Definition of the term. Definition of "term"

TERM

1. In formal logic, the concept expressed in words(philosophical). Three terms of the syllogism.

2. A word that is the name of a strictly defined concept. Precise, imprecise term. Good, bad term. New term. Philosophical terms. Technical terms. Special terms(denoting special concepts individual industries science, art, technology, industry, etc.). “... for the masses it is necessary to write without such new terms, which require special explanation ...” Lenin .

|| A special word and expression adopted to denote something in a particular environment, profession. Terms of card games. Chess terms.

Dictionary Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.

Synonyms:

See what "TERM" is in other dictionaries:

- (from lat. terminus border, limit, end), 1) name with a touch of special. (scientific) of its meaning, specified in the context of c.l. theories or branches of knowledge. 2) In antiquity. philosophy, a concept that fixes stable and enduring aspects ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

- (lat. terminus). 1) an accepted conditional expression, a name characteristic of any science, craft. 2) term. 3) among the Romans: the god of borders, to whom the festival of terminalia was established. 4) border post, column. 5) in logic: the name of the concept, ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

- (Terminus). Roman deity of borders, originally the god of the boundary and boundary stone. A temple was built for him by King Numa, and the feast of Terminalia was celebrated in his honor. (Source: "A Concise Dictionary of Mythology and Antiquities." M. Korsh. St. Petersburg, ... ... Encyclopedia of mythology

Term- TERM is a word that has a special, strictly certain value. Used in science and technology. In connection with common history science and technology, the most magnificent development of which is associated with the 19th and 20th centuries, the terms, by their origin, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms

See the word ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. term name, word; differentiation, numerator, antilogarithm, continuum, quotient, determinant, extremum, factorial, ... ... Synonym dictionary

- (from Latin terminus border limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art. In modern logic, the word term is often used as common name nouns of the language of logico ... ...

- (from the Latin terminus border, limit), a word or combination of words denoting a special concept used in science, technology, art ... Modern Encyclopedia

- (lat. terminus limit border), in Roman mythology, the god keeper of boundary marks, was revered among the peasants. His feast of the terminalia was celebrated on February 23... Large encyclopedic Dictionary

- (lat. terminus limit, border) a word or phrase denoting empirical or abstract objects, the meaning of which is specified within the framework of scientific theory. Depending on the presence or absence of a denotation (referent) T. in the determined ... ... The latest philosophical dictionary

TERM, a, husband. A word or phrase is the name of a certain concept of some kind. special field of science, technology, art. Technical terms. Terms of mathematics. Dictionary of musical terms. | adj. terminological, oh, oh. Explanatory ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Books

101 terms of tax law. Brief legislative and doctrinal interpretation, Reut Anna Vladimirovna, Paul Alexey Georgievich, Solovieva Natalya Aleksandrovna, Pastushkova Lyubov Nikolaevna. The scientific and practical publication is summary tax, legal and economic views 101 terms of tax law, including both terms enshrined in ...

UDC 001.4:81"33

TERM: DEFINITION OF THE CONCEPT AND ITS ESSENTIAL FEATURES N. N. Lantyukhova, O. V. Zagorovskaya, T. A. Litvinova

The place of terms in the lexical system of the language and the relationship between the term and the commonly used word are determined. Linguistic features of terminological vocabulary are revealed.

Keywords Keywords: term, language, definition, terminology.

The concepts of term and terminology are key in science; the term provides accuracy, clarity and understanding of scientific thought. However, despite important place these concepts in the system of scientific knowledge and a large number of studies, there is still no consensus on a number of fundamental questions terminology: for example, there is no generally accepted definition of the term, there are discussions about the requirements for the term, its grammatical expression, the question of the place of terminology in the composition of the language has not been resolved, etc.

In this paper, we will consider the existing opinions about the place of the term in the composition of the language, define its most important features and, based on this, try to give a definition of this concept.

