At old words, as well as dialectal can be divided into two different groups: archaisms and historicisms .

Archaisms- these are words that, due to the emergence of new words, have fallen into disuse. But their synonyms are in modern Russian.

For example:

right hand- right hand, cheeks- cheeks, ramen- shoulders, loins- waist and so on.

But it is worth noting that archaisms, nevertheless, may differ from modern synonymous words. These differences may be in the morphemic composition ( fisherman- fisherman, friendship - friendship), in their lexical meaning ( stomach- a life, the guest- merchant,), in grammatical design ( at the ball- at the ball fulfill- execute) and phonetic features (mirror- mirror, Guishpanese- Spanish). Many words are completely obsolete, but still they have modern synonyms. For example: ruin- death or injury hope- to hope and firmly believe, so that- to. And in order to avoid possible errors in the interpretation of these words, it is strongly recommended to use a dictionary when working with works of art. obsolete words and dialect turns, or an explanatory dictionary.

historicisms- these are words that denote such phenomena or objects that have completely disappeared or ceased to exist as a result of the further development of society.

Many words that denoted various household items of our ancestors, phenomena and things that were somehow connected with the economy of the past, the old culture, the socio-political system that once existed, became historicisms. Many historicisms are found among words that are somehow related to military topics.

For example:

Redoubt, chain mail, visor, squeaker etc.

Most obsolete words refer to clothing items and household items: prosak, svetets, valley, camisole, armyak.

Also, historicisms include words that denote ranks, professions, positions, estates that once existed in Russia: tsar, lackey, boyar, stolnik, equestrian, barge hauler,tinker etc. Manufacturing activities such as Konka and manufactory. The phenomena of patriarchal life: purchase, dues, corvée and others. Lost technologies such as mead and tinning.

Words that arose in Soviet era. These include words such as: food detachment, NEP, Makhnovist, educational program, Budenovets and many others.

Sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between archaisms and historicisms. This is connected both with the revival of the cultural traditions of Russia, and with the frequent use of these words in proverbs and sayings, as well as other works of folk art. Such words include words denoting measures of length or measurements of weight, naming Christian and religious holidays, and others and others.

Dictionary of obsolete words by letters of the alphabet:

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Project theme: Dictionary of obsolete words
(on the example of A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy “Woe from Wit”)
Content
Introduction
Chapter I. What are obsolete words?
1.1 What are historicisms?
1.2. What are archaisms
Chapter II. Obsolete words in the comedy by A.S. Griboyedov
"Woe from Wit"
Conclusion
I.
II.
III.
IV.
v.
VI.
VII. References
VIII. Appendix
Page 3
Page 4
Page 6
Page 7
Page nine
Page 17
Page eighteen

Maintenance:
The language is constantly evolving, while individual words become obsolete and
become incomprehensible or obscure even in context. Study of
works of art of the last century at school causes
certain difficulties. This is primarily due to the fact that the language
works of Russian fiction XIX beginning XX reflected
many obsolete phenomena of reality that make it difficult to understand
the content of art works by students.
When there are no interlinear explanations at hand, the student most often leaves
such "dark" places without attention, and undeciphered meaning
unfamiliar or unfamiliar words turns into an impoverished vision
the world of the past.
The purpose of this work is to compile a dictionary of obsolete words based on comedy
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit".
To achieve this goal, we set the following tasks:
1. Get acquainted with the material on the passive vocabulary of the Russian language.
2. Find obsolete words in comedy, determine their lexical meaning
according to the dictionary.
3. Compile a dictionary of obsolete words to facilitate reading the work
future ninth graders.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that when reading
works of fiction often have difficulties,
associated with understanding the meaning individual words.
The problem of misunderstanding is one of the central problems of the modern world.
Let us consider only one, but extremely important manifestation of this problem,
since every schoolchild has come across it more than once, the degree of understanding
2

an excerpt from a text or a separate sentence where words occur,
out of active use, but being a means of knowledge
the surrounding world, its history, culture, as well as a means of creating
the character of the hero.
The way out of this situation could be a dictionary to the work.
Thing
The object of study is the obsolete words of comedy.
study - the comedy "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov.
Research methods: collecting information, working with text, analysis,
summarizing the results, compiling a dictionary.
Practical results: compiled "Dictionary of obsolete comedy words
A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit". The task of the dictionary is to resolve lexical
difficulties that arise when reading a text, accustom to thoughtful reading
literature.
Chapter 1
The dictionary of the language includes active vocabulary, i.e. words that
currently used by all speakers or some part of the population,
and passive vocabulary, i.e. words that people either stop or only
are starting to use.
Passive vocabulary is divided into two groups: obsolete words and new ones.
words (neologisms).
Obsolete words are words lost in living speech, passed from
active vocabulary fund of the language into a passive one. Obsolete words divide
into historicisms and archaisms. Obsolete are words that are more
not used in standard speech. To determine if it applies
a certain word to obsolete, apply lexicographic
analysis. He must show that now given word used in speech
rarely. One of the types of obsolete words are historicisms, that is
designations for concepts that no longer exist. Quite a bit of
3

similar words among the designations of professions or social positions
a person who has ceased to be relevant, for example, a single palace,
profos, moskatelshchik, proviantmeister, postilion, potter. Huge
the number of historicisms denotes objects of material culture,
out of use - konka, torch, chaise, bast shoes. Meaning
some words belonging to this category are known at least
at least some of the native speakers who effortlessly recognize them, but in
active
missing.
Words go out of active use and into passive
historicisms

vocabulary gradually. Among other things, changing their status
comes from changes in society. But an important role
directly linguistic factors. An important point is an
the number of connections of this word with the rest. Word with rich set
systemic connections of a different nature will be noticeably slower to leave
into the passive vocabulary. Obsolete words do not have to be
ancient. Relatively recently emerged words can quickly come out of
use. This applies to many terms that appeared in the early
Soviet time. At the same time, initially Russian words become obsolete, and
borrowings, such as "battle" (battle), "victory" (meaning
victory but not woman's name), "fortecia" (victory). obsolete words
in modern writing and oral speech can be used with different
goals. In particular, when writing historical novels them
presence is necessary for styling. In modern oral speech, their
function may be to enhance the expressiveness of what is said. Together with
the development of society and the state also changes the language. Part of concepts
remains in the past.
Are obsolete words necessary at all?
Obsolete words are often used by poets and writers to
recreating the atmosphere of a historical era. Reading a poem by Pushkin
4

"Ruslan and Lyudmila", we'll have to look in the dictionary to find out
the meaning of the words forehead (forehead) and cheeks (cheeks): “His forehead, his cheeks
burning with instant flames. In the 18th and 19th centuries, such words were
widespread. Obsolete words are also used for
giving an ironic tinge to the statements: “Without preparing
homework, the student, lowering his eyes, stood in front of a stern look
teachers." Many archaisms are still an adornment of dialogues.
No girl can resist calling her: “Gracious
empress!" Obsolete words are part of our history and our
of the past. These are language testimonials. historical development and
movement into the future.
1.1 What are historicisms?
Historicisms are words that name obsolete things, obsolete phenomena.
Historicisms do not have synonyms in modern Russian. explain them
meaning is possible only by resorting to an encyclopedic description. Exactly
this is how historicisms are presented in explanatory dictionaries.
Historicisms can
be accompanied in dictionaries by litters ist. (history), obsolete. (obsolete).
Among obsolete words, a group of historicisms stands out - words that call
concepts,
items,
reality.
phenomena,
who disappeared from the modern
The formation of a group of historicisms is associated with social transformations in
life of society, the development of production, the emergence of new technologies,
updating household items, etc. Therefore, define historicism by
the name of the realities of the past time found in the text.
For example: boyar, oprichnik, constable, shishak. One of the functions of historicism
as a nominative means in scientific and historical literature - to serve
names of the realities of past eras. So to recreate
5

historical specifics, use historicisms if you are working on
scientific historical monograph. Historicisms are called "omens"
time, therefore, do not have competing lexical elements in
modern language. Use historicisms that "belong" to a certain
to recreate historical paintings of different centuries.
era,
For example, historicisms associated with distant eras: tiun, governor,
helmet; historicisms denoting the realities of the recent past:
surplus appraisal, district committee, province. Another function of historicism is
act as a lexical means of expression in artistic
literature. Therefore, if you write works on historical
theme, use historicism to create the flavor of the era. In language
there are known cases of the return of historicisms to the active vocabulary. Such
words like governor, lyceum, gymnasium, leader are not perceived now
as outdated. Do not attribute such linguistic phenomena to historicism, since with
the return of the realities of reality, these words fall into the layer
Lexical meaning of historicisms
common vocabulary.
define according to the dictionary. Such words are marked
"obsolete". For example: “Carriage maker, a, m. (outdated). 1. Shed for carriages and others
crews. 2. Crew master. From this dictionary entry "Dictionary
Russian language” edited by R. M. Zeitlin, you will learn what is of interest
you word refers to masculine, has the form in genitive case in
singular "carriage house", is obsolete (historicism) and has
two values. Use historicism in speech and writing, only
specifying its meaning in the dictionary, so as not to look in the eyes of the interlocutor,
reader by an uneducated person.
1.2. What are archaisms?
Archaisms are words that have fallen into disuse and have been replaced by new ones.
6

