Relative adjectives. Qualitative and relative adjectives
In a sentence, the adjective is most often a definition, but it can also be a predicate. Has the same case as the noun it refers to.
Classes of adjectives[ | ]
Discharge is the only constant morphological trait this part of speech. There are three discharge adjectives: qualitative, relative and possessive.
Quality adjectives[ | ]
Denote a feature that can be to a greater or lesser extent.
As a rule, they have the following signs:
- combined with the adverbs "very" (and its synonyms) and "too" ( very big, too beautiful, extremely smart).
- from quality adjectives it is possible to form
- compound adjective by repetition ( delicious-delicious, big big).
- one-root adjective with a prefix not- (not stupid, ugly).
- have an antonym ( stupid - smart), and sometimes a hypernym ( big - huge)
Some quality adjectives do not satisfy all of the above criteria.
Most quality adjectives, and only they, have two forms: full ( clever, tasty) and short ( smart, delicious). The full form changes according to numbers, genders and cases. Short form - only by gender and number. In a sentence, the short form is used as a predicate, and the full form is usually used as a definition. Some quality adjectives do not have a short form ( friendly, amiable) . Others, on the contrary, do not have a full form ( glad, much, must, need)
Possessive adjectives[ | ]
Denote the belonging of an object to a living being or person ( paternal, sisters, fox). They answer the question "whose?", "whose?". Possessive adjectives can become relative or qualitative: hare (possessive) hair, hare (qualitative) soul, hare (relative) trace.
General information [ | ]
The boundaries of the lexical and grammatical categories of adjectives are mobile. So, possessive and relative adjectives can acquire a qualitative meaning: dog tail(possessive) dog pack(relative), dog life(quality).
Declension of adjectives[ | ]
Adjectives are inflected for cases and change for numbers, in singular also vary by gender. The exception is short adjectives and adjectives in comparative degree: they don't bow. In addition, there are a number of indeclinable adjectives: Komi people, khaki, gross weight.
The gender, case and number of the inflected adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives usually appear after the noun, and their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: jackets beige.
- solid: red th, red wow, red omu
- soft: syn uy, sin his, sin him
- mixed: big oh, large wow, large them.
Formation of adjectives[ | ]
Adjectives are most often formed in a suffix way: swamp - marsh. Adjectives can also be formed in prefixed: small, and prefixed-suffixal ways: underwater. Adjectives are also difficult to form. in a suffix way: flaxseed-purifying. Adjectives can also be formed by compounding two stems: pale pink, three-year.
Qualitative and relative adjectives
§ 1295. Qualitative adjectives denote a property inherent in the object itself or discovered in it, often one that can be characterized by varying degrees of intensity: white-whiter,beautiful-more beautiful,lasting-stronger,stubborn-more stubborn,good-it is better. The core of this category is made up of adjectives, the basis of which denotes a sign not through relation to the subject. This includes words that name such properties and qualities that are directly perceived by the senses: color, spatial, temporal, physical and other qualifying signs, qualities of character and mental make-up: red,blue,light,bright;hot,loud,thick,fragrant,voiced,round,soft,cutting,sweet,warm,quiet,heavy;far,long,long,short,small,close,narrow;barefoot,deaf,healthy,young,blind,old,thick,skinny,frail;proud,kind,greedy,evil,wise,bad,stingy,clever,cunning,good,brave,generous;important,harmful,fit,required,useful,right.
Qualitative adjectives have two series of forms - full (attributive) and short (predicative): white,white,white,white and white,white,white,white;dark,dark,dark,dark and parietal,dark,dark,dark;bitter,bitter,bitter,bitter and bitter,bitter,bitterly,bitter; they form comparative forms. degree (comparative): important-more important,kind-kinder,sweet-sweeter,smooth-smoother,thick-thicker. From qualities. adjectives it is possible to form adverbs on about, e:hot-hot,far-far,long-for a long time,surplus-unnecessarily,wise-wisely,melodious-melodiously,brave-bravely. Most of the qualities. adjectives are also characterized by a number of derivational features: the ability to form other qualities. adjectives that name shades and degrees of quality ( whitish,huge,hefty), and nouns naming abstract concepts ( depth,courage,emptiness) (see § 607). Qualities. adjectives are replenished at the expense of participles in the adjective meaning. (see § 1579) and at the expense of relative adjectives - provided that the latter acquire a qualitative meaning (see § 1299-1301).
