biological cycles. Chakra system

visually the distance is determined by comparison with a segment known on the ground. The accuracy of the visual determination of the distance is influenced by the illumination, the size of the object, its contrast with the surrounding background, the transparency of the atmosphere, and other factors. Distances appear smaller than they actually are when viewed through bodies of water, hollows and valleys, when observing large and separately located objects. And vice versa, the distances seem greater than in reality when viewed at dusk, against the light, in fog, in cloudy and rainy weather. All these features should be taken into account when determining distances by eye. The accuracy of the eye measurement of distances also depends on the training of the observer. An experienced observer can determine distances up to 1000 m by eye with an error of 10-15%. When determining a distance of more than 1000 m, errors can reach 30%, and with insufficient experience of the observer, 50%.

Determination of distances by speedometer. The distance traveled by the car is determined as the difference between the speedometer readings at the beginning and end of the journey. When driving on paved roads, it will be 3-5% more, and on viscous soil 8-12% more than the actual distance. Such errors in determining distances on the speedometer arise from wheel slip (track slip), tire tread wear and changes in tire pressure. If it is necessary to determine the distance traveled by the machine as accurately as possible, it is necessary to amend the speedometer readings. Such a need arises, for example, when moving in azimuth or when orienting using navigational instruments.

The amount of the correction is determined before the march. For this, a section of the road is selected, which, by the nature of the relief and soil cover similar to the route ahead. This section is passed at marching speed in a straight line and reverse directions, taking readings of the speedometer at the beginning and end of the section. According to the data obtained, the average value of the length of the control section is determined and the value of the same section, determined on the map or on the ground with a tape (tape measure), is subtracted from it. By dividing the result obtained by the length of the section measured on the map (on the ground), and multiplying by 100, a correction factor is obtained.

For example, if the average value of the control section is 4.2 km, and the measured value on the map is 3.8 km, then the correction factor

K \u003d ((4.2-3.8) / 3.8) * 100 \u003d 10%

Thus, if the length of the route measured on the map is 50 km, then the speedometer will read 55 km, i.e. 10% more. The difference of 5 km is the amount of the correction. In some cases, it may be negative.

Measuring distances in steps. This method is usually used when moving in azimuth, drawing up terrain diagrams, drawing individual objects and landmarks on a map (scheme), and in other cases. Steps are usually counted in pairs. When measuring a long distance, it is more convenient to count the steps in triplets alternately under the left and right foot. After every hundred pairs or triplets of steps, a mark is made in some way and the countdown starts again. When converting the measured distance in steps to meters, the number of pairs or triples of steps is multiplied by the length of one pair or triple of steps. For example, there are 254 pairs of steps between the turning points on the route. The length of one pair of steps is 1.6 m. Then D \u003d 254X1.6 \u003d 406.4 m.

Usually the step of a person of average height is 0.7-0.8 m. The length of your step can be determined quite accurately by the formula

D \u003d (P / 4) + 0.37,

where D is the length of one step in meters

R is the person's height in meters.

For example, if a person's height is 1.72 m, then the length of his step

D \u003d (1.72 / 4) + 0.37 \u003d 0.8 m.

More precisely, the step length is determined by measuring some flat linear section of the terrain, such as a road, with a length of 200-300 m, which is measured in advance with a measuring tape (tape measure, range finder, etc.). With an approximate measurement of distances, the length of a pair of steps is taken equal to 1.5 m.

Average error measuring distances in steps, depending on traffic conditions, is about 2-5% of the distance traveled.

Steps can be counted using a pedometer (Fig. 1). It has the look and feel of a pocket watch. A heavy hammer is placed inside the device, which, when shaken, falls, and under the influence of a spring returns to its original position. In this case, the spring jumps over the teeth of the wheel, the rotation of which is transmitted to the arrows. On the large scale of the dial, the arrow shows the number of units and tens of steps, on the right small one, hundreds, and on the left small one, thousands. The pedometer is suspended vertically from the clothes. When walking, due to oscillation, its mechanism comes into action and counts each step.

Fig.1 Pedometer

Determination of distance by time and speed of movement. This method is used to approximate the distance traveled, for which the average speed is multiplied by the time of movement. average speed pedestrian about 5, and when skiing 8-10 km / h. For example, if the reconnaissance patrol moved on skis for 3 hours, then it traveled about 30 km.