In addition, they are used to create solemnity of speech, sometimes they
make it ironic. Archaisms, have in modern language
synonyms, with the help of which explanatory dictionaries explain their meaning,
accompanying them with the litter of obsolete.
In each period of the development of the language, words function in it,
belonging to common vocabulary, i.e. to active
vocabulary. Another layer of vocabulary is words that have come out of the active
use and “fallen” into the passive reserve.
Instead of "in order" they say "so that", instead of "from the beginning" - "from ancient times, always", and
instead of "eye" - "eye". Some of these words are completely unrecognizable by those who
collides with them, and thus they already fall out of the passive
vocabulary. For example, few people recognize the word "in vain" as
synonymous with "wrong". At the same time, its root was preserved in the words "vanity",
"in vain", while entering, at least, into the passive dictionary of Russian
language. Some archaisms remained in modern Russian speech as
components of phraseological units. In particular, the expression "cherish as an apple
eye" contains two archaisms at once, including "apple", which means
"pupil". This word as opposed to the word "eye" is unknown
the vast majority of native speakers, even educated ones.
To determine the belonging of archaism to subgroups that
make up a group of archaic vocabulary, find out if it is completely archaic
word or only partially. For example: in vain - in vain, this - this one,
cheeks - cheeks ( stylistic synonyms). height - height
(archaic suffix design), hall - hall (archaic
form of belonging to the genus), hospital - hospital (archaic
sound form of the word), etc. Determine the belonging of archaism to
subgroup. Lexical archaism has in modern language
the corresponding synonym (vya - neck, from ancient times - from ancient times, zelo - very much).
Semantic archaism has been preserved in the modern language, but is used in
7

obsolete value(belly is life, shame is a spectacle).
phonetic archaism retains the same meaning, but has a different sound
design (history - history, mirror - mirror).
word-formation archaism retains its former meaning, but has a different
word-formation structure (fisherman - fisherman, disaster - disaster).
find out stylistic function archaism. Archaisms are used for
recreating the historical flavor of the era, so you can meet
a large number of archaisms in works of art on
historical topic. Archaisms are used to give color to speech
solemnity, pathetic excitement (in verse, in oratory
speech, in publicistic speech). Archaisms are used as
a means of speech characteristics of the hero in a work of art
(for example, persons of clergy, monarch). Archaisms are used for
creating a comic effect, irony, satire, parody (usually in
feuilletons, pamphlets, epigrams). When analyzing stylistic
functions of archaisms, it must be taken into account that their use can be
in
not associated with a specific stylistic task (for example,
humorous stories by A.P. Chekhov to create a comic effect),
but due to the peculiarities of the author's style. For example, A. M. Gorky
used archaisms as stylistically neutral words. Besides,
archaisms are often used in poetic speech for rhythmic
organization of a poetic work or for rhyming. Most
a popular technique is the use of non-vowel words (breg,
hail).
voice,
gold,

Chapter II. Obsolete words in A.S. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit"
Griboyedov reflected in the comedy the atmosphere and main conflict epoch -
clash of new and old, progressive and conservative, "reason"
and "irrational reality".
8

In Griboedov's comedy, one can find many examples of words that came out of
use. Let's take a closer look at some of them. As an example
words that are not included in the modern normative language, but easy
perceived based on the context, the word reluctant can serve. On the
his wife's question about the ball at Famusov's, Platon Mikhailovich answers:
Natasha - mother, I doze off at the balls,
Before them, a mortal reluctant ... "(IV, 2)
We can easily understand that the word unhunter meant "a person not
wanting to do something or do something." Just as easy to understand
context and not currently used noun ordinary and little
used rare noun superstition. Both of these words are used in
of his speech Repetilov:
Here farces were so often petted to me,
That I am idle, that I am stupid, that I am superstitious,
What do I have for all premonitions, signs ...
Here are the people, are there any like them? Hardly…
Well, between them, of course, I am an ordinary person ... (IV, 4)
These nouns were formed on the basis of phrases: superstitious
man, ordinary man. The noun is also archaic
frills used by Chatsky:
And in St. Petersburg and in Moscow,
Who is the enemy of discharged persons,
fancy, curly words ... (III, 2)
The meaning of this word becomes clear when referring to the Dictionary
modern Russian language, which explains it this way:
fancy -
intricate techniques, means used to produce a large
impression. The meaning is fairly easy to discern from the context.
obsolete verb to last:
9

Prolonging disputes is not my desire. (Chatsky, II, 2)
to prolong - "to continue something, to delay." Not used in
contemporary literary language and the verb to sit down, although the context indicates
its meaning:
Put down your hat, take off your sword;
Here is a sofa for you, spread yourself out to rest. (II, 5)
take off means "take off". Griboyedov uses archaisms to
to recreate the era of that time.
We read Chatsky's monologue:

Are you not the one to whom I am still from the cradle
For some incomprehensible intentions
Did they take the children to pay respects?
That Nestor of noble villains,
Crowd surrounded by servants ...
Here (the line Children were taken to bow is more or less clear right away:
"They were taken to congratulate the child").
We leaf through the immortal comedy further. Comes to Famusov for the evening
Tugoukhovsky family. The voices of the princesses are heard:
3rd kn i f n a. What an esharp cousin gave me!
4th kn i n a. Oh yes, bare!
Even our fashionistas do not understand these remarks. It's clear just what they're talking about
outfits. But what and about what exactly? To understand this, one must know that the word
esharp means “scarf”, and the word barezhevy means “from barezh” (a special thin and
transparent fabric).
Here Puffer returns alive and well ("hand bruised slightly")
Molchalin, after the fall of the latter from the horse and Sophia's fainting, into the house and
tells her:

Well! I didn't know what would come of it
You irritate.

What he says to her, we understand only when we know the meaning of now
firmly forgotten archaism irritation - "excitement".
Let's look at individual proposals.
Famusov. 1) “Everyone managed beyond their years”; 2) “We take the tramps, and into the house and
by tickets"; 3) “The deceased was a respectable chamberlain, With a key, and his son was able to
leave"; 4) "To work for you, to settle you";
Repetilov. 5) “Taken under guardianship by decree!”; 6) "Other everything is gil"; 7) “With his wife and
he went into reversi with him.
These expressions become intelligible only when we take into account
the real meaning of the words that form them.
In modern language, these phrases can be translated something like this:
1) “Everyone has become smart beyond their years”; 2) “We take tramps as
teachers and tutors, and as visiting teachers (coming
teachers were paid "by tickets",
t.
e.
by notes,
certifying visit)"; 3) “The dead man was deserving
the highest respect of the chamberlain at the royal court (with the key
- with a golden key on his uniform as a sign of chamberlain rank) and
managed to make his son also a chamberlain”; 4) “To hard labor you, to
settlement"; 5) “My estate, by royal decree, was taken under
state supervision”; 6) “Everything else is nonsense, nonsense (cf.
slob of the same root)"; 7) "I played cards with his wife and with him"
(reversi is a card game).
As mentioned above, historicisms are words denoting disappeared
realities. Based on the fact that the play was written in the 19th century, it is natural that we
we find in it the following historisms:
Assessor civil rank of the eighth class, as well as a person with this rank.
11

English club (club) in Russia since the time of Catherine the Second in English
a famous aristocratic club in Moscow was called a clob
the leading clubs of the 16th century in England
The maid of honor is the title of court lady attached to the empress
Zug tsug teams of horses in single file or one after the other
Dance master dance teacher.
And these are far from all the historicisms that can be found in the work.
A.S. Griboyedov.
Most of the outdated vocabulary of the comedy "Woe from Wit" is
archaisms. Archaisms are divided into several groups. Let's consider in more detail
each group.
1. Semantic archaisms are "words preserved in modern
language, however, used in a sense that is obsolete and
unusual for a modern native speaker". It can also be noted that
that semantic archaisms are polysemantic words, which are obsolete
one or more values.
The number of archaisms of this group in the literature of the 19th century is very large. In my own way
sound and structure, these words, at first glance, are familiar and understandable to us, but
if you look closely, they will be "far" from us. For example, the word
commission ("what kind of commission, creator, be adult daughter father...").
The dictionary gives the following interpretations of the word "commission":
1) a group of persons, or a body from a group of persons with special powers in
some institution;
2) an order executed for a certain remuneration;
3) (obsolete) troublesome, difficult business.
The word has many meanings, the first two meanings are modern, but the hero
comedy Famusov uses this word precisely in the 3rd sense, which
is marked obsolete.
12