§ 1296. Relative adjectives call a feature through relation to an object or to another feature: the motivating basis denotes the subject or feature through which the given property is represented: wooden,steel,summer,bathing,yesterday's. The nature of the expressed relations is very diverse: it can be a designation of a feature according to the material ( wooden,metal), according to belonging (possessive adjectives: fathers,fishy,sisters,husband,my), by appointment ( children'sbook,schoolbenefits), by property ( autumnrains,eveningcool). Relates adjectives name a sign that cannot manifest itself with varying degrees of intensity.
Relates adjectives make up the main and continuously replenished mass of Russian adjectives (only groups of ordinal and pronominal adjectives are not replenished). Unlike qualities. adjectives, represented by both unmotivated and motivated words, refers. adjectives are motivated by words of other parts of speech: nouns ( iron,door,fathers,sisters,lamp,Komsomol,spring,upper); verbs ( tannic,swimming,dancing,medicinal), numerals ( fourth,tenth,fortieth,200th) and adverbs ( near,former,then,yesterday's,present). The exception is ordinal adjectives. first,second and many pronominal adjectives (see § 1297) which are unmotivated words.
Ordinal adjectives that name a feature through a relation to a number (amount, a place in a row), in their meaning are similar to other relates. adjectives: they denote a relationship. Pronominal adjectives are peculiar in their meaning: they are demonstrative words. Pronominal and ordinal adjectives have a certain similarity: ordinal adj. may indicate a place in a row (see § 1366); thus they behave like demonstrative words. The latter applies primarily to adj. first,second,the third. On the other hand, pronominal adj. that,this,another,different can act as ordinal adjectives. A similar interchangeability of some ordinal and pronominal adjectives is observed when listing: andthen,andother,andthird;andthose,andother,andthird.
Demonstrative functions are also characteristic of the countable pronominal adjective one-alone; compare: alonestayed,a otherwentincinema;springfreezingsensitiveDriedandcheered upgrove.More oneand, otherday,Andunderbarkwake up the juice(Tward.). Word one can also be used as an indefinite pronoun some:WhichproducedconsequenceThisarrival,readermaybediscoverfrom oneconversation,whichhappenedbetween alonetwoladies(Gogol); livedon theearthinantiquity alonepeople,impassableforestssurroundedwiththreepartiescampstheseof people,awithfourthwassteppe(Bitter.).
§ 1297. Pronominal adjectives are divided into six groups: 1) possessive (so-called. possessive pronouns): a) personal, indicating belonging to the first person ( my,our), to the second person ( your,your) or a third party (indeclinable adj. his,her,them); b) returnable, indicating belonging to any of the three persons: mine; 2) index: that,this,such,sort of(colloquial), such is,next, as well as the words that then,such then, see section "Derivation", § 1039; 3) defining: any,all kinds,everyone,any,the whole,whole,different,another,myself,most; 4) interrogative: which,which,whose,what; 5) indefinite: which then,some,some; 6) negative: no,nobody's.
Note. The category of pronominal adjectives also includes colloquial words such, theirs, ours, Vashenskiy. These words are reflected in the language of fiction.
All pronominal adjectives except postfixal and prefixal (see § 1036–1039) and simple. such,theirs,ours,Vashenskiy, are unmotivated words.
