languages? Why is Russian one of the world languages?

10. What are the features of the Russian language as a means of interethnic communication?

Training exercises

Ex. ten.Russian language is included in Slavic group(East Slavic subgroup) of the Indo-European family of languages. From the list of languages ​​below, select related to Russian Slavic languages. Find languages ​​that, along with Russian, have the status of a world language.

Serbian, English, Greek, Polish, Moldovan, Latin, Ukrainian, Spanish, Italian, Estonian, Belarusian, Chinese, Czech, Bulgarian, Arabic, French, Georgian, Hindi, Iranian, Albanian, Croatian, Slovak.

Exercise 11.What is the process of transition of words into the category of obsolete? In the left column are obsolete words, on the right - their modern equivalents. From the words of the right and left columns, make semantic pairs. Separately write down the lexemes that do not have modern correspondences. Explain why in modern language there are no equivalents for these words. Give an interpretation of their meanings.

Ex. 12.Write down neologisms modern era development of the Russian language, related to thematic groups"Economics", "Politics", "Technology", " Mass culture"(5-6 examples each). Use these words in context.

Russian language as National language of the Russian people, the state language of the Russian Federation and the language of interethnic communication.

The Russian language is the language of the Russian nation, the language in which its culture was created and is being created.

Russian language is official language Russian Federation. It serves all areas of activity of people living in Russia: they write on it key documents countries and teaching in educational institutions.

Since our country is multinational, the Russian language serves as a means of interethnic communication between people: it is understandable to every citizen of Russia. Russian is the native language for most of the population of our country.

Russian language as a primary element of great Russian literature.

The Russian language is the language in which the Russian nation has created and continues to create its own culture, primarily literature. AT modern form the Russian language first appeared in the 19th century, in the era of A.S. Pushkin. It is he who is considered the founder of the modern Russian language, which is understandable to all of us and which we speak.

The Russian language includes both a literary variety (that is, one in which all the rules fixed in grammars are observed) and a non-literary one (that is, dialects, vernacular, jargons and slang - cases of deviation from the generally accepted norm).

Russian writers and poets have always successfully used both varieties of the Russian language, creating great works of Russian literature.

Russian language in modern society. Wealth, beauty and expressiveness of the Russian language.

In modern society in Russia, the Russian language plays an official role, being the national, official language and the language of interethnic communication. Not less than important role Russian language and in the world: it is an international language (one of the six official and working languages ​​of the UN).

In modern society, the Russian language is given great attention. Society's concern for the language is expressed in its codification, i.e. in order linguistic phenomena into a single set of rules.

The place of the Russian language among other languages. Russian language as one of Indo-European languages.

Russian language belongs to Indo-European family languages, that is, it has one common parent language with other languages ​​\u200b\u200bof this group (basically, this European languages). Due to the common origin in these languages, there is much in common in the grammatical structure, there is a layer of identical words that differ from each other phonetically (these are words denoting family members, verbs denoting simple actions, etc.).

Russian language among other Slavic languages.

The Russian language is included in the Slavic group of languages, which is divided into eastern, western and southern subgroups. Russian, belonging to the eastern subgroup, which also includes Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, is closely related to these languages.

Russian language and language contacts.

Throughout its history, the Russian language did not exist autonomously, but came into contact with other languages ​​that left their imprints in it.

In the 7th-12th centuries, the Russian language borrowed words from the Scandinavian languages, these were words associated with sea fishing (anchor, hook) and proper names (Olga, Igor).

Due to tight economic and cultural ties(acceptance of Christianity) the Russian language was greatly influenced by the speech language (cucumber, lantern, altar, demon).

In the 18th century, the Russian language was actively influenced by French, which was considered the language of the aristocracy (buffet, lampshade, arena).

In the last fifteen to twenty years, words from in English. Sometimes the use of words English origin redundant: foreign words, which sometimes are not even clear to everyone, replace more familiar words. This spoils speech, violates its qualities such as purity and correctness.

But not only other languages ​​influence the Russian language, but vice versa. Thus, in the middle of the 20th century, after the launch of the first satellites and spaceships in all languages ​​​​of the world, words such as "astronaut" or "satellite" appeared.

Role Old Church Slavonic in the development of the Russian language.

Old Church Slavonic was first used Western Slavs, and in the 10th century it became the language and Eastern Slavs. It was into this language that Christian texts were translated from Greek. This language was at first a swamp of a book, but it is also a log colloquial began to influence each other, in Russian chronicles often these related languages mixed up.

The influence of Old Church Slavonic made our language more expressive and flexible. So, for example, words denoting abstract concepts began to be used (they did not yet have their own names).

Many words that came from the Old Slavonic language are not perceived by us as borrowed: they have become completely Russified (clothing, extraordinary); others are perceived by us as outdated or poetic (finger, boat, fisherman).