Here are just a few examples of words in this group:
"... be a military man, be a civilian ...", "... Zagoretsky took the place
Skalozuba", "Oh! Potion, spoiled girl…”, “..what an opportunity!”, “…who would
I didn’t get carried away by them ..”, “... we find where we don’t mark ...”
Statsky in 1 meaning "the same as civilian"
Engaged in 1 meaning "occupied"
Potion in the 4th meaning "evil, caustic person"
Opportunity in the 2nd meaning "rare, unexpected case"
Not involved in 1 sign. "didn't stretch, didn't drag"
We mark in 4 numbers. "observe, guess"
2. Lexical archaisms. This group includes words that are obsolete
entirely and moved into the passive layer, and in modern Russian
used with another non-derivative form.
Such archaisms in comedy are the following words:
"...now she was sleeping ..." in 1 meaning, fell asleep; "...loud kisses..."
(obsolete and ironic) kissing; "... low worshiper" flatterer; "... how not to please
native ... "," ... they didn’t care about your upbringing .. " in 1 meaning
promote; "... time is not hot ..." in the 2nd meaning, has not come; "…not
you never complain ... "in the 3rd sense you do not accept.
In dictionaries, we find these words marked "obsolete". This allows
to conclude that these words are archaisms. Another sign
the fact that these words are gone from our active vocabulary is that we do not
we use words with such bases, that is, there was a complete replacement of some
words by others that we do not currently use.
3. Lexical derivational archaisms. To this group we include
words in which separate word-forming elements are outdated, but with
most often the root remains unchanged. Griboyedov can distinguish
13

word-building archaisms of three parts of speech: noun,
verbs and adverbs.
Nouns.
"... today I'm sick, I won't take off the straps ..." in modern language
used with another prefix according to (bandage); ... we take tramps ..."
there is no such form in the modern language either, the word is used without
rates.
"... and troubles cannot be overcome by slowness ..." we use this word with
prefix pro;
"... to please the daughter of such a person ..." in modern language with this
suffix is ​​not used;
"... and there are uniforms ..." the word difference is commonly used. During
throughout the 19th century, the verbal noun was widely used with
suffix to a;
"...night robber, duelist..." modern form of "duelist".
Verbs.
"... deceived honors and nobility ..."; "... as a person who has grown up ..."; "...
we ascended, bowed ... "" the circle of bases, combined with the prefix vz in
the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century was wider than in the modern language ... but at the end of the 19th
the beginning of the 20th century, verbs with this prefix reduced their use "
"...how to compare, but look..."; "... I will raise everyone ..." in
modern language, verbs with the prefix po have been preserved in a certain
quantity. Now the verbs previously used with this prefix, we
use without it.
"... he promised to visit the priest..."; "...do not be angry, look..." both
verbs are formed from the infinitive using the postfix xia, this is an indicator
reflexivity of the verb, which is confirmed by the context and semantics.
Adverbs.
14

"... ready to ride again ..." "again" there was a replacement of the prefix
syz on the prefix with. In modern language, words with such a prefix can be
found in some dialects.
"hurriedly" hastily. In modern language, the word is used with
the suffix willow is derived from the adjective hasty. And here is the word
especially (especially) on the contrary, in the 19th century it was used with the suffix willow, but in
in modern language, this suffix has been lost and now this adverb is in Fr.
When asserting that a certain word is not used in modern
language, we used data from modern dictionaries.
4. Lexicophonetic archaisms. It should be noted that these are words
which, in the process of the historical development of the language, the sound
the form.
"In comedy, there are a number of accentological archaisms that give
material that makes it possible to judge the living language of that time ... ". These are the words
whose accent is different from the modern one. Such archaisms in comedy
lots of.
"…not forever and ever…"; "... under the stars"; "....historian and geographer"; "….and
dances and singing"; "... judges always, everything"; ".... to drive you away" and
other.
Words rumatism ("... all rumatism and headaches ..."),
prihmacher
(hairdresser) are clearly borrowed. From the given pronunciation and spelling
we can conclude that these words have not yet taken shape in Russian 19
century, and these words are adapted to the speech of a Russian person by
simplification of the sound composition.
In the eighth word, we see a phenomenon when before the initial [o] did not develop
sound [in], it will probably happen later. We are now using the form
"eighth". But in dialects you can often find the form "eighth,
eighteen."
15

The words of the anti-stream, frunt, currently have a slightly different
phonetic composition of the root: contradiction, front.
The word clob is borrowed, and therefore in "Woe from Wit" we meet two
variant spelling of this word: klobklub. preserved in modern language
and approved the second option.
5. Morphological archaisms are words that are obsolete
grammatical form. This group should consider the following
parts of speech: noun, adjective, pronoun and
service parts of speech.
"... carried for the report" the form of the word report is explained by the declension of this
the words. In the 19th century there was a specialization of the form in y. given word
is a remnant of the ancient declension in th, here the form of the genitive
case, unit numbers, husband kind.
"... even a child was taken to bow..." "the word of a child in the late 18th early 19th century
usually inclined in the singular close to the Church Slavonic model with
variant forms of the instrumental case ... In live use at 19
century, forms without extensions were possible. From colloquial speech these forms
penetrated into writing.
".... after three days turned gray ..." this form of the word day was
common. "In the second half of the 19th century, the form of days is known in
stylized speech. At the same time, the form of days was variant according to
relation to the main form on i.
Comparative adjectives: "...the older, the worse...", "...
more in number…”, “stunned louder than any trumpets”, “from the gentlemen away”
formed in two ways:
1. Through the suffixes eysh, aysh
2. Through the suffixes ee, e
The following part of speech is a pronoun:
16

"...for others, it's like a celebration ...". In modern language it is used
"other" form. Both of these forms are used in the text of the comedy.
Consider the service parts of speech:
Prepositions.
“I’ve been thinking about myself…”, “about yours, about upbringing” in the modern language
we use the preposition o. But these prepositions can be called synonymous.
Unions.
"But that's the trouble!" in the dictionary are used with the litter colloquial.
Conclusion
There are two similar groups of words in Russian vocabulary - archaisms and historicisms. Them
proximity lies in the fact that in the modern language there are practically no
are used, although for another hundred hundred years they used them no less than
than other words. Both archaisms and historicisms call words obsolete.
It is known that archaisms give the flavor of antiquity. Without them it was impossible
to reliably convey the speech of people who lived several hundred years ago.
In addition, archaisms often have a sublime, solemn connotation,
which will not be superfluous in poetic language, but completely unnecessary in
the language of official documents and often redundant in journalism. However
less, in modern publications, especially technical ones,
you can often see something like "this computer appeared in
sale ... "," ... therefore, we can say that ... ".
Often archaisms are used in a completely different sense - for example, they write:
"the rating was hard on", meaning that the rating was low, although
the meaning of the word impartial is independent, impartial. And all
because practically no one has the habit of looking into the dictionary in case
the occurrence of doubts.
17

Of course, it is absolutely impossible to discard archaisms, however, to decorate speech with them
you need to be very careful - as we can see, there are enough pitfalls here.
Obsolete words as a category of vocabulary have their own specific features,
presented in dictionaries of obsolete words. They can be found not only
interpretation of an incomprehensible word encountered in the lesson being studied
literature a work of art, but also to expand their knowledge of
bygone eras, learn a lot of interesting and entertaining information on
history and culture.
In conclusion, I would like to note that, by studying archaisms, we can
enrich both passive and active stock to improve the language culture,
to add a "zest" to the oral and written language, make it more
more expressively and take advantage of the wealth that our fathers have saved for us
and grandfathers. It should not be forgotten that archaisms are a linguistic treasury -
the richest heritage that we have no right to lose, as we have lost
already a lot. In comedy A.S. Griboyedov, we meet with such words,
which are historicisms and archaisms for us modern
readers, but at the time of writing the analyzed work by the author
weren't like that. For A.S. Griboyedov, these were the usual words of his active
vocabulary, everyday use.
References:
1. Rogozhnikova R.P., Karskaya T.S.: Dictionary of obsolete Russian words
language. According to the works of Russian writers of the XVIIIXX centuries. Bustard, 2010
2. Ozhegov S.I., Shvedova N.Yu.: Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, 4e
revised edition, Moscow, 2008.
3. Griboyedov, Alexander Sergeevich: Woe from Wit: a comedy in 4 acts,
Moscow, 1996
4. http://www.yaklass.ru/p/russkyyazik/10klass/leksikafrazeologiia
leksikografiia10519/passivnaialeksikaarkhaizmyiistorizmy10682/re
18aA
IA
BUT:
AA
list officials all public institutions
[Repetilov:] Everyone went out to know
Everyone is important these days.
Looking at the address calendar.
English club (historical)
- a society of metropolitan aristocrats in Russia,
constantly gathering for conversation and entertainment in a
this room. He was famous for dinners and a card game, in many respects determined
public opinion. The number of members was limited, new members
adopted on the basis of recommendations after a secret ballot.
[Chatsky:] Then think, member of the English club,
I'll sacrifice whole days there to rumor
About the mind of Molchalin, about the soul of Skalozub.
As quarrels (historical)
army. The transition from class IX to VIII, especially for non-nobles, was considered
the most difficult. Until 1845, this rank was associated with receiving
hereditary nobility.
Rootless warmed and introduced into my family,
He gave the rank of assessor and took him to the secretaries;
Transferred to Moscow through my assistance;
And if it wasn't for me, you would smoke in Tver.
B:
Bar chewy (arch.)
cotton fabric of rare weaving.
What an esharp cousin gave me!
Oh! yes, bare!
- collegiate assessor - rank VIII class, equal to the captain in
- made from barege - woolen, silk or
eA
eA
20

oA
eA
uA
oA
– title of nobility below the count; title holder
- in the favor of an influential person, under the patronage
- paper currency; receipt presented in
Bar n (historical)
baronies - lowest degree titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civilian then.
Baron von Klotz to ministers methyl,
And I - To him as a son-in-law
Barin (historical) - boyar, lord, man of the highest class; nobleman
Ah! master! (Lisa)
Bill t(historical)
gentleman's office to pay money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps both to the house and by tickets.
Blezhen - happy, prosperous.
Blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world!” Chatsky;
AT:
In the next tea (historical)
influential persons. I. A. Krylov has the name of the fable: "Elephant in the case."
Then not what it is now