Relates from everyone. adjectives pronominal adjectives differ in the nature of the lexical meaning; they denote such signs that arise on the basis of the speaker's attitude to persons, objects and phenomena. Yes, the words my,your,his,mine indicate possessive relationships established by the speaker: (referring to me, to you, to yourself, etc.); the words this,such on behalf of the speaker, they point to a sign ((one that the speaker definitely points to, which he characterizes)); similar meanings of words which then,some,some((the one to which the speaker points vaguely)). Pronominal adjectives can indicate any sign; their content is determined in speech.
Pronominal adjectives also have other features of lexical meanings that are characteristic of demonstrative words. Yes, the words my,your,our,your,mine can have abstract typing meanings peculiar to personal pronouns and nouns (see § 1277). For example, in statements of a generalizing nature, in proverbs, these adjectives denote belonging to any generally conceivable person: Myhutwithedge;Notyourssadnessstrangerschildrensway; Itsshirtclosertobody.
demonstrative pronouns such and that in addition to the pointer value itself ( A handful ofland,similaron theanother,How muchinherloveandsuperstition!O suchandon theskyyearn,Andin suchbeforegravesbelieve. Ehrenb.) amplifying value is characteristic. At the same time, the word such emphasizes the degree of manifestation of the feature (a), and that also highlights the carrier of the feature called the noun (b): a) rangmusicingarden So inexpressiblegrief(Ahm.); Hedeliriousinraysvotes|and« fairy taleViennaforests», | andcaressBryanskforests, |Andhow then so cornflower bluem, |to whom|thousandsyears(Invalid); b) Craneatdilapidatedwell,Abovehim,asboil,clouds,ATfieldscreakygate,Andsmellof bread,andyearning,And those dim spaces,Whereevenvoicewindweak(Ahm.); There isinLeningradtougheyesandthat,Forof the pastenigmatic, mutea, Thatbitterlycompressed rot, those hoopson thea heart,What,maybebe,alonerescuedhisfromof death(Ehrenb.).
§ 1298. The semantic boundary between qualitative and relative adjectives is conditional and inconstant: relates. adjectives can develop qualitative meanings. At the same time, the meaning of the objective relation in the adjective is combined with the meaning of the qualitative characteristic of this relation. Yes, the word iron how it relates. adjective means (containing iron) or (made of iron) ( ironore,ironnail); the same adjective also has a number of figurative, qualitative meanings: (strong, strong) ( ironhealth), (hard, inflexible) ( ironwill,irondiscipline). Adjective children's as a relative means (belonging to, peculiar to children, intended for children) ( children'stoys,children'sbook,children'shouse); as qualities. adjective this word gets figurative meaning: (not characteristic of an adult, immature) ( children'sreasoning,children'sbehavior). Similarly: goldcharacter,goldenrye,wolfhunger,caninecold,cock-likeenthusiasm;Usopens[a door] MitrofanStepanovichZverev, very at hometh,indressing gown(M. Aliger); Soonsanatorium silencepublishing housesviolates tractor bolt shoesKhamlovsky(gas.).
§ 1299. The shade of quality may be present in all relates. adjectives, but varying degrees. To a greater extent, the development of qualitative meanings is characteristic of relative adjectives proper and, to a lesser extent, of possessive, ordinal and pronominal adjectives.
Among possessive adjectives, the ability to acquire a qualitative meaning is distinguished primarily by adjectives with the suffix uy. Adjectives with this suffix have a meaning. (peculiar (less often - belonging) to the one who is named by the motivating word): fishy,feline,canine,veal,human. In context, such adjectives easily acquire qualitative meanings. In combinations fishytemperament,felinegait,caninedevotion,vealtenderness relates. adjectives act as qualitative: Inotwant,toyouatealmscompassionand caninedevotion(Cupr.); BUTjumpbehindthunder,behindfourElijahProphet,underjets-My vealwouldenthusiasm, Vealbtendernessyour(Pastern.).
Note. In cases where relative adjectives are motivated by the same noun, but are formed with different suffixes ( cockerel and cock-like, shepherd and pastoral, human and human), non-possessive adjectives acquire qualitative meaning more easily: cock-like enthusiasm, shepherd's idyll, human attitude.
