What are national parks definition. National parks of Russia (5 photos)

Many people have heard the phrase " national park”, but not everyone knows what it really is. These objects are of particular interest to travelers, especially for those who prefer natural beauties to man-made ones. In this article, we will explain what is a national park how it differs from the reserve, and list the most worthy places to visit from the world natural heritage.

What is a national park

A national park is a special area with a natural landscape that is protected in order to limit human activities. By the way, under this name, not only the territory, but also the water area can act - i.e. absolutely any part of the planet where efforts are being made to preserve its natural primordiality.

The main thing that a traveler needs to know about national parks is that you can travel through them. In fact, that's exactly what they're made for. modern man I could see for myself the endless beauty of untouched nature. Also in national parks, you can conduct scientific research, conduct some types of economic activity.

Despite the fact that the concept of a national park is universal, it may have its own characteristics in each country, respectively, the rules of behavior in natural objects may be different, and the traveler should carefully study them before the trip.

They tried to give a universal definition of the term what a national park is at the tenth session of the General Assembly of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Common features for such parks were proposed to be called:

• primordial natural system or a slight human influence on it;
• a fairly large area;
• interest in these places in terms of science, spirituality or tourism.

In Russia, for example, a clause on the presence of completely untouched areas of nature in a national park is mandatory. Those. if there are none, then the site cannot be considered a national park.

Among the characteristic features that unite the concepts of a national park around the world, also include:

• Diversity of landscape, animal and flora. There may also be rare species of plants and animals listed in the Red Book.
• Objective beauty of landscapes;
• The presence of significant cultural and historical events in the area;
• clearly conscious tourism potential places.

Reserve. Definition

A reserve is a section of an ecosystem untouched by humans, access to the territory of which is strictly limited in order to protect the rare species of animals and plants found in it. Thus, the main goal of the reserve is to preserve the natural course of life of all the structures that make up the ecosystem.

How is a national park different from a nature reserve?

The main thing in which the national park differs from the reserve is the degree of restriction of human activity.. In national parks, quite a lot of activities are allowed - from scientific research before organizing trips. It is impossible to enter the reserve without special permission from the environmental authorities, and almost all species human activity are prohibited there. Movement within the territory is severely restricted, any activities, dangerous any part of the natural system. This, by the way, is the difference between nature reserves and sanctuaries, in which only certain populations of the animal and plant world are “subjected to protection”.

What is the reason for such a strict regime of access to the territory?

In the reserves, with a few exceptions, there are rare and endangered species of plants or animals. The situation is often so serious that only a complete ban on human intervention can save the living population. Tourism in the reserves is practically excluded, but a variety of scientific activity- monitoring the state of the environment, counting animals, training specialists in environmental protection, etc.

As in the case of national parks, the concept nature reserve may vary by country. In Russia, reserves are under strict protection of federal legislation. Any Russian nature reserve, the definition of which is clearly spelled out in legislative acts is a specially protected area.

The term "national park" appeared not so long ago. So today they call the territory in which the environment is protected, but at the same time human activity, although permitted, is limited.

Prerequisites for creation

In our country, the nationalization of parks is a relative innovation that was introduced quite recently. AT Soviet period the system of nature protection and reserves was rather narrow, so there were practically no reserves in the western part of the country, and practically no one knew what a national park was. Today, natural parks are dominant, because here nature is not only protected, but also demonstrated to people around. Tourists can visit the national park and see everything clearly. This allows you to enjoy nature, communicate with wild animals, and also financially help save the environment. What is a national park and what is the history of its creation in Russia? These and other questions can be answered in this article.

One of such facilities, which was organized in the United States, became a kind of model for the nationalization of parks. Already the first visitors of this park, it became obvious that such a model is unique, and gives incredible pleasure to a person who contemplates the beauty of the surrounding nature. The idea to preserve nature in this way was made public in 1872, thus the decree on the nationalization of parks was signed.

National park and reserve. What's the Difference?

First of all, the main difference is the fact that almost the entire territory of the national park is open to the human eye. Naturally, the stay of visitors is regulated by rather strict rules. The main function of the national park is to provide all the conditions for familiarization of people and partial communication with wildlife. Here, for this purpose, special sidewalks are being built, campsites are being built, routes are being laid, and even recreation centers are being created. good example creation of such areas for recreation are other National parks peace. The strategy of their development gives a really noticeable economic effect and allows you to fully pay for the living of animals and provide them with everything they need, while preserving nature. An interesting fact is that such institutions are visited by great amount people, as well as tourists who specially come to see some certain types animals.

