New life for modern man. Modern man and the problem of freedom

Every person wants to live an interesting and fulfilling life: to find his place in society, to realize himself in a profession, to participate in one way or another in social, family, domestic and leisure forms of life. But without good health, a clear mind and positive attitude to the world of success in life is not easy to achieve. Therefore, the most important prerequisite for the development different sides human life and achievement of active longevity is healthy lifestyle life.

WHO experts in the 80s of the XX century determined the approximate ratio of various factors for ensuring the health of a modern person, highlighting four derivatives as the main ones. Subsequently, these conclusions were fundamentally confirmed in relation to our country as follows (WHO data in parentheses):

genetic factors - 15-20% (20%)
condition environment - 20 - 25% (20%)
medical support - 10-15% (7 - 8%,)
conditions and way of life of people - 50 - 55% (53 - 52%).

According to experts, people's health to a greater extent depends on the way of life and only in the last place - on health care. As the famous Russian writer L.N. Tolstoy: “Ridiculous are the demands of people who smoke, drink, overeat, do not work and turn night into day, that the doctor make them healthy (...).” Do you really cultured person a culture of health should be formed, because a conscious attitude to one's physical and mental well-being is a sign of a person responsible for the peace of his loved ones, the future of his children, and the country.

You cannot save health in parts. Health is the result of the coordinated work of all systems of the body and personality. Therefore, the basic principles of maintaining a healthy lifestyle should become part of the worldview of every person.

1. Quality and diet are fundamental to health. From food, the body receives almost all the nutrients it needs, which it uses for life. Nutrition should be varied, fractional and uniform (3-4 times a day, the last meal - no later than 3 hours before bedtime) correspond to a person's energy consumption and imply the use of only useful and fresh food. It is equally important to monitor the quality of drinking water. An abundance of vegetables, fruits and nuts. Scientists say that these foods should make up at least two-thirds of the diet - there is simply no other way to get enough vitamins naturally, and there are simply no micro and macro elements.

2. Physical activity is one of the most important means of promoting health. Even a small everyday 10-minute gymnastics brings great benefits. Gymnastics, athletics, outdoor games are very useful for the cardiovascular system, lungs, strengthening the musculoskeletal system. During moments of physical activation, the circulation of leukocytes and antibodies that can recognize and destroy viruses and bacteria increase.

3. Optimal work and sufficient rest also affect our health. Vigorous activity, not only physical, but also mental, has a good effect on the nervous system, strengthens the heart, blood vessels and the body as a whole. Work is an integral and essential part of our life. It should not oppress a person, so you need to try to find a job that is suitable for you, which will please and realize the qualities and abilities inherent in a person.

Sufficient sleep is necessary for the normal functioning of the nervous system. Regular lack of sleep leads to decreased performance and severe fatigue. It is better to sleep in a well-ventilated room, and it is also advisable to go to bed at the same time.

4. It is very important to constantly harden the body, that is, to train it for a more stable transfer of temperature effects. These are not only water procedures, but also wiping, playing sports in the fresh air. A person who is engaged in hardening is less likely to get colds and other diseases, has a stronger immune system. Bath and massage procedures have a beneficial effect on the body.

5. Walk in the fresh air. Walking in nature, in the park has a positive effect on the human condition, both physically and mentally. psychologically. Fresh air in conjunction with physical activity- an excellent tool for increasing the tone of blood vessels.

6. The physiological state of a person is greatly influenced by his psycho-emotional state. Stress in our life is inevitable, a person experiences it almost every day. The stress hormone cortisol, which is activated during moments of strong nervous experiences, disrupts the functions of the endocrine system. At the same time, the production of interferon, which is important for the quality of the immune system, changes.

What matters is how you respond to stress. You can come to a nervous breakdown, or you can mobilize and adapt to changing conditions. Simple methods will help with this: positive thinking, deep breathing, the ability to relax, not to take what is happening to heart, communication with close and understanding people.

7. The worldview of a healthy person excludes bad habits. Smoking and alcohol abuse bring great harm not only to people suffering from these habit-diseases, but also to those around them and to society as a whole.

It is important to understand that a healthy lifestyle is not a pill that instantly eliminates all ailments. This is the principle of life, a special worldview and everyday pleasant work on oneself, which in the end will certainly be crowned with success.

Press center of BU "Megionskaya city Hospital№1"

The word "instinct" is usually associated with the basest, bad deeds of a person. In fact, according to biology, this word denotes innate programs of behavior. People are born with a huge number of instincts, the best of which are passed down from generation to generation.

© Marcos Rey

Every person has inherent love for the Motherland - his country, in which there are hundreds of cities, thousands of villages, millions of people. For the sake of its prosperity, everyone works and endures hardships. We feel conscious feelings for this Motherland, consciously strive to instill in it the love of all those around us.

But every person has another homeland, to which no one consciously instilled love. And you don't need to. This homeland is a tiny dot on the map of the country, the place where everyone was born and began to grow up. Although this place, perhaps, practically does not differ from thousands and thousands of others, it is the one and only. A person carries the image of this homeland with him all his life, not forgetting for a second. Is love for the motherland an instinct? Yes. Exactly. This was found out with the help of migratory birds: the chicks were taken away from the parental nest, and they were not detained until autumn, before migrating to warmer climes. After the winter, the birds were expected at both addresses. The result is amazing:

matured birds in most cases returned "home" (to a new place), except for those that had reached a certain critical age - these birds returned to the places from which they were originally taken away. Therefore, birds become attached to a certain place on earth during childhood... This is called “imprinting”, which means “imprinting” information into the brain. The instinctive homeland is not the place of birth, but the place where the most emotional period of childhood passed. At modern people The brightest imprinting is carried out from 2 to 12 years old, therefore, the greatest experiences and joys are best remembered precisely during this period of time in a person’s life.

Everyone has such acquaintances who have been engaged in intellectual work all their lives, fiddling with papers, traveling on business trips, but they didn’t like to work with their hands, they didn’t know how. At home, it’s not like fixing a shelf - nailing a hook is a problem. They retired ... And they changed. Trees are planted and replanted, the beds are in perfect order, and what compotes have begun to turn out - a delicious taste. They say about such: the craving for the earth woke up. In this case, if you say instinct, you won't be surprised, it's too obvious.

