Types of antonyms and their role. Types of lexical antonyms

Antonyms are words of one part of speech, different in sound and spelling, having directly opposite lexical meanings, for example: “truth” - “false”, “good” - “evil”, “speak” - “keep silent”.

Antonym types:

1. Diverse. This type of antonyms is the most representative. Opposite meanings belong to these words as a whole (for example, high - low, heat - cold, catch up - lag behind, etc.). Some prepositions are opposed as antonyms (for example, for and in front (behind the closet - in front of the closet), in and out (into the room - out of the room).

2. Single root. For them, the meaning of the opposite is expressed not by the root parts of words, but by affixal morphemes. Antonymy arises on the opposition of prefixes (for example, at- and u- (come - leave), v- and s- (climb - get off), or as a result of the use of negative prefixes that give the word the opposite meaning (for example, literate - illiterate, tasty - tasteless, military - anti-war, revolution - counter-revolution, etc.).

3. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms are words that are not opposed in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - this is the main thing that distinguished this hero.

4. Enantiosemy - the opposite of the meaning of the same word. Sometimes antonymous may not be individual words, but different meanings of one word (for example, the word priceless, meaning: 1. having a very high price(priceless treasures). 2. having no price (bought for next to nothing, i.e. very cheap). The word blessed, meaning: 1. in the highest degree happy (blissful state). 2. foolish (earlier meaning holy fool).

5. Proportionate (having opposite actions: rise - fall, get fat - lose weight) and disproportionate (inaction is opposed to some action: leave - stay, light - extinguish).

6. Linguistic (exist in the language system: high - low, right - left) and speech (formed in speech turns: priceless - worthless, beauty - marsh kikimara);

Functions of antonyms:

1. The main stylistic function of antonyms is lexical device to construct an antithesis. P: And we hate, and we love by chance.

2. Opposite to the antithesis is the reception, which consists in the use of antonyms with negation. It is used to emphasize the lack of a clearly defined quality in the subject being described. P: She was not good, not bad-looking

3. Antonymy is the basis of oxymoron (from the Greek oxymoron ‘witty-stupid’) - stylistic figure, which creates a new concept by combining words that are contrasting in meaning. P: The shadow of uncreated creatures sways in sleep. Like the blades of a lotanium enamel wall(Bryusov).

4. Antonyms are used to emphasize the completeness of the coverage of the depicted - stringing antonymic pairs. P: In the world there is good and evil, lies and truth, sorrow and joy.

Anaphrasis - the use of one of the antonyms, while it is necessary to use the other: where, smart, are you wandering, head? (referring to donkey). Antonymic pairs should be logical.

Homonymy, types of homonyms. Paronyms. Paronomasia. Functions of homonyms and paronyms in speech.

Homonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, identical in sound and spelling, but different in lexical meaning, for example: boron - “a pine forest growing in a dry, elevated place” and boron - “a steel drill used in dentistry”.

Types of homonyms.

There are full and partial homonyms. Full homonyms belong to the same part of speech and coincide in all forms, for example: key (from the apartment) and key (spring). And partial homonyms are consonant words, one of which completely coincides only with part of the forms of another word, for example: tact (in the meaning of “play the last measure”) and tact (in the meaning of “rule of decency”). The word with the second meaning does not have a plural form.

Paronyms(from Greek para “near, next to” + onyma “name”) - words similar in sound, similar in pronunciation, lexical and grammatical affiliation and relatedness of roots, but having different meanings. Paronyms in most cases refer to one part of speech. For example: dress and put on, subscriber and subscription, wiser and wiser. Sometimes paronyms are also called false brothers.

The phenomenon of paronomasia (from Gr. para - near, onomazo - I call) consists in the sound similarity of words that have different morphological roots (cf .: bunks - sleds, pilot - boatswain, clarinet - cornet, injection - infection). As with paronymy, lexical pairs in paronomasia belong to the same part of speech, perform similar syntactic functions. Such words may have the same prefixes, suffixes, endings, but their roots are always different. In addition to random phonetic similarities, words in such lexical pairs have nothing in common, their subject-semantic reference is completely different.

Paronomasia, unlike paronymy, is not a natural and regular phenomenon. And although there are many phonetically similar words in the language, comparing them as lexical pairs is the result of individual perception: one will see paronomasia in a pair of circulation - type, the other - in circulation - a mirage, the third - in circulation - stained glass. However, paronymy and paronomasia are close in terms of the use of similar-sounding words in speech.