Determination of distances by the ratio of the speeds of sound and light. Sound propagates in the air at a speed of 330 m / s, i.e. rounded 1 km in 3 s, and light is almost instantaneous (300,000 km / h). Thus, the distance in kilometers to the place of the flash of a shot (explosion) is equal to the number of seconds elapsed from the moment of the flash to the moment when the sound of the shot (explosion) was heard, divided by 3. For example, the observer heard the sound of an explosion 11 seconds after the flash. Flash distance

D = 11/3 = 3.7 km.

Determination of distances by ear. A trained ear is a good helper in determining distances at night. The success of this method largely depends on the choice of listening location. It is chosen in such a way that the wind does not fall directly into the ears. Around within a radius of several meters, the causes of noise are eliminated, for example, dry grass, bush branches, etc. On a calm night with normal hearing, various sources of noise can be heard at the distances indicated in Table. one.

Table 1

Determination of distances by geometric constructions on the ground. This method can be used to determine the width of difficult or impassable terrain and obstacles (rivers, lakes, flooded areas, etc.). Figure 2 shows the determination of the width of the river by building on the ground isosceles triangle. Since in such a triangle the legs are equal, the width of the river AB is equal to the length of the leg AC. Point A is chosen on the ground so that a local object (point B) on the opposite bank can be seen from it, and a distance equal to its width can be measured along the river bank. The position of point C is found by the approximation method, measuring the angle DIA with a compass until its value becomes equal to 45 °.

Fig.2 Determination of distances by geometric constructions on the ground.

Another version of this method is shown in Fig. 23.6. Point C is chosen so that the angle ACB is 60°. It is known that the tangent of an angle of 60° is equal to 1/2, therefore, the width of the river is equal to twice the value of the AC distance. Both in the first and in the second case, the angle at point A must be equal to 90 °.

Determination of distances by angular dimensions objects is based on the relationship between angular and linear quantities. The angular dimensions of objects are measured in thousandths using binoculars, observation and aiming devices. The distance to objects in meters is determined by the formula

D \u003d (B / Y) * 1000,

where B is the height (width) of the object in meters;

y is the angular magnitude of the object in thousandths. For example (see Fig. 17), the angular size of a landmark observed through binoculars (an individual tree), whose height is 12 m, is equal to three small divisions of the binocular grid (0-15). Therefore, the distance to the landmark

D \u003d (12/15) * 1000 \u003d 800 m.

Determination of distances by linear dimensions of objects is as follows. Using a ruler located at a distance of 50 cm from the eye, measure the height (width) of the observed object in millimeters. Then the actual height (width) of the object in centimeters is divided by the measured ruler in millimeters, the result is multiplied by constant number 5 and get the desired height of the object in meters.

D \u003d (Forward / Vlin.) * 5

For example, a telegraph pole 6 m high (Fig. 1) closes a segment of 10 mm on the ruler. Therefore, the distance to it

D \u003d (600/10) * 5 \u003d 300 m.

Fig.1 Measuring the distance to the pole according to the linear dimensions of the object.

The accuracy of determining distances by angular and linear quantities is 5-10% of the length of the measured distance. To determine the distances by the angular and linear dimensions of objects, it is recommended to remember the values \u200b\u200b(width, height, length) of some of them, given in Table. one.

Part 2. CYCLES OF HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.

Types of Cycles.

There are only three such cycles of human growth and development.

Each person goes through two main cycles during his life, the third is the cycle of the isomaster, this is the cycle of the sage. Only a few go through this cycle. This is how nature intended.

Having switched to the second cycle, a person already receives happiness, a person already becomes not just happy, he becomes self-sufficient, self-fulfilled, creative.

Cycle 1. Biological.

Scientifically, "biogenesis" is a pre-established order maintained by life itself in order to increase the species.

The sole purpose of this cycle is biological reproduction, reproduction of similar individuals.

Like what happens in the animal and flora fundamental cycles biological cycle serve man to save everything human species. This is the dimension in which a person is destined to be born, reach physiological maturity, produce offspring, and then die. Also fulfill your family, and as is often mistakenly believed, social duty.

The biological cycle it is part of a hierarchy established by nature. The biological cycle resumes repetition . A living being works in order to preserve life as it was given to him and to pass it on without change to the next generation. This is the whole essence of the biological cycle.

Life in a biological cycle is like existence in a biological cell.