Terminology is part of a special vocabulary, which includes words and phrases that name objects and concepts. various areas professional activity of a person and are not commonly used. A comprehensive study of special vocabulary as the main component of a language for special purposes begins in the 20th century. Terminology like essential part special vocabulary has been actively researched since the beginning of the 20th century. It becomes obvious that this is a special area of vocabulary, a system organized according to its own laws and requiring its own methods and methods of study.

Despite the large number of studies devoted to terms (see the works of G. O. Vinokur, A. A. Reformatsky, D. S. Lotte, B. N. Golovin, V. M. Leichik, V. P. Danilenko, O. V. Zagorovskaya, T. L. Kandelaki, A. A. Superanskaya, S. V. Grineva, L. A. Kapanadze, A. S. Gerda, S. D. Shelova

Lantyukhova Natalia Nikolaevna, post-graduate student, Voronezh Institute State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, e-mail: [email protected]

Zagorovskaya Olga Vladimirovna, Dr. Philol. Sciences, prof., Voronezh State Pedagogical University, email: [email protected] Litvinova Tatyana Aleksandrovna, Ph.D. philol. Sciences, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]

and many others), one of the main problems of understanding and studying the term as a linguistic category in modern Russian linguistics is its definition. During the study of the features of the term and terminology, a significant number of definitions of the concept of "term" have accumulated. A. V. Superanskaya explains the existence of various interpretations of the concept of "term" primarily by the fact that "... for representatives of different disciplines, it is associated with their own special concepts and ideas, has an unequal amount of content and is defined in its own way" .

However, in all logical definitions of the term, its connection with the concept is put forward in the first place. Compare: “Terms are special words, limited by their special purpose; words that tend to be unambiguous as an exact expression of concepts and naming things"; “a term is a word (or phrase), the linguistic sign of which is correlated (associated) with the corresponding concept in the system of concepts of a given field of science and technology”; “term - a word or phrase of a special (scientific, technical, etc.) language created (accepted, borrowed, etc.) for the exact expression of special concepts and designations special items» ; “a term is a word (or phrase) that is a unity of a sound sign and a corresponding concept correlated (associated) with it in the system of concepts of a given field of science and technology” .

Thus, on the basis of the foregoing, the ability of a term to designate a certain scientific concept, we consider it to be its most important feature: “for a term, the named concept is at the same time the named object, i.e., the “name-concept” connection dominates. Behind the term there is always an object of thought, but not thought in general, but a special thought limited to a certain field.

Numerous disputes are also caused by the problem of determining the place of terminology in the composition of the language. There are two main points of view on this issue: supporters of the normative approach (D. S. Lotte, L. A. Kapanadze, N. Z. Kotelova, E. N. Tolikina, A. V. Kosov, etc.), deriving terminology from composition of the general national language, come-

lead to the conclusion about the artificiality of the term as a special unit and consider terminology as a system of artificially created signs, such requirements are imposed on the term as a fixed content (definiteness), accuracy, unambiguity, lack of synonyms, brevity, etc., other scientists are supporters of the descriptive approach ( N. P. Kuzkin, A. I. Moiseev, R. A. Budagov, R. Yu. Kobrin, V. P. Danilenko, B. N. Golovin and others) - recognize the terminology integral part vocabulary literary language, they essentially refuse to limit the term to any formal requirements, emphasizing the need to study the real processes of terminology functioning. According to G. O. Vinokur, “terms are not special words, but only words in a special function ... Any word can act as a term, no matter how trivial it is.” As V.P. Danilenko notes, “terminology is regarded as a subsystem of the general literary language, that is, the terminology is within the boundaries of the general literary language, but as an independent “sector”. Such an “administrative-territorial” position of terminology determines, on the one hand, the general trends in the development of the general literary language, on the other hand, a certain freedom, independence in the development of terminology and even the possibility of its influence on the development of the general literary language.