The use of homonyms and paronyms in speech

(Homonyms). Like polysemantic words, homonyms are used in mutually exclusive strong positions. This makes it possible to implement the main semantic function of homonyms - to differentiate words that are different in meaning and coincide in sound shells. Since these words are not related in meaning, not motivated, the strength of their mutual exclusion in the text is much greater than. for meanings (LSV) of a polysemantic word.

The contact use of homonyms in the text or even their “overlay”, complete “fusion” in one form implements certain stylistic functions, being a means of creating a pun, a figurative collision different meanings, underlined expression: I am able to take a wife without a fortune, but I am not able to go into debt for her rags (P.); By paying your debt, you thereby fulfill it (Kozma Prutkov). The expressiveness of the slogan Mir - peace \ is emphasized by the use of homonyms.

(Paronyms)

Paronyms can be used in speech as a means of expression.

Often, authors put paronyms side by side to show their semantic differences with apparent similarity: Any person, since he lives in society, is a humanist in the sense that he explains, corrects, evaluates his own and others' practical and theoretical behavior in the categories of humanitarian (not necessarily unfortunately, humane) thinking. (V. Ilyin, A. Razumov); This is how it happens when trust is confused with gullibility. (Y. Dymsky).

The clash of paronyms can be used to highlight these words, which enhances the meanings they express: Wrote a businesslike and efficient letter to Valerian (L. Tolstoy).

So, the skillful use of paronyms helps to correctly and accurately express an idea, reveals great opportunities Russian language in the transmission of subtle semantic shades.

One of the clear manifestations of systemic relations in vocabulary is the correlative opposition according to the most general and most significant semantic feature for their meaning. Such words are called lexical antonyms.

Correlative opposition is called because only words that are in the same lexical and grammatical paradigm, denoting logically compatible concepts, enter into such relations. Their comparison is based on the same common feature. So, semantically correlative are words that characterize different kind qualitative features, for example: beauty, color, taste (beautiful - ugly, light - dark, bitter - sweet); emotions (love - hate, fun - sadness); concepts of space, time (up - down, north - south, today - tomorrow); action and state (close - open).

Correlativity of the most common features opposites are often complemented by private, specific, semantically no less significant features.

Similar meanings are called opposite because, according to the laws of logic, they mutually exclude each other. For example, an object cannot be both deep and shallow, heavy and light at the same time. Between them in the language there are often lexical units that have a certain average semantically neutral value:

large - medium - small

large - medium - small.

The content of the concept of "antonym" in recent times substantially supplemented. So, until recently, only words containing an indication of quality in their meaning were considered antonyms. Modern researchers see antonymy in words belonging to the same part of speech, denoting various kinds of feelings, action, state, evaluation, spatial and temporal relationships, that is, a broader understanding of antonymy is becoming stronger.

Types of antonyms by structure.

According to their structure, antonyms are divided into 2 main groups: single-rooted and heterogeneous.

One-root antonyms arise as a result of word-formation processes, therefore they are also called lexical-grammatical (lexical-word-forming). They are formed by adding prefixes with the opposite meaning:

in- - from-; for- - from-; us-; above under- …

The word-forming elements of an antonymic nature should include the first parts compound words type light--heavy-, micro-macro-, mono--poly- …

A special group is formed by words that have intra-semantic antonymy, or enanthosemia, which appears as a result of the ambiguity of the word. Enanthosemia is observed, for example, in the words: carry (here, to the house) - "bring" and carry (from here, from the house) - "take away"; make a reservation (intentionally) - "make a reservation" (on purpose) and make a reservation (accidentally) - "make a mistake", etc. one

Among the heterogeneous antonyms modern researchers distinguish the so-called antonyms are conversions. These include words that express the relation of opposites both in the original and in the modified statement, but not in the usual one, direct order, and in the opposite: Peter buys a house from Sergei - Sergei sells the house to Peter.

The semantics of opposites in both heterogeneous and cognate antonyms can reveal the concept of varying degrees, least of the same quality, properties:

expensive - cheap; deep - shallow; young - old.

The common, most essential feature of each group is the opposition of their meanings, which refer to the same series of objective reality.

Understanding the structural and semantic possibilities of antonymic oppositions allows the most correct and rational use of language antonyms in speech, choose informatively the most significant of them. And this is important hallmark creative use of the lexical wealth of the Russian language.