So why did a person have a gardener's instinct, and even more so preserved until today? The fact is that it took tens of thousands of years to develop the whole process of turning a land that does not bring food into a fruitful field. About nine thousand years ago, slash-and-burn agriculture appeared, which in fact is a product of the human mind. The forest was burned, cut down, sown; the land bore fruit for several years, and then the fields were again burned, chopped, sowed ... “Burn and cut” is the name of this method.

Several tens of thousands of years of farming could not disappear without a trace, which is why even modern people can see this instinct, this incomprehensible, but only at first glance, craving for the earth.

Love for dogs is also an instinct, which appeared among people in primitive society. The dog was needed for survival - a mutually beneficial alliance of two poorly armed predators. The man is walking for hunting - dogs seek out prey, and a person kills it and leaves incompletely gnawed bones to his “helpers”, so that these animals have a craving for a kind of cooperation. For long thousands, and maybe the same tens of thousands of years, a person had only one friend - a dog, therefore modern people (not all, of course) have an unconscious attraction to dogs.

Dogs and people practically did not quarrel, but in ancient times there were enough leopards and tigers - the enemies of man; modern people actively pay attention to yellow-black stripes, regardless of where they are applied. It's an instinct... What if a tiger?! Gotta run!

These dangerous animals are not on the streets, but the yellow and black coloring is used in many places that would be worth focusing on, such as speed bumps and other artificial bumps. The Beeline mobile telephone network operates on the territory of Russia. Her logo is black and yellow horizontal stripes. Instinct forces to focus on this attention ... And if there is attention - there is interest. This is how a large company "played" on "human feelings".

Instinct works well with the mind. The ancient master of conduct does not require blind obedience, but directs desires and thoughts, allowing the mind complete freedom of choice. Life changes, the instinct is ancient, and therefore reason is given to us in order to find reference points in various unexpected situations.

People have a feeling that they act as they were brought up, but the thought never comes that the stimulus to action is something ancient, alien to the mind. It is so hard to believe that instincts take part in motivating behavior. You know how and know more - you live and survive more satisfyingly, the most ancient instinct, which is currently in great demand.

We humans have almost stopped fighting instincts. Instincts do not silence the mind. Better to cooperate, right? published

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AUTONOMOUS NON-PROFIT EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATION OF HIGHER EDUCATION OF THE CENTROSOYUZ OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION "RUSSIAN UNIVERSITY OF COOPERATION"

COURSE WORK

by discipline

"Servisology"

"The meaning of modern life"

I've done the work

Stud. Gr. ST 1 course

Danilchenko Daria

supervisor

Sharonova V.P.

INTRODUCTION

The question of the meaning of life is one of the traditional problems of philosophy, theology and fiction, where it is considered mainly from the point of view of determining what is the most worthy meaning of life for a person.

Ideas about the meaning of life are formed in the process of people's activities and depend on their social status, the content of the problems being solved, their way of life, world outlook, and a specific historical situation.

Many argue that "there is no meaning to life." It means that there is no single meaning of life for all, given from above. However, it is certain that almost every person has goals that go beyond his own "use" and even beyond his own life. For example, we want happiness and prosperity for our children, we make great efforts to develop them by limiting our own needs. Moreover, all these efforts will give the main result not to us at all and, in many respects, even after our death.

Speaking about the fact that everyone has his own meaning of life, nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that there are certain objective limitations on the choice of the meaning of life. These restrictions are related to natural selection both the “carriers of the meaning of life” themselves (concrete people), and societies where this or that meaning of life prevails. For example, if the meaning of a person's life is suicide, then very quickly there will be no carriers of such a meaning of life. Similarly, if the meanings of life for the majority of members of a society are "suicidal" for society, then such a society will cease to exist. In particular, if the meaning of people's lives is aimed exclusively at solving short-term problems, for example, at maximizing pleasure, then such a society cannot exist for a long time.

Target term paper- to study the features of understanding the meaning of life of a modern person.

CHAPTER 1. MAN AND HIS NEEDS

Needs - the need experienced by a person for what is necessary for his normal functioning, to maintain the vital activity of the organism and the development of the personality.

Man needs certain conditions of existence. All activities of people are aimed at satisfying their various needs.

The needs of a person may be different at different stages of his life, but some of them remain unchanged: these are basic physiological needs, without which the biological existence of a person is impossible. The structure of social and cultural needs is formed and changes throughout the life of the individual, turning him into a human person, the subject of spiritual life. These needs contribute to the development of genuine human qualities: reason, morality, striving for truth, for creative activity for the benefit of society.

A person is able to limit his needs, relying on the conclusions of the mind and focusing on social norms. Not always his needs can be fully satisfied. In addition, their satisfaction may be contrary to moral standards society and infringe the interests of other people.

Human needs are the basis for his interests. Interest is a form perceived need, a purposeful attitude of a person to an object, the desire to act in a certain way in order to achieve the desired.

Human needs are also manifested in the motives of his activity. Unsatisfied needs have a motivating force, they cause the activity of a person, form and direct his aspirations to a specific goal.

Figure 1. Maslow's pyramid of needs.

In all the diversity of human needs, two main groups can be distinguished: primary and secondary needs.

The primary (innate) needs of a person belong to the field of physiology and are necessary for the survival and reproduction of the body: these are the needs for food, water, sleep, shelter, rest, safety, etc.

Secondary (acquired) needs relate to the field of psychology: the need for communication, social connections, attention from other people, self-esteem, creative self-realization etc.

Secondary needs are also called acquired, because the process of a person's spiritual development, the formation of his personality is associated with the development of his interest and ability to social interaction and cultural activities. Thus, the spiritual maturation of a person is accompanied by an increase in the role of secondary needs, the satisfaction of which turns him into a social being and distinguishes him from the world of living nature.

In science, there is a more detailed classification of human needs.

Primary needs are divided into: 1) biological, or material organic needs (food, breath, shelter, etc.), 2) existential (associated with a sense of security, confidence in the future, guarantees of a prosperous existence and provision of biological needs).

Among the secondary needs, there are: 1) social needs (associated with a sense of belonging to society), 2) prestige needs (associated with the assessment of a person’s activities, respect and self-esteem, public recognition of his success in his career and creativity, the achievement of authority), 3) spiritual, or ideal, cognitive needs (knowledge of the world, self-expression, self-realization, creative activity of the individual, aimed at creating beauty).

You can also divide human needs into three main groups: natural (biological), social and spiritual (cultural) needs.