The basic human needs in this cycle are food, sleep, sex, and so on. These are the needs that Maslow pointed out in the lower levels of his pyramid and called them " Physiological Needs and Security Needs. This includes all needs related to food, sex, provision of clothing, housing, etc.

Most people on earth, even the biological cycle, do not really live qualitatively. Unlike the same animals that live the biological cycle almost 100%.

The animal has no free will. It cannot choose whether to do one thing now or do another, the animal is programmed by its instincts. Instinct tells him: "Yes!" - the animal goes, looks for food and eats. Instinct tells migratory birds when to fly to warmer climes for the winter, birds take to the skies and fly where their instincts tell them to go. They do not have the ability to choose to do or not to do, that is, there is no free will.

Man has free will. And for those who do not know how to use it, it is a “domocles sword”. Those who know how to use the free will provided by nature are already considered people of the mental cycle, which I will talk about a little later.

The biological cycle has a number of its indicators. A person of the biological and mental cycle, differently relate to the same life moments.

In fact, most people live inferiorly, they are often visited by a feeling of longing, a state of frustration (dissatisfaction with the current state of affairs and dissatisfaction with their results). A person experiences frustration when he gives 100% and gets 5% of the results.

The state of happiness is the exact opposite of the state of frustration. Happiness is when you do 10%, but you do it with maximum quality and at the end you get a reward that is many times greater than the investment.

The feeling of frustration indicates that a person does not reach his natural norm, which is designed by nature. Diseases, disorders, prove the biological immaturity of a person and the lack of health.

Cycle 2. Mental.

It means penetration into the world of causes, generating systems. A person who is on the mental cycle does not work with the world of consequences, unlike the biological one, but with the world of causes.

With his mind, he transcends the biological cycle and gains access to the control center of his life. It is in this center that they program various systems, of our entire planet, i.e. this is the state of which they say “man is the master of life”, goes through life, so that he does not make mistakes.

And indeed it is possible to achieve this state, I will give you information on how to do it completely. How to move from the biological cycle to the psychic one, and perhaps someone will be able to move even to the third, the sage cycle.

All actions of a person of the biological cycle are programmed by the production of their own species, and the purpose of this program is to continue to reproduce their own kind.

A person of the mental cycle needs to clearly know the direction of his life path, for him biological needs are not just in second place, they are generally insignificant for him. Because he has a question biological needs already closed. They do not interest him, he simply maintains biological existence and makes it of the highest possible quality.

He does not just eat, but eats from the best dishes, the best food, with the best people to which he can only reach. If this is not possible, then he eats by himself, but he chooses, in any situation, what is best for himself.

It is enough for a person of the biological cycle to eat a hamburger and he believes that he has solved all the issues with hunger. The man of the biological cycle puts effective, sexual questions at stake. All moments of possession of people and things. This person is in the "have" state.

For him, the state of "to have" is much more important than the state of "to be." A person of the biological cycle is constantly preoccupied with earnings, money, he simply has no time to think about what he does and what interests the person of the mental cycle.

For a person of the mental cycle, the ability of the mind to freely fulfill its higher functions. For him, creativity and self-realization are really important, and self-realization of a different level. He goes beyond egocentrism when he does everything in order to get the results of his activities.

A person of the biological cycle needs a roof over his head, a hearty meal, and the stability of his position. If you hear from a person that he wants stability from business, work or earnings, then this is a 100% person of the biological cycle.

This is one of the signs regarding economic aspect, his life. A person strives only for stability. For him, this world is an illusion, which he pursues all his life and almost never catches up, because there is no such state as stability.

Stability - it is a state of stagnation, it is a state followed by a regression followed by a downward fall. In simple words, stagnation - this is stability.

A person of the mental cycle is not interested in stability at all, he does not even think about it, he does not care about it, he is not up to it. He is busy with his self-realization. He is busy pursuing his highest goals.

A man of the biological cycle, a slave psychology, it makes him a man vicious circle systems. This is the man we can call another cog in the huge system life.

A person of the mental cycle, constantly striving to transcend limits and storm metaphysical peaks.

Questions for him:

"Who am I?" "Where am I going?" and why?" are in first place.

In order to identify himself, a person of the biological cycle must "have".

What does it mean?

In order to seem cool, wealthy and successful to themselves and others, a person of the biological cycle must have those attributes that he considers signs of success.