A possessive adjective formed with suf. ov, in, nin(fathers,grandfathers,maternal,sisters,brother), development qualitative values not typical. This is explained, firstly, by the fact that such adjectives denote a specific singular belonging (see § 781, paragraph 1), and secondly, by the fact that they are generally limited in use: the relations of belonging in modern language are more often indicated by the form gender. n. n. ( fathershouse-housefather).
Note. App. damn along with the possessive meaning, it is widely used to denote an expressive negative attitude towards the object being defined: damn undertaking; damn abyss affairs; And introduced that I wear damn I in second floor(Nekr.).
Renowned linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality and relative values adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian already students high school learn to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.
As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions which? which? which? which?
Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.
Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.
Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse's hoof.
What kind? – polite students, district competitions, bunny ears.
Each row contains examples. qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As it has already become clear, simply asking a question to an adjective will not give a result, the discharge cannot be determined in this way.
Grammar will come to the rescue semantics(meaning of the word). Consider each category of adjective names by value .
quality adjectives
It is clear from the name that these adjectives mean item quality. What kind of quality could it be? Colour(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), the form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics Living creatures (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial signs (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent animated object (angry, funny, happy) and etc.
Also, most (but not all!) quality adjectives have whole line grammatical features , by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign is suitable for this adjective - in front of you is a quality adjective. So:
1) Qualitative adjectives designate a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the possibility of forming degrees of comparison.
Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – most interesting.
2) form short forms . Long - long, small - small.
3) Compatible with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.
4) From quality adjectives can be formed adverbs in -o (-e) and nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -out-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blueness, blue - blueness, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.
5) It is also possible to form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: evil - furious, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.
6) Can have antonyms: large - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.
As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives No degrees of comparison, some do not form abstract nouns, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit in other ways.
For example, the adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but denotes color = item quality, means it quality.
or adjective beautiful. Can't say very lovely, but you can form an adverb wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.
Relative adjectives
designate sign through relation to the subject. What kind of relationships can these signs be? Material from which the object is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone cellar - stone cellar, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal - the scandal that happened today; intercity bus - a bus between cities; moscow region - region of moscow); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's shop - shop for children) and etc.
Signs et 
and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features of quality names adjectives, relatives do not have. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(can't say that this house is wooden and that one is more wooden), incompatible with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.
But phrases with relative adjectives can convert, replacing the adjective. For example, villager- a resident of the village, milk porridge - porridge with milk, a plastic cube - a plastic cube.
We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. And we will talk about possessive adjectives and some traps in the next article.
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An adjective is a significant part of speech, which, unlike, does not mean a process, does not name an object (like a noun). The adjective enters into certain syntactic and morphological relations with the noun, defining their qualitative features.
In contact with
What are adjectives for?
Without adjectives speech activity, literary creativity impossible to imagine. Describing an object or phenomenon adjective gives him complete description, reveals the quality, highlights the distinctive features.
It's hard to describe what a day can be without the use of adjectives.
Describing a day, adjectives give it a certain emotionally charged characteristic. The day can be warm, cold, boring, interesting, ordinary, difficult, lucky, sad, funny, special, etc.
Take the word "morning". Consider what the morning is like if you describe it with the help of adjectives. It can be gloomy, sunny, summer or winter, autumn, spring, rainy and overcast, frosty, cold or warm.
Depending on the adjective, noun-subject can be personified, look bright, alive, animated.
Attention! Translated from Latin, the term adiectivum means "adjacent", "adjacent". The value fully characterizes this.
The adjective is closely related with a pronoun or noun. Here it is appropriate to recall Mitrofanushka's explanation from Fonvizin's famous comedy. "Undergrowth" argued that the door is adjective because it is attached "to its place." Despite the grammatical nonsense regarding "adherence", there is a certain logic in Mitrofanushka's reasoning.
Ranks of adjectives
What kind of adjective is in can be determined by its lexical and grammatical features.