The existence of several options for classifying needs is due to the fact that all human needs are closely related and mutually influence each other. Biological needs in a person acquire a social coloring, social needs stimulate spiritual activity, etc.

CHAPTER 2. THE NEED FOR THE MEANING OF LIFE

The inner (spiritual) world of a person is the creation, assimilation, preservation and distribution cultural property.

Structure spiritual world person:

Cognition - the need for knowledge about oneself, about the world around, about the meaning and purpose of one's life - forms the intellect of a person, i.e., the totality mental capacity, primarily the ability to receive new information on the basis of the one that a person already has.

Emotions are subjective experiences about situations and phenomena of reality (surprise, joy, suffering, anger, fear, shame, contempt, etc.).

Feelings are emotional states that are longer than emotions and have a clearly defined objective character (moral: friendship, love, patriotism, etc.; aesthetic: disgust, delight, longing, etc.; intellectual: curiosity, doubt, curiosity, etc. .).

Worldview - a system of views, concepts and ideas about the world around. It determines the orientation of the individual - a set of stable motives that guide the activity of the individual and are relatively independent of the current situation.

The ideal (or spiritual, cultural) needs of a person are the internal motivations of a person to realize their creative potential, to create and master cultural values, ethical and aesthetic ideas and ideals, to acquire diverse knowledge about the world.

The basis of ideal human needs is the desire to know the world around us and the meaning of one's existence. This category of needs stimulates the development of science, art, philosophy, and religious teachings.

In the hierarchy of needs compiled by A. Maslow, the highest level is occupied by the self-realization of a person - the realization of his creativity, realization of talents through creative spiritual activity. The results of self-realization are needed not only by the individual who carries it out, but also by society. Professional development-- one of the results of self-realization. For society, the self-realization of individuals means the development of the economy, political relations, art, science, sports, etc.

The need for the meaning of life is, apparently, the most complex spiritual need. It is expressed in the formation of a worldview - a system of a person's views on the world as a whole and his place in it. The meaning of one's existence is determined by each individual individually, but this does not mean that it depends on the subjective vision of the world. There are, firstly, several basic concepts of meaning human existence, to which many people come at one stage or another of their lives (while modifying them in one way or another, adapting them to the characteristics of their personality). Secondly, the concept of the meaning of life directly depends on how human abilities developed and how the needs for knowledge, education and upbringing were satisfied. Various public structures, movements and organizations from ancient times sought to influence inner world a person in order to form in him such a worldview and understanding of the meaning of life, which corresponds to the ideology of these movements and organizations. For such an impact on the formation of spiritual needs, a wide range of techniques is used - dosed information and disinformation, the emotional impact of art, a sense of camaraderie and solidarity, propaganda through the media, and finally, a simple material interest in obtaining certain benefits. Spiritual needs, which the need for the meaning of life, as it were, generalizes and sums up, largely determine human behavior. Therefore, both society as a whole and individual structures, movements, organizations and groups that exist in it are always trying to influence their formation in their own interests.

Most of the primary biological needs are formed in the embryonic state, in early childhood the foundations of the instinct of self-preservation, the foundations of material and spiritual (toys, cartoons) and communicative needs are formed. As for self-realization, self-realization and the ecology of mankind, the time of formation of these levels of needs varies greatly depending on a number of factors, which in combination we can call education.

The most interesting psychological concept of the development of the meaning of life begins to form in a person in childhood and can go through the following phases:

Figure 2. Phases of the formation of the meaning of life

Preliminary phase

In the preliminary phase, the child begins to formulate questions about the world around him and about himself. In these questions that he asks adults, attempts gradually appear to understand the causes, meaning and purpose of certain phenomena (“What is this?”, “Why do we need a mother?”, “Why the moon?”, “What would happen if you didn’t give birth to me?”, “Why is there a war if God is merciful?”). Here the prerequisites for raising the question of the meaning of life are laid.

Identification phase

The identification phase begins in schoolchildren lower grades. "The young person begins to feel the desire to justify the meaning of himself" and "he finds it most easily in the form of identification with someone who, in his opinion, is "meaningful"". Indeed, the easiest way is not to invent some meaning yourself, but to find its correct understanding in others. The desire to unite in groups and organizations that have general tasks and engaged in meaningful activity is typical of adolescence. These can be rockers, football club fans, fans of a rock singer or group, all kinds of extremist organizations with different ideologies, courtyard companies, students of a prestigious educational institution, members of a sports team or a KVN team, etc. Identification with members of one's own group requires active activity, protection of common values and rejection of the value system of other groups. Hence the enmity and open conflicts between such communities (punks against skinheads, fans of one club against fans of another, etc.). These types of identification are the first sign of the emergence of a need for the meaning of life, expressed in the desire to comprehend emotional contact. An important feature identification is that under certain conditions it quite fully imitates the meaning of life and can remain with the individual for life as a way of self-determination. In this case, it blocks further phases of the development of the meaning of life, and hence the path to personal development. So, an adult can see the main meaning of his life in the fact that he "cheers" for a sports team or, together with old friends, goes fishing and goes to the bathhouse. All the needs of such a person will gravitate towards the standards and standards adopted in his group. For sports fans and members of other communities similar to them, the services associated with belonging to this community are especially important (specific appearance, pastime, use of "cult" items). Fanatic supporters of religious organizations are also at the same level of consciousness of the meaning of life.

The phase of cosmic need for the meaning of life

At the so-called cosmic stage, a person tries to formulate the meaning of life in the form of some abstract ideas common to all. A person cannot yet catch and understand his own, individual meaning, limiting himself to universal worldview statements about the nature of the world and man, such as "the world is ...", "the most important thing for people ...", "people are controlled by ...". A person at this stage can "go in cycles" on the implementation of some idea that seems to him the only one worthy of attention. Nevertheless, even such a static understanding of the meaning allows one to orient oneself in the surrounding world and develop a more independent strategy of behavior than at the stage of identification with others.

The phase of the mature concept of the meaning of life

Finally, the mature concept of the meaning of life is that a person finds his own, individual meaning and learns to develop it. The meaning of life is not a frozen complex of ideas and ideas, the same for a child, and for an adult, and for an old man. Personality changes must occur, because the existence of personality is a process and its stable state is impossible. Even given from outside the meaning of life certain time plays the role of a stabilizer and a factor of resistance, only in this case the importance of life depends mainly on the circumstances. When the meaning of life is one's own, since it follows from an independent concept of life, then these advantages are supplemented by the chance of carrying out one's own adaptation, and hence the development of the personality. No one can give this chance to anyone. The fullness of life depends on the personality itself.