It's an expensive car, expensive clothes, dear mobile phone, this is what we often call the word "show-off". For him, these "show-offs" come first.

He is puzzled by questions like how to buy more, to have more than others, to build something more than others, etc. He is obsessed with material goods, because for him this is a sign of a successful, successful, self-fulfilling person. This is mistake.

The psychic cycle person needs to "be" and then "have". All development of such a person is directed towards being. A person's aspiration corresponds to a series of creative choices, creative, affirming, there is a steady growth of a person.

creative- means to bring the novelty of being, and therefore positive novelty, into any situation, always proceeding from one's own destiny. Much more the right word- PROJECT.

The project of a person, built on some basic code, which is designed by a reasonable potential. I will talk about this later.

The state of fullness that a person of the mental cycle reaches, thanks to his precise actions, is not an end in itself for him. It must be transcended. Just like an intermediate step.

This is the state of happiness, the state of fulfillment. The highest experience, he lives as a gift. For him, this is an expansion of horizons, of his being. From the achieved fullness as a result full action, this man paves his way forward.

For him, getting the highest pleasure from what he does is an indicator that he is moving in right direction For him, this is the most important happiness in life.

A person of the mental cycle has more traps in life, because more is given to him and more is asked of him for this. Such a person has a much higher level of responsibility than a person of the biological cycle. This is also one of the reasons why people, even consciously, do not want to move from the biological to the mental level of development.

If you are a person of a mental cycle and linger in a state of narcissism, in what we call "rest on your laurels", if you look at the example of a business (as a result of a successful transaction), you introspect your success, use the results, immediately buy yourself things for those the money that you have earned, if you linger in this state, then you will inevitably slide into the biological cycle.

From dust to dust.

Human mental cycle in higher moral values must surpass all stereotypes, he must not fight stereotypes, not destroy them, not criticize them, but simply simply overcome them, changing himself.

A person of the biological cycle often tries to destroy stereotypes, considering them bad. In fact, the stereotype is absolutely, a neutral phenomenon. And whether it is positive or negative, you can track only by the results that this stereotype produces.

In two I will describe why you need to enter the psychic cycle. In order to feel that state of creativity, drive, success, the state of courage.

Abraham Maslow described this condition as "peak experience"- the peak of experiencing the highest pleasure as a result of a successful action.

Recall situations in life when you were on the wave of success. When you were on the crest of this wave. This state is called "peak experience".

And the task of a businessman who is on a mental cycle is to strive to choose such situations where he can experience the “peak experience” as often as possible! Because for him these are the key points that he is growing.

For many people, completing the biological cycle 100% is a huge achievement. It is enough for them to fulfill it in order to be happy in their own way - normal family, a normal house, normal earnings, i.e. what constitutes a security measure for him. This for him is a confirmation that a person has achieved everything in life.

A person of the mental cycle, at the moment when he has all this, experiences a state when he is “stomped and sausage” from the inside. He feels bad. It seems that everything is there - family, children, earnings, but inside the cats scratch at the soul. A state of frustration. He lingered on the biological cycle and his soul suggests that you need to move up, you need to outgrow this state.

There are people who, having completed the entire biological cycle, feel the way I described. They feel like they're made for more, they feel they can do more, be more, achieve more, do more, and so on.

First of all, it is important for them to "Be". The state when you have to be someone in the first place, and not "have" something, so that you are perceived as someone. If you have a car, a suit, everyone looks and says what it is successful man, he is cool, he is a specialist, etc. Actually, it's all fluff.

If you enjoy owning these things, you are 100% on the biological cycle.

If the state of “being” is in the first place for you, in every minute of time, your life develops in such a way as to be happy, to be in pleasure, to be in drive, to be in courage, then you are in a mental cycle or this is the most important for you. the best time to get out.

In the next article, I will describe a system of indicators by which you can determine with 100% accuracy what cycle you are on or the person you are analyzing.

To be continued…

Don't want to wait for the sequel?

Learn everything about this topic in the master class Life management technologies. A basic level of "

Now you have the opportunity to take advantage of the special offer “Two sessions for the price of one”

Buy any training you like and as a gift get another one (from the same price category)

The biological cycle in an aquarium is the process by which toxic waste is destroyed in the aquarium. This cycle requires that the water filtration system contains beneficial bacteria feeding on this waste. By introducing fish into an aquarium without establishing a biological cycle, you risk spoiling the health of your fish or losing them altogether. Thus, a biological cycle must be established in every aquarium in order for the fish to be healthy.

