Traditions of speech etiquette in Russian. Important features of speech etiquette

scientific classification
Sievers apple tree
Sievers apple fruit

International scientific name
Malus sieversii (ledeb.) M.Roem.
conservation status

Russian-language synonyms

Hissar apple tree
Kyrgyz apple tree
Kyrgyz apple tree
Apple tree unequal
peach-leaved apple tree
apple tree variegated
Turkmen apple tree
Tien Shan apple tree
Shishkin's apple tree
Yuzepchuk's apple tree

Scientific name synonyms

Sivers' apple tree botanical garden Berlin

Relationship with other species

Sievers apple tree is close to the following two mountain kind: Kyrgyz apple tree ( Malus kirghisorum) and Nedzwiecki's apple tree (Malus niedzwetzkyana).

According to DNA studies, the Sievers apple tree is the ancestor of many modern varieties. house apple. Another DNA analysis showed that a significant contribution to the origin of the domestic apple tree, along with the Sievers apple tree, was made by wild forest apple tree.

area

In the 21st century, the Sievers apple tree is endangered due to anthropogenic impact Spread across the following ridges(Dzhangaliev A.D., 1977 [ specify]).:

Thus, on the territory of Kazakhstan, about 75% of Sievers apple groves are concentrated mainly in the Zailiysky and Dzhungarsky Alatau. In 1992, according to Isin [ specify], the area of apple groves was about 11 thousand hectares. Since then, it has drastically shrunk. The main problem is illegal deforestation in the foothills with a rapidly growing population, clearing a place for grazing or private housing (especially in the vicinity Almaty, whose population grew by 2.4 times in 1959-1989 alone, by another 21% between 1989 and 2009). Another problem is cross pollination with cultivated apple species.

Notes

Links

Malus sieversii(Ledeb.) M.Roem.(English) . The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Retrieved July 29, 2011. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012.
Sievers apple tree(English): information on the site. (Retrieved July 29, 2011)

Alma-Ata

Alma-Ata (kaz. Almaty; until 1921 - Verny) - a city of republican significance and the largest locality Republic of Kazakhstan, former capital Kazakhstan (until 1997), Kazakh SSR (part of the USSR), Kazakh ASSR (part of the RSFSR).

As of January 1, 2019, the population of the city is 1,854,556 people. The city is the core of the Alma-Ata agglomeration with a population of 2460.4 thousand people. as of January 1, 2015.

Aport (apple variety)

Aport is one of the large and valuable varieties of apples. Widespread in the southern regions middle lane (North Caucasus, Zailiyskiy Alatau) with cool but short winters and hot summers. The skin of the aport is dense, yellow or yellow-green with red-brown painting; the pulp is friable and delicate in taste. Aport is one of the so-called late varieties that ripen in September. Like most late varieties, it keeps well in winter. The most famous are apple orchards of aport in the suburbs of Alma-Ata.

Zhongar-Alatau National Park

Zhongar-Alatau State National nature Park(kaz. Zhongar Alatauy memlekettik ulttyk tabigy parki) was established in accordance with the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 370 dated April 30, 2010. It is located in Aksu, Sarkand and Alakol districts of the Almaty region of Kazakhstan.

Full name in Russian: government agency"Zhongar-Alatau State National Natural Park" of the Committee of Forestry and Hunting of the Ministry Agriculture Republic of Kazakhstan. The institution is legal entity and has a category of republican significance.

Zhongar-Alatausky national park has branches:

Sarkand, Almaty region, Sarkand district, Sarkand city;

Lepsinsky, Almaty region, Alakol district, with. Lepsinsk;

Alakol, Almaty region, Alakol district, with. Kokzhar.

The Zhongar-Alatau National Park was created to preserve biodiversity (including the gene pool of globally significant wild fruit forests) and natural mountain landscapes of special ecological, genetic, historical and aesthetic value. Special attention is given to the conservation and restoration of unique apple forests (Sievers apple tree, Nedzwiecki apple tree) - a source of genetic resources of world importance.