At present, the descriptive approach is the most recognized theory in special studies. However, the inherent shortcomings of this theory (for example, the lack of a generally accepted definition of the term), controversial and undeveloped aspects (the normative nature of the terminology, its specificity in relation to common language) have given rise to other theories. This is, for example, the concept of "language substratum" proposed by

V. M. Leychik, according to which the term is “a complex three-layer formation, including a) a natural language substrate - a material (sound or graphic) component of the term structure, as well as an ideal (semantic) component of this structure, determined by the term’s belonging to the lexical system of one or another natural language; b) a logical superstratum, that is, meaningful features that allow the term to denote a general - abstract or specific concept in a system of concepts; c) terminological essence, that is, meaningful and functional features that allow the term to perform the functions of an element of a theory describing a certain special area human knowledge or activity." Also among the alternative theories is the point of view of A. V. Superanskaya and her followers: taking a position in understanding the essence of the term, in some respects similar to the point of view

the existence of polysemy, synonyms and antonyms, multicomponent terms, the expression of terms by different parts of speech, etc.), she believes that “terminology forms an autonomous section of the vocabulary of the national language, which has little in common with the literary language, an independent zone with its own patterns, sometimes inconsistent with the norms of the literary language", and the meaning of a separate term is revealed only in the system of concepts.

In addition to the correlation of the term with the concept, in modern terminology there are a number of other important requirements which the term must comply with: unambiguity, accuracy, compliance with the norms of the literary language, brevity, lack of emotionality and expressiveness, motivation, consistency, etc. These conditions are requirements for the term ideally, however, in practice, terms are found that do not correspond to them, however successfully serve conceptual goals. Thus, the question of the obligatory nature of certain requirements remains currently highly debatable.

For example, the requirement of unambiguity is refuted when studying specific term systems, where polysemy is a very common phenomenon (see, for example,). Today, the prevailing opinion is that the unambiguity of a term is not a prerequisite, but only a trend, a state to which any term system aspires; in practice, the unambiguity of the term is achieved "due to the restrictions that the conditions of each terminological field impose on it" . However, it should be noted that in many cases, even within the same terminological field, a term may have not one, but several lexical meanings, since the meaning of a term is determined, on the one hand, by the objective content of the corresponding concept, and, on the other hand, by a certain subjective beginning that is introduced by the researcher. in order to clarify the boundaries of the content of a special concept denoted by the term.

The requirement for accuracy is also controversial. In our opinion, the most legitimate is the point of view of scientists who believe that the accuracy of the term is achieved primarily by the accuracy of terminology. Obviously, inaccuracy, vagueness of meaning is typical for terms in the period of formation or rethinking.

Among the requirements for the term, they also name the correspondence of the term to the norms of the literary language, orthoepic, lexical, derivational, grammatical, spelling. However, it should be noted that any professional language in the process of its functioning, it can acquire some grammatical, stylistic and other features, which often leads to the emergence of professionalism in a special area of communication. So about-

together, in our opinion, it is necessary to delimit lexical units, representing a professional version of the norm, from words that do not meet the rules of the literary language or go beyond it.

The requirement of brevity also cannot be considered mandatory. Moreover, the requirement for brevity may conflict with the requirements for accuracy and consistency. As A. V. Superanskaya rightly points out, “a term is not an everyday word, and accuracy in it is more important than brevity. In this regard, the verbosity of the term cannot be considered as its disadvantage. If any concept is designated with the help of a phrase consisting of a group of words that agree well with each other, this ensures the consistency of the term and shows the connection of this concept with others.

The requirement of motivation, that is, “semantic transparency, which allows you to get an idea of the concept called by the term”, is also ambiguous. As a rule, as the most important expression of the motivation of the term, its systematicity is noted, i.e., the possibility of reflecting in the structure of the term the connection of the called concept with other concepts and the place of this concept in a given conceptual system. However, most researchers agree that this criterion does not play a decisive role, since the term still has a definition and occupies a certain place in the system. "AT different languages the motivation of a word referring to the same subject may be different. For example, Russian word"underwear" is motivated by color (white), eng. linen - raw material (flax), German Wäsche - the main feature (erasable). The associations that served as the primary motivation can persist in the future, they can change, and completely disappear in the process of functioning in speech. So, Russian expression"colored linen" ... testifies to the complete loss of this word of its original motivation ".