Steps

Part 1

Setting up a cycle with fish in an aquarium

Introduce several fish into the aquarium that can live in an environment with increased level toxins. In this case, you will have to buy certain fish. Once you have good bacteria in your tank, you can add other fish to it. Here are the fish that can live in an unfavorable environment:

Cardinal
Danio rerio
cherry puntius
Pseudotropheus zebra
Gourami
Star Priestella
Tooth carp
Gudgeon
Guppy
Note: When in doubt, seek help from a qualified pet store employee.

Don't overfeed your fish. Give them food once every two days, regardless of the diet of a particular fish. Also, don't give too much food at a time so that food doesn't stay in the tank after the fish are full.
- An overfed fish produces more waste, which can lead to an increase in the level of toxins in the aquarium even before the beneficial bacteria appear in the aquarium.
- Leftover food will rot, which of course will increase the level of toxins in the aquarium.
Change the water regularly. Change 10-25% of the volume of water in the tank every few days to prevent an increase in the level of toxins in the tank. If you have a marine aquarium, be sure to add the appropriate amount of sea salt when changing the water.
- Do not use chlorinated water as it will destroy the beneficial bacteria in the aquarium.
- Be prepared to change the water more frequently if you notice a deterioration in your fish's condition (see Troubleshooting section). However, do not overdo it with the frequency of water changes, so as not to injure the fish with frequent changes. chemical composition or water temperature.
Monitor toxin levels with a water test kit (available at pet stores). When you introduce fish into an aquarium, the levels of toxins, such as ammonia and nitrite, quickly increase due to the waste products of the fish. As the colony of beneficial bacteria grows, these levels will gradually decrease (almost to zero); in this case, you can run other fish into the aquarium. Test the water for toxin levels once a day or every few days.

Once the toxin levels have dropped to zero, introduce other fish into the aquarium. The establishment of the biological cycle in the aquarium takes six to eight weeks. It is recommended to introduce new fish into the aquarium gradually (one or two fish at a time) so that the bacteria can maintain a stable low level toxins in the aquarium.
- After introducing new fish into the aquarium, wait at least a week and then test the water. If ammonia and nitrite levels are low, you can add more fish to the tank.
Part 2
Setting the cycle without fish in the aquarium
1. To begin with, equip the aquarium and set up the filtration system (see the previous section), but do not start the fish until the end of the process of installing the biological cycle in the aquarium. Instead of fish, you will have to add some waste to the aquarium to keep track of the levels of toxins in the water.
  
  Start by throwing some fish food into the aquarium. After a few days, the food will begin to rot and release toxins (including ammonia).
  
  Test for ammonia in the water for several days using a water test kit (available at pet stores). Its level should not be lower than three ppm. If there is not enough ammonia in the water, add more fish food to the aquarium.
  
  Try to keep the ammonia level at three ppm. Check the ammonia level in the water daily. As the number of beneficial bacteria in the aquarium grows, the ammonia level will drop. If the ammonia level falls below three ppm, raise it by adding fish food to the aquarium.
  
  After a week, test the water for nitrite levels using a water test kit (available at pet stores). Bacteria consume ammonia and produce nitrite, which is less toxic than ammonia but still harmful to fish.
  - Once you have discovered nitrites, consider that the establishment of the biological cycle has begun. On the this stage continue to maintain the ammonia level in the water.
2. Expect a sudden drop in nitrite levels and a rise in nitrate levels. As the number of beneficial bacteria grows, nitrite levels will rise; after all, the beneficial bacteria convert the nitrites to nitrates, which are not harmful to the fish. When this happens, consider that the establishment of the biological cycle is close to completion.
  - You can detect this by a sudden drop in nitrite levels, or by an unexpected spike in nitrate levels, or both.
3. Once ammonia and nitrine levels have dropped to zero and nitrate levels have stabilized, introduce other fish into the aquarium. The establishment of the biological cycle in the aquarium takes six to eight weeks.
  - It is recommended to introduce new fish into the aquarium gradually (one to two fish once every one to two weeks) so that the bacteria can keep the level of toxins in the aquarium at a consistently low level.
Part 3
Establishment acceleration biological process
1. Since it takes six to eight weeks to establish a biological cycle in an aquarium, aquarium owners are looking for ways to shorten this process. One way to do this is to transfer the bacteria from the old aquarium to the new one. Bacteria can be found in the aquarium's filter system - simply install the filter from the old aquarium to the new one.
  - Try using a filter from an old aquarium of a similar size with about the same number of fish. If the new tank doesn't exactly match the old one in terms of size and number of fish, the toxin levels may be higher than the bacteria in the old tank can handle.
2. Put the gravel from the old tank into the new one to transfer the good bacteria from the old tank to the new one. Simply place a few spoonfuls of substrate from the old tank on top of the gravel in the new tank.
  