Opening a new natural park was the result of many years of work of environmentalists, forestry specialists, the public, government agencies. Assistance in the development of the rationale and technical documentation for the creation of the park was provided by the Project of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan / the Global Environment Facility / the United Nations Development Program "In-situ conservation of mountain agrobiodiversity in Kazakhstan", which also develops and implements a set of measures to maintain the globally significant agrobiodiversity of wild fruit forests in the territory southeastern Kazakhstan.

Ile-Alatau National Park

Ile-Alatau State National Natural Park (kaz. Ile Alatauy memlekettik ulttyk tabigy parki) was established by the Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on February 22, 1996 on the basis of the Kaskelen, Prigorodny and Turgen forestry within the Karasai, Talgar and Enbekshikazakh districts of the Almaty region, the purpose of its creation is preservation of unique landscapes, flora and fauna, improvement of conditions for tourism and recreation, development and implementation scientific methods conservation natural complexes for recreational use.

Square national park 198,669 ha, it is located south of the city of Alma-Ata on the northern macroslope of the Trans-Ili Alatau (Tien Shan). The length of its territory from the Chemolgan River in the west to the Turgen River in the east is 120 km, and its width is 30-35 km.

Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Kazakhstan; Qazaqstan listen), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakhstan Respublikasy; Qazaqstan Respýblıkasy), (abbreviation RK) is a state in the center of Eurasia, most of which belongs to Asia, the smaller part to Europe. Population - 18,395,660 people (as of January 1, 2019).

The area of the territory is 2,724,902 km², which is only slightly smaller than Argentina. It ranks 9th in the world in terms of territory, 2nd among the CIS countries (after Russia), 42nd in terms of GDP PPP and 64th in terms of population.

The capital is Nur-Sultan. The largest city with a population of more than 1.8 million people - Alma-Ata.

The state language is Kazakh. Official language, used in the country along with the state - Russian.

Located between the Caspian Sea, the Lower Volga, the Urals, Siberia, China and Central Asia. It borders in the north and west with Russia (border length - 7548.1 km), in the east - with China (1782.8 km), in the south - with Kyrgyzstan (1241.6 km), Uzbekistan (2351.4 km) and Turkmenistan (426 km). Total length land borders - 13392.6 km. The length of the country from east to west is 2963 km, and from north to south - 1652 km. It is the largest country of the Turkic Council in terms of territory. It is washed by the waters of the inland Caspian and Aral Seas. It has no access to the sea and is the largest country in the world with such a feature.

In administrative-territorial terms, it is divided into 14 regions and 3 cities of republican significance, Nur-Sultan, Alma-Ata and Shymkent. In addition, there is a city with a special status, Baikonur, which until 2050 is leased by Russia and for this period in relations with it is endowed with a status corresponding to the city federal significance Russian Federation; the total area of land leased by Russia is 111,913 km² (4.1% of the country's territory). Economically and geographically, Kazakhstan is divided into Central, Western, Eastern, Northern and Southern regions.

Sievers, Johann

Johann Sievers (German: Johann Erasmus Sievers; 1762, Hannover, Germany - 1795) - researcher of the nature of Siberia, botanist, corresponding member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

List of plants listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan

The list of plants listed in the Red Book of Kazakhstan was approved by the Decree of the Government of the Republic.

The list includes 387 plant species, 13 mushroom species and one lichen species.

Apple tree

Apple tree (lat. Mālus) is a genus of deciduous trees and shrubs of the Rosaceae family with spherical sweet or sweet-sour fruits. It comes from the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere.

The genus belongs to the tribe Apple (Maleae) of the subfamily Plum (Spiraeoideae). Includes 62 species (2013). The most common are: domestic or cultivated apple tree (Malus domestica), which includes most of the varieties cultivated in the world (the number of which exceeds 10 thousand), plum-leaved apple tree, Chinese apple tree (Malus prunifolia) and low apple tree (Malus pumila).

Many types of apple trees are grown as ornamental plants in gardens and parks, and are used in field-protective afforestation. All species are good honey plants. The wood of the apple tree is dense, strong, easy to cut and well polished; suitable for turning and joinery, small crafts.

apple tree home

Domestic apple tree (lat. Malus domestica) is a species of trees from the genus Apple tree of the Pink family. A widespread fruit tree grown for its fruits - apples.