The nobleman in the case, all the more,
Not like the other, and drank and ate differently.
Vetreniki (arch.) - a place open to the wind from all sides
Let go, windmills yourself,
Come to your senses, you old people ... (Liza)
Suddenly a row (arch.)
Were you to laugh; how is he?
He got up, recovered, wanted to bow,
He fell suddenly in a row - on purpose ...
Fancy (arch.) - excessive pretentiousness in the performance of something [original.
about the elaborate pattern]. Speak without frills
. And in St. Petersburg and in Moscow,
Who is the enemy of written faces, frills, curly words ...
D:
aa
D evening
She is pleased that she found out everything at night,
There are no reproachful witnesses in the eyes,
Just like yesterday, when I fainted,
Here Chatsky was...
Court (historical) - the monarch and persons close to him.
... I ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;


- another time, again, again, a second time.
(d viche)
(arch.) – recently. shortly before the conversation.
aa
21

eA
- a room for courtyard girls in landowner, lordly
- excitement, excitement, confusion (obsolete military
Then not what it is now
Under the Empress, he served Catherine.
D vicya (arch.)
houses.
[Khlestova:] After all, the Lord created such a tribe!
Damn real; in girlish she;
Do you call?
To prolong - to continue something, to delay
Prolonging disputes is not my desire. (Chatsky)
F:
Yellow House (arch.) - in the old days the name of houses for the mentally ill; walls
these houses were usually painted in yellow.
[Zagoretsky:] ... How can I not know? exemplary case came out;
His uncle hid him in the mad ones;
They seized me, into a yellow house, and put me on a chain.
AND:
aa
Irritation (arch.)
term).
[puffer:] Well! I didn't know what would come of it
You irritate. Rushed in...
TO:
Carriage (arch.) - a closed passenger wagon with springs.
Get out of Moscow! I don't go here anymore!
I'm running, I won't look back, I'll go looking around the world,
Where there is a corner for the offended feeling ...
Carriage for me, carriage!
uA
K rtag (historical)
day) - a reception day at court.
At the courthouse he happened to step in;
He fell, so much so that he almost hit the back of his head;
The old man groaned, his voice hoarse;
He was granted the highest smile ...
L:
Casket - decreased. caress casket, skillfully made, decorated box for
storage of jewelry; box, chest.
Oh, the human race! fell into oblivion
That everyone himself must climb there,
In that chest, where neither stand nor sit. (Famusov)
M:
eA
M ntor (arch.)
son of Odysseus, in the Homeric poem "The Odyssey").
[Chatsky:] Our mentor, remember his cap, robe,
- educator, mentor (by the name of the educator Telemachus,
- an old word (from French. cour - courtyard and German. Tag -
22

aa
aa
- big fan.
– 1. Rare. unusual case.
Index finger, all signs of learning
How our timid minds disturbed...
Rumor (arch.) - Rumors, news, talk in society about something. "... Sin is not a problem,
word of mouth is not good." Lisa's words
H:
Reluctant (arch.) - a person who does not want to do something, anything
do "Natasha - mother, I doze off at the balls,
Before them, a mortal reluctant ... "
O:
Ok ziya (arch.)
[Famusov:] What an opportunity!
Molchalin, you, brother?
[Molchalin:] Yas.
Opah lo(arch.)
[Chatsky:] Spray with water. - Look:
Breathing became freer.
Blow what?
[Lisa:] Here's a fan.
P:
Pud (arch.) - ancient measure weight, equal to about 16.4 kg.
Then not what it is now
Under the Empress, he served Catherine.
And in those days, everything is important! forty pounds ...
Sexton (historical) is an informal designation of a clergyman,
who is also called "paramonar"
Read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with a good arrangement” Famusov;
WITH:
Sir (historical) - a polite form of addressing the interlocutor,
used in the Russian Empire.
T:
eA
Tup th (arch.)
hair.
Then not what it is now
Under the Empress, he served Catherine.
And in those days, everything is important! forty pounds ...
Bow, do not nod dumbly.
C:
Zug (historical) - a rich exit in which horses are harnessed in jib.
... Maxim Petrovich: he is not on silver,
I ate on gold; one hundred people at your service;
- old men's hairstyle; bunch gathered at the back of the head
23

Cap (arch.) - women's and children's headdress
All in orders; ezzhalto forever train;
A century at the court, but at what court!
H:
Cap ceA
When the Creator delivers us
From their hats! bonnets! and studs! and pins!
And bookstores and biscuit shops! (Famusov)
Chin (arch.) - the degree of official position established during
court, civil and military service.
“Like everyone in Moscow, your father is like this: he would like a son-in-law with stars, but with
ranks "Lisa;
I:
Jacob netz (historical)
freethinking.
Listen, so his little finger
Smarter than everyone, and even Prince Peter!
I think he's just a Jacobin
Your Chatsky!..
IA
a person suspected of political
24

Introduction

The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words that used to be used very often are now almost inaudible, while others, on the contrary, are used more and more often. Such processes in the language are associated with a change in the life of the society that it serves: with the advent of a new concept, a new word appears; if society no longer refers to a certain concept, then it does not refer to the word that this concept stands for.

As mentioned above, changes in lexical composition language occur constantly: some words become obsolete and leave the language, others appear - are borrowed or formed according to existing models. Those words that have gone out of active use are called obsolete; new words that have just appeared in the language are called neologisms.

Historiography. There are many books on this topic, here are just a few of them: "Modern Russian: Lexicology" by M.I. Fomina, Golub I.B. "Stylistics of the Russian language", electronic sources were also used to provide more complete information.

The purpose of the work is to study the use of both obsolete words and neologisms in various styles speech. The objectives of this work are to study obsolete vocabulary and new words that have different areas of use and what place they occupy in different styles of speech.

Based on the goals and objectives set, the structure of the work consists of an introduction (which indicates: goals, objectives, historiography and structure of the work), three chapters(which shows the stylistic division, the reasons for the appearance and signs of obsolete words and neologisms, obsolete vocabulary and new words, the so-called neologisms, in various styles of speech), as well as a conclusion (which summarizes the work done).

obsolete words

Words that are no longer used or are used very rarely are called obsolete (for example, child, right hand, mouth, Red Army soldier, people's commissar)

From a stylistic point of view, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

stylistically neutral or common (can be used in all styles of speech without restriction);

stylistically colored (they belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish: scientific, official business, journalistic - or colloquial; their use “not in their own style” violates the correctness, purity of speech; you need to be extremely careful in their use); for example, the word "hindrance" belongs to the colloquial style, while the word "exorcise" belongs to the book style.

Also, depending on the nature of the functioning, there are:

common vocabulary (used without any restrictions),

limited vocabulary.

Common vocabulary includes words used (understood and used) in different linguistic areas by native speakers, regardless of their place of residence, profession, lifestyle: these are the majority of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs (blue, fire, grumble, good), numerals , pronouns, most function words.

The vocabulary of limited use includes words whose use is limited to some locality (Dialectisms (from the Greek diblektos "dialect, dialect") are elements of Russian dialects (dialects), phonetic, grammatical, word-formation, lexical features that occur in the stream of normalized Russian literary speech.), profession (Special vocabulary is associated with the professional activities of people. It includes terms and professionalisms.), Occupation or interests (Jargonisms are words used by people of certain interests, occupations, habits. For example, there are jargons of schoolchildren, students, soldiers, athletes, criminals, hippies, etc.).

Word obsolescence is a process, and different words may be at different stages. Those that have not yet gone out of active use, but are already used less frequently than before, are called obsolete (voucher).

Outdated vocabulary, in turn, is divided into historicisms and archaisms.