  Plant live plants in the aquarium. They speed up the establishment of the biological cycle in the aquarium (especially if you transplant plants from an old aquarium). Living plants not only contain beneficial bacteria, but also absorb ammonia, thereby reducing its level in the water.

Changes functional state body, sports performance and physical qualities depend on the specific biological cycle of the female body, the so-called ovarian-menstrual cycle (OMC). During puberty of the organism, the tonic section of the genital center, located in the hypothalamus (subtuberous part of the diencephalon), stimulates an increase in the release of gonadotropic hormone by the pituitary gland. Under the influence of this hormone, the ovaries begin to release abundant female sex hormones - estrogens. In order feedback estrogens act on the sexual center of the hypothalamus, but not on its tonic section, but on the cyclic section, which monthly causes the development of one egg and its ovulation. With age, this mechanism changes significantly. From the age of 25, the sensitivity of the cyclic department of the sexual center to the action of estrogens begins to decrease. By the age of 45-55, estrogens can no longer start the mechanism of ovulation and the reproductive function stops.

The sexual center of the hypothalamus itself is under the control of the overlying parts of the brain and, together with them, reacts to everything. external influences. Significant physical and mental stress during sports activities through this circuit: the cortex hemispheres- hypothalamus - pituitary gland - gonads can significantly change the course of the OMC of the female body.

The duration of OMC ranges from 21 to 36 days, on average (in 60% of women) - 28 days. The whole cycle can be divided into 5 phases: 1 phase-menstrual (1-3 days, sometimes up to 7 days); Phase II - postmenstrual (4-12 days); Phase III - ovulatory (13-14 days); IV phase - postovulatory (15-25 days); The phase is premenstrual (26-28 days).

Phase I is associated with shedding of the uterine lining and menstrual bleeding. During this period, there is a sharp drop in the level of metabolism, including protein metabolism. In the cerebral cortex, as a result of the dominant interoceptive influences from the female genital area, attention processes are disrupted. Decreased sensitivity of visual, tactile and other sensory systems. Increased irritability, emotional instability. The influence of the vagus nerve increases, which leads to a decrease in the frequency of breathing and heartbeat, and vasodilation. In connection with the loss of blood (usually 150 - 200 ml) and water retention in the body, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells and platelets decreases.

In phase II, the development of the follicle in the ovary occurs until it matures and ruptures (this phase is also called follicular or preovulatory). During this period, the content of the female sex hormone estrogen in the blood increases, and the uterine mucosa develops. Fluctuations in body weight during OMC reach 2 kg, the minimum body weight is in this phase.

In phase III, the egg leaves the follicle (ovulation) and enters the fallopian tubes and then into the uterus.

In phase IV, the remnants of the follicle form a corpus luteum, which becomes a new endocrine gland and begins to secrete the hormone progesterone (in this regard, this phase is also called progesterone). Secretory processes of the uterine mucosa are activated.

In phase V (if fertilization of the egg has not occurred), the corpus luteum degenerates 2-3 days before the onset of menstruation. The concentration of progesterone and estrogen in the blood decreases, reducing the functionality of the body.

Natural rhythms are seen as consequences space phenomena: the activity of the Sun, the rotation of the Earth around the Sun, the influence of the Moon, as well as stars and other cosmic bodies.

Depending on what cosmic body sets the rhythm of the phenomenon, allocate a solar day, a lunar day and a sidereal day.

Duration solar days are 21 earth hours. Cyclicity is estimated by the onset of day and night. Lunar day shorter than solar, and are 23.5 hours. The evidence for their existence is sea tides and ebbs. Daily solar and lunar rhythms interact with each other and form a new cycle life processes with a repetition interval of 29.5 Earth days. The last cycle is known as the "synodic" rhythm (month). The synodic rhythm is synchronized with the phases of the moon. Its boundaries fall on the full moon (maximum activity) and new moon (minimum activity).