In 2010, a group of scientists from different countries The full genome of the domestic apple tree (Golden Delicious variety) has been deciphered. It contains about 57 thousand genes. Also, according to DNA analysis, it was found that the known 2500 varieties of domestic apple come from the Sievers apple tree. However, another DNA analysis showed that the wild forest apple also made a significant contribution to the origin of the house apple.

Many traditions and legends are associated with the apple tree and apples. For example, there is a belief that an apple was the cause of original sin (although there is no mention of an apple in Genesis). Also known is the ancient Greek myth of the apple of discord. There is a legend that it was the apple that fell on Newton's head that caused the discovery of the law gravity…

forest apple tree

Forest apple tree, or wild apple tree (lat. Málus sylvéstris) - a type of apple tree. For a long time it was believed that it was she who was the ancestor of the domestic apple tree. However, according to DNA analysis, it has been established that the known 2500 varieties of domestic apple come from the Sievers apple tree. However, another DNA analysis showed that the wild forest apple also made a significant contribution to the origin of the house apple.

Catherine Pax, France's leading biologist, recently described her journey to the pristine apple orchards of the Zailiysky and Dzungarian Alatau.

In addition, on her initiative, a film called "The Origin of Apples, or the Paradise Gardens of Eden" was shot, which tells about the progenitor of all apple trees on earth.

In early 2006, scientists analyzed the DNA of about 2,500 modern apple varieties. As a result, it turned out that the progenitor of all apple trees is an apple tree, which is called Sievers.

This variety grows in in large numbers in the wild, mainly in the foothills of the city of Almaty, which was previously called Alma-Ata, which literally translates into our language as "father of apples".

In addition, scientists have found that the first edible sweet apples on our planet grew only in picturesque areas on the territory of modern Kazakhstan. Apple trees, so to speak, were pouring juice in the bright sun at altitudes of more than two thousand meters on the border with China.

As eminent scientist Barry Juniper writes in his book "The History of Apples", in ancient times there were real mixed fruit forests. In our time, individual rarities of the so-called "Garden of Eden" can only be found with the help of connoisseurs.

Archaeological excavations prove that this apple tree existed in antiquity, or rather in the middle of the Cretaceous period. BUT biological dictionary The Academy of the USSR says that the apple tree is about 165 million years old.

According to Katrin, the Europeans experienced a slight shock when they learned that such a miracle still exists on the planet. In the future, the Sievers apple tree can be used to improve apple cultivars, because they do not know how to survive like their relatives.

Scientists were no less amazed by the genetic base found in the mountains. The fact is that a considerable number of wild fruit trees still grow here, which have remained intact thanks to the efforts of scientists.

"These apple trees really look like trees of paradise," says Catherine Pax.

Where to go to this case? The last and most promising option is, of course, the Sievers apple tree. Unlike our homeland, this is very well understood and perceived in the West. For example, the Americans are working on a solution this issue since the 80s. It was they who at one time carried out research on Alatau and compiled a list of all the trees there.

In general, the Sievers apple tree grows to a height of 6 to 8 meters. However, it grows extremely well in open sunny soil. It can receive the greatest harm if it grows less than one meter from the occurrence of groundwater. According to the studies of the well-known academician of the aimag Dzhangaliev, who is considered a great connoisseur of wild apple trees, there are at least 40 forms of the Sievers apple tree. Usually the fruits are green, yellow, red, or, so to speak, an intermediate color of different shades.

Systematics
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Thus, on the territory of Kazakhstan, about 75% of Sievers apple groves are concentrated mainly in the Zailiysky and Dzhungarsky Alatau. In 1992, according to Isin [ ], the area of apple groves was about 11 thousand hectares. Since then, it has drastically shrunk. The main problem is illegal deforestation in the foothills with a rapidly growing population, clearing a place for grazing or private housing (especially in the vicinity Almaty, whose population grew by 2.4 times in 1959-1989 alone, by another 21% between 1989 and 2009). Another problem is cross pollination with cultivated apple species.

Discovery and study

The first description of this type of apple trees was made by a Russian botanist Johann Sievers in 1793 who met an apple forest in the river valley Urjar.