Such a criterion of the term as implementation means preference for more widely used terms when compiling terminological recommendations.

Another issue that causes large-scale discussions in modern linguistics is the question of the grammatical expression of terms. According to a number of researchers (G. O. Vinokur, N. A. Shcheglova, A. A. Reformatsky, O. S. Akhmanova and others), the term can only be expressed by a noun or a phrase based on a noun. Regulation on sub-

Bibliographic list

1. Akhmanova, O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language / O. S. Akhmanova. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Rus. yaz., 1986. - 448 p.

2. Vinokur, G. O. On some phenomena of word formation in Russian technical terminology / G. O. Vi-

The underlined nominativity of the term was refuted by many scientists (S. D. Shelov, I. G. Kozhevnikova, Yu. B. Zhidkova, V. P. Danilenko, A. V. Superanskaya, etc.). Currently, it is believed that terms can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and other parts of speech. Terms expressed by adjectives, adverbs and participles, as a rule, pass into the category of term elements - constituent parts phrases, however, this does not exclude their use as terms in the texts of specialized literature and in professional communication.

S. D. Shelov argues that “in a terminological dictionary focused on the conceptual, semantic system of a given field of knowledge, there is no need to have nominal forms “at the entrance” at all costs ... it is enough to define only that form of terminological expression that requires its own definition in this subject area. Therefore, in some terminological dictionaries, the input form of a term is the part of speech that is directly encountered in the definitional context. Thus the thesis

that a term is always either a noun or a substantive phrase can hardly be taken to establish the linguistic specificity of the term.

Thus, summarizing what has been said and sharing the point of view of a number of other scientists, we mean by a term a word or phrase that is correlated with a special concept, phenomenon or subject in the system of any field of knowledge. The most important features terminological language units we consider, first of all, correlation with a certain scientific concept, accuracy and consistency. The requirements of unambiguity and brevity, in our opinion, cannot be considered as obligatory for modern term units, since many terminological nominations often turn out to be polysemantic and multicomponent.

We consider terminology to be an integral part of the vocabulary of the literary language, independent, but not isolated, which implies the subordination of terminology to the general trends in the development of the literary language on the one hand, but also some independence on the other. We see the function of the scientist in more in the study and description of the state of terminological systems than in their rigid artificial regulation; normative restrictions imposed on terms, in our opinion, rather slow down, limit the development of terminological systems than help them.

1. Akhmanova, O. S. Slovar "omonimov russkogo jazyka / O. S. Akhmanova. - 3rd izd., stereotip. - M.: Rus. jaz., 1986. - 448 s.

2. Vinokur, G. O. O nekotorykh javlenijakh slovoob-razovanija v russkojj tekhnicheskojj terminologii / G. O. Vino-

nokur // Tr. Moscow Institute of History, Philosophy and Literature: Sat. Art. in linguistics. - M., 1939. - S. 3-54.

3. Grinev-Grinevich, S. V. Terminology: textbook. allowance / S. V. Grinev-Grinevich. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 303 p.

4. Danilenko, V. P. Lexico-semantic and grammatical features words-terms / V. P. Danilenko // Studies in Russian terminology: Sat. Art. - M.: Nauka, 1971. - S. 7-67.

5. Danilenko, V. P. Russian terminology: experience of linguistic description / V. P. Danilenko. - M.: Nauka, 1977. - 243 p.

6. Dankova, T. N. Russian terminology of crop production: the history of formation and state of the art: dis. ... Dr. Philol. Sciences: 10.02.01 / Dankova Tatyana Nikolaevna. - Voronezh, 2010. - 426 p.

7. Zagorovskaya, O. V. Term and terminology / O. V. Zagorovskaya, T. N. Dankova. - Voronezh: Scientific book, 2011. - 136 p.