The Moon makes a complete revolution around the Earth in 29.5 Earth days. But other, shorter cycles associated with the rotation of the moon also have biological consequences.

The oceans on its surface has 4 noticeable thickenings (humps) water mass. One of them is formed under the influence of the forces of attraction of the moon. The second hump on the ocean surface occurs at the exact opposite point of the Earth, but its origin has not yet been studied. Less pronounced thickening of the water shell was registered in two more opposite regions of the Earth. Scientists associate their origin with the influence of the Sun. These huge accumulations of water have the strongest impact on the biosphere of our planet. At certain moments, the Moon and the Sun line up on one or both sides relative to the Earth. The consequence of these cosmic changes is the so-called "syzygy tide". It is the result of the combined influence of the Sun, Moon and Earth on the ocean. In the rest of the earth water shell naturally thins out. The strongest tides are recorded there. In tide and tide areas biological life subjected to severe testing.

An important factor in the cyclical nature of life are the lunar ebbs and flows. The rotation of the Earth about its axis overtakes the movement of the mass of water during the day. Waves of lunar tides follow the moon in one direction. Solar "humps" have a speed of movement, equal to the speed rotation of the Earth, i.e., relative to the Earth, they stand in place on the side of the Earth facing the Sun, and on the opposite side.

The described movements of water have a direct physical influence on all the inhabitants of the ocean and on all living things of the intertidal zone and force animals to synchronize their lives with the phases of the moon.

Direct dependency physiological processes from the phases of the moon can be traced in primitively organized animals. So, many inhabitants of the intertidal zone (worms, arthropods and even fish) burrow into the sand at low tide, and go out into the water at high tide. A number of polychaete worms breed only during the full moon. The same attachment to the full moon and new moon is shown by many crabs, sea urchins, shellfish and some mosquitoes.

In more highly organized animals, cyclical behavior was also revealed in connection with the phases of the moon. However, this connection does not look as obvious from the outside as it does with worms and other primitive creatures. For herring, Clunio sp. Such animals do not experience the direct physical impact of the Moon, as happens with the inhabitants of the intertidal zone. They use the full moon as an external stimulus to stimulate endocrine-paracrine secretion, which, in turn, activates one or another function. However, the mechanism of the influence of the Moon in this case remains unclear. Bad weather and low cloudiness (the absence of the Moon in the visual field) cannot change the cyclical behavior of these animals.

Spots on the Sun, known to the ancients, are the result of increased activity of a star with the release of energy into outer space. The ancients associated the formation of spots on the Sun with the wrath of the gods and the punishment of mankind. The Sun is the source of rhythmic radiation that reaches the Earth and causes disturbance magnetic field our planet. The emerging so-called magnetic storms change the characteristics of the Earth's ionosphere and atmosphere with subsequent impact on the biosphere. Long-term studies have shown that solar activity changes with a period of 11 years.

Scientists have discovered a connection between solar activity and the cyclical nature of life on Earth. This is manifested in periodic droughts, floods, fluctuations in productivity cultivated plants. B. Moore (1886) established the dependence of the frequency of epidemics on Earth with the appearance of spots on the Sun. A. L. Chizhevsky in the 1930s confirmed that the consequences of changes in solar activity (the appearance of spots) in Europe were plague epidemics, outbreaks of an increase in the number of rats, mass reproduction of plant pests, famine.

Modern medicine recognizes that an increase in solar activity provokes an exacerbation of chronic diseases in humans. People experience general malaise, headache, increased nervous irritability or depression, decreased performance. In the days magnetic storms the number of cases of myocardial infarction, strokes increases by 25-30% as a result of increased blood clotting and the formation of spasms of the coronary vessels. L. I. Kupriyanov (1976) cites official statistics that indicate an increase in the number of car accidents in Japan on days of high solar activity.

Solar activity is reflected in the state of wildlife. Since photosynthesis is associated with the Sun, a change in solar activity leads to a change in the growth and development of plants. In addition, the activity of the Sun also changes the hydrological regime (melting of snow in the mountains, full flow of rivers, rains), which also affects the growth and development of vegetation. The cyclicity of the flora directly determines the cyclicity of life and the number of consumers not only of the 1st, but also of the 2nd and 3rd orders.