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1 See: Bulakhovsky L.A. Introduction to linguistics. p.74; Vinogradov V.V. The main types of lexical meanings of the word. p.9; his own. On the processes of development and destruction of homonymy in the circle of correlative Russianisms and ancient Slavisms// Studia slavica. Budapest. 1969. Vol.12.

Target lectures - to deepen the concept of antonymy and antonyms, to give a description of the semantic and structural types antonyms.

1. The concept of antonymy and antonyms.

2. Antonymic series. Types of antonyms (semantic, structural, converse).

3. Antonymy and polysemy. Enantiosemy.

4. The use of antonyms in speech.

1. The concept of antonymy and antonyms

important place in lexical system The Russian language is occupied by words related to each other by opposite meanings. For example: He didn't like poorly dressed people. Tired. Sick. Ugly. awkward. Shy. sad. They hindered his energetic progress. They irritated his visual perception of the world. However, if he had delved into himself, he would have found it. That he still needs them, as a background against which he would stand out - immaculately dressed. Always ready to fight for himself, healthy, young, handsome, dexterous, shameless, not allowing himself such a luxury of the poor as sadness. (E. Evtushenko).

The ability of words to enter into a relationship of opposition, to designate opposite concepts called antonymy.

Antonymy is an expression of contrast within the same essence, its opposite definition.

The separation and connection of the phenomena of the surrounding reality by contrast is one of the common operations of human logic. Therefore, when considering antonymy great attention is given to some logical concepts, primarily the concept of opposites.

The basis for the opposition of words is the common semantic components in their meanings. In other words, only those meanings that are not just different, but correlative can be antonymous. For example, the sign heavy and light characterize the object by weight. This semantic generic component "weight" is common to them. Heavy - large in weight, light - small in weight., i.e. they are related to the generic seme, but differ in species. Differentiating this or that essence, antonyms, as it were, signs of unity “forked” into opposites, at the same time determine the limit of some quality, property, action, point to the inseparable connection of opposites. For example, the words low and high (body temperature); came late and early. These words are perceived as components of one whole.

The essence of antonymy is the expression of the mutual ultimate negation of semantically homogeneous units.

The nature of the opposition can be different:

– Presence/absence of a sign: healthy (to have health) – sick (not to have health), sleep (to be in a state of sleep) – to be awake (not to be in a state of sleep). The semantic components in them are expressed by the negation of "not" wet - dry (not wet).

– Start of action / termination of action, its end: turn on - turn off, speak - be silent.

- The magnitude of the sign can be opposed: large - small, fast - slow.

- Seats: right - left.

- Spaces: north - south.

- Time: day - night, etc.

Most often, opposition is observed in the presence of quality trait, therefore, among antonyms, qualitative adjectives, adverbs formed from quality adjectives as well as nouns and verbs.

Words that are related to each other must be of the same part of speech. An antonymic pair, composed of words from different parts of speech, is allowed only in a specific text with a specific stylistic function.

Not all words enter into antonymic relations. They do not have antonyms: names of nouns. with a specific meaning (table, hand); numerals (excluding one / two); most terms; Not everyone refers to antonyms words with different style coloring: hand - hands, although they can be opposed.

2. Antonymic series

Like synonyms, words with opposite meanings form rows. But unlike synonymous series, which is characterized by openness, the antonymic series is closed, the number of members in the antonymic series is limited. Only two words are included in the antonymic series, therefore it is customary to talk about antonymic pairs, or about the binary series. It also happens, however, that one of the antonyms can be opposed simultaneously by two lexical units (and even more), and therefore several pairs are formed. For example, hot - cold (icy), rude - polite (courteous, delicate).

Antonym types

In research on antonymy, one can find classifications that take into account various parameters: semantics, structure.

The semantic typology of antonyms is represented by two types:

Counter (term L.A. Novikov)

Opposite (term E.I. Dibrova)

Gradual (term by L.L. Kasatkin)

Contradictor

Conflicting

non-gradual

The opposite, expressed by gradual antonyms, is determined by the presence of an intermediate link between the two extreme points corresponding concepts: the wind is weak - strong, and maybe moderate. Among those who love and those who hate, there are those who are indifferent. Among the peasants, not only the poor peasants and kulaks stood out, but also the middle peasants.

Non-graded antonyms mutually exclude each other, there is no intermediate link: the main one is secondary, to be proud is to be ashamed, the earth is the sky.