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Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Sievers Apple Tree

Draws me to abandoned strings;
What kind of fire did you plant in your heart,
What delight spilled over the fingers!
He sang in a passionate voice, shining at the frightened and happy Natasha with his agate, black eyes.
- Perfectly! Great! Natasha screamed. “Another verse,” she said, not noticing Nikolai.
“They have everything the same,” thought Nikolai, looking into the living room, where he saw Vera and his mother with an old woman.
- BUT! here's Nikolenka! Natasha ran up to him.
- Is daddy at home? - he asked.
- I'm glad you came! - Without answering, Natasha said, - we have so much fun. Vassily Dmitritch stayed another day for me, you know?
“No, dad hasn’t arrived yet,” said Sonya.
- Coco, you have arrived, come to me, my friend! said the voice of the countess from the living room. Nikolai went up to his mother, kissed her hand, and, silently sitting down at her table, began to look at her hands, laying out the cards. Laughter and cheerful voices were heard from the hall, persuading Natasha.
“Well, all right, all right,” Denisov shouted, “now there is nothing to excuse, barcarolla is behind you, I beg you.
The Countess looked back at her silent son.
- What happened to you? Nikolai's mother asked.
“Ah, nothing,” he said, as if he was already tired of this one and the same question.
- Is daddy coming soon?
- I think.
“They have the same. They don't know anything! Where can I go? ” thought Nikolai and went back to the hall where the clavichords stood.
Sonya sat at the clavichord and played the prelude of that barcarolle that Denisov especially loved. Natasha was going to sing. Denisov looked at her with enthusiastic eyes.
Nikolai began to pace up and down the room.
“And here is the desire to make her sing? What can she sing? And there is nothing funny here, thought Nikolai.
Sonya took the first chord of the prelude.
“My God, I am lost, I am a dishonorable person. Bullet in the forehead, the only thing left, not to sing, he thought. Leave? but where to? anyway, let them sing!”
Nikolai gloomily, continuing to walk around the room, looked at Denisov and the girls, avoiding their eyes.
"Nikolenka, what's wrong with you?" asked Sonya's gaze fixed on him. She immediately saw that something had happened to him.
Nicholas turned away from her. Natasha, with her sensitivity, also instantly noticed the state of her brother. She noticed him, but she herself was so happy at that moment, she was so far from grief, sadness, reproaches, that she (as often happens with young people) deliberately deceived herself. No, I'm too happy now to spoil my fun with sympathy for someone else's grief, she felt, and said to herself:
"No, I'm sure I'm wrong, he must be as cheerful as I am." Well, Sonya, - she said and went to the very middle of the hall, where, in her opinion, the resonance was best. Raising her head, lowering her lifelessly hanging hands, as dancers do, Natasha, stepping from heel to tiptoe with an energetic movement, walked across the middle of the room and stopped.
"Here I am!" as if she were speaking, answering the enthusiastic look of Denisov, who was watching her.
“And what makes her happy! Nikolay thought, looking at his sister. And how she is not bored and not ashamed! Natasha took the first note, her throat widened, her chest straightened, her eyes took on a serious expression. She was not thinking of anyone or anything at that moment, and sounds poured out of the smile of her folded mouth, those sounds that anyone can make at the same intervals and at the same intervals, but which leave you cold a thousand times, in make you shudder and cry for the thousand and first time.
Natasha this winter began to sing seriously for the first time, and especially because Denisov admired her singing. She sang now not like a child, there was no longer in her singing that comic, childish diligence that had been in her before; but she did not yet sing well, as all the judges who heard her said. “Not processed, but a beautiful voice, it needs to be processed,” everyone said. But they usually said this long after her voice had fallen silent. At the same time, when this unprocessed voice sounded with incorrect aspirations and with efforts of transitions, even the experts of the judge did not say anything, and only enjoyed this unprocessed voice and only wished to hear it again. There was that virginal innocence in her voice, that ignorance of her own strengths and that still uncultivated velvety, which were so combined with the shortcomings of the art of singing that it seemed impossible to change anything in this voice without spoiling it.