To determine the meaning of life, there are various approaches that underlie this or that concept.

Figure 3. Concepts of the meaning of life

The meaning of life is an independent conscious choice of each individual of those values that orient him not to have, but to be.

In other words, the meaning of human life is in the self-realization of the individual, in the human need to create, give, share with others, sacrifice oneself.

CHAPTER 3. THE NEED FOR SELF-REALIZATION ACCORDING TO A. MASLOW

spiritual meaning life need

The need for the meaningfulness of one's existence and activity is the most complex and complex human need. People asked themselves the problem of the meaning of life even before the advent of the era of civilizations - they created a mythological and religious worldview that gave man this meaning and guidelines for activity. A. Maslow noted that the satisfaction of basic needs in itself does not yet give such meaning and life guidelines. A. Camus called the question of the meaning of life the most urgent of all the questions facing man. K. Obukhovsky discusses the tragedy of a man whose life loses its meaning after satisfaction of vital needs and aimlessly “fluctuates from situation to situation”: “Some argue that this is enough for them. They have been simplified enough not to make special demands on life. They perceive her as she becomes, and as they become day by day. In fact, these people only pretend that they have had enough of it. They often deceive themselves and fake a lack of interest in things that go beyond the scope of everyday events. These fakers are betrayed by repeated bouts of blues, addiction to mind-clouding chemicals, or dependency on who they need and want to believe to ease their sense of loss. Often they have irrational aggression towards other people and towards themselves. One hussar officer substantiated the decision to commit suicide in this way: "I'm already tired - get dressed in the morning, undress in the evening, then get dressed again ...". Apparently, there was no point in his life, except for regular dressing and undressing. This meaninglessness of existence is the cause of many human tragedies and suicides.

Abraham Maslow believes that after the satisfaction of physiological needs, the needs for security, love and respect, the need for self-realization inevitably intensifies. “Even if all these needs are satisfied,” he writes of the first four, “often (if not always) we can expect that anxiety and dissatisfaction will soon arise again if a person is not doing what he was created for. Musicians must create music, artists must paint pictures, poets must compose poetry in order to remain in harmony with themselves. Man does not have to be what he can be. People must remain true to their nature. We can call this need self-realization.” This term refers to the desire of people to realize themselves, namely, the tendency to manifest in themselves that which is inherent in them potentially. This propensity can be defined as the desire to manifest to a greater extent the inherent distinctiveness of a person in order to achieve all that he is capable of. At this level, there is a very high degree individual differences. However common property needs in self-realization is that their emergence is usually based on some preliminary satisfaction of the physiological needs for security, love and respect. For many years, studying people with a pronounced need for self-realization, Maslow compiled a list of characteristics characteristic of them. distinguishing features personality. He referred to these as:

adequate perception of reality;

acceptance of the world as it is;

spontaneity and naturalness of behavior;

centering on solving certain problems, and not on one’s “I”;

a tendency to seclusion;

autonomy, i.e. relative independence from the physical and social environment;

freshness of perception of everyday phenomena of reality;

special emotional experiences(“peak experiences”);

feeling of unity and kinship of all people;

modesty and respect for others;

selectivity in communication and a special style of interpersonal relationships;

strict adherence to the moral standards chosen for oneself;

the transformation of means to achieve a particular goal into an interesting creative activity;

sense of humor;

creativity, i.e. independent and creative style of activity;

resistance to familiarization with cultural norms alien to oneself;

the presence of numerous minor flaws and imperfections;

formation of own independent system of values;

the integrity of the personality and the absence of destructive contradictions in it, the harmony of the inner world and behavior.

The term "self-realization" was first used by K. Goldstein. Maslow considered self-realization not only as an end state, but also as a process of identifying and realizing one's capabilities. He believed that "a man always wants to be first class or as good as he can be." Maslow focuses self-realization on the highest achievements, the maximum in the area to which a person is potentially predisposed. The fact is that he conducted biographical studies of older people with high successes in their chosen field: Einstein, Thoreau, Jefferson, Lincoln, Roosevelt, W. James, Whitman, etc. Studied the personality traits of "beautiful, healthy, strong, creative, virtuous, insightful people." These are people with high level self-realization. They are characterized by such features as a focus on the present, an internal locus of control, a high importance of growth and spiritual values, spontaneity, tolerance, autonomy and independence from the environment, a sense of community with humanity as a whole, a strong business orientation, optimism, stable internal moral norms, democracy in relationships, the presence of an intimate environment that includes a few close people, creativity, criticality in relation to their culture (often find themselves isolated in a cultural environment they do not accept), high self-acceptance and acceptance of others.

This discovery means that for many people, the only definition of a life of meaning that they can imagine is "not having something important and striving to acquire it." But we know that self-fulfilling people, even if all their basic needs have already been met, find life even more fulfilling. deep meaning because they can live, so to speak, in the realm of Being.

Life is a process of constant choice. At every moment a person has a choice: either retreat or advance towards the goal. Either a movement towards even greater fear, fears, protection, or the choice of a goal and the growth of spiritual forces. To choose development instead of fear ten times a day means to advance ten times towards self-realization.

Self-realization is not only the end station of our journey, but the journey itself and its driving force. This is a minute-by-minute actualization of all our sensed and even only pre-perceived possibilities.

Like A. Maslow, S. Buhler, K. Rogers, K. Horney, R. Assagioli and others considered self-realization of their life purpose central aspect of personality development. However, if Maslow focuses self-realization in his concept primarily on maximum achievements, then they considered such an orientation potentially disharmonious for the personality and focused on achieving a harmonious life of a person, his development. The race for great achievements quite often makes the process of self-realization one-sided, impoverishes the way of life, and can lead to chronic stress, nervous breakdowns, and heart attacks.

CHAPTER 4. M. WEBER'S THEORY OF SOCIAL ACTION

The meaning of life and self-realization are not always the same thing. A. Maslow himself believed that there were relatively few "self-realizers". How, then, to determine the meaning of life for all other people, and is it possible to give at least an approximate classification of the main approaches to determining the meaning of life?

One of the possible classifications of such approaches can be based on the theory social action outstanding German sociologist Max Weber (1864 - 1920).