8. Klimovitsky, Ya. A. Some methodological issues of work on the terminology of science and technology / Ya. A. Klimovitsky // Modern problems of terminology in science and technology: Sat. Art. - M.: Nauka, 1969. - S. 32-61.

9. Kozhevnikova, I. G. Russian sports vocabulary: (structural and semantic description) / I. G. Kozhevnikova. - Voronezh: Voronezh Publishing House. state un-ta, 2002. - 264 p.

10. Leychik, V. M. Terminology: subject, methods, structure / V. M. Leychik. - ed. 3rd. - M.: Izd-vo LKI, 2007. - 256 p.

11. Linguistic problems of scientific and technical terminology. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 229 p.

12. Nemchenko, V. N. Polysemy scientific terms and its reflection in the terminological dictionary / VN Nemchenko // Terms in language and speech: interuniversity. Sat. - Gorky: Publishing house of GGU im. N. I. Lobachevsky, 1984. - S. 16-24.

13. Reformatsky, A. A. Introduction to linguistics: textbook. for philology. fak. ped. in-tov / A. A. Reformatsky. - 4th ed., corrected. and additional - M.: Enlightenment, 1967. - 542 p.

14. Superanskaya, A. V. General terminology: questions of theory / A. V. Superanskaya, N. V. Podolskaya, N. V. Vasilyeva. - 6th ed. - M.: Librokom, 2012. - 248 p.

15. Superanskaya, A. V. General terminology: terminological activity / A. V. Superanskaya, N. V. Podolskaya, N. V. Vasilyeva. - 2nd ed. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2005. - 288 p.

16. Shelov, S. D. Term. Terminology. Terminological definitions/ S. D. Shelov. - St. Petersburg: Philol. fak. St. Petersburg State University, 2003. - 280 p.

kur // Tr. Moskovsky in-ta istorii, filosofii i literatury: sb. st. po jazykovedeniju. - M., 1939. - S. 3-54.

3. Grinev-Grinevich, S. V. Terminology: ucheb. posobie / S. V. Grinev-Grinevich. - M.: Akademiia, 2008. - 303 s.

4. Danilenko, V. P. Leksiko-semanticheskie i gram-maticheskie osobennosti slov-terminov / V. P. Danilenko // Issledovanija po russkojj terminologii: sb. st. - M.: Nauka, 1971. - S. 7-67.

5. Danilenko, V. P. Russkaja terminologija: opyt lingvisticheskogo description / V. P. Danilenko. - M.: Nauka, 1977. - 243 s.

6 Dan "kova, T. N. Russkaja terminologija rastenievodstva: istorija stanovlenija i sovremennoe sostojanie: dis. ... d-ra filol. nauk: 10.02.01 / Dan" kova Tat "jana Nikolaevna. - Voronezh, 2010. - 426 p.

7. Zagorovskaja, O. V. Termin i terminologija / O. V. Zagorovskaja, T. N. Dan "kova. - Voronezh: Nauchnaja kniga, 2011. - 136 s.

8. Klimovickijj, Ja. A. Nekotorye metodologi-cheskie voprosy work nad terminologiejj nauki i tekhniki / Ja. A. Klimovickijj // Sovremennye problemy terminologii v nauke i tekhnike: sb. st. - M.: Nauka, 1969. - S. 32-61.

9. Kozhevnikova, I. G. Russkaja sportivnaja leksika: (strukturno-semanticheskoe description) / I. G. Kozhevnikova. - Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezh. gos. un-ta, 2002. - 264 s.

10. Lejjchik, V. M. Terminovedenie: predmet, metody, struktura / V. M. Lejjchik. - izd. 3rd. - M.: Izd-vo LKI, 2007. - 256 s.

11. Linguistic problems nauchno-tekhni-cheskojj terminologii. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 229 s.