The approach and removal of the Earth from the Sun is the reason for the change of seasons, and therefore, changes in the living conditions and nutrition of animals. From here comes the rhythmic migratory activity of insects, fish, birds, and mammals. Migratory and nomadic birds leave their nesting sites not so much because of the cold, but because of the unavailability of food resources in winter time. True, long migrations are not always justified by the search for food. Thus, the spawning migrations of fish have a different motivation. Pink salmon goes to spawn from marine areas rich in food to rivers, where it stops eating altogether. Nevertheless, the rhythm of the spawning behavior of fish is determined by the change of seasons.

The reproductive activity of birds and mammals is also tied to the activity of the Sun (seasons). This dependence can be traced even in domestic animals, in which the process of domestication has left its mark on the rhythm of sexual behavior, migratory activity, feeding behavior and metabolism. Nevertheless, in industrial poultry farming, the light factor is used to stimulate egg production (ovogenesis). The maximum egg productivity from poultry is obtained with artificial year-round lighting of the poultry house for 12-14 hours a day.

Domestic animals (horse, dog, pig, cat) turned into polycyclic animals, although their wild ancestors were monocyclic animals or animals with a sexual season, i.e. their sexual cyclicity was set solar activity. However, not all domesticated species have lost this dependence on the Sun. So, sheep and goats come into a state of sexual hunting mainly in late autumn - early winter, so that their lambing time is synchronized with the onset of spring, i.e., the birth of young animals is timed to coincide with the appearance of green grass and the onset of positive average daily temperatures. The latter circumstance is relevant for the survival of newborns in wild nature, but loses its meaning for domestic sheep and goats.

In some domestic cats and females, as a legacy from wild ancestors, there is a monocyclic sexual activity. At the same time, estrus in females manifests itself in the winter-spring period. Consequently, the birth of young animals occurs at the beginning of the warm season.

In addition to daily, seasonal and annual cycles, cycles with other periodicity are also noted in nature. So, the 27-day cycle is known. It is during this period of time that the Sun rotates around its axis. Most often, this cyclicity is accompanied by the appearance of magnetic storms on Earth, with the ensuing consequences for flora and fauna.

The Sun also has a 6-month activity cycle. It is defined by the fact that the largest number Explosions on the Sun occur twice a year: in March-April and in September-October. The 11-year, 22-year, secular (80-90 years) and 600-800-year periodicity of solar activation have also been proven. With such periodicity, global, sometimes catastrophic changes in climate, weather, seismic activity and, ultimately, biological life.

Thus, cosmic reasons the rhythms of life in earthly conditions are obvious. For animal organisms, cosmic influences act as very significant incentives. external environment. These stimuli are perceived by animals directly or indirectly, are summed up and synchronized by some internal mechanisms. As a result, both daily and seasonal rhythms of life do not accurately follow the 24-hour, 6-month or annual cycle.

Biological rhythms are more diverse than cosmic ones. Some of the biological cycles in their duration and frequency correspond to geophysical cycles, while others have their own periodicity. In this regard, allocate adaptive biological rhythms(daily, tidal, seasonal, annual) with their specific changes of morphological, biochemical, physiological and ethological nature in animals.

Short cycles are called functional rhythms of life. They ensure the continuity of the life of the body. These include: spontaneous electrical activity of the brain, the activity of the conduction system of the heart, the rhythm of peristalsis, the rhythm of breathing. In addition, the rhythms of the activity of individual cells, as well as the rhythm of molecular processes, can also be attributed to the group of functional rhythms.

As a rule, functional rhythms depend on adaptive rhythms. For example, the rhythm of the heart, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine and nervous systems corrected by circadian rhythms. At night, the heart rate and respiratory rate are lower than during the day. Spontaneous rhythmic electrical activity spinal cord and reticular formation of the brain stem is maximum in daylight hours days.

The biological rhythms of an animal organism depend to varying degrees on external conditions. For this reason, the rhythms of vital activity are divided into exogenous and endogenous. The former are completely dependent on changes in the external environment (for example, biochemical processes). Endogenous rhythms proceed under strictly fixed constant conditions (physiological norm). These include rhythms such as the rhythm of the pulse, respiratory rate, or fluctuations in blood pressure. An important sign endogenous rhythms is their attachment to circadian rhythms. This type biological rhythms called biological clock.