Stands out still special type antonyms - conversives (lat. "transformation"). Conversives are words that denote phenomena of the opposite direction. For example: The tower rests on a foundation. The foundation supports the tower. Buy a product and sell a product, take an exam - take an exam.

Structural classification distinguishes types of antonyms depending on their morphemic composition: single-rooted (win - lose, arm - disarm) and heterogeneous (repressed - rehabilitated, cooling - warming).

One-root antonyms are formed due to the opposite meaning of prefixes or suffixes, therefore they are called derivational.

To form antonyms, the prefix not is used very often, which creates an antonym only if one word not only denies the meaning of another, but also asserts a new opposite meaning. For example: young - middle-aged, middle-aged - old, middle-aged, Russian - non-Russian, foreigner.

And sometimes cognate words with a prefix do not correlate in any way in meaning: visual - beloved, difference - indifference, memorable - forgetful.

3. Antonymy and polysemy

Antonymy, like synonymy, is closely related to polysemy, which means that with different values polysemant, you can make different antonymic pairs. For example: light weight - heavy, light dinner - dense, light punishment - harsh, light sleep - deep, easy question- difficult, difficult

It may also be that in direct meaning the word does not have antonyms, but in figurative forms it acquires this ability. For example, in the literal sense, the word green (color) does not enter into antonymic relations, and figurative meanings of antonyms are: green (tomato) "unripe" - red, ripe, green (youth) "inexperienced" - experienced. Sometimes the opposite happens: the word shrink in its literal meaning has an antonym to unclench, in a figurative sense there is no antonym.

Antonymic relations can be observed not only between words, but also between the meanings of one polysemantic word. The ability of a word to express the opposite meaning within the same lexeme is called enantiosemy (Greek “opposite”). An example of such a phenomenon is the word view 1. Examining, familiarize yourself with something. Watch a new movie. 2. Looking, not to notice someone or something. View error, Listen 1. Listen from beginning to end. Listen to the course; 2. not hear. Listen to the question.

4. Using antonyms in speech

Antonyms, like synonyms, belong to such means of language, with the help of which paraphrasing is carried out - the expression of one and the same thought. different ways. However, unlike synonyms, which can simply be interchanged in a statement, antonyms, replacing each other in the text, “require” changes in other parts of the sentence in order to keep the same meaning. For example. She is never late. She always comes on time.

In addition to being used as a periphrastic means, antonyms are often used to emphasize the contrast between concepts, creating the basis for antithesis (Greek opposition): The well-fed does not understand the hungry.

AT fiction, especially in poetry, the expressive power of the work is often based on the opposition of antonyms:

fell in love rich - poor,

The scientist fell in love - stupid,

I fell in love with ruddy-pale,

Loved the good - the bad

Golden - copper half.

(M. Tsvetaeva)

The poet can use as antonyms such words as common language do not form antonymic pairs. In this case, the word usually appears not in its direct meaning, but as a symbol of a deeper meaning.

And we hate, and we love by chance,

Sacrificing nothing to either malice or love.

And some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul,

When the fire burns in the soul.

On the comparison of antonymic meanings, the reception of oxymoron (Greek “witty stupid”) is built - a combination of sharply contrasting, internally contradictory in meaning signs - ringing silence, bitter joy.

Literature

1. Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. - M., 1976.

2. Novikov L.A. Antonymy in Russian. - M., 1973.

3. Novikov L.A. Types of antonyms in Russian ( structural classification) // Russian language at school. - 1991. - No. 4.

4. Modern Russian language / Ed. E.I. Dibrova. - M., 2001.

5. Sokolov O.M. Enantiosemy in the circle of related phenomena// Philological sciences. - 1980. - No. 6.

test questions

1. What is the difference between the antonymic series and the synonymic series?

2. What semantic types of antonyms stand out?

3. What is enantiosemy?

4. Based on what stylistic devices and figures lies antonymy?

1. Different root- these are actually lexical antonyms, in which the opposite is expressed by the semantics of the whole word: wealth - poverty, kindle - extinguish. They dominate in numbers.

2. Single root- lexico-grammatical antonyms, in which the opposite meaning is expressed through various prefixes, less often suffixes, which are also capable of entering into antonymic relations: invest - lay out, close - open, leave - arrive, mediocre - gifted. Antonyms can be legal clichés: assistance - failure to provide assistance, grievous bodily injury - light bodily injury, lenient punishment - severe punishment. Terms are formed on the basis of antonymic relations: purchase and sale.