According to Weber, all the actions of people can be assessed in terms of their mechanisms and motivation. His sociological model includes four types of social action:

Traditional type of social action

The traditional action is most widespread among the tribes of the natives and among peoples standing at the pre-industrial stage of development. It is fully focused on the implementation of the norms, rules and traditions that a person has mastered in the process of education. People still do not analyze the meaning of certain methods of behavior. Ethnographers who have studied the Tuareg tribes that inhabit the Sahara desert have encountered precisely this style of activity. According to Tuareg traditions, a man should always cover his face with a special bandage (only his eyes remain open). In other nations, such behavior is required, as you know, only from women. When the Tuaregs were asked why they keep such a strange custom, the latter did not understand the meaning of the question at all and answered: they wear a bandage because a man's face should be covered with a bandage. The question "why?", which prompts to find reasons and rational explanations, is not yet clear to a person with such a worldview. The meaning of life is understood as strict observance of the order that exists, without any understanding of its meaning. It’s just “it’s necessary”, “it’s supposed to be”, “it’s accepted”, “this is how we should act”. A similar style of behavior exists in a modern developed society: many people see the purpose and meaning of life in doing “what is supposed to be done”, behaving “in the right way”. Here, the meaning of life is completely given by the historically established tradition, which a person does not try to understand, but simply fulfills. The attitude to needs and services here is also completely predictable and is entirely determined by the traditions that have developed at the moment. Learning something new in any field of activity is extremely difficult. This style of behavior and the corresponding idea of the meaning of life played a role in ordering the behavior of people in ancient societies. However, in the era of the formation of the post-industrial type of civilization, such life orientation becomes insufficient, too primitive (although it continues to play a positive role). At the same time, people with such a worldview are easier than others to become victims of all kinds of ideological manipulations, zombies, and so on.

Affective type of social action

In the conditions of the predominance of the affective type of action, a person makes decisions based on his desires, moods and whims. The meaning of life is understood by him as an opportunity to break away from traditions, to do what “I want”, to freely express their personal tastes and interests, and not to follow some standards imposed by other people. This is similar to the epicurean style of behavior. Human needs, ways to satisfy them and demand for services become less predictable, as a person seeks to prove himself, act on the basis of his desires (behind which, of course, there is still the need to satisfy urgent needs). Adolescents, who are developing as an independent person, usually gravitate towards this very understanding of the meaning of life and the corresponding style of behavior.

Value-oriented type of social action

With a value-rational type of social action, a person considers it most important for himself to follow an idea. This idea has an independent value, sometimes even greater than the life of a person or a large number of people. The meaning of the life of an individual is understood as the need to serve this idea, to bring it to life. This style of behavior and the corresponding understanding of the meaning of life unites people with very different worldviews - religious fanatics, revolutionaries, scientists, artists, poets, musicians who see the meaning of their existence in selfless service to science or art. An officer can serve his people, a mother can serve her children, an engineer can bring his technical ideas and inventions to life. A person with such an understanding of the meaning of life will evaluate his own and other people's needs, as well as the services offered by service organizations, in terms of their compliance with his idea or goal. What is good and valuable is what corresponds to it, what is bad is what hinders its implementation. If you try to evaluate the effectiveness and reasonableness of such behavior from the outside, you will first need to analyze the idea or principle on which this understanding of the meaning of life is based. It is clear that ideas can be very different in content - from lofty and humanistic to misanthropic (racist, fascist, etc.).

Purposeful rational type of social action

With the dominance of the purposeful-rational type of actions, a person determines the meaning of his life more flexibly and individually. This meaning depends on the specific life situation in which he is and which he seeks to rationally comprehend, understand. The life situation is changing, so it requires constant analysis and reflection. Based on this understanding, a person can build a strategy for his activity, outline goals and methods for achieving them, which correspond to our worldview and a specific life situation. For a person acting in this way, it is impossible to lose the meaning of life - this meaning can always be reformulated and rethought taking into account the changed conditions. Approximately such an understanding of the meaning of their existence is shared by those people whom A. Maslow calls “self-realizers”. People who have developed such a worldview have a complex, ever-changing system of needs and present a demand for a diverse set of services that meet specific needs personal development at this stage of life and in this particular situation.

CHAPTER 5. HUMAN VALUES IN MODERN SOCIETY

Value is the property of an object or phenomenon to have value for people in cultural, social or personal relations.

Each era, each nation or individual has its own values. So, for some peoples, gold was not a value. People's ideas about beauty, happiness, etc. also changed. From this, it would seem, the conclusion suggests itself that value is something transient, temporary, relative. However, this is not quite true.

Firstly, indeed, values are relative, they change depending on the changing needs and interests of people, on the form of relations prevailing in society, the level of civilization and other factors. But at the same time, values are stable, because they exist for a certain (sometimes very long) time. Moreover, there are values that retain their value throughout the existence of mankind (for example, life, good), which, therefore, have an absolute value.

Secondly, value is the unity of the objective and the subjective. Value is objective in the sense that the properties of an object or process that matter to a person, but do not depend on him, are objective. These properties depend on the object or process itself. The subjectivity of value lies in the fact that it exists only as a process or result of evaluation, i.e. subjective human action. For, value is not the object itself, but the value of the object for a person. Outside of a person, value is meaningless, and in this respect it is subjective.

Thus, value combines variability and stability, objectivity and subjectivity, absoluteness and relativity. It does not exist outside of evaluation, evaluative relationship.

Evaluation is usually understood as a judgment about the significance of an object or phenomenon for people entering into evaluative relationships with them. An evaluative attitude does not arise to any object or phenomenon, but only to one that has an individual or social significance. In the process (and as a result) of the relationship, an assessment is formed as a judgment about the significance of this phenomenon for a person and humanity.

Table 1. Differences between needs and values.

Due to the multitude of objects and processes that are important for a person, as well as the diversity of human needs and orientations, a large number of different values arise, which, for certain reasons, can be brought into a system. The most widespread classification of values on the following grounds:

2) By the breadth of their content: individual, group (class, ethnic, confessional, etc.) and universal values.

3) By spheres of public life: material and economic (natural resources, tools), socio-political (public institutions, necessary for a person- family, ethnicity, Fatherland) and spiritual values (knowledge, norms, ideals, faith, etc.).

4) In terms of importance for man and mankind: higher and lower. As a rule, they coincide with absolute and relative values, which are determined by the duration of their existence.