The secret of success

What is a national park and why is it so attractive to visitors? It is quite simple to explain this, because it is here that you can observe amazing landscapes of nature. Usually national parks are built on areas with unusually beautiful nature. Such places can be majestic rocks, divinely beautiful waterfalls, picturesque lakes and forests, and steel is no exception. thermal springs. Any tourist can come to the national park and be absolutely sure that they will see incredibly beautiful nature, get acquainted with animals and spend their time with great benefit.

Communication with animals

Another important criterion for visiting national parks is a touching communication directly with wildlife, as well as with its prominent representatives. Naturally, hunting for smaller brothers is strictly prohibited in the national park, but there are also places where they allow hunting according to certain regulations (meaning photo hunting). In this case, given the fact of being on the territory of people, animals begin to get used to them and pay their attention to people. For example, a deer can calmly approach a person without being afraid of a photo shoot, and even eat something from their hands. Under these conditions, the administration necessarily warns people not to be too intrusive with animals, to be extremely careful, the animal still poses a potential danger. This rule primarily applies to large individuals (bears, wild boars), bison are no less dangerous. In every national park, you can see a huge number of animals that can amaze a person in just a few days. For this purpose, special routes have been created along which you can observe representatives of the fauna.

Poaching

Despite all of the above about national parks, there are also certain types of problems that need to be addressed. One of them is poaching, which has long been a serious threat to the conservation of wildlife. To fight similar phenomenon special staffs of guards are formed who monitor the territory of the entire reserve. If the shooting of animals has occurred, then certain sanctions are applied to a person, first of all, these are fines that must be paid without fail. Staying on the territory of the park with weapons is already a violation of the rules, and only for this the administration can be held accountable.

Land use issues

Incredibly often, national parks and reserves are faced with such a problem as a certain kind of land claims, for example, in 2009, one of the coastal national parks had to lose almost half of the territory, which significantly affected its further development.

Pernicious consciousness

Such establishments also face other problems. Usually they are based on the consciousness of the people themselves, which does not always accept the very idea that nature needs to be preserved and developed by ecological tourism. Some people have the barbaric notion that forests are meant for felling and harvesting timber, and that the animals that live there are created for shooting and cooking. Such thinking hinders the creation of new parks and the conservation of animal populations. One of the American legendary national parks was no exception, which over the years began to bring huge incomes, animals were preserved and bred, the park was opened in 1870. It is surprising that for the first years and even decades, poachers ruled here, annually killing tens of thousands of defenseless bison and deer. As a result of such barbarism, the government decided to protect the territory and the adoption of certain sanctions against poachers.

The state of national parks in Russia

If in this situation we talk about Russia, then we can draw a rather sad conclusion that now similar situation is probably at the level of the 19th century. A huge number of mistakes are repeated, especially if we are talking about poaching. Most local leaders cannot understand the purpose of developing such parks, as well as their economic benefits. As a result, certain rules are not observed, trees are cut down, and poachers constantly enter the territory. But initially the territory has a clear definition. A national park is a place where human activity is severely restricted. So, we can conclude that there are no fundamental differences between the national park and the reserve. What is a national park? This is the place that is available for vacationers, a person can communicate with nature, and also do something useful for her, even financially. Visiting the reserves is strictly limited to some specific excursion programs, so it is not always possible to fully enjoy the beauty.

The definition of a natural national park also carries a noble idea - to preserve the fragile surrounding nature. And it is they that enable a person to take part in this difficult process and feel important for nature, to preserve its small particle.

The main purpose of national parks is to preserve natural complexes and objects in combination with the organization of environmental education of the population in the process of direct acquaintance with typical and unique landscapes, plants and animals. As in reserves, they protect the standards of natural complexes and the gene pool of typical and rare organisms. Like nature reserves, these parks protect the resources of the animal and plant world, valuable and unique landscapes or their individual components. But at the same time, the specific tasks of national parks, which distinguish them from other categories of protected lands, are the preservation of unique recreational resources in a relatively untouched nature and the creation of conditions for educational tourism and the organization of environmental education.