II. By semantic structure.

1. Gradual(counter, opposite) - antonyms that allow the inclusion of a middle member, an intermediate concept in its composition: white - (gray) - black; past - (present) - future. This intermediate concept is a word with a neutral meaning, from which the positive and negative members of the paradigm are counted: beloved - (indifferent) - hated.

2. non-gradual(contradictory, contradictory) - antonyms denoting the opposition of objects, features, processes, relationships, the presence of one of which excludes the existence of the other, an intermediate concept does not exist: life - death, sick - healthy.

Some scientists distinguish another type of antonyms - antonyms-enantiosemes. Enantiosemy (Greek “opposite” + “sign”) - intra-word antonymy, the essence of which lies in the fact that the same lexical unit can express opposite meanings in conditions certain situation or context: blow out a candle (extinguish) - blow out a blast furnace (light); break a cup (split) - break a garden (create); chop wood (chop) - chop a house (build). Enantiosemy is often a source of ambiguity and can include speech error: After a severe attack, the patient began depart (Is the patient better or worse?) ; students listened to lecture(Did you listen carefully or not listen at all?) ; Editor viewed these lines(Did you read it quickly or did you not see it?).

III. By use in speech.

1. general language- reflect the phenomena of reality: good bad; top bottom; speak - be silent.

2. Contextual(author's) - words contrasted in a certain context: “Wolves and sheeps” (Krylov) They got along. Wave and a rock, poetry and prose, ice and flame not so different(Pushkin). The polarity of these words is not fixed in dictionaries, their opposition is of an individual authorial nature.

The use of antonymy by lawyers is possible only in oral monologue speech, it's bright means of expression; antonymy is not typical for procedural acts.

In addition to synonyms and homonyms, polysemy is associated antonymy. Lexical antonyms(from the Greek Anti - against, Onyma - name) - these are words that are opposite in meaning. Antonymy is built on the opposition of correlative concepts: friend - enemy, bitter - sweet, easy - difficult, etc.

The antonymic series consists of words belonging to the same part of speech. Both significant parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) and service parts (for example, prepositions: in - from, over - under, with - without, etc.) enter into antonymic relations. However, only those words, in lexical meaning which have the following quality shades:
1) size, color, taste: large - small, white - black, heavy - light;
2) emotional condition: love - hate;
3) emotional action: upset - rejoice.

Also, words that denote temporal and spatial relationships enter into antonymic connections:
yesterday - today, ahead - behind, there - here, east - west, north - south, etc.

Words with a concrete-subjective meaning, used in the direct, and not in figurative meaning(camel, house, standing, etc.) are unable to have antonyms. They do not have antonyms proper names, numerals, most pronouns. By structure, antonyms are divided into two main groups:
1) One-root antonyms:
Luck is failure; Active - inactive; Come and go, etc.
2) Different root antonyms:
Poverty is a luxury; Active - passive; Blame - defend; Today - tomorrow, etc.

Antonymy is closely related to polysemy and synonymy. A polysemantic word can be included in different antonymic series:

In modern Russian, there are contextual antonyms, which act in antonymous relations only in a certain context. Antonyms of this species may have different grammatical forms, belonging to one part of speech, or referring to different parts speech, while differing stylistically. These stylistic differences are not reflected in dictionaries, for example:
... I am stupid, and you are smart, alive, and I am dumbfounded (M. Tsvetaeva)
Antonymy underlies oxymoron- compounds of words (most often an adjective and a noun) that are opposite in meaning, for example:
AT fresh air it smelled of the bitter sweetness of an autumn morning (I. Bunin) And I didn’t go crazy, but you turn out to be smart fool(M. Sholokhov)

The functional use and expressive possibilities of antonyms are varied. Antonyms are most often used in the text in pairs, expressing a wide variety of shades of meaning and meaning - comparison, opposition, etc. For example:
Words can cry and laugh
Order, pray and conjure (B. Pasternak)

For the same purposes, antonyms are used in many proverbs and sayings of Russian folklore: Where is the smart sorrow, the fool is fun; A good rope is long, and speech is short; Do not run away from the good, but do not do the bad. Antithesis (that is, contextual opposition) is created not only with the help of synonyms, but also with the help of antonyms. For example, antonyms are used in titles literary works, indicating that the structural basis of the work is opposition - antithesis in broad sense words woven into the fabric of the story:
The epic novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy;
The novel "The Living and the Dead" by K. M. Simonov;
The story "Days and Nights" by K. M. Simonov.