Higher (absolute) values have a non-utilitarian character, they are values not because they serve for something else, but on the contrary, everything else acquires significance only in the context of higher values. These values are enduring, eternal, significant at all times, absolute. The highest values include universal ones - peace, humanity; social - justice, freedom, human rights; communication values - friendship, love, trust; cultural - ideological, ethnic; activity - creativity, truth; self-preservation values - life, health, children; personal qualities - honesty, patriotism, loyalty, kindness, etc.

Lower (relative) values act as means to achieve any higher goals, they are more susceptible to the influence of circumstances, changing conditions, situations, more mobile, their time of existence is limited.

5) Depending on the type of civilization - in this regard, some authors divide values into three groups, each of which includes values that are predominantly cultivated in the main types of modern civilizations - Eastern, Western and Eurasian. Eastern civilization focuses on collectivism, traditionalism, adaptation to the environment. core values are equalization, humanism, justice, the cult of the community, reverence for parents and elders, authoritarianism.

Western civilization focuses on individualism, on the cult of personality, on adapting the environment to the interests of the individual. Therefore, the core values Western civilization are freedom, leadership, individuality, equality, etc.

The Eurasian civilization combines value orientations East and West. The Russian people are characterized by patriotism, mutual assistance, openness, gullibility, tolerance, spirituality, and even femininity. Not acceptable - violence, suppression of freedom, foreign domination, social freedom is a special value.

However, the values of any civilization and era do not exist outside of man as a generic being. At the same time, existing values fulfill important features in society as a whole and in relation to specific person- cognitive, normative, regulatory, communicative, target, which are ultimately integrated into the functions of socialization. In other words, values socialize the individual.

CONCLUSION

Modern society, of course, does not impose the meaning of life on its members, and this is the individual choice of each person. At the same time, Modern society offers an attractive goal that can fill a person's life with meaning and give him strength.

The meaning of the life of a modern person is self-improvement, the upbringing of worthy children who must surpass their parents, the development of this world as a whole. The goal is to turn a person from a "cog", an application object external forces into a creator, builder of the world.

Any person integrated into modern society is the creator of the future, a participant in the development of our world, in the long term - a participant in the creation of a new Universe (after all, in just a few hundred years we have transformed the planet Earth, which means that we will transform the Universe in millions of years) . And it doesn't matter where and by whom we work - we move the economy forward in a private company or teach children at school - our work and contribution is needed for development.

The consciousness of this fills life with meaning and makes you do your job well and conscientiously - for the benefit of yourself, other people and society. This allows you to realize own importance and the single goal that modern people set for themselves is to feel involved in the highest achievements of mankind. And just to feel like a bearer of a progressive Future is already important.

Thanks to us - modern people - the world is developing. And without development, a catastrophe would await him. People who live in the past and not in the future feel that their life has no meaning; that the past they pray for is ending. Hence bursts of despair -- religious fanaticism, terrorism, and so on. Century traditional societies ended. However, it should be remembered that fanatics want to destroy our purpose of life, which is aimed at development and prosperity, and we must effectively resist this.

The meaning of the life of modern man gives him quite a practical return. Improving ourselves, improving our skills, vigorously mastering new things and taking an active life position, we become valuable, highly paid specialists (or prosperous entrepreneurs). As a result, our life becomes comfortable and rich, we can consume more and satisfy our needs. In addition, based on our meaning of life, we strive to make our children smart, to educate them - and as a result, our children become worthy people, which also brings us satisfaction.

The meaning and purpose of human life is to change the surrounding world in order to meet its needs, this is undeniable. But by changing external nature, man also changes his own nature, that is, he changes and develops himself. Exploring the processes of personality development, we consider a number of levels of analysis of the meaning of life (“destination”) of a person: development as the meaning of life, all-round development as the meaning of life of a new type of personality, self-realization of a person as an active fulfillment, the realization of his destination. The meaning of life is the most flexible characteristic of both material and spiritual needs. Ultimately, the system of needs itself is determined by the meaning of life: if this is the multiplication of personal wealth, then, naturally, this leads to an exaggerated development of material needs. And vice versa, spiritual development, which has become the goal of life, dominates the structure of the personality in the form of corresponding spiritual needs. The meaning of life is determined, first of all, by specific historical conditions, interests and needs Ultimately, the meaning of life is determined by the objectively existing system of social relations.

LIST OF USED SOURCES

Kuznetsov A.S. Man: needs and values. Sverdlovsk, 1992.

The meaning of life (http://smysl.hpsy.ru)

Maslow A. Motivation and personality. 3rd ed. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2003.

Gershtein M.L. The meaning of life (Letter to children). (http://hpsy.ru/public/x3142.htm)

Frankl Victor. Man in search of meaning. M.: Progress, 2000.

Orlov S.V., Dmitrienko N.A. Man and his needs: Tutorial. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

Zdravomyslov A.G. Needs, interests, values. M., 1986.

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AT modern world there is no greater power than money. Money unleashes wars and ensures the well-being of entire countries and regions. Because of money or with the use of money, the vast majority of crimes are committed. And at the same time, thanks to money, people create the greatest inventions, perform feats, discover new lands and conquer new worlds.

Money organizes modern society and the state. The life of modern people, states and the entire world community is subordinated to money.

Money - outstanding achievement humanity. They created modern civilization. Without money, a person would still dress in animal skins, and as a labor force would use animals or their own kind, turned into slaves.

How could a person go into space, create artificial intelligence and other wonders of modern civilization, if there was no money.

Two greatest inventions man created modern civilization. The first is writing, which singled out a person from the animal world and created the possibility of accumulating experience and knowledge and passing them on to descendants and other people without direct human contact. The second is money. Money has created the ability to manage the activities of man and society in terms of ensuring their benefits without direct impact people to each other.

The role of money in history has constantly increased, and now our civilization has reached a state where their value has become totally decisive. A hundred, even fifty years ago, there were large human communities who did not know money or used it in their Everyday life extremely limited. The end of the 20th century is the era of complete and total "moneyization" of the entire human community. In the modern world, a person cannot do without money in the same way as without water, air and food. In today's society, a person without money is doomed to literally to death, and in the shortest possible time. He can walk around a city full of food stores and starve to death if he has no money.