12. Nemchenko, V. N. Polisemija nauchnykh terminov

i ee otrazhenie v terminologicheskom slovare / V. N. Nemchen-ko // Terminy v jazyke i rechi: mezhvuz. sb. - Gor "kijj: Izd-vo GGU im. N. I. Lobachevsky, 1984. - S. 16-24.

13. Reformatskijj, A. A. Vvedenie v jazykovedenie: ucheb. dlja filol. fak. ped. in-tov / A. A. Reformatskijj. - 4th izd-e, ispr. i dop. - M.: Pro-sveshhenie, 1967. - 542 s.

14. Superanskaja, A. V. Obshhaja terminologija: voprosy teorii / A. V. Superanskaja, N. V. Podol "skaja, N. V. Vasil" eva. - 6th ed. - M.: Librokom, 2012. - 248 s.

15. Superanskaja, A. V. Obshhaja terminologija: terminologicheskaja dejatel "nost" / A. V. Superanskaja, N. V. Podol "skaja, N. V. Vasil" eva. - 2nd ed. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2005. - 288 s.

16. Shelov, S. D. Termin. Terminologichnost". Terminologicheskie opredelenija / S. D. Shelov. - SPb.: Filol. fak. SPbGU, 2003. - 280 s.

TERM: DEFINITION AND ITS ESSENTIAL FEATURES

N. N. Lantyukhova

PhD student, Voronezh Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia, e-mail: [email protected] O. V. Zagorovskaya

D. Sc. in Philology, Prof., Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]^ A Litvinova

PhD in Philology, Voronezh State Pedagogical University, e-mail: [email protected]

A place of terms in a lexical system of language and correlation of a term and a word in general use were determined. Linguistic features of terminological lexicon were revealed.

Keywords: term, language, definition, terminology.

By definition, (NS cells inhibit immune responses in an MHC-unrestricted and antigen-nonspecific manner)

Russian-English dictionary biological terms. - Novosibirsk: Institute of Clinical Immunology. IN AND. Seledtsov. 1993-1999.

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definition- succumb to the definition of possibility, object, modality ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names

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717-80: Guidelines for Determining the Filtration Factor of Aquifers by Pilot Pumping- Terminology 717 80: Guidelines for determining the filtration coefficient of aquifers by the method of experimental pumping: 6. Hydrodynamic and physical Chemical properties rocks / N.N. Verigin and others. M.: Nedra, 1977. 272 p. Definitions of the term from ... ...

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a-priory- joke. about what l. primordial quality of sb. or whatever; about the complete impossibility of make He is by definition a moron; By definition, I can't eat breakfast... Dictionary of Russian Argo

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§ 149. The term "terminology" in modern linguistics is used in different meanings. In accordance with the structure of this term (it is a combination of the word "term" and the Greek. logos-"word, doctrine") it denotes the doctrine of terms, a section of linguistics (lexicology) that studies terms, or the corresponding scientific (scientific and applied) discipline. However, in given value this term is rarely used.

AT recent times to designate this concept, some linguists use the term "terminology", which is similar in structure.

Terminology in linguistics is most often called a set of terms used in a particular language or in a certain field of human activity.

AT last value, i.e. to refer to the concepts of a certain field of knowledge or any field of activity, the compound term "terminological system" or created on its basis is often used complex education terminology.

The concept of the term

§ 150. In understanding a term as a unit of terminology, or an element of a terminological system, the opinions of linguists differ significantly, which is reflected in the definition (explanation) of this concept by different scientists.

It is quite obvious that a term, like any other symbolic unit of a language, has an exponent, or signifier, and content, or signified, however, researchers have different ideas about the exponent and content of a terminological sign.