The idea of ​​a national park dates back to late XIX in. In 1872, the first national park in the world, Yellowstone, was organized in the United States. Since then in different countries more than 2,000 parks have been created, and their total area is approximately 2% of the land of the entire planet. National parks at the time of their formation embodied the first ideas about nature protection, and at that time it was about preserving the rarest or unique samples of it. The first parks, first in the United States, then in European countries, were created to prevent economic development territories with outstanding natural values, whether it be the geysers of Yellowstone or the giant sequoia stands. Uniqueness was the most important attribute of any national park. In the second half of the XX century. the attitude towards the tasks of the national park and its maintenance has changed. This happened following a change in views on the goals of preserving nature as a living environment. On the one hand, due to the greatly increased human impact, the range of objects that began to be classified as unique has expanded. It began to include not only natural masterpieces, but also objects disappearing through the fault of man - from individual organisms to zonal landscapes that have reduced their distribution. On the other hand, the idea of ​​the significance of protected areas of nature has changed. In addition to the functions of a natural museum and a place of recreation in the natural environment, parks began to fulfill the tasks of maintaining environmental health planet, to preserve its gene pool and representative samples, and to create testing grounds for scientific research. They began to be assigned a wide range of tasks arising from new theoretical concepts in the field of nature protection, including those that are solved in our country by nature reserves. Both in terms of area and importance, national parks foreign countries became the basis national systems specially protected natural areas. Linking the conservation objectives of parks with their use for "inspiration, pleasure and education" or "for the benefit and recreation of the general population" is a mandatory requirement of any national legislation or relevant provisions of international conventions.

The question may arise why these objects were called parks, because many of the territories of the current national parks have nothing to do with the park in our usual sense. In 1960, Key Largo Bay in Florida was even given over to the national park. Now there are more than 170 such marine parks. In the United States, a dune national park has been created in the Origon Delta, there are Arctic national parks in Alaska, which are also difficult to imagine as parks in the usual sense of the word. The fact is that the word "park" in English language has several meanings, one of which is the alpine valley. Perhaps that is why the valley of the Yellowstone River, flowing from the alpine lake of the same name, was called the park. They are called national in order to emphasize their social, national, and not private affiliation.

Initially, the preservation of the nature of the national park was associated with the withdrawal of its territory from any economic use other than recreational. Recreation was not a danger to nature in the 19th century. This cannot be said about the modern period, when recreation has become a very aggressive industry. The interest of visitors to virgin, untouched natural landscapes has increased many times over, and the national parks of all countries are experiencing the pressure of this interest. Therefore, in the provisions of laws and management decisions wording is introduced that restricts recreation in the national park " special conditions visits" or "specially designated areas".

Unlike the reserve, the national park is open to the public in most of its territory. Permissible species recreation are those that are associated with travel in nature - hiking, water, ski tourism, short excursions. Mass spectacles, entertaining games, sports competitions are not allowed in the national park.

At the I World Conference on National Parks (Seattle, 1962), it was noted that national parks provide visitors with a wide variety of services and generate large incomes. Sometimes they exceed the income that can be obtained from the operation of existing parks on the territory. natural resources. For example, in the United States, income from recreation in sequoia forests is 10 times higher than from logging in them. The profitability of funds invested in the development and operation of national parks turned out to be higher than that of mining and manufacturing enterprises. Income on invested capital, of course, to a large extent contributed to the creation and development of national parks. In some places, territories that are not sufficiently remarkable in terms of nature began to fit under their sign. As an example, 17 national parks in Japan, created in the period 1934-1950, which later did not receive international recognition, can be mentioned. The same fate befell some parks in Holland, Great Britain, Ethiopia, Italy and other countries. To prevent the possible exploitation of the popularity of existing national parks and the devaluation of the very idea of ​​their creation, representatives of the international environmental community - members of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) created in 1948 - turned to the UN with a request to resolve the situation. The IUCN developed and the X General Assembly adopted a resolution that states: In view of the importance attached by the United Nations to the idea of ​​a national park as a wise use of natural resources, and in view of the increasing last years in a number of countries, the use of the term "national park" to refer to areas with completely different tasks and status, the X IUCN General Assembly, held in New Delhi in November 1969, recommends that all governments retain the term "national park" only for areas responsible for the proposed criteria. The national park is relatively large territory where one or more ecosystems have not been seriously altered by human activities, where plant and animal species, their habitats, geomorphological sites are of scientific, educational or recreational interest, or where there is a natural landscape of exceptional beauty.