Or another example. Imagine a large factory equipped with modern equipment, where skilled workers and other specialists, raw materials, and consumers expect the products of this enterprise. And yet the enterprise stands still and does not work. And the reason is just that there are no numbers in some mysterious banking computer - there is no money on the company's account.

Even the desert, “watered” with money, will bloom and turn into a garden of Eden. And the most beautiful place for life, devoid of money, will become a vale of sorrow and suffering.

What the life of people in the modern world without money turns into is clearly seen in the example of Kampuchea during the time of Pol Pot. Three million dead - such is the price of the experiment to eliminate money.

Society can be controlled either by force or by money.

We know very well from our own experience how the mechanism of social and economic life is destroyed when the monetary system is disturbed. The consequence of this was the general crisis of the country, which engulfed the state, economic, social, legal and other spheres of life.

Money for us is a way to express our aspirations, fulfill obligations, achieve revenge and retribution. The secret power of money binds us all - brothers and sisters, young and old - with bonds of love and envy, pity and malice.

Money does not leave anyone indifferent. Some are convinced that if they had more money, their life would be much better, and they would be able to find happiness. Others who have a lot of money seem to be constantly preoccupied with how to get more of it, how to spend it and not lose it. Money does not leave anyone indifferent, and it is hardly possible to find a person who would be satisfied with how much money he has and how he uses it.

The poor have very different concerns than the rich, but family conflicts generated by money are often very similar in different socioeconomic strata. For most of us, money is so deeply woven into our lives that the problems associated with it affect our health, our intimate relationships, and our relationship with our children and parents. This is a problem that is always with us.

Money is not just cash that allows us to buy different things. With money, you can buy education, health, security. You can buy time to enjoy beauty, art, the company of friends, adventure. With money, we help those we love and give our children greater opportunities. With money, you can buy goods and services or save such an opportunity for the future or for your descendants. Money is an instrument of justice by which we make amends for the harm done to others. Equitable distribution of money in the family and in society ensures equal opportunities for all. Money can serve as a symbol of all that is good in life: material wealth, education, health, beauty, entertainment, love and justice.

Although we know how many good things in life are associated with money, each of us is well aware of the problems that they create. Money worries can cause a lot of grief. Wealth often seems to bear the stamp of a curse and brings more misfortune than joy. Many of us give in to the bitterest despair because we earn too little, or we are afraid that because of the lack of money, we or our children will be bad. Money is not only a symbol of all the good things in life, but also the root of all our problems.

Everyone understands that money is often the cause of happiness or sorrow, but in almost all walks of life there is a general taboo on any talk about our personal relationship with money. It is considered bad form to talk about how much it costs, who earns how much and who has how much money. Therefore, money very rarely becomes a topic of open discussion between parents and children, husband and wife, brothers and sisters, friends, and even between a therapist and his patient.

Money is a kind of energy, the driving force of our civilization. A similar situation arose in the course of human development only recently; it was not always so. In the past, the source of energy that fueled the interactions between people was the land or cattle, or slaves, or natural resources (water, salt, iron), or weapons. And although people have always used one thing as the main source of energy - one thing or one natural resource - none of these things or resources could turn into the colossal mechanism that money is in our time - the only thing that permeates all aspects of human life and is the main element of modern culture. Today, money is the energy that drives the world.

Money is something dirty. The first to realize that money is fraught with hidden meaning, was Freud. However, he saw only their negative side. For him, money symbolized excrement and was associated with something disgusting and despicable. Perhaps that is why it is not customary to talk about money in most sections of society.

Freud rebelled against the hypocrisy of the mainstream religion of the Victorian era, with its denunciation of what was considered the "base" part human nature: body, sexuality and material desires. He broke the taboo that forbade viewing sex as important part human life. However, Freud did not do the same with money, perhaps because he believed that the desire for money was not an original, infantile impulse, or perhaps because in Freud's time money had not yet become the universal source of energy that it is today, - the only symbol that personifies any desire.

The taboo that keeps money from taking its place in our understanding of human nature is still in place. Even therapists who have no hesitation in touching on all sorts of issues related to sex and power rarely touch everything that has to do with money. They made almost no wiser remarks about how to deal with important role money in personal development. Most people don't even think of consulting a therapist when they are overwhelmed by financial conflicts. However, disagreements over money cause perhaps more marriages to fail than for any other reason. Resentment based on money is probably the most important of all the problems that create estrangement between parent and child, brother and sister.

For today's world, money means the same thing that in the Middle Ages meant the salvation of the soul. Most important wars The 20th century was fought not because of religion, but because of money. The question remains: is there a place for spirituality in our modern understanding of people? And if so, how does spirituality relate to money?

In the past, the relationship between our spiritual obligations and material desires was regulated by organized religion. As spirituality ceased to be important element our "I", our sense of self has increasingly become determined by material desires, greed and addictions. The balance was upset, and material urges got out of control.

Today, money is the main reflection of the material world, that "base" world, the roots of which are rooted in the physical needs of our body, in desires and fears. Spirituality is a reflection of our best qualities, the ability to feel sorry for others, the "higher" world of searching for the meaning of life, striving for unity and community.

Money can also be one of the elements that make manifestations of spirituality possible. They allow us to sympathize, pay tribute, "love your neighbor." However, the pursuit of money for selfish purposes is contrary to spiritual values. Where is the line between loving yourself and loving others? The answer to this question means the resolution of the dilemma of our dual nature.

In today's society, as a bargaining chip that serves to satisfy all desires, money is the energy that moves the world. The desire for money reflects the desire to own a Porsche (namely a Porsche, not just a car to drive); need to possess country house(precisely a country house, and not just a roof over your head); the need to feast on cakes and sweets (and not just satisfy hunger). The desire for money is an artificial need that personifies all other artificial needs - to be slim and beautiful, and not just healthy and strong; be influential and admired, and not just have a good job; the need to communicate thoughtfully, and not just have a good time.

These are all artificial needs, and the symbolic desire for money personifies an irresistible desire for their satisfaction. In exchange for all these things, we offer our bodies, our time, our love, and our peace of mind.

In the lives of many people, money is the main bargaining chip of love. When we love someone, we try to get something from him and at the same time give him something. This duality of purpose is what makes the problems of love so complex. Money also affects our character, making us either selfish or altruistic. But if you can love and be loved at the same time, then when it comes to money, we often have to choose between selfishness and altruism.