The exponent (signifier) of a terminological unit is traditionally considered to be a word, although most modern linguists consider not only a single word, but also a combination of different words, more precisely, a phrase as an exponent of a term. When defining the concept of a term as the closest generic concept, some scientists call, respectively, the word (see, for example, the works of R. A. Budagov, A. A. Reformatsky, M. I. Fomina, N. M. Shansky), others - word or combination of words, phrase, expression, compound name, etc. (see the works of O. S. Akhmanova, B. N. Golovin, A. V. Kalinin, V. I. Kodukhov, R. Yu. Kobrin, and others). At present, it seems that no one doubts that a term can be not only a single word, but also a phrase, although there is no complete clarity on the question of which phrases can be terms and which terms are not (for more details, see . below).

There is no consensus on the issue of morphological properties term, about its part-of-speech belonging. Some linguists recognize as terms only nouns and substantive phrases, i.e. phrases with key word- a noun, others do not consider this feature to be mandatory for the term, i.e. recognize the terms significant words different parts of speech and phrases built on their basis, called compound terms. In modern linguistics, the first point of view prevails, which seems to be more convincing.

According to AI Moiseev, for example, "the linguistic form of expression of terms are nouns and phrases based on them." According to him, "terms are words and phrases of a strictly nominative function, namely, a certain type of nouns and phrases based on them", "it is strictly nominative part special and general vocabulary and phraseology in the form of nouns and phrases based on them". The legitimacy of this view of the term is confirmed, in particular, by the fact that "only certain categories of nouns and stable combinations on their base". As for the words of other parts of speech, they are indirectly related to terminology. According to B. N. Golovin, the terms are limited "by the properties of parts of speech: adjective, verb, adverb are included in terminological connections not independently, but through through the noun."

Compound (two-word and multi-word) terms usually include only subordinating phrases, i.e. phrases with subordination components. At the same time, in the works of some authors, among compound terms, not only subordinating, but also coordinating phrases are considered, such as, for example: space and time, language and consciousness, word and concept. Some linguists, who theoretically deny belonging to the terms of coordinating phrases, practically recognize them as terms. So, B. N. Golovin, who, when defining the concept of a term (see below), emphasizes the idea of the terminology of precisely subordinate phrases, in the terminological index placed in study guide"Introduction to Linguistics", among the compound terms, also names such phrases: letter and sound, units of language and units of speech, word meaning and object, sentence and judgment, word and thinking and others like it. Obviously, it should be recognized that such phrases mean not one, but two different concepts and are not separate compound terms, but combinations of different terms.

"A combination of words based on a coordinative connection equally names two concepts and objects at the same time, which contradicts the logic and laws of the terminating process. With the help of such a terminological combination, we rather have a designation of a problem formulated by two independent terms as the relationship of two scientific phenomena."

A distinctive feature of the content of the term, its signified, is that it has a professional meaning, denotes a certain scientific, industrial, technical, etc. concept. This is recognized by all linguists dealing with the problem of the term, although the connection between a term and a concept is interpreted by linguists in different ways. In accordance with this, several concepts are distinguished in the understanding (and definition) of a term: 1) a term is a word (or phrase) that names a concept, i.e. performs a nominative function (G. O. Vinokur, E. M. Galkina-Fedoruk, etc.); 2) a term is a word that expresses a concept, i.e. performs an expressive, expressive function (A. A. Reformatsky, S. M. Burdin, etc.); 3) a term is a word denoting a concept, i.e. performing a significative function (E. I. Amosenkova, R. N. Infantieva, N. N. Levinsky, etc.); 4) a term is a word that defines a concept, i.e. performing a definitive function (V. V. Vinogradov, S. A. Askoldov, etc.).

In a special linguistic literature other signs are often attributed to terms, for example: unambiguity, i.e. the presence of no more than one meaning within a given terminological system; accuracy, severity of expression of value; semantic motivation; consistency, i.e. relationship with other terms of a certain thermal system; lack of synonymy; lack of homonymy; lack of emotionally expressive coloring, etc. Such features are manifested in terms extremely inconsistently: some of them are not characteristic of all terms, while others apply not only to terms, but also to commonly used words and phrases, which many linguists pay attention to. "All other features usually attributed to terms and terminology in general: accuracy of meaning, unambiguity, consistency, lack of synonymy, etc. - nothing more than their tendency or their desirable qualities, or, finally, the requirements for a "good", rationally constructed terminology".