The following administrative actions are allowed on the territory of the park by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources:
- construction of visitor service facilities, as well as a road and footpath network, however, such facilities should be concentrated in specially designated areas in limited areas;
- construction work necessary for the management of the park, including the construction of official roads, service buildings;
- biotechnical measures aimed at the conservation of desirable species of flora and fauna; such activities may include shooting or trapping animals to control their numbers, removing unwanted vegetation, and using controlled burning or grazing to maintain certain plant communities.

national park responsible international requirements, may consist of following zones or their combinations:
- areas of untouched nature;
- areas of untouched nature in combination with a natural zone of a strict regime and (or) a managed natural zone;
- any or all of the listed zones in combination with the tourist-administrative zone;
- any or all of the above zones in combination with one or more zones classified as anthropological, archaeological or historical.

The national park is a nature protection educational institution in which the goals of preserving natural complexes and objects are combined with the interests of organizing environmental education of the population. It is designed to fulfill a range of conservation tasks common to those of other protected areas. If the reserve serves as a natural standard for obtaining scientific information, then the national park is the standard of educational information about nature for all citizens. When this category was introduced into the system of protected areas, experts discussed the issue of the possible advantage of any of the functions over others, and the point of view about the dominance of recreational goals and functions in their general set was very common. This understanding brought the national park closer to an ordinary recreation area or to other similar recreational areas. It would mean that the park does not have an independent environmental load and only recreational resources are protected in it. The idea of ​​the park as a recreational institution impoverishes its natural and educational content. In addition, it contradicts the global understanding of the essence of the national park, enshrined in international documents. The interests of nature protection and cognitive recreation in the park are territorially delimited by zoning its territory. The Model Regulations for Russian national parks provide for the allocation of four zones with different modes use: conservation regime, regulated recreational use, visitor services, economic use. The main burden of educational tourism and sightseeing visits is borne by the zone of regulated recreational use. In it, vacationers move along pre-prepared trails of multi-day tourist or one-day excursion routes. For rest or lodging for the night they stop in specially designated places. The routes are laid out in such a way that the visitor can see all the diversity of the nature of the park and get to know the remarkable places without experiencing unpleasant psychological overload from being close to other vacationers. In the park, a person gets the opportunity to communicate with nature, and a preliminary visit will help him understand it better. information center or a museum of nature, specially published reference literature, educational and ecological trails, and sometimes - the help of a guide.

The park can also include developed agriculture land, mainly to ensure the integrity of the territory and the observance of necessary requirements when exploiting resources on lands adjacent to specially protected areas of nature. They are allocated in a special economic zone. These territories remain under the jurisdiction of the former land users, but they are managed in such a way as not to conflict with the conservation interests of the national park. At the same time, the task is to create an environmentally friendly agricultural production and a harmonious agricultural landscape worthy of being a model. One of important issues associated with the organization of recreational services in the national park. It offers the visitor a fundamentally different type of recreation than in ordinary recreational areas. Man is admitted into nature as a guest, and his presence should not leave any traces in it. The adaptation of the recreational environment is limited to minimal intervention.

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Such parks can cover vast areas with impenetrable forests, islands, coastal waters, and even mountain ranges and volcanoes. Unlike nature reserves and reserves, the protection regime in natural parks the least strict. And these parks are a great opportunity for tourists to get acquainted with natural resources country or region. And here is a list of the most beautiful and impressive national parks in the world.

Fuji-Hakone-Izu National Park, Japan

The park, located southwest of Tokyo, is one of Japan's most popular parks. On the territory of the park there is an active Fuji volcano with its five lakes, the Izu Peninsula and islands near it, as well as waterfalls, hot springs and ancient temples. Especially beautiful is the volcano of the most symmetrical shape, wrapped in clouds in spring and summer - its greatness is immortalized in the works of many poets and artists.

Grand Canyon National Park, USA

This is probably the most famous national park in the world, and, as a result, the most photographed. The Grand Canyon in Arizona achieved national park status in 1919, three years after the founding of the US National Park Service. About five million people visit this park every year to see with their own eyes the amazing beauty of the canyon, which the Colorado River has carved for millions of years. South edge The canyon is the most visited, the most numerous observation platforms are located here. On the northern edge of the canyon, located 300 meters higher, there is much less people, but it is good for its wild flowering meadows, spruce forests and aspen groves. The rest of the canyon is remote and difficult to access, although some areas can be reached via hiking trails and back roads.