Historicisms are words denoting those who have disappeared from modern life objects, phenomena that have become irrelevant concepts, for example: chain mail, corvée, horse racing; modern Saturday, Sunday; socialist competition, the Politburo. These words have gone out of use along with the objects and concepts they designate and have passed into passive vocabulary: we know them, but do not use them in our everyday speech. Historicisms are used in texts that deal with the past (fiction, historical research).

Historicisms are used in articles on historical themes to indicate the realities, in articles on current topics - to conduct historical parallels, as well as in connection with the actualization of concepts and words in modern speech.

In addition to historicisms, other types of obsolete words are distinguished in our language. We use certain words less and less in speech, replacing them with others, and so they are gradually forgotten. For example, an actor was once called a lyceum, a comedian; they said not a journey, but a voyage, not fingers, but fingers, not a forehead, but a brow. Such obsolete words are called quite modern items, concepts that are now commonly called differently. New names have replaced the old ones, and they are gradually being forgotten. Obsolete words that have modern synonyms that have replaced them in the language are called archaisms.

Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If historicisms are the names of obsolete objects, then archaisms are obsolete names of quite ordinary objects and concepts that we constantly encounter in life.

There are several types of archaisms:

1) the word can become completely obsolete and completely out of use: cheeks - “cheeks”, neck - “neck”, right hand - “right hand”, shuytsa - “left hand”, so that - “so that”, destruction - “death”;

2) one of the meanings of the word may become obsolete, while the rest continue to be used in modern language: belly - "life", thief - " state criminal"(False Dmitry II was called" Tushinsky thief»); over the past 10 years, the word give has lost the meaning of "sell", and the word throw away - the meaning of "put on sale";

3) 1-2 sounds and / or place of stress can change in a word: number - number, library - library, mirror - mirror, string - lace;

4) an obsolete word may differ from modern ones by a prefix and / or a suffix (friendship - friendship, restaurant - restaurant, fisherman - fisherman);

5) the words may change individual grammatical forms(cf .: the name of A. S. Pushkin's poem "Gypsies" - the modern form of gypsies) or the belonging of this word to a certain grammatical class (the words piano, hall were used as feminine nouns, and in modern Russian these are masculine words).

As can be seen from the examples, obsolete words differ from each other in terms of the degree of archaism: some are still found in speech, especially among poets, others are known only from the works of writers of the last century, and there are those that are completely forgotten.

The archaization of one of the meanings of a word is a very interesting phenomenon. The result of this process is the emergence of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, words used in an unusual, outdated meaning for us. Knowledge of semantic archaisms helps to correctly understand the language of classical writers. And sometimes their word usage cannot but make us think seriously...

Archaisms should not be neglected either. There are cases when they return to the language, re-integrate into the composition active vocabulary. So it was, for example, with the words soldier, officer, ensign, minister, adviser, which received a new life in modern Russian. In the first years of the revolution, they managed to become archaic, but then they returned, having acquired a new meaning.

Archaisms, like historicisms, are necessary for word artists to create the color of antiquity when depicting antiquity.

Decembrist poets, contemporaries and friends of A.S. Pushkin, used Old Slavonic vocabulary to create a civil-patriotic pathos of speech. Great interest to obsolete words was a hallmark of their poetry. The Decembrists were able to single out the layer in the archaizing vocabulary that could be adapted to express freedom-loving ideas. High outdated vocabulary can be subjected to ironic rethinking and act as a means of humor and satire. The comical sound of obsolete words is noted even in the everyday story and satire of the 17th century, and later in epigrams, jokes, parodies, which were written by participants in the linguistic polemics of the early 19th century. (members of the "Arzamas" society), who opposed the archaization of the Russian literary language.

In modern humorous and satirical poetry, obsolete words are also often used as a means of creating an ironic coloring of speech.

Contemporaries of A. S. Pushkin, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, the readers of the 21st century, are already missing a lot, not understanding, we guess approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, a tavern, a tavern, a dressing gown? Who are the coachman, yard boy, excellency? In each story of the Pushkin cycle there are incomprehensible, obscure words in their meaning. But they all denote some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. From modern usage those words came out. Therefore, their specific meaning to the modern reader remains unclear, incomprehensible. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, devoted to obsolete words that have left the modern language in Belkin's Tales.

The life of a language is clearly manifested in the constant changes in the composition of words and their meanings. And in the fate of individual words, the very history of the people and the state is imprinted. The vocabulary of the Russian language retains many words that are little used in live speech, but known to us from classical literary works, history textbooks and stories about the past.

Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.

Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words that refer to objects of bygone life, old culture, things and phenomena associated with the economy of the past, old social and political relations have become historicisms. So, there are many historicisms among the words related to military topics: chain mail, pischal, visor, redoubt. Historicisms are many words denoting ranks, estates, positions, professions of old Russia: tsar, boyar, stableman, lackey, steward, zemstvo, serf, landowner, constable, ofenya, horseman, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter, barge hauler; phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, dues, cuts, purchases; types of production activities: manufactory, horse racing; types of technologies that have disappeared: tinning, mead making.

Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have become obsolete due to their replacement with new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tuga - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.

Archaisms may differ from the modern word-synonym different features: otherwise lexical meaning(guest - merchant, stomach - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at a ball - at a ball), a different morphemic composition (friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features (Gishpan - Spanish, mirror - mirror) . Some words become obsolete entirely, but have modern synonyms: in order - in order, destruction - death, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country, to convey the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.

DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE WORDS

From the publisher

Corvee is free forced labor of a dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvée and establish a gentleman who works very hard with his own equipment on the farm. moderate quitrent"

Quit - the annual collection of money and products from serfs by landowners.

The housekeeper is a servant in the landowner's house, who was entrusted with the keys to “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired his storage of food supplies. confidence in the art of storytelling. »

Second major - military rank of the 8th class in 1741-1797. “His late father, second Major Pyotr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to a girl, Pelageya Gavrilovna, from the Trafilin family. »

"Shot"

A banker is a player who holds the bank in card games. “The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the insult, as Mr. banker would like”

“The game went on for a few more minutes; but feeling that the owner was

Vacancy - an unoccupied position; position. not up to the game, we fell behind one by one and dispersed to our apartments, talking about an imminent vacancy. »

Galloon - a golden braid or silver (ribbon), which was sewn on “Silvio got up and took out a red hat with a golden tassel from cardboard, with uniforms. galloon"

"Throw the Bank" (spec.). - reception of a card game. “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; Finally, he ordered the cards to be brought in, poured out fifty chervonets on the table, and sat down to throw them. »

Hussar - a soldier from light cavalry units, wearing the uniform of the Hungarian "Once he served in the hussars, and even happily"

A footman is a servant under the masters, as well as in a restaurant, a hotel, etc. “The footman brought me into the count's office, and he himself went to report on me. »

Arena - a platform or a special building for training horses and The life of an army officer is known. In the morning, teaching, arena; lunch at horseback riding lessons. regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards.

Punter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, i.e. “If the punter happened to miscalculate, then he immediately paid them extra by making big bets; one who pontes in a gambling card game. dostalnoe, or wrote down too much. »

Lieutenant - officer rank above second lieutenant and below Unter - officer - junior rank commanders in tsarist army staff captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; the person who bears this title.

This (this, this) places. - this, this, this. "With this word, he hurried out"

Excellency - the title of princes and counts (from the locality. Yours, him, her, them) “-Oh,” I remarked, “in this case, I bet that your Excellency will not get into the map and twenty steps away: the pistol requires daily exercise .

Frock coat and frock coat - long men's double-breasted waist-length clothing with a turn-down "walking forever on foot, in a worn black frock coat"

or stand-up collar.

Chervonets - common name foreign gold coins in pre-Petrine “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; finally ordered

Russia. hand the cards, poured fifty chervonets on the table and sat down to throw. »

Shandal - candlestick “The officer, heated up by wine, game and laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, furiously grabbing a copper shandal from the table, let it into Silvio, who barely managed to deviate from the blow. »

Eterist - in the second half of the 18th-early 19th century: a member of the secret Greek “It is said that Silvius, during the indignation of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from led a detachment of etherists and was killed in a battle under Turkish oppression. Skulyans. »

"Blizzard"

Boston is a card game. “Neighbors used to come to him every minute to eat, drink, play five kopecks in Boston with his wife”

Verst - an old Russian measure “The coachman decided to go by the river, which should have shortened our path of length equal to 1.06 km. ". three versts. »

Red tape - delaying a case or a decision, some question. “What was holding him back? Timidity, inseparable from true love, pride or coquetry of cunning red tape?

The maid is a maid under the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were busy only

The police captain is the chief of police in the county. “After dinner, the land surveyor Schmitt, in mustaches and spurs, and the son of the police captain, appeared. »

Kibitka is a covered road wagon. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacle, threw myself into the wagon and shouted: “Let's go!”

Cornet is the lowest officer rank. "The first to whom he appeared, a retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, readily agreed"

The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, there were several sleighs behind the fence; people were walking along the porch. »

Signet - a home seal on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula seal, which depicted

Signet - a small seal on a ring, keychain with initials or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Maria Gavrilovna)

some other sign. Used to seal letters threw herself on the bed just before dawn and dozed off. »

sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.

Ensign - the most junior officer rank. "The subject chosen by her was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village."

Lancer - in the armies of some countries, a soldier, an officer of light cavalry, “a boy of about sixteen, who recently entered the lancers. »

armed with a spear, a saber.

Shlafor - a dressing gown. “The old people woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a cotton dressing gown. »

Grand solitaire - laying out a deck of cards according to certain rules. "The old lady was once sitting alone in the living room, laying out grand solitaire"

A cap is a headdress of a pointed shape, which in the old days of a man "Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and a flannelette jacket"

worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.

"Undertaker"

Cupid is the god of love and ancient mythology, depicted as a winged sign “Above the gate towered a sign depicting a portly boy with a bow and arrows. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. »

To evangelize - to notify with a bell ringing about a church service. “No one noticed it, the guests continued the thread, and they were already announcing the vespers when they got up from the table.

Treads - boots with a wide top. ". the bones of the legs thrashed about in large boots like pestles in mortars. »

Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Table of “Tryukhina, the brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves in ranks); the person holding this rank. his imagination."

Budochnik - a policeman who carried guard duty in the booth. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman”

Vespers is a church service for Christians, performed in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink, and they already announced the gospel for Vespers.

Gaer - in folk games, a public jester, clowning and making faces in “Is the undertaker a gaer a Christmas one?”.

Christmas time;

A hryvnia is a coin worth ten kopecks. “The undertaker gave him a dime for vodka for that, dressed hastily, took a cab and drove to Razgulay. »

Drogi - a wagon for transporting the dead. "The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were heaped on the funeral dross"

Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed top "I will not describe any of the Russian caftan of Adrian Prokhorov"

Kiot, kivot, kiot (from Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated locker “Soon, order was established; kivot with images, cupboard with

(often folding) or glazed shelf for icons. dishes, a table, a sofa and a bed occupied certain corners in the back room for them.

The mantle is a wide long garment in the form of a cloak” “in the kitchen and living room, the owner’s products fit: coffins of all colors and sizes, as well as cupboards with mourning ribbons, mantles and torches. »

To evangelize - stop, stop evangelizing. “You feasted with a German all day, came back drunk, collapsed in bed, and slept until this hour, as they announced the Annunciation for mass.”

A contractor is a person who undertakes under a contract to perform certain work. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulay, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, despite his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him to such a distance and would not bargain with the nearest contractor. »

Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; "You deigned to rest, and we did not want to wake you."

2. Translated. Rest.

Svetlitsa - bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls went to their room. ".

bright room at the top of the house.

An ax - an old edged weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, on “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in armor with a long sackcloth handle. »

Sermyaga - coarse homespun undyed cloth: a caftan from this cloth. “Yurko again began to pace around her with an ax and in homespun armor. »

Chukhonets - this is how Finns and Estonians were called until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman, Yurko the Chukhonian, who knew how

Acquire the special favor of the owner.

"Station Master"

The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hastily entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. »

iconostasis.

Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place where sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals related to sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.

Banknote - a paper banknote issued in Russia from 1769 to ". he took them out and unrolled several five and ten ruble

1849 , in the official language, before the introduction of credit notes; one ruble of crumpled banknotes"

silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.

The Prodigal Son is a gospel parable about the recalcitrant prodigal son, who “They portrayed the story of the prodigal son. »

left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wandering returned with remorse for Father's house and was forgiven.

High nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civil ranks with "Early in the morning he came to his front room and asked to report to him eighth to sixth grade, as well as officers from captain to colonel and high nobility"

“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,

The visiting hussar of the higher cavalry appeared to be a young, slender hussar with a black mustache.

Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Suddenly a smart droshky rushed in front of him"

drags instead of springs.

Deacon - a clergyman in the Orthodox Church; church reader, “the deacon put out the candles. »

acolyte; also taught literacy.

Assessor - an elected representative in court to work in any “Yes, there are few travelers: unless the assessor wraps up, but that is not up to another institution. the dead. »

A tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest ranks for sale, and “It used to be that he came from a tavern, and we followed him. »

drinking alcoholic beverages.

Cap - a pointed or pointed headdress oval shape. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"

Footman - servant in the house, restaurant, hotel.

Obluchok - the front of the cart, sleigh, wagon; seat for the coachman in the antechamber. The servant jumped up on the box. »

The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people were already dispersing, but Dunya was not there.

Not in the fence, not on the porch. »

Cross-country - a carriage with horses that are replaced at post stations. "I rode on relays"

Podorozhnaya - a document that gave the right to use post horses; “In five minutes - the bell!. and the courier throws him a travel certificate. his travel table. »

Rest - 1. Sleep, fall asleep; “A military lackey, cleaning a boot on a block, announced that the master

2. Translated. Rest. rests and that before eleven o'clock does not receive anyone. »

The postmaster is the manager of the post office. “The caretaker asked the Postmaster S*** for a vacation for two months”

Runs - per-versal fare on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. »

The captain is a senior officer rank in the cavalry “Soon he learned that captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lives in

Demuth tavern. »

Skufya, skufeika - 1. A single-colored (black, lilac, Minsky came to you in a dressing gown, in a red skufya. “What do you need purple, etc.) hat of Orthodox priests, monks. 2. Is the round necessary?” he asked.

cap, skullcap, yarmulke, headdress.

The overseer is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the stubborn coachman does not carry horses - and the caretaker is to blame. »

Frock coat (sertuk) - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"

collar

Taurus - a young bull "the cook kills a well-fed calf"

A tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “Soon he learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lives in

Demuth tavern. »

Non-commissioned officer - the rank of junior command staff in the tsarist army of Russia. “I stopped in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. »

Courier - in the old army: military or government courier for "In five minutes - a bell!. and the courier throws him to deliver important mostly secret documents. his travel table. »

The kingdom of heaven is a rhetorical wish to the deceased of a happy fate in “It happened (the kingdom of heaven to him!), Comes from a tavern, and we are behind afterlife. him: “Grandpa, grandpa! nuts! - and he gives us nuts. »

Chin - assigned to civil servants and military rank according to the Table “I was in a small rank, rode on relays and paid runs on ranks, associated with the provision of certain class rights and for two horses. »

benefits.

Dressing gown "rka and walked" for - a dressing gown. "The old man in the cap and dressing gown lets the young man go"

SHLAFROK or dressing gown m. German. bathrobe, sleeping clothes. Most often, it serves as home clothes for nobles.

SHLAFROK - originally a "sleeping garment" (from German), and then the same as a dressing gown. Although they didn’t go out into the street and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very smart, sewn for show.

The coachman is a coachman, a driver on postal, pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + stubborn horses are not driven -

it's the caretaker's fault. »

"Young lady-peasant"

Blancmange - milk jelly with almonds and sugar. “Well, we left the table. and we sat for about three hours, and the dinner was glorious: a blancmange cake, blue and striped. »

Burners - Russian folk game, in which the one in front was catching others “So we left the table and went into the garden to play burners, and the participants who ran away from him alternately in pairs. the young gentleman here also appeared. »

Dvornya - a servant at the manor's house, courtyard; courtyard people (unlike "Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a walk on horseback, for every peasant who lived in the village and was engaged in agriculture). case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a groom and several

Yard - belonging to the household, belonging to the household. yard boys with rattles. »

Drozhki - a light two-seater four-wheeled open carriage on short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, for he admitted that he was using drogues instead of springs. from a bruise, not a bull, he is able to drive home in the evening. »

Jockey - rider at the races; servant on horseback. "His grooms were dressed as jockeys."

Zoil is a captious, unkind, unfair critic; vicious “He was furious and called his Zoil a bear and a provincial. »

detractor.

Valet - the master's house servant, lackey. "That's right," answered Alex.

I am the young gentleman's valet. »

Kitayka is a dense fabric, originally silk, made in China, “(Lisa) sent to buy at the market a thick linen, then blue cotton, made in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese and copper buttons”

shirts. , usually blue, rarely red. Used in peasant life

Knixen and Knix - adopted in the bourgeois-gentry environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Lisa, old Miss Jackson came out, whitewashed, the girls bowed with a squat as a sign of gratitude, greeting; tightened, with downcast eyes and with a small knix. »

curtsy.

Livery - uniforms for footmen, porters, coachmen, decorated "Old Berestov went up to the porch with the help of two livery galloons and sewing. footmen of Murom. »

Livery - 1. App. to the livery, which was the livery. 2. Dressed in livery.

Madam - the name of a married woman, attached to the surname; “Her playfulness and minute-by-minute pranks delighted her father and brought her to mistress. It was usually used in relation to a Frenchwoman, and the desperation of her Madame Miss Jackson was used. »

- and to a Russian woman from privileged strata.

Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her playfulness and minute-by-minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson to despair.

The confidante is about a woman who enjoyed special trust and “There she changed clothes, absently answering questions with the impatient favor of someone; favorite, lover. confidante, and came into the drawing-room."

Antimony - make up, draw with antimony, that is, popular from the ancients “Lisa, his swarthy Lisa, was whitened up to her ears, antimonied more than time with a cosmetic product based on antimony, Miss Jackson herself. »

giving it a special sheen.

Okolotok - 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. A resident of the district, “He built a house according to his own plan, got himself a lawful neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, arranged income and began to consider himself the smartest person

3. District of the city, subordinated to the district warden. all around"

4. Medical station (usually at a military unit).

Board of Trustees - an institution in Russia that was in charge of guardianship affairs, ". the first of the landlords of his province guessed to mortgage educational homes, some credit transactions related to the estate to the Board of Trustees "

pledges of estates, etc.

Plis - cotton velvet. In a noble environment, it was used for “On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he put on a home suit, merchants and rich peasants sewed an elegant coat from homemade cloth from him”

Poltina - a silver coin equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with "Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes

1707 and received from her a half as a reward. »

Polushka - from the 15th century, a half-money silver coin (i.e. ¼ “I will sell and squander, and I won’t leave you a penny.”

pennies); the last silver coins were put into circulation in

Frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing with a standing collar "On weekdays he walks in a plush jacket, on holidays he puts on a frock coat made of homemade cloth"

A clerk is an official who manages a table. “The neighbors said in agreement that he would never make the right head clerk. »

Stremyanny is a groom, a servant caring for his riding horse, “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went for a walk on horseback, for every master, as well as a servant accompanying the master during the hunt. case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup, and several yard boys with rattles. »

Tartinki - a thin slice of bread, buttered; small sandwich. “The table has been set, breakfast is ready, and Miss Jackson. cut into thin slices. »

Figma - a wide frame made of whalebone, wicker or wire, "sleeves sticking out like Madame de Pompadour's tanja"

worn under a skirt to add splendor; skirt on such a frame.

A courtier is a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn was shining in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, as courtiers are waiting for the sovereign. »

Chekmen - men's clothing of the Caucasian type - a cloth semi-caftan at the waist with shirring at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, proudly sitting on horseback, in a chekmen lined with fox fur, ”

IV. Conclusion

The "Dictionary of obsolete words" contains 108 dictionary entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not currently used or are used extremely rarely in the living literary language, as well as words that are used today, but have a different meaning, unlike the one we put into it.

The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words; examples from the stories of the Pushkin cycle show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, erected by obsolete words sometimes incomprehensible or misunderstood by the reader, to perceive the text of Belkin's Tale thoughtfully and meaningfully. Some dictionary entries are accompanied by drawings that make it possible to realistically imagine objects called by one word or another.

The remarkable poet, outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: “The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that gets a place in the lexicon of the language is an event in the field of thought.”

This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, comprehending the Pushkin cycle "Belkin's Tales", will expand the reader's horizons, help to arouse interest in the history of words, it can be used in literature lessons.

Do you know what a necklace, carp, crate or muscle is? After reading the dictionary of obsolete words, you will understand that not everyone knows about these and other words that are now used in a different meaning ...

Almanakhs- astrological collections for divination by the movement of the stars and the signs of the zodiac.

Argamak- oriental thoroughbred horse, horse: at a wedding - a horse under a saddle, and not in a harness.

Arshin- a measure of length equal to approximately 71 cm.

Bel mozhayskaya- Old Russian variety of bulk apples.

Pancake(pie) - several pancakes, layered one on top of the other and shifted among themselves with various fillings, greased from the sides with a mixture of eggs, flour and milk so that the filling does not fall out, and lightly fried in the oven.

Bort- a hollow tree in which bees are found, our ancestors collected and used the honey of wild bees.

hogweed- a perennial plant of the umbrella family (Heraclium), young leaves and shoots were eaten.

Bratina- a large bowl, a goblet with a spherical body, was used for round drinking.

brashna- food.

Vekoshniki- pies filled with meat and fish food leftovers.

Vershok- a measure of length equal to approximately 4.5 cm.

Spinned- fried on an open fire.

Vespers- daily church service, sent before the evening.

blast- vegetable, onion or berry seasoning, sauce, gravy with spices for meat and fish dishes, also called drinks from fruits and berries boiled with honey, beer or kvass.

Volosnik- women's headdress, a mesh of gold or silver thread with sheathing (often not festive, like a kick, but everyday).

Ravenheart- divination by the cries and flight of birds; a book describing such signs.

sackcloth e - sackcloth, coarse fabric, rags, thin torn dress.

Bran- what remains after sifting flour.

Gorlatnaya(hat) - sewn from very thin fur taken from the neck of an animal; in shape - a high straight hat with a crown that widens upwards.

upper room- living quarters in the upper part of the house (cf. mountain - up).

hot wine- vodka.

hryvnia- a unit of weight equal to a pound, or approximately 400 g.

garden bed- a pole from wall to wall on which clothes were hung.

guzhi- cut into strips of scars or intestines, boiled with garlic and spices.

Right hand- right hand.

Dora- antidor, a large prosphora, from which the Lamb was taken out to perform the Sacrament of Communion, parts of it are distributed to those who took communion at the end of the Liturgy.

Roads- very thin oriental silk fabric.

Epancha- a wide raincoat, a long top dress without sleeves.

Penance- church punishment for sins in the form of renunciation of any life blessings, increase prayer rule or the number of prostrations, etc.

Zhitnaya(porridge) - barley, from unground barley groats.

Zaspa- any cereal that is poured into various liquid dishes.

Astrologer- astrology.

Zendeni

golden- gold-woven or embroidered with gold (especially valuable).

Izvara, zvars - special vessels such as tubs for preparing drinks.

cabal- any urgent written obligation, loan bondage - a loan letter with a penalty.

Calla- a liquid first course with the addition of pickles and cucumber pickle.

Damask- patterned silk oriental fabric.

Canon- a church song in praise of a saint or a holiday, read or sung at matins and vespers; the establishment of the apostles, ecumenical and local councils on faith and church rites.

Eve- dishes for the commemoration of the dead.

Kaptan- winter covered wagon.

Kaptur- fur winter dress for married women, especially widows; he covered his head and on the sides his face and shoulders (cf. later - a bonnet).

Loaf- large round hearth bread made from wheat flour.

Karasiki- pies made of unleavened dough with a triangular shape resembling crucian carp, with various fillings, fried in oil.

caftan- upper long-skirted men's dress of various cuts.

Kebenyak- men's outer coat made of cloth with a hood and long sleeves.

Kika- women's headdress round shape(symbolic designation of a married woman); the kick was complemented by an embroidered scarf (slap) and a povoinik (underbruskin), which covered the hair, falling on the shoulders and chest.

Kindyaki- Imported cotton fabric.

crate- a cold half of the hut, often served as a pantry, closet.

Cartel- a warm summer coat lined with fur and covered with a light silk fabric (without laces and buttons).

Kortsy- ladles hollowed out of wood served as a measure of life.

Korchaga- a large clay pot or cast iron.

Kosyachnaya(sturgeon) - salted teshka of red fish.

boilers- cakes made of dough, layered with lamb fat, fried in oil.

Xeni- caviar in the shell, as well as sturgeon liver and dishes from them: pike xeni with saffron - caviar boiled with saffron, non-white sturgeon xeni - sturgeon liver boiled with poppy milk or hemp oil.

Kumgan- a metal narrow-necked vessel with a lid and a handle.

Kundums- a product made from unleavened wheat dough such as dumplings stuffed with mushrooms or rice with mushrooms.

Kurnik- a rich round pie with chicken and eggs.

Kutya- boiled wheat with honey, brought to the church in commemoration of the dead.

Levashi- sweet pies with berries.

Levashniki- oval-shaped pies from unleavened pastry (in fasting on vegetable oil) with a filling of mashed fruit mass.

Letnik- light women's outerwear with long wide sleeves.

liar- a sacred vessel with a cross on the handle, used as a spoon during Communion.

Lodoga- fish of the whitefish family, found in Ladoga; lodozhina - the meat of this fish.

Loubier- underbark of linden, used on the roof (under the board), on the bast, on the bast.

Lysina- horse browband in a harness.

Mazuni- a sweet dish of radish with molasses and spices.

Malachi- masturbation, masturbation.

Manti(curves) - products from unleavened dough with meat stuffing in the form of a crescent.

Honey, honey - the main sweet product in the diet Eastern Slavs; gravity honey, or molasses - liquid honey flowing by gravity from honeycombs suspended in the sun; obarny honey - the lowest grade, obtained by rendering from honeycombs on fire. Drinks made from honey were also called mead. Fresh honey - pure, not diluted and without additives.

Medvedna- dressed bear skins, served as a cavity in the sleigh.

Mernik- a vessel of known measure, volume, for example, a bucket.

Minderi- a cloth blanket, usually spread by young people over a warm blanket.

Monisto- necklace, beads.

Motion a - purse, bag.

Mshloimism o - a passion for acquiring and collecting unnecessary and superfluous things.

Muscle- shoulder, strength.

Nagolnaya(fur coat) - not covered with fabric, with fur inside.

Naltsevskiye(sleigh) - high elegant sleigh, which was used on special occasions: on holidays, at weddings.

Funeral- a log house, a building over a cellar.

Nasp- Usury on grain bread.

Nogavitsy- clothing or shoes that cover the legs.

Nights- a shallow wooden trough for sifting flour, rolling bread.

Obrot- halter, horse bridle without a bit and with one reason, for a leash.

Navar- liquid boiled down during cooking, broth.

Single row- long-skirted caftan without a collar with a direct smell and buttons, single-breasted.

Necklace- fastened embroidered standing collar of a shirt or zipuna.

Salary- decorative coating on the icon of thin sheets of gold, silver, gilded copper, often decorated with precious stones.

Okorenye- Shanks, cartilage of the legs of cattle.

Unleavened bread- thin dry cakes made of unleavened dough, which Judaism prescribes for believers to eat on the days of the Jewish Passover.

Oserdie- part of the offal, consisting of the throat, lungs and heart.

prison- pointed stick, fishing tool; spurs.

octopus- an eighth of something, a measure of the volume of loose bodies, especially grains, an eighth of an old cadi, by weight about 16 kg.

okhaben- swing dress made of silk or light cloth with a necklace and an odd number of buttons; ohabnem was also called a heavy cloak thrown over a feryaz.

chill- to make a serf, a serf.

Panagia- an icon worn by bishops on the chest; possibly.

Paste- Russian delicacy, berry pulp boiled with honey, laid out in layers and dried.

Syrup(white) - “honey tear” flowing down from honeycombs by gravity, pure fresh honey is its best grade.

Pahwa- a horsetail, a belt with a point from the saddle, the horse's tail is threaded into it so that the saddle does not move out of the horse's neck.

Plast- fish cut into thin layers and dried, layered fish - the same.

Kitchen- kitchen.

compline- daily church service, leading from the custom of monks to celebrate Compline in their cells; you can sing at home.

Povoloka- silk or paper fabric, used as lining for fur coats.

Under- brick smooth lining inside the Russian stove.

podklet- a room in the foundation of the house, which served for various household needs.

Hearth(pies) - sour dough, strongly germinating, which are baked on the hearth.

Stands, - table, little table, cabinet for dishes.

A train(wedding) - a solemn, ritual ride, a procession, as well as all participants in the ceremony - they are trainees.

overweights- nets for catching birds; places for catching birds.

satiate- sweeten, add honey.

Pozem- apply for the land under the buildings.

canvases- processed, cut along the poultry carcass, salted in barrels. Polotkovaya (fish) - flattened along and salted.

Poltava meat- carcass of beef, pork, poultry, cut lengthwise into two parts, salted or dried.

Midnight Office- a church service that takes place at midnight and at any hour of the night.

Fimble- the best canvas, peasant shirt.

Postav- a whole piece, a roll of fabric; as well as a weaving mill.

Postavets- a vessel in which kvass and beer are served at the table.

Prutovaya(fish) - cleaned, lightly salted and then dried, stored in bundles (rods).

navels- the middle part of the fish between the head and tail (tesha); part carved from the belly of the beast; poultry stomachs.

Brine- a solution of salt or a liquid part of salty and fermented foods, used as condiments and drinks: plum, lemon, cabbage, beetroot, cucumber, etc.

Rafli- a book that interprets dreams and riddles.

Cavity- a carpet or fur cover used in a sleigh.

Polt- half carcass, poultry, etc.

Lattice- a device for frying food over coals in a Russian oven or on an open hearth.

dewy- boiled in brine.

Romanea- sweet tincture on Fryazhsky wine.

Scar animal stomach.

Saadaq- embroidered case for bow and arrows.

fathom- a measure of length equal to 1.76 m.

Sandrik- kidney part of lamb carcass, saddle.

saint, hierarchical rank - the highest degree of priesthood, bishops, bishops, archbishops, metropolitans.

juicy- thin cakes made of unleavened dough, which could be smeared with cottage cheese on top in fast days, and porridge on lean days.

sporky- torn things, parts of clothing.

Strada- summer agricultural work: harvesting, mowing, harvesting, etc.

Thunderbolts and axes- sand fused by lightning or a stone of meteorite origin; served for therapeutic "draining of waters" for magical rites.

acquisition- property, wealth, everything acquired and mined.

Exist, exist, exist- dried small fish, not necessarily smelt.

Glassware- a bottle, a small vial, sometimes any glassware was called that.

Cheese- so called and cottage cheese, and cheese. Spongy cheeses are rennet cheeses obtained by fermenting milk with rennet. Sour cheeses - molded, strongly squeezed cottage cheese.

fill up- sweeten with honey.

Abomasum- one of the four stomachs of ruminants.

Tavranchuk- a liquid fish dish in which the fish is cut into pieces.

Trivet- a round iron hoop with legs, under which a fire is made, placing dishes with brew on it.

Taffeta- smooth and thin silk fabric of oriental origin.

Created- round vessels in which they made (created) and molded cottage cheese, marshmallow, etc.

Telogreya- women's warm jacket, with or without sleeves, long or short, worn over a sundress.

Telnoe- boneless fish, fish fillet, often chopped (chopped) with onions and seasonings, laid out in wooden forms in the form of any animals and birds (for example, piglets and ducks, hence the piglets are corpulent, ducks are corpulent), or simply round (loaf corpulent) , or wrapped in cloth and baked or boiled.

Terlik- a kind of caftan to the heels, with short sleeves and with an interception at the waist, with a fastener on the chest.

Tolchaniki- koloboks, meat dumplings, ate with fish soup.

Tropari- church hymns, follow the irmos and the canon. They are turned to the irmos, lead a series of thoughts from it and are subordinate to it in rhythm and tone; in their content, they represent prayers in honor of the holiday of a given day or the saint who is honored on this day.

Trumpets- dried fruit or berry marshmallows or levashi, rolled up in thin layers.

Pipes(beluga) - non-plastered headless carcass of a medium-sized fish without a tail.

Tukmachi- a kind of noodles made from wheat or pea flour.

Tyn- solid wood fence.

Tysyatsky- one of the participants in the Russian wedding, the main steward.

tax- direct tax, tax from a peasant family endowed with land.

Tyazh and (carriage) - a support, from the end of the axis of the cart to the beds.

Ubrus- thin linen, boards, scarf.

Oud- any externally separate part of the body: arm, leg, finger, etc.

Vinegar - beer kvass was called vinegar.

Chime- tenderloin inner surface wooden vessel at the edge where the bottom is inserted with a rib.

ear- a large group of old Russian soups, almost a broth with the addition of onions and seasonings: fish, chicken, crayfish, beef; white - from pike perch, perch, ruff, whitefish with onions, black - from asp, carp, chub, crucian carp, carp, red - from sturgeon and salmon fish, nazima - frozen very strong broth, jelly, ordinary - cooked in the simplest way, baked - from pre-baked fish, plast - from plast dried fish.

ear- a liquid dish of lamb brisket, chopped into pieces.

Veil- a cover made of light transparent fabric, a large square scarf, a bedspread.

Feryazi- outerwear without a belt and a collar with long sleeves, oar, with a number of buttons.

Fryazhsky(wine) - Italian, i.e. any overseas grape wines.

brushwood- fried in oil cookies from pastry in strips.

Sieve bread- from flour sifted through a sieve.

Bread- from flour of the highest grade, sifted through a sieve.

tufted- folk names for a small ruff, usually dried: in general, any fish that was sold not by weight, but by measurements.

Khryapa- upper cabbage leaves.

Hearts(hat) - sewn from fur taken from the belly of an animal.

Quarter- a quarter of something; a measure of the volume of loose bodies, especially bread, a quarter of an old cadi, by weight approximately 32 kg.

Chetygi- soft leather (saffiano) or cloth stockings with leather soles, on which shoes were then put on.

Chin- the correct order of service, action or ritual: the person who performs it.

loins- waist, or body circumference above the pelvis, waist.

sixth beef- that is, dried on the hearths in a Russian oven.

Sixwing- tables for divination by the signs of the zodiac and the stars.

Shekhonskaya(sturgeon) - caught in Sheksna.

Fly- any panel, piece of solid fabric; a towel, the bride gives away the fly of her work, either embroidered or with lace; a fly was girded instead of a sash, the fly was hung in a tent over the images; a large scarf with which the bride was covered was also called a fly.

cones- a kind of round-shaped biscuits, baked on Shrove Week; the same young people presented guests invited to the wedding.

Shti sour- a variety of kvass, differed from kvass in a more sour taste; used as a drink and for marinating meat before frying and for cold soups.

Shuia- left.

Liquor- a decoction of ash or an infusion of boiling water on the ashes, was used as a detergent.

cabbage soup two- in general, a stew, any soup with seasonings, but without meat, game or fish.

Yurma- types of sausages with lamb, bacon, etc.

Yalovaya(heifer) - not yet given offspring.