When defining the concept of a term, linguists most often limit themselves to pointing to the nearest generic concept (i.e. a word or a word or phrase) and one of the essential distinguishing features is the presence of a professional meaning. Terms (from lat. terminus- "border, limit") are usually called words (or words and phrases) that have a special meaning, i.e. denoting special, professional concepts.

Compare, for example, the following definitions: Term... A word that is the name of a certain concept of some kind. special field of science, technology"; "A term is a word or phrase that is the name of a scientific, technical, agricultural, etc. concept", this is "a word or a compound name created to denote the concept of science and technology, different areas of knowledge".

Taking into account the above grammatical features(the substantive nature of a word or phrase and the presence of a subordinate connection of the components of the phrase), the term can be defined as a word that is a noun, or a subordinate phrase with a supporting word - a noun, denoting a professional concept. This essentially definition can be formulated in a more concise form: a term is the name of a professional concept, expressed as a noun or a substantive phrase with a subordinate connection of components.

Recently, some linguists have been offering more complete, more extensive definitions of the concept of a term, trying to take into account all its features, which the authors consider essential.

In understanding and explaining the term, the most difficult is the problem of the boundaries of the term. Within the framework of this problem, issues related to the distinction between a term and a commonly used word or phrase, the distinction between proper terms and nomenclatural names, nomenclatural signs, or yeomen, which are usually understood as "names of typical objects of a given field of knowledge", are still controversial and still unresolved. "names of typical objects of a given science (in contrast to the terminology, which includes the designation of abstract concepts and categories)". According to B. N. Golovin, the question of the boundaries of a compound term is one of the "most difficult in terminology"; on this issue in the literature there are extremely opposite opinions.

Greek ????, lat. terminus - border, limit, end) - 1) In the widest modern. the use of T. is a synonym for the word (and me n and, see Name), but with a touch of special (scientific) meaning; in other words, T. are words or combinations of words (complex, or descriptive, T., for example, "common least multiple"), the meanings of which are determined in the context of the corresponding scientific. theory (discipline) or in general in k.-l. branches of knowledge. In this sense, the problem of refining the term that often arises presupposes their definition, the elimination of homonyms, and the obligatory fixation of the universe of reasoning (see Universum). 2) In the philosophy of the Greek. ???? and lat. terminus were used in the sense of defining the essence, i.e. as something that fixes the stable and imperishable - the general, the one or the idea, as opposed to the fluid and continuously changing sensual being (cf. Aristotle, Met. I 6 987 b 6; Russian translation, M.-L., 1934). T. in this sense, i.e. as general definitions, or concepts, were considered as the basis of rational (true) Cognition. 3) In the logic of Aristotle, T. are the elements of the premise. "The terms of the premise - its subject and predicate - are the boundaries of the premise, its beginning and end. This is the meaning of the word ????, and we must be careful not to identify it logical word with such psychological and metaphysical words as "idea", "representation", "concept"..." (Lukasevich Ya., Aristotelian syllogistics from the point of view of modern formal logic, per. from English, M., 1959, p. 36–37). In the meaning of the simplest (basic) elements of logico-mathematics. expressions the word "T." widely used in modern literature For example, in the languages of applied logico-mathematics. Calculus T. is an analogue of the subject or complement of natural (spoken) languages, i.e. an expression (word) denoting (often "describing") k.-l. subject of the universe. (In Russian literature, in this case, instead of the word "T." they usually write term, i.e. French terme or English term are used without pen-water.) See also Art. Syllogism, Term. Lit.: Mill D.S., The system of syllogistic and inductive logic, trans. from English, M., 1914, p. 15–32; Chelpanov G. I., Textbook of logic, [M.], 1946, ch. 2; Aristotle, Analysts first and second, M., 1952, p. ten. M. Novoselov. Moscow.

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