Guilin National Park, China

Located in southeast China, the park is famous for its karst and limestone natural formations and beautiful hills with colorful names like "Elephant's Trunk" and "Dragon's Head". The nature of the park inspired many Chinese poets and artists, and some parts of the park were even depicted on local banknotes. To see all the beauty of Guilin, it is best to take a 50-kilometer cruise on the Lijiang River, from Guilin to Yangshuo.

Banff National Park, Canada

This is Canada's oldest national park, established in 1885 in the Canadian Rockies. Lonely Planet describes Banff Park as: "Mountains, high mountains, mountains everywhere. Fast rivers carry their waters between beautiful hills. Huge glaciers slide down from the peaks and practically touch the ground. Lakes with turquoise water shimmer in the sun - so saturated that it seems as if the water has been tinted.

Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

The oldest and most popular national park in Tanzania is a facility world heritage. The Serengeti is world famous for its annual migration of hundreds of thousands of wildebeest, zebras and gazelles, and buffaloes, elephants, giraffes, swamps, impalas, lions and leopards run between amazing acacias. And here, probably, the most enchanting sunsets in the world.

Torres del Paine National Park, Chile

Considered by many to be the most spectacular national park in the world. South America. Located on the edge of the continent, the park is known for its granite peaks and emerald forests, shining blue glaciers and azure lakes. Many tourists come here for walks and hikes.

Swiss National Park, Switzerland

Founded in 1914, the Swiss National Park is the oldest national park in the Alps and central Europe, as well as the only national park in the country. It is famous for its unique alpine plants - in particular, edelweiss, which grows only high in the mountains. And in this park there are alpine animals - chamois, deer and marmots. Through the park, an 80-kilometer network of trails is laid, which turns these areas into a paradise for hikers.

Lake District National Park, England

The land that inspired artist William Turner and writer Beatrix Potter became a national park in 1951. The park is a valley with granite boulders and 16 amazingly beautiful lakes resting in the lowlands. These places are chosen by cyclists and lovers of water sports - windsurfing, kayaking and fishing.

Fiordland National Park, New Zealand

Located on the South Island, the park is the largest national park in the country. It covers severe mountain ranges, 14 magnificent fjords and world famous waterfalls. Two of the park's most famous attractions are Milford Sound Fjord, which Rudyard Kipling called "the eighth wonder of the world" and Doubtful Sound Fjord, which can only be reached by water. People come to the national park for bird watching, boating, kayaking, mountain biking and hiking.

Manuel Antonio National Park, Costa Rica

The first national park in the world today is one of the smallest national parks in Costa Rica. But, despite its size, it shows the world a chic nature - lush rainforests, beaches and rocky headlands. There are sloths, iguanas and squirrel monkeys in the jungle, colorful fish swim in the waters, bright butterflies flutter in the air - a real idyll!

Each country has special state-protected territories - natural national parks. The definition of this place has special meaning because they contain important natural, cultural or ecological objects under the protection of the state. Parks have different purposes, but they are all united common features- these places are interesting for tourists to visit, along their paths it is pleasant to contemplate beautiful landscapes, and unique nature impresses with its uniqueness. Let's understand what national parks are. Let's look at the definition further.

What it is?

The general interpretation of the concept is accepted. It defines what a national park is - it is a part of land or a reservoir in which there are natural unique objects of ecological, historical and aesthetic value. Their purpose is to perform one of the functions: environmental, recreational, educational or cultural.

There are three branches in connection with which the states had a need to create national parks. Each country chose the definition (what it is) based on the goals of creation. So the goals were:

1. Creation of a park exclusively for tourism and recreation. For example, Yellowstone Park (USA), Banff (Canada). What these national parks are is determined by their purpose, which is to entertain people. Today, Yellowstone Park is visited by several thousand tourists a day. This is a vast territory with geysers, volcanoes, canyons, waterfalls, forests with wild animals and much more. Visiting this place is a real adventure.

2. Designation of a certain territory, which has already been a place of tourist pilgrimage, and in the future will be a national park. This transition is associated with the presence natural objects that need to be further protected by the state. For example, the Bavarian forest on the border of Germany and the Czech Republic, or Bialowieza Forest in Belarus. The latter was created to protect the unique European forest, whose history dates back to ancient times.