For each of us, money makes up a special inner world, hidden life which may not appear externally. Inside each of us, perhaps, there is a secret miser or philanthropist. We are tormented by tormenting feelings of guilt or unsatisfied desires. Happiness and sorrow are part of the secret meaning of money. Everyone relates to money in their own way, and for many of us this attitude determines the nature of all our other relationships. We have seen that the secret meaning of money can be refracted in various dimensions and has a wide range of manifestations, up to the most extreme. For example, money can be used to express hostility or love, to help or exploit people. The nature of our relationships with others depends on what exactly we want to express through money.

What is now being said at all meetings of parliament and government, at meetings with the president, in tens of thousands of newspaper articles, in numerous television programs ... about the lack of money.

But if you think about it, it cannot but cause surprise. Ten years ago, the country's budget was characterized by sums of tens of billions of rubles, and at the same time there was constant talk about the lack of money. Now the account in the budget goes to hundreds of trillions. And again we hear about catastrophic shortage of money. And if the budget will be millions of trillions. Interestingly, then they will say that there is enough money. Until recently, we received salaries of one to two hundred rubles and were satisfied. Now even a pensioner receives thousands of rubles and complains about the lack of money. And if he gets a hundred million, are we sure that he will become richer.

Thus, the matter is not at all in the amount of money, but in something completely different. The point is, first of all, in the system of functioning of money. And the amount of money in itself is a secondary issue.

That is why it is important to know and understand how money functions in modern society.

Unfortunately, this knowledge is often hidden from society. People who control society with money are not at all eager to share their knowledge in this area with the public. On the contrary, myths are specially created in this area and disinformation is being prepared, public attention is diverted to all sorts of secondary issues from truly important points.

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by discipline " Anthropological foundations doctor's activities"

on the topic: "The meaning and purpose of the life of a modern person as factors that determine his attitude to his own health"

Completed by: student group OLD 107 Ilityuk Anton Yurievich

The meaning of human life.

Almost every one of us has come across such an expression “the meaning of life”. And for a second he thought, what is the meaning of his life? But what does this expression mean?

The meaning of life is a philosophical and spiritual problem that determines the ultimate goal of existence, the purpose of mankind, man as species, as well as a person as an individual, one of the main worldview concepts, which is of great importance for the formation of the spiritual and moral image of the individual.

The question of the meaning of life can also be seen as subjective assessment life as a person's understanding of the content and direction of his life.

And answering the question “What is the meaning of life?”, It is meant to find answers to the questions:

1. What are life values?

2. What is the purpose of life?

3. Why (for what) to live?

The answers to these questions determine the further development of human life. Depending on the purpose of life, a person chooses his own path of development. And he sets his priorities.

“From a medical point of view, all organs develop towards the ultimate goal ... The development of the soul is analogous to the development of organic life. Every person has a concept of a goal or an ideal that is necessary in order to achieve Moreover what is possible for him in the current life situation ... "

Alfred Adler "The Science of Living"

Continuing the Adler comparison, one can see that salivary glands, responsible for the production of saliva, cannot produce blood. Similarly, a person, having chosen a certain goal for himself, cannot achieve everything at once. So he prioritizes the things that are most important to him.

And one of the priorities is health.

The meaning and purpose of life, the factors that determine his attitude to his own health.

Attitude to health is a system of individual, selective connections of a person with various phenomena of the surrounding reality that contribute to or, conversely, threaten people's health, as well as a certain assessment by the individual of his physical and mental state. Attitudes towards health are manifested in the actions, judgments and experiences of people regarding factors that affect their physical and mental well-being.

The attitude to the health of an individual is characterized by four groups of indicators:

1. self-reported health

2. the value of health

3. satisfaction with the state of health

4. health promotion activities.

And all these indicators are imprinted by the meaning of human life. Let's analyze each item separately.

Everyone has their own self-assessment of health. People interested in something may not notice any minor health troubles, whether it is a headache or weakness. People who are engaged in the same business that they do not like, will evaluate their health in such a way as not to engage in this health. For example, a student who does not want to go to school will suddenly notice a slight headache, and a sore throat will feel like a cold. Thus, self-esteem of health will depend on the purpose and meaning of life, and how much a person wants to achieve the goal.

The value of health directly depends on the meaning of life. If the meaning of a person's life puts the good of a person above his own, then he will put his health below the health of others. So, for example, rescuers sacrifice their health and life in order to save the health and life of other people.

Satisfaction with the state of health is also influenced by the purpose and meaning of life. Like self-reported health, this indicator is subjective. It shows how satisfied a person is with his health. A person can be content with poor health if he is able to achieve his life purpose. An example of such a person would be a scientist who receives nobel prize. He may have a cold, he will have a migraine, but that will not stop him, because he has almost reached the goal of his life.

The last indicator is health promotion activities. How does it relate to the meaning and purpose of life? A person may not take care of his health if, for example, he is not worried about some kind of ailment. That is, self-assessment of health, according to a person, is very high - he is healthy. He may not take care of health if it is not valuable to him. That is, the value is zero. He may not look after his health if he is satisfied with it. That is, activity according to the state of life is connected with all previous indicators, and thus with the meaning of life.

meaning self-esteem health mental

So, the meaning and purpose of life is one of the most important factors that determine the attitude to human health. The meaning and purpose of life is directly related to human activity. And human activity is connected with health. Thus, what a person wants from life, what he wants to achieve, leaves an imprint on his health. And unfortunately, many people, in search of meaning or on the path to life, forget about it.

So, for example, in the novel by Erich Maria Remarque “Life on loan”, the main character sacrificed her poor health (she was seriously ill) left the sanatorium in order to look at the world for the last time and feel alive. She did not strive to live long, her goal was to live like a normal, healthy man. Also, many great scientists donated for scientific purposes. So Isaac Newton did not care about his health at all - he led a reclusive type of life, sleepless nights, crazy experiments with chemistry (then alchemy). But only by the fact that he also did not strive to live long. The meaning of his life was science, and the goal was discovery.

And he did not pay attention to health. Every day, every person takes small steps towards his life goal, without thinking about how this affects his health. And it should be concluded that health needs to be given a little more attention, despite the purpose and meaning of life. And perhaps then, in life, you will be able to do a little more than achieve your own goal.

Bibliography

1. Science greatest theories: issue 2: The most attractive force of nature. Newton. The law of universal gravitation. 4. Ed. De Agostini 2015.

2. Erich Maria Remarque "Life on loan".

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