How to define a quality adjective?
quality designate quality, properties, signs. They answer the question what? which? which? and point to:
- Color - blue, purple;
- Shape - oval, square;
- Parameters - low, wide;
- Temperature - hot, warm;
- Weight - heavy, light;
- Size - tiny, huge;
- The sound is piercing, weak;
- Space - left, far;
- Physical and intellectual properties - smart, healthy;
- Character traits - arrogant, kind;
- General characteristic - negative, reliable.
Important! Qualitative adjectives are words that characterize the objective features inherent in a particular object, living being, phenomenon.
Relative answers the same questions as quality. Denotes:
- Material - iron, wood;
- Purpose, properties - folding, mobile;
- Status - military, civil;
- Time - morning, evening;
- Unit of measurement - one-story, two-meter;
Possessive indicate the belonging of an object to another person (animal), answer the question whose? whose? whose?:
- Grandma's table;
- Fathers jacket;
- Squirrel hollow;
- Cat bowl.
Sentences with adjectives will help to consider the role of this part of speech in the descriptive characteristic of quality. Let's study examples of combinations with the word "estate":
- Big homestead is a qualitative adjective denoting a certain size. Answers a question which?
- landowner homestead - a possessive adjective indicates belonging. Answers a question whose?
- Wooden manor - this relative adjective denotes material and answers the question which?
Important! The meanings of all kinds of adjectives are expressed in morphological categories gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), cases, and number (singular/plural)
.Borrowed nouns foreign origin, having passed into the Russian language, they agree with adjectives in case, gender, number, while not changing the form. For example: In the bedroom hung new beautiful blinds.
The concept of what happens jury, give adjectives: the jury can be city, local, school, strict, incorruptible, etc.
Attention! Sentences with adjectives combined with loanwords show change.
Foreign words remain static:
- I ended up in clean coupe.
- There was a cup on the table hot coffee.
- On it were new riding breeches.
Variety of quality
Evaluative adjectives can express a real polyphony of signs.
Take the word "forest". What does it look like if adjectives are used to characterize it?
The forest can be green, deaf, young, old, mysterious, dense, dense, fabulous, mysterious, distant, etc.
Evaluative adjectives are able to interpret a sign, generalizing it. Examples of evaluation interpretations:
- Rationality (harmful, useful);
- Quality (good, bad);
- Emotionality (satisfaction, pleasure);
- Communication (agreement, disagreement, approval, etc.).
Important! Evaluative adjectives are quality adjectives that carry a special, generalized quality semantics.
- Useful class, "live" food (rationality);
- fiery speech, fabulous landscape (emotionality);
- Filthy sidewalk, spoiled product (quality);
- friendly meeting, closed person (communication).
Evaluative adjectives play a big role in the language. Depending on the meanings, they are used in colloquial and everyday speech, business, literary, media.
Qualitative or relative?
Having found out what adjectives are, you can consider their differences.
How to determine which adjective is qualitative and which is relative or possessive? What is the adjective, will help determine the meaning of the word and its grammatical properties.
Consider what the morning is like, describing it with the help of adjectives.
- Morning seemed cold.(qualitative)
- Morning autumn brought coolness. (rel.)
- Petino the morning started badly. (possessive)
In the first example, it is a sign of quality (temperature). Quality adjectives able to give comparative characteristic: yesterday morning colder; with the coldest morning this week. They give shades of quality: they reduce properties or enhance them. For example: the water seemed chilly. In addition, adverbs are formed from them: cold, nice etc.
In the second case - relative adjective. It carries constant sign. It differs from quality in that it does not give comparison. It cannot be said that tomorrow morning will be more autumnal. In addition, these adjectives can be replaced by phrases: autumn leaves- autumn leaves, autumn signs - signs of autumn.
In the third example possessive adjective Petino means belonging. Answers the question whose?
Qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives
Russian 6 Places of adjectives Qualitative adjectives
Conclusion
The specificity of the nature of adjectives is especially pronounced in the Russian language, revealing the richest variety of their semantic properties.
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