3. Organization of the territory under the prohibition of the use of its wealth. Considered from this point of view, the definition of a protected area is related to the presence in it of important plants, animals, or historical objects in which there is scientific interest. The park is created solely for the purpose of studying such objects.

Ecology

What is a national park (definition in terms of environmental importance) is a purposeful fencing of a territory, limiting its visits by people in order to preserve a unique ecosystem, a halo of rare animals or plants.

Recently, ecotourism has been gaining popularity. This is a journey to natural areas in order to explore and better understand the world that surrounds us. Life in cities locks people up in stone walls, and they become further and further from nature. Ecotourism aims to connect people, flora and fauna. Traveling for this purpose, tourists turn off their gadgets, leave computers and work, retire with mother earth.

Types of ecotours

Depending on the object of visit, eco-tours are divided into the following types:

• Studying only plants.
• For animal observation.
• Separately, there are ecotours for watching wild birds (very popular in Europe).
• Geological - study earth's interior, stones, soil.
• Ethnographic - visits to original settlements that have preserved the ancient foundations. In Russia, such parks have been preserved on the territory Chuvash Republic, Republic of Mari El.
• Archaeological. For example, it stores the remains of the largest settlements Volga Bulgaria IX-XII centuries.
• Tours with the purpose of visiting historical sites. Interesting objects architectural structures, monuments of architecture, museums act in such structures.

In biology

Consider the definition for children. The national park is a place where man and mother nature can retire. This area is a standard of natural landscape, where there are bizarre waterfalls, unusual trees, endangered animals or beautiful mountain peaks.

parks play essential role in biology. It is easy to conduct research on their territory; special groups are created for this. Rare species of flora and fauna are preserved and restored here. Environmental education and scientific activities are carried out for children.

Difference from the reserve

Consider the definition of geography. A national park is an area where human activity is limited in order to protect the environment.

In the reserve, human activity is not only limited, it is completely prohibited. If tourism is welcomed in the national park, then in the reserve it is strictly limited. There it is forbidden to hunt, gather, fish, etc. The ecosystem has only scientific value, and only people with permission can study it. Reserves are created in those places where there is a halo of habitat for endangered species of plants and animals.

What are complexes: definition

The national park is often not isolated. Around it, infrastructure is being developed for entertainment and recreation of people. So, restaurants, hotels, places for camping and equipment rental, cultural and educational centers, museums, etc. are often placed near the entrance to the territory. Such an infrastructure is called a complex.

For example, museum complex National Park "Curonian Spit". Here is the main exposition, which tells about the nature of the Curonian Spit, about the role of man in the destruction and restoration of the fragile ecosystem of the peninsula.

The complex includes the museums "Ancient Sambia" and the museum "Superstition". Nearby is the cafe "Kurena".

The largest national parks in Russia

1. "Yugyd Va" - spread over the forest and mountainous expanses of the Komi Republic. Its area is 18917.01 km2.

2. "Beringia" in Chukotka. This distant land keeps unique northern relics - plants and trees from ancient times. The area of ​​the territory is 18194.54 km2.

3. It so happened that the largest parks occupied the northern latitudes. Another unique museum of nature is the "Russian Arctic" in the Arkhangelsk region. It occupies such natural zones as tundra, forest-tundra and taiga. General area 14260 km2.

Characteristic features of natural parks

Signs that distinguish this protected area from the reserve:

• vegetable and animal world has unique features that differ from the characteristic natural area region. It is of scientific interest and is subject to study.
• Economic activity has not damaged the fragile natural world of this zone.
• The country's authorities prohibit or restrict economic activities, including cutting down trees, using the resources of the earth's interior, hunting, and fishing to preserve geomorphological, ecological and aesthetic features.
• Visits to the park are allowed only for strictly defined purposes: recreation, excursions, scientific activities.

Thus, we see what a national park is. Its definition characterizes the features of the territory described above. These places with unique natural objects need to be preserved and studied. The main difference from the reserve is in the number of people visiting. In the national park, it is practically not limited, it is more difficult to get into the reserve. Scientists are allowed there to study biosystems or tourists in a strictly limited number.

Concerning common features, then these two territories are protected by law, it is impossible to conduct economic activity, and making fires and pitching tents is possible only